Clinical Focus


  • Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery

Academic Appointments


Professional Education


  • Fellowship: Sinai Hospital of Baltimore Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery (2011) MD
  • Medical Education: Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania (2004) PA
  • Board Certification: American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery (2014)
  • Residency: Northwestern McGaw (2009) IL
  • Fellowship: Royal Children's Hospital (2010) Australia
  • Fellowship, International Center for Limb Lengthening, Rubin Institute of Advanced Orthoapedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Limb Lengthening & Recon (2011)
  • Fellowship, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Paediatric Orthopaedics (2010)
  • Residency, Northwestern McGaw, Orthopaedics (2009)
  • MD, University of Pennsylvania, Medicine (2004)
  • BS, Northwestern University, Biomechanical Engineering (1999)

Community and International Work


  • Pediatric Orthopaedics, Tegulcigalpa, Honduras

    Partnering Organization(s)

    Operation Rainbow

    Location

    International

    Ongoing Project

    Yes

    Opportunities for Student Involvement

    Yes

  • Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guatemala City, Guatemala

    Partnering Organization(s)

    Operation Rainbow

    Location

    International

    Ongoing Project

    No

    Opportunities for Student Involvement

    No

  • Pediatric Orthopaedics, Port Au Prince, Haiti

    Partnering Organization(s)

    Operation Rainbow, Team Sinai

    Location

    International

    Ongoing Project

    No

    Opportunities for Student Involvement

    No

  • Pediatric Orthopaedics, Esteli, Nicaragua

    Partnering Organization(s)

    Operation Rainbow

    Location

    International

    Ongoing Project

    No

    Opportunities for Student Involvement

    No

  • Pediatric Orthopaedics, Buga, Colombia

    Partnering Organization(s)

    Casa De Columbia

    Location

    International

    Ongoing Project

    Yes

    Opportunities for Student Involvement

    Yes

  • Volunteer, Guatemala City, Guatemala

    Partnering Organization(s)

    Cross Cultural Solutions, Pediatric Foundation of Guatemala

    Location

    International

    Ongoing Project

    No

    Opportunities for Student Involvement

    No

2024-25 Courses


All Publications


  • Gait Analysis in Orthopaedic Surgery: History, Limitations, and Future Directions. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Hecht, G. G., Van Rysselberghe, N. L., Young, J. L., Gardner, M. J. 2022

    Abstract

    Gait analysis has expanding indications in orthopaedic surgery, both for clinical and research applications. Early work has been particularly helpful for understanding pathologic gait deviations in neuromuscular disorders and biomechanical imbalances that contribute to injury. Notable advances in image acquisition, health-related wearable devices, and computational capabilities for big data sets have led to a rapid expansion of gait analysis tools, enabling novel research in all orthopaedic subspecialties. Given the lower cost and increased accessibility, new gait analysis tools will surely affect the next generation of objective patient outcome data. This article reviews the basic principles of gait analysis, modern tools available to the common surgeon, and future directions in this space.

    View details for DOI 10.5435/JAAOS-D-21-00785

    View details for PubMedID 36026713

  • Hybprinting for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. iScience Li, J., Kim, C., Pan, C., Babian, A., Lui, E., Young, J. L., Moeinzadeh, S., Kim, S., Yang, Y. P. 2022; 25 (5): 104229

    Abstract

    This review presents bioprinting methods, biomaterials, and printing strategies that may be used for composite tissue constructs for musculoskeletal applications. The printing methods discussed include those that are suitable for acellular and cellular components, and the biomaterials include soft and rigid components that are suitable for soft and/or hard tissues. We also present strategies that focus on the integration of cell-laden soft and acellular rigid components under a single printing platform. Given the structural and functional complexity of native musculoskeletal tissue, we envision that hybrid bioprinting, referred to as hybprinting, could provide unprecedented potential by combining different materials and bioprinting techniques to engineer and assemble modular tissues.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104229

    View details for PubMedID 35494239

  • Test of Strength: Figure-of-Eight versus Spiral Wrapping Technique for Fiberglass Casts. Cureus Montgomery, B. K., Storaci, H. W., Segovia, N. A., Young, J. 2020; 12 (4): e7843

    Abstract

    Pediatric fractures are a common injury, and treatment often includes cast immobilization. For pediatric patients being treated in a cast, cast damage is among the most common reasons patients return to the emergency room. The figure-of-eight wrapping technique interdigitates layers of fiberglass which may create a stronger cast. The aim of this study was to assess the strength of the figure-of-eight wrapping technique in comparison to the spiral wrapping technique. A total of 10 casts were wrapped with a three-inch fiberglass using the spiral technique and 10 casts were wrapped using the figure-of-eight technique. Each cast was then subjected to a three-point bending test and loaded until failure using an Instron machine. The figure-of-eight technique had an average load to failure of 278.2 + 27.6 N/mm which was similar to the spiral technique's load to failure of 281.2 + 25.4 N/mm (p=0.795). Prior to normalizing for thickness, the load to failure of the figure-of-eight technique was 949.8 + 109.5 N, which was significantly higher than the spiral technique of 868.2 + 65.1 N (p=0.038). The figure-of-eight casts were slightly thicker than the spiral casts (average 0.3 mm, p=0.004). This suggests that the thickness of the fiberglass cast may improve the strength. The figure-of-eight wrapping technique had similar biomechanical characteristics to spiral wrapping techniques. Providers should wrap in whichever technique they feel most comfortable performing as there is no difference in strength of the cast. If a stronger cast is desired, then thickness of the cast can be increased.

    View details for DOI 10.7759/cureus.7843

    View details for PubMedID 32483494

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7253080

  • Test of Strength: Figure-of-Eight versus Spiral Wrapping Technique for Fiberglass Casts CUREUS Montgomery, B. K., Storaci, H., Segovia, N. A., Young, J. 2020; 12 (4)
  • Kohler Disease: Avascular Necrosis in the Child. Foot and ankle clinics Chan, J. Y., Young, J. L. 2019; 24 (1): 83–88

    Abstract

    Kohler disease is a childhood condition of pain and swelling of the medial midfoot with associated osteochondrosis or avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular. The age at presentation is between 2 and 10 years, with boys more likely to be affected than girls. Radiographs show increased sclerosis and sometimes flattening and fragmentation of the navicular. Long-term outcomes for Kohler disease are favorable regardless of the type of treatment, although a short period of immobilization with a short leg walking cast may reduce the duration of symptoms.

    View details for PubMedID 30685015

  • Kohler Disease Avascular Necrosis in the Child FOOT AND ANKLE CLINICS Chan, J. Y., Young, J. L. 2019; 24 (1): 83-+
  • A Structured Review Instrument Improves the Quality of Orthopaedic Journal Club JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION Campbell, S. T., Kleimeyer, J. P., Young, J. L., Gardner, M. J., Wood, K. B., Bishop, J. A. 2019; 76 (1): 294–300
  • Trans-metaphyseal Screws Placed in Children: An Argument for Monitoring and Potentially Removing the Implants. Journal of pediatric orthopedics Gamble, J. G., Zino, C., Imrie, M. N., Young, J. L. 2018

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Surgeons frequently use trans-metaphyseal screws in children to achieve osteosynthesis after fractures or stability after reconstructive osteotomies. Screws that were initially inserted below the cortex of bone can become prominent and symptomatic due to the process of funnelization that narrows the wide metaphysis to the diameter of the thinner diaphysis.METHODS: Case series presentation of 11 children who presented with screw prominence after the cutback process range in age from 19 to 169 months. We used the screws as radiographic markers to quantitate the amount of bone "cutback" or lost during the process of funnelization.RESULTS: The average length of screw protrusion beyond the edge of the bone when symptomatic was 8.7mm (range, 3.3 to 14.3mm). Time from implantation to the last radiograph averaged 40 months (range, 19 to 84mo). The average loss of bone width at the time of presentation was 21% (range, 7% to 36%).CONCLUSIONS: These cases suggest that orthopaedic surgeons should consider monitoring children after implantation of trans-metaphyseal screws and informing parents and patients about the possibility of screw prominence necessitating removal due to the process of metaphyseal funnelization.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001280

    View details for PubMedID 30379707

  • A Structured Review Instrument Improves the Quality of Orthopaedic Journal Club. Journal of surgical education Campbell, S. T., Kleimeyer, J. P., Young, J. L., Gardner, M. J., Wood, K. B., Bishop, J. A. 2018

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE: We asked the following questions: 1. Does the use of an structured review instrument (SRI) at journal club increase presentation quality, as measured objectively by a standardized evaluation rubric? 2. Does SRI use increase the time required to prepare for journal club? 3. Does SRI use positively impact presenter perceptions about confidence while presenting, satisfaction, and journal club effectiveness, as measured by postparticipation surveys?DESIGN: A prospective study was designed in which a grading rubric was developed to evaluate journal club presentations. The rubric was applied to 24 presentations at journal clubs prior to introduction of the SRI. An SRI was developed and distributed to journal club participants, who were instructed to use it to prepare for journal club. The grading rubric was then used to assess 25 post-SRI presentations and scores were compared between the pre- and post-SRI groups. Presentations occurred at either trauma, pediatrics, or spine subspecialty journal clubs. Participants were also surveyed regarding time requirements for preparation, perceptions of confidence while presenting, satisfaction, and perceptions of overall club effectiveness.SETTING: A single academic center with an orthopaedic surgery residency program.PARTICIPANTS: Resident physicians in the department of orthopaedic surgery.RESULTS: Mean presentation scores increased from 14.0 ± 5.9 (mean ± standard deviation) to 24.4 ± 5.2 after introduction of the SRI (p < 0.001). Preparation time decreased from a mean of 47 minutes to 40 minutes after SRI introduction (p = 0.22). Perceptions of confidence, satisfaction, and club effectiveness among trainees trended toward more positive responses after SRI introduction (confidence: 63% positive responses pre-SRI vs 72% post-SRI, p = 0.73; satisfaction: 64% vs 91%, p = 0.18; effectiveness: 64% vs 91%, p = 0.19).CONCLUSIONS: The use of a structured review instrument to guide presentations at orthopaedic journal club increased presentation quality, and there was no difference in preparation time. There were trends toward improved presenter confidence, satisfaction, and perception of journal club effectiveness. SRI utilization at orthopaedic journal club may be an effective method for increasing the quality of journal club presentations. Future work should examine the relationship between presentation quality and overall club effectiveness.

    View details for PubMedID 30093334

  • Fast Comprehensive Single-Sequence Four-Dimensional Pediatric Knee MRI With T-2 Shuffling JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Bao, S., Tamir, J. I., Young, J. L., Tariq, U., Uecker, M., Lai, P., Chen, W., Lustig, M., Vasanawala, S. S. 2017; 45 (6): 1700-1711

    Abstract

    To develop and clinically evaluate a pediatric knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique based on volumetric fast spin-echo (3DFSE) and compare its diagnostic performance, image quality, and imaging time to that of a conventional 2D protocol.A 3DFSE sequence was modified and combined with a compressed sensing-based reconstruction resolving multiple image contrasts, a technique termed T2 Shuffling (T2 Sh). With Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, 28 consecutive children referred for 3T knee MRI prospectively underwent a standard clinical knee protocol followed by T2 Sh. T2 Sh performance was assessed by two readers blinded to diagnostic reports. Interpretive discrepancies were resolved by medical record chart review and consensus between the readers and an orthopedic surgeon. Image quality was evaluated by rating anatomic delineation, with 95% confidence interval. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test assessed the null hypothesis that T2 Sh structure delineation compared to conventional 2D is unchanged. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for interobserver agreement. Imaging time of the conventional protocol and T2 Sh was compared.There was 81% and 87% concordance between T2 Sh reports and diagnostic reports, respectively, for each reader. Upon consensus review, T2 Sh had 93% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared to clinical reports for detection of clinically relevant findings. The 95% confidence interval of diagnostic or better rating was 95-100%, with 34-80% interobserver agreement. There was no significant difference in structure delineation between T2 Sh and 2D, except for the retinaculum (P < 0.05), where 2D was preferred. Typical imaging time for T2 Sh and the conventional exam was 7 and 13 minutes, respectively.A single-sequence pediatric knee exam is feasible with T2 Sh, providing multiplanar, reformattable 4D images. Level of Evidence 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;00:000-000.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jmri.25508

    View details for Web of Science ID 000401259900015

  • Fast comprehensive single-sequence four-dimensional pediatric knee MRI with T2 shuffling. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI Bao, S., Tamir, J. I., Young, J. L., Tariq, U., Uecker, M., Lai, P., Chen, W., Lustig, M., Vasanawala, S. S. 2016

    Abstract

    To develop and clinically evaluate a pediatric knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique based on volumetric fast spin-echo (3DFSE) and compare its diagnostic performance, image quality, and imaging time to that of a conventional 2D protocol.A 3DFSE sequence was modified and combined with a compressed sensing-based reconstruction resolving multiple image contrasts, a technique termed T2 Shuffling (T2 Sh). With Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, 28 consecutive children referred for 3T knee MRI prospectively underwent a standard clinical knee protocol followed by T2 Sh. T2 Sh performance was assessed by two readers blinded to diagnostic reports. Interpretive discrepancies were resolved by medical record chart review and consensus between the readers and an orthopedic surgeon. Image quality was evaluated by rating anatomic delineation, with 95% confidence interval. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test assessed the null hypothesis that T2 Sh structure delineation compared to conventional 2D is unchanged. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for interobserver agreement. Imaging time of the conventional protocol and T2 Sh was compared.There was 81% and 87% concordance between T2 Sh reports and diagnostic reports, respectively, for each reader. Upon consensus review, T2 Sh had 93% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared to clinical reports for detection of clinically relevant findings. The 95% confidence interval of diagnostic or better rating was 95-100%, with 34-80% interobserver agreement. There was no significant difference in structure delineation between T2 Sh and 2D, except for the retinaculum (P < 0.05), where 2D was preferred. Typical imaging time for T2 Sh and the conventional exam was 7 and 13 minutes, respectively.A single-sequence pediatric knee exam is feasible with T2 Sh, providing multiplanar, reformattable 4D images. Level of Evidence 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;00:000-000.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jmri.25508

    View details for PubMedID 27726251

  • Biomechanical and Clinical Correlates of Stance-Phase Knee Flexion in Persons With Spastic Cerebral Palsy. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation Rha, D. W., Cahill-Rowley, K., Young, J., Torburn, L., Stephenson, K., Rose, J. 2016; 8 (1): 11-8; quiz 18

    Abstract

    To identify biomechanical and clinical parameters that influence knee flexion (KF) angle at initial contact (IC) and during single limb stance phase of gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) who walk with flexed-knee gait.Retrospective analysis of gait kinematics and clinical data collected from 2010-2013.Motion & Gait Analysis Laboratory at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA.Gait analysis data from persons with spastic CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] I-III) who had no prior surgery were analyzed. Participants exhibiting KF ≥20° at IC were included; the more-involved limb was analyzed.Outcome measures were analyzed with respect to clinical findings, including passive range of motion, Selective Motor Control Assessment for the Lower Extremity (SCALE), gait kinematics, and musculoskeletal models of muscle-tendon lengths during gait.KF at IC (KFIC) and minimum KF during single-limb support (KFSLS) were investigated.Thirty-four participants met the inclusion criteria, and their data were analyzed (20 males and 14 females, mean age 10.1 years, range 5-20 years). Mean KFIC was 34.4 ± 8.4 degrees and correlated with lower SCALE score (ρ = -0.530, P = .004), later peak KF during swing (ρ = 0.614, P < .001), and shorter maximal muscle length of the semimembranosus (ρ = -0.359, P = .037). Mean KFSLS was 18.7 ± 14.9 and correlated to KF contracture (ρ = 0.605, P < .001) and shorter maximal muscle length of the semimembranosus (ρ = -0.572, P < .001) and medial gastrocnemius (ρ = -0.386, P = .024). GMFCS correlated more strongly to KFIC (ρ = 0.502, P = .002) than to KFSLS (ρ = 0.371, P = .031). Linear regression found that both the SCALE score (P = .001) and delayed timing of peak KF during swing (P = .001) independently predicted KFIC. KF contracture (P = .026) and maximal length of the semimembranosus (P = .043) independently predicted KFSLS.Correlates of KFIC differed from those for KFSLS and suggest that impaired selective motor control and later timing of swing-phase KF influence knee position at IC, whereas KF contracture and muscle lengths influence minimal KF in single-limb support, findings with important treatment implications.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.06.003

    View details for PubMedID 26079863

  • Biomechanical and Clinical Correlates of Stance-Phase Knee Flexion in Persons With Spastic Cerebral Palsy PM&R Rha, D., Cahill-Rowley, K., Young, J., Torburn, L., Stephenson, K., Rose, J. 2016; 8 (1): 11-18

    Abstract

    To identify biomechanical and clinical parameters that influence knee flexion (KF) angle at initial contact (IC) and during single limb stance phase of gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) who walk with flexed-knee gait.Retrospective analysis of gait kinematics and clinical data collected from 2010-2013.Motion & Gait Analysis Laboratory at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA.Gait analysis data from persons with spastic CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] I-III) who had no prior surgery were analyzed. Participants exhibiting KF ≥20° at IC were included; the more-involved limb was analyzed.Outcome measures were analyzed with respect to clinical findings, including passive range of motion, Selective Motor Control Assessment for the Lower Extremity (SCALE), gait kinematics, and musculoskeletal models of muscle-tendon lengths during gait.KF at IC (KFIC) and minimum KF during single-limb support (KFSLS) were investigated.Thirty-four participants met the inclusion criteria, and their data were analyzed (20 males and 14 females, mean age 10.1 years, range 5-20 years). Mean KFIC was 34.4 ± 8.4 degrees and correlated with lower SCALE score (ρ = -0.530, P = .004), later peak KF during swing (ρ = 0.614, P < .001), and shorter maximal muscle length of the semimembranosus (ρ = -0.359, P = .037). Mean KFSLS was 18.7 ± 14.9 and correlated to KF contracture (ρ = 0.605, P < .001) and shorter maximal muscle length of the semimembranosus (ρ = -0.572, P < .001) and medial gastrocnemius (ρ = -0.386, P = .024). GMFCS correlated more strongly to KFIC (ρ = 0.502, P = .002) than to KFSLS (ρ = 0.371, P = .031). Linear regression found that both the SCALE score (P = .001) and delayed timing of peak KF during swing (P = .001) independently predicted KFIC. KF contracture (P = .026) and maximal length of the semimembranosus (P = .043) independently predicted KFSLS.Correlates of KFIC differed from those for KFSLS and suggest that impaired selective motor control and later timing of swing-phase KF influence knee position at IC, whereas KF contracture and muscle lengths influence minimal KF in single-limb support, findings with important treatment implications.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.06.003

    View details for Web of Science ID 000368267500002

  • Caput valgum associated with developmental dysplasia of the hip: management by transphyseal screw fixation. Journal of children's orthopaedics Torode, I. P., Young, J. L. 2015; 9 (5): 371-379

    Abstract

    A late finding of some hips treated for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a growth disturbance of the lateral proximal femoral physis, which results in caput valgum and possibly osteoarthritis. Current treatment options include complete epiphysiodesis of the proximal femoral physis or a corrective proximal femoral osteotomy. Alternatively, a transphyseal screw through the inferomedial proximal femoral physis that preserves superolateral growth might improve this deformity.This study evaluates the effect of such a transphyseal screw on both femoral and acetabular development in patients with caput valgum following open treatment of DDH. These patients were followed clinically and radiographically until skeletal maturity. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were assessed, measuring the proximal femoral physeal orientation (PFPO), the head-shaft angle (HSA), Sharp's angle and the center edge angle of Wiberg (CE angle).Thirteen hips of 11 consecutive patients were followed prospectively. The age at the time of transphyseal screw placement was between 5 and 14 years. The mean improvement of the PFPO and HSA was 14° (p < 0.01) and 11° (p < 0.001), respectively. The mean improvement of Sharp's angle and CE angle was 4.7° (p < 0.01) and 5.8° (p < 0.02), respectively. Five patients underwent screw revision.A transphyseal screw across the proximal femoral physis improved the proximal femur and acetabular geometry.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11832-015-0681-9

    View details for PubMedID 26362171

  • Biomechanical and clinical correlates of swing-phase knee flexion in individuals with spastic cerebral palsy who walk with flexed-knee gait. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation Rha, D., Cahill-Rowley, K., Young, J., Torburn, L., Stephenson, K., Rose, J. 2015; 96 (3): 511-517

    Abstract

    To identify clinical and biomechanical parameters that influence swing-phase knee flexion and contribute to stiff-knee gait in individuals with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and flexed-knee gait.Retrospective analysis of clinical data and gait kinematics collected from 2010 to 2013.Motion and gait analysis laboratory at a children's hospital.Individuals with spastic CP (N=34; 20 boys, 14 girls; mean age ± SD, 10.1±4.1y [range, 5-20y]; Gross Motor Function Classification System I-III) who walked with flexed-knee gait ≥20° at initial contact and had no prior surgery were included; the more-involved limb was analyzed.Not applicable.The magnitude and timing of peak knee flexion (PKF) during swing were analyzed with respect to clinical data, including passive range of motion and Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity, and biomechanical data, including joint kinematics and hamstring, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius muscle-tendon length during gait.Data from participants demonstrated that achieving a higher magnitude of PKF during swing correlated with a higher maximum knee flexion velocity in swing (ρ=.582, P<0.001) and a longer maximum length of the rectus femoris (ρ=.491, P=.003). In contrast, attaining earlier timing of PKF during swing correlated with a higher knee flexion velocity at toe-off (ρ=-.576, P<.001), a longer maximum length of the gastrocnemius (ρ=-.355, P=.039), and a greater peak knee extension during single-limb support phase (ρ=-.354, P=.040).Results indicate that the magnitude and timing of PKF during swing were independent, and their biomechanical correlates differed, suggesting important treatment implications for both stiff-knee and flexed-knee gait.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.09.039

    View details for PubMedID 25450128

  • SPINA BIFIDA PEDIATRIC REHABILITATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE, FIFTH EDITION Pico, E. L., Wilson, P. E., Smith, K., Thomson, J., Young, J., Ettinger, D., Clayton, G. H., Sobus, K., Alexander, M. A., Matthews, D. J. 2015: 373–411
  • Management of the knee in spastic diplegia: what is the dose? Orthopedic clinics of North America Young, J. L., Rodda, J., Selber, P., Rutz, E., Graham, H. K. 2010; 41 (4): 561-577

    Abstract

    This article discusses the sagittal gait patterns in children with spastic diplegia, with an emphasis on the knee, as well as the concept of the "dose" of surgery that is required to correct different gait pathologies. The authors list the various interventions in the order of their increasing dose. The concept of dose is useful in the consideration of the management of knee dysfunction.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ocl.2010.06.006

    View details for PubMedID 20868885

  • Sacral stress fractures in children. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.) Mangla, J., Young, J. L., Thomas, T. O., Karaikovic, E. E. 2009; 38 (5): 232-236

    View details for PubMedID 19584993

  • Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty Following Routine Dental Procedure FOOT & ANKLE INTERNATIONAL Young, J. L., May, M. M., Haddad, S. L. 2009; 30 (3): 252-257

    View details for DOI 10.3113/FAI.2009.0252

    View details for Web of Science ID 000263867000010

    View details for PubMedID 19321103

  • Remodeling of birth fractures of the humeral diaphysis JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS Husain, S. N., King, E. C., Young, J. L., Sarwark, J. F. 2008; 28 (1): 10-13

    Abstract

    Birth fractures of the humeral diaphysis are encountered at most pediatric medical centers and pediatric orthopaedic practices. The treatment strategy of these fractures is uniformly nonoperative. However, we have not found sufficient studies in the literature demonstrating the extent to which remodeling is possible and therefore how much deformity is acceptable in the treatment of these fractures.We reviewed the records of our institution's Orthopaedic Surgery Clinic and identified all children seen for birth fractures of the humerus from 2001 to 2005. The angulation and displacement at presentation and at follow-up were measured.All patients were treated nonoperatively, and most were managed by swaddling. In 9 patients with more than 4 months of radiographic follow-up, the mean initial angulation was 26 degrees in the coronal plane and 25 degrees in the sagittal plane. The mean angulation at final follow-up was 5 degrees in the coronal plane and 7 degrees in the sagittal plane. The maximum angulation at presentation was 66 degrees, which remodeled to 5 degrees at 7.3 months' follow-up.Our findings suggest that attempts to obtain an anatomical reduction or the use of more than the simplest immobilization methods are not necessary given the tremendous capacity for remodeling of these fractures in infants.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000255766600003

    View details for PubMedID 18157039