Arvind Balaji

All Publications

• Long-term test and retest reliability of clinical vergence testing. Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) Scheiman, M., Raghuram, A., Master, C., Robich, M. L., Toole, A., Shelton, E. R., Srinivasan, G., Marusic, S., Meiyeppen, S., Jordan, L. A., Roberts, T. L., EPICC Study Group, Roberts, T. L., Jordan, L. A., Dalton, K. N., Grant, G. A., Liao, Y. J., Porter, J., Purcell, L. K., Scheiman, M., Swanson, M. A., Viswanathan, S., Jordan, L. A., Sinnott, L. T., Robich, M. L., Shaw, K. J., Myers, J. A., Choi, S. S., Porter, J., Patel, N., Koutures, C., Platt, J., Raghuram, A., O'Brien, M., Vyas, N., Wiecek, E., Marusic, S., Ghosh, D., Wu, C., Master, C., Calandra, L., Easby, K., Mozel, A., Podolak, O., Rownd, K., Godfrey, M., McGinnis, I., Ford, C., Stenger, K., Pollock, K., Housel, K., Chen, A., Han, S., Huang, K., Parker, S. M., Youngerman, J., Bansal, S., Breau, N., Wu, J., Burgher, A., Law, C. L., Posey, A., Sayani, A., Issac, L., Bennett, R., Green, K., Riaz, A., Scheiman, M., Meiyeppen, S., Roberts, T., Grant, G., Kraus, E., Beres, S., Moss, H., Wan, A., Slinger, K., Leonen, J., Hu, A., Srinivasan, G., Baah, C., Grieb, E. M., Lew, C., Vandiver, T., Clewes, K., Bansal, S., Lumba-Brown, A., Balaji, A., Viswanathan, S., Modica, P. A., Pothiadia-Irungovel, A. B., Vaughn, M., McDaniel, C., Morrison, A., Widmer, D., Buckland, M., Shelton, E., Toole, A. J., Stevens, N., Swanson, M. W., Gould, S., Montejo, J., Ferrill, L., Swanson-Kimani, E., Weise, K. K., Cardona, Z., Dalton, K. N., Purcell, L. K., Labreche, T., Shalhoub, J., Abuleil, D. 2025

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: To establish long-term reliability measures for vergence testing in a control population of adolescents.METHODS: Healthy participants between 12 and 17.5years with normal binocular vision were recruited from 10 clinical sites. Cover test, near point of convergence (NPC), positive and negative fusional vergences, vergence facility (12∆ base-out/3∆ base-in) and vergence jumps (using the Oculomotor Assessment Tool) were performed at the initial visit and repeated at 90days. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for the overall group for NPC, vergence facility and vergence jumps and by prism dioptre step value for PFV and NFV (1Delta or 2Delta if below 20∆ or 5Delta above 20∆). Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and 95% limits of agreement (LOA).RESULTS: Ninety-three participants (mean age 14.3±1.7years, 52% female) were enrolled and 91 (98%) completed the initial and 90-day outcome evaluation. The mean differences were significantly greater than zero for vergence facility (p<0.05) and the first and second 30s of vergence jumps (p<0.01). The 95% LOA were narrow for NPC (±2.5) and negative fusional vergence (±5.9), suggesting good repeatability. LOA were larger for positive fusional vergence (±17.8), vergence facility (±9.8) and vergence jumps (±16.2). Analysis of the positive fusional vergence data indicates that the different step sizes (1∆ or 2∆ vs. 5∆) in the horizontal prism bar contribute to considerably larger variability in these measures.CONCLUSIONS: In participants with normal binocular vision and no concussion history, good reliability yielded comparable results 90days apart for all vergence measures. The results provide values that can be used to interpret the effect of intervention for vergence disorders in clinical practice and research studies. An important outcome of this study is the understanding that 5∆ steps on the typical horizontal prism bar contribute to high variability in positive fusional vergence measures when findings are ≥20∆.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/opo.70022

  View details for PubMedID 41048201

• On-Field Diagnosis and Management of Sports-Related Concussion in Pediatric Athletes. Video journal of sports medicine Balaji, A., Martin, G., Chidester, J. S., Harbacheck, K. G., Cardenas, P., Mock, S., Shea, K. G. 2025; 5 (2): 26350254241284813

  Abstract

  In pediatric sports medicine, the accurate diagnosis of sports-related concussions (SRCs) relies on keen observation and precise evaluation during athletic endeavors. Unlike many medical conditions, SRC is not readily diagnosed through traditional imaging studies or laboratory tests.The absence of objective diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of concussion emphasizes the critical need for a set of evidence-based examination skills to empower health care professionals, including physicians, physical therapists, and athletic trainers, in making reliable diagnoses.At the forefront of the essential examination skills is the Vestibulo-Ocular Motor Screen (VOMS), a recognized and valuable tool for both diagnosing and monitoring the recovery of individuals affected by SRC. This video presentation aims to offer a comprehensive exploration of the neurologic domains most frequently impacted in pediatric patients experiencing SRCs. Furthermore, it provides a detailed and insightful guide on the proper execution of the VOMS examination.Upon watching the video, viewers will acquire the skills to discern SRCs in young athletes. This information is most important for health care professionals who are tasked with recognizing and promptly removing pediatric athletes suspected to have a SRC, as well as monitor their recovery and assess their readiness to return to competition.The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/26350254241284813

  View details for PubMedID 40308990

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11949915

• Common Fractures Netter's Pediatrics Balaji, A., Jarrett, S. 2023
• Late Exercise Tolerance Testing Using a Dynamic High Intensity Interval Multidirectional Movement Protocol Mortazavi, M., Paulsen, K., Marx, T. R., Other, M., Maes, L., Balaji, A., Streeter, L., Dusenberry, B. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2022: S8

  View details for Web of Science ID 000747007000016

• Subclinical Vestibular Deficits Illustrated in Patients With Exercise Intolerance After mTBI Using Force Plate Protocols Mortazavi, M., Marx, T. R., Streeter, L., Balaji, A., Dusenberry, B., Maes, L., Pita, M. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2022: S4-S5

  View details for Web of Science ID 000747007000008

• Preparticipation Physical Evaluation Pediatric Orthopaedics and Sports Injuries, A Quick Reference Guide Balaji, A., Grady, M. 2021
• Retrospective Review of Clinical and Chest X-Ray Findings in Children Admitted to a Community Hospital for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection CLINICAL PEDIATRICS Niles, D., Larsen, B., Balaji, A., Delaney, D., Campos, E., Bhattarai, B., Shoshan, D., Connell, M., Ostovar, G. 2018; 57 (14): 1686-1692

  Abstract

  We performed a retrospective study to evaluate demographics, clinical course, outcome, and radiological findings of children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.Four hundred patients admitted between October 2013 and May 2016 were enrolled. Clinical and radiographic trends were evaluated for association with severity of RSV presentation. Severity was defined as hospitalization >2 days, pediatric intensive care unit admission, or need for mechanical ventilation.Common clinical findings included fever (78.5%), coughing (97%), rhinorrhea/congestion (93%), and hypoxia (44.8%). Hypoxia was seen in 64.7% of the severe group compared with 32.0% in the nonsevere group ( P < .001). Airspace opacification was seen in 49.2% of chest X-rays of the severe group compared with 26.4% in the nonsevere group ( P < .001).Higher incidence of hypoxia or airspace opacification on chest X-ray may be predictors of poorer outcomes for patients with RSV infection.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/0009922818795902

  View details for Web of Science ID 000450313900011

  View details for PubMedID 30173563