Clinical Focus
- Emergency Medicine
Administrative Appointments
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Director, Emergency Ultrasound Fellowship, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine (2017 - Present)
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Director, Emergency Ultrasound Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine (2016 - Present)
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Assistant Program Director for Research, Department of Emergency Medicine San Antonio Uniformed Health Education Consortium (2013 - 2014)
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Member, Institutional Review Board, San Antonio Military Medical Center (2013 - 2014)
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Associate Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine San Antonio Military Medical Center (2012 - 2014)
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Co-Director, Emergency Ultrasound, Department of Emergency Medicine San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium (2011 - 2014)
Honors & Awards
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Highly Cited Research - One of 5 highest cited papers published, Elsevier - American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2016)
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Research Award Nominee, American Academy of Emergency Ultrasound (2016)
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Outstanding Reviewer, American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2016)
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Patient Service Champion, Duke University Medical Center (2009)
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Leadership and Service Award, Society of Orange County Emergency Physiicians (2006)
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Honor Society Member, Phi Beta Kappa (2000)
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Summa Cum Laude, University of California, Davis (2000)
Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations
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Councilor, American College of Emergency Physicians (2020 - 2021)
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Alternate Councilor, American College of Emergency Physicians (2019 - 2020)
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Research Officer, Academy of Emergency Ultrasound, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (2016 - 2018)
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Reviewer, Clinical Ultrasound Accreditation Program, American College of Emergency Physicians (2015 - Present)
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Secretary, Academy of Emergency Ultrasound, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (2013 - 2015)
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Member, American Heart Association (2013 - Present)
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Fellow, American College of Emergency Physicians (2011 - Present)
Professional Education
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Medical Education: University of California at Irvine School of Medicine (2006) CA
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Board Certification: American Board of Emergency Medicine, Focused Practice in Advanced Emergency Medicine Ultrasonography (2022)
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Fellowship: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (2010) PA
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Board Certification: American Board of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine (2011)
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Fellowship, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Emergency Ultrasound (2010)
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Residency, Duke University Medical Center, Emergency Medicine (2009)
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M.D., University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Medicine (2006)
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B.S., University of California, Davis, Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior (2000)
Community and International Work
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Texas Two Step: How to Save a Life Campaign, Multiple Texas Communities
Topic
Hands Only CPR
Partnering Organization(s)
American College of Emergency Physicians, Texas College of Emergency Physicians, Texas Medical Association, Health Corps
Location
US
Ongoing Project
No
Opportunities for Student Involvement
No
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New Horizons, Haiti & Suriname
Topic
general and specialized medical and dental services
Partnering Organization(s)
United States Air Force
Location
International
Ongoing Project
No
Opportunities for Student Involvement
No
Current Research and Scholarly Interests
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Cardiac Arrest
Emergency Ultrasound
2024-25 Courses
- Basic Cardiac Life Support for Healthcare Professionals
EMED 201 (Aut) - Re-Certification for Basic Cardiac Life Support for Healthcare Professionals
EMED 201A (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) -
Prior Year Courses
2023-24 Courses
- Basic Cardiac Life Support for Healthcare Professionals
EMED 201 (Aut) - Re-Certification for Basic Cardiac Life Support for Healthcare Professionals
EMED 201A (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum)
2022-23 Courses
- Basic Cardiac Life Support for Healthcare Professionals
EMED 201 (Aut) - Point-Of-Care Ultrasound
EMED 216 (Win) - Re-Certification for Basic Cardiac Life Support for Healthcare Professionals
EMED 201A (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum)
2021-22 Courses
- Basic Cardiac Life Support for Healthcare Professionals
EMED 201 (Aut) - Point-Of-Care Ultrasound
EMED 216 (Win) - Re-Certification for Basic Cardiac Life Support for Healthcare Professionals
EMED 201A (Aut)
- Basic Cardiac Life Support for Healthcare Professionals
All Publications
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Differences in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes Among Five Racial/Ethnic Groups.
Prehospital emergency care
2024: 1-12
Abstract
Introduction: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major health problem and one of the leading causes of death in adults over the age of forty. Multiple prior studies have demonstrated survival disparities based on race/ethnicity, but most of these focus on a single racial/ethnic group. This study evaluated OHCA variables and outcomes among on five racial/ethnic groups.Methods: This is a retrospective review of data for adult patients in the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) from three racially diverse urban counties in the San Francisco Bay Area from May 2009 to October 2021. Stratifying by five racial/ethnic groups, we evaluated patient survival outcomes based on patient demographics, Emergency Medical Services response location, cardiac arrest characteristics, and hospital interventions. Adjusted risk ratios were calculated for survival to hospital discharge, controlling for gender, age, response locations, median income of response location, arrest witness, shockable rhythm, and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), as well as clustering by census tract.Results: There were 10,757 patient entries analyzed: 42% White, 24% Black, 18% Asian, 9.3% Hispanic, 6.0% Pacific Islander, 0.7% American Indian/Alaska Native, 0.1% multiple races selected; however, only the first five racial/ethnic groups had sufficient numbers for comparison. The adjusted risk ratio for survival to hospital discharge was lower among all four racial/ethnic groups compared to the White reference group: Black (0.79, p = 0.003), Asian (0.78 p = 0.004), Hispanic groups (0.79, p = 0.018), and Pacific-Islander (0.78, p = 0.41). The risk difference for positive neurologic outcome was also lower among all four racial/ethnic groups compared to the White reference group.Conclusions: We report that the Black, Asian, Hispanic, and Pacific-Islander groups were less likely to survive to hospital discharge from OHCA when compared to the White reference group. There were no variables that were associated with decreased survival across all four of these groups.
View details for DOI 10.1080/10903127.2024.2335639
View details for PubMedID 38567893
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A woman with a headache and vision changes.
Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open
2024; 5 (1): e13109
View details for DOI 10.1002/emp2.13109
View details for PubMedID 38250199
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Adult male with constant pleuritic chest pain.
Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open
2024; 5 (1): e13074
View details for DOI 10.1002/emp2.13074
View details for PubMedID 38322378
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Young Woman With Recurrent Vision Loss
Annals of Emergency Medicine
2024; 83 (6): 611-612
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.12.008
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A cadaveric model for transesophageal echocardiography transducer placement training: A pilot study.
World journal of emergency medicine
1800; 13 (1): 18-22
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is used in the emergency department to guide resuscitation during cardiac arrest. Insertion of a TEE transducer requires manual skill and experience, yet in some residency programs cardiac arrest is uncommon, so some physicians may lack the means to acquire the manual skills to perform TEE in clinical practice. For other infrequently performed procedural skills, simulation models are used. However, there is currently no model that adequately simulates TEE transducer insertion. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of using a cadaveric model to teach TEE transducer placement among novice users.METHODS: A convenience sample of emergency medicine residents was enrolled during a procedure education session using cadavers as tissue models. A pre-session assessment was used to determine prior knowledge and confidence regarding TEE manipulation. Participants subsequently attended a didactic and hands-on education session on TEE placement. All participants practised placing the TEE transducer until they were able to pass a standardized assessment of technical skill (SATS). After the educational session, participants completed a post-session assessment.RESULTS: Twenty-five residents participated in the training session. Mean assessment of knowledge improved from 6.2/10 to 8.7/10 (95% confidence interval [CI] of knowledge difference 1.6-3.2, P<0.001) and confidence improved from 1.6/5 to 3.1/5 (95% CI of confidence difference 1.1-2.0, P<0.001). There was no relationship between training level and the delta in knowledge or confidence.CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, the use of a cadaveric model to teach TEE transducer placement methods among novice users is feasible and improves both TEE manipulation knowledge and confidence levels.
View details for DOI 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.005
View details for PubMedID 35003410
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Utilization of Point-of-care Echocardiography in Cardiac Arrest: A Cross-sectional Pilot Study.
The western journal of emergency medicine
2021; 22 (4): 803-809
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) echocardiography (echo) is a useful adjunct in the management of cardiac arrest. However, the practice pattern of POC echo utilization during management of cardiac arrest cases among emergency physicians (EP) is unclear. In this pilot study we aimed to characterize the utilization of POC echo and the potential barriers to its use in the management of cardiac arrest among EPs.This was a cross-sectional survey of attending EPs who completed an electronic questionnaire composed of demographic variables (age, gender, year of residency graduation, practice setting, and ultrasound training) and POC echo utilization questions. The first question queried participants regarding frequency of POC echo use during the management of cardiac arrest. Branching logic then presented participants with a series of subsequent questions regarding utilization and barriers to use based on their responses.A total of 155 EPs participated in the survey, with a median age of 39 years (interquartile range 31-67). Regarding POC echo utilization, participants responded that they always (66%), sometimes (30%), or never (4.5%) use POC echo during cardiac arrest cases. Among participants who never use POC echo, 86% reported a lack of training, competency, or credentialing as a barrier to use. Among participants who either never or sometimes use POC echo, the leading barrier to use (58%) reported was a need for improved competency. Utilization was not different among participants of different age groups (P = 0.229) or different residency graduation dates (P = 0.229). POC echo utilization was higher among participants who received ultrasound training during residency (P = 0.006) or had completed ultrasound fellowship training (P <0.001) but did not differ by gender (P = 0.232), or practice setting (0.231).Only a small minority of EPs never use point-of-care echocardiography during the management of cardiac arrest. Lack of training, competency, or credentialing is reported as the leading barrier to use among those who do not use POC echo during cardiac arrest cases. Participants who do not always use ultrasound are less likely to have received ultrasound training during residency.
View details for DOI 10.5811/westjem.2021.4.50205
View details for PubMedID 35354015
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A randomized controlled trial of simulation-based mastery learning to teach the extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma.
AEM education and training
2021; 5 (3): e10606
Abstract
Background: Mastery learning has gained popularity for training residents in procedural skills due to its demonstrated superiority over traditional methods. However, no studies have compared the efficacy of traditional versus mastery learning methods in residency point-of-care ultrasound education. We hypothesized that mastery learning would improve residents' skills in performing the extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma (eFAST).Methods: All first-year emergency medicine (EM) resident physicians at a single university hospital underwent a crossover randomized controlled trial to receive mastery-learning eFAST training either at the beginning of the academic year or 6months into intern year. Participants were taught using a checklist validated by a panel of experts using Mastery Angoff methods and were given feedback on missed tasks until each trainee completed the eFAST with a minimum passing standard (MPS). Our primary outcome was technical proficiency between the two groups for eFAST examinations performed in the emergency department during the academic year.Results: Sixteen interns were enrolled; eight were randomized to each group. The group that received mastery training at the beginning of the year had mean clinical eFAST proficiency scores above the MPS in the first two quarters of the academic year, while the control group did not. Once the control group underwent eFAST mastery training at the midpoint of the year, both groups had mean proficiency scores above the MPS for the remainder of the year.Conclusion: Simulation-based mastery learning is an effective method of teaching the eFAST examination. This training during intern orientation conferred early proficiency in clinical performance of eFAST among EM residents. This difference in proficiency was no longer present after the control group received mastery learning education halfway through the academic year.
View details for DOI 10.1002/aet2.10606
View details for PubMedID 34141999
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Utilization of Point-of-care Echocardiography in Cardiac Arrest: A Cross-sectional Pilot Study
WESTERN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
2021; 22 (4): 803-809
View details for DOI 10.5811/westjem.2021.4.50205
View details for Web of Science ID 000681356800001
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Effects of Left Ventricular Versus Traditional Chest Compressions in a Traumatic Pulseless Electrical Activity Model.
Military medicine
2021
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation has commonly been considered ineffective in traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest because traditional chest compressions do not produce substantial cardiac output. However, recent evidence suggests that chest compressions located over the left ventricle (LV) produce greater hemodynamics when compared to traditional compressions. We hypothesized that chest compressions located directly over the LV would result in an increase in return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and hemodynamic variables, when compared to traditional chest compressions, in a swine model of traumatic pulseless electrical activity (PEA).METHODS: Transthoracic echocardiography was used to mark the location of the aortic root (traditional compressions) and the center of the LV on animals (n=34) that were randomized to receive chest compressions in one of the two locations. Animals were hemorrhaged to mean arterial pressure<20 to simulate traumatic PEA. After 5minutes of PEA, basic life support (BLS) with mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated and performed for 10minutes followed by advanced life support for an additional 10minutes. Hemodynamic variables were averaged over the final 2minutes of BLS and advanced life support periods.RESULTS: Six of the LV group (35%) achieved ROSC compared to eight of the traditional group (47%) (P=.73). There was an increase in aortic systolic blood pressure (P<.01), right atrial systolic blood pressure (P<.01), and right atrial diastolic blood pressure (P=.02) at the end of BLS in the LV group compared to the traditional group.CONCLUSIONS: In our swine model of traumatic PEA, chest compressions performed directly over the LV improved blood pressures during BLS but not ROSC.
View details for DOI 10.1093/milmed/usab229
View details for PubMedID 34143215
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Enterocutaneous Fistula and Abscess Diagnosed with Point-of-care Ultrasound.
Clinical practice and cases in emergency medicine
2021; 5 (4): 470-472
Abstract
A 64-year-old female with history of umbilical hernia repair with mesh 18 years prior, cystocele, and diabetes mellitus presented with 10 days of abdominal and flank pain. The patient was tachycardic, normotensive, afebrile, and had an erythematous, tender, protuberant abdominal wall mass. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) revealed an irregular, heterogeneous extraperitoneal fluid collection with intraperitoneal communication; these findings were consistent with an abscess and infected mesh with evidence for intraperitoneal extension. The diagnosis of enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) with infected mesh and abdominal wall abscess was confirmed with computed tomography and the patient was admitted for antibiotics and source control.A rare complication of hernia repair with mesh, ECF typically occurs later than more common complications including cellulitis, hernia recurrence, and bowel obstruction. In the emergency department, POCUS is commonly used to evaluate for abscess; in other settings, comprehensive ultrasound is used to evaluate for complications after hernia repair with mesh. However, to date there is no literature reporting POCUS diagnosis of ECF or mesh infection. This case suggests that distant surgery should not preclude consideration of mesh infection and ECF, and that POCUS may be useful in evaluating for these complications.
View details for DOI 10.5811/cpcem.2021.4.49918
View details for PubMedID 34813448
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The Utility of Color Doppler to Confirm Endotracheal Tube Placement: A Pilot Study.
The western journal of emergency medicine
2020; 21 (4): 871–76
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Grayscale ultrasound (US) imaging has been used as an adjunct for confirming endotracheal tube (ETT) placement in recent years. The addition of color Doppler imaging (CDI) has been proposed to improve identification but has not been well studied. The aim of this study was to assess whether CDI improves correct localization of ETT placement.METHODS: A convenience sample of emergency and critical care physicians at various levels of training and experience participated in an online assessment. Participants viewed US video clips of patients, which included either tracheal or esophageal intubations captured in grayscale or with CDI; there were five videos of each for a total of 20 videos. Participants were asked to watch each clip and then assess the location of the ETT.RESULTS: Thirty-eight subjects participated in the online assessment. Levels of training included medical students (13%), emergency medicine (EM) residents (50%), EM attendings (32%), and critical care attendings (5%). The odds ratio of properly assessing tracheal placement using color relative to a grayscale imaging technique was 1.5 (p = 0.21). Regarding the correct assessment of esophageal placement, CDI had 1.4 times the odds of being correctly assessed relative to grayscale (p = 0.26). The relationship between training level and correct assessments was not significant for either tracheal or esophageal placements.CONCLUSION: In this pilot study we found no significant improvement in correct identification of ETT placement using color Doppler compared to grayscale ultrasound; however, there was a trend toward improvement that might be better elucidated in a larger study.
View details for DOI 10.5811/westjem.2020.5.45588
View details for PubMedID 32726258
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The Effect of Chest Compression Location and Occlusion of the Aorta in a Traumatic Arrest Model.
The Journal of surgical research
2020; 254: 64–74
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recent evidence demonstrates that closed chest compressions directly over the left ventricle (LV) in a traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) model improve hemodynamics and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) when compared with traditional compressions. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) also improves hemodynamics and controls hemorrhage in TCA. We hypothesized that chest compressions located over the LV would result in improved hemodynamics and ROSC in a swine model of TCA using REBOA.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transthoracic echo was used to mark the location of the aortic root (traditional location) and the center of the LV on animals (n=26), which were randomized to receive chest compressions in one of the two locations. After hemorrhage, ventricular fibrillation was induced to simulate TCA. After a period of 10min of ventricular fibrillation, basic life support (BLS) with mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated and performed for 10min followed by advanced life support for an additional 10min. REBOA balloons were inflated at 6 min into BLS. Hemodynamic variables were averaged during the final 2min of the BLS and advanced life support periods. Survival was compared between this REBOA cohort and a control group without REBOA (no-REBOA cohort) (n=26).RESULTS: There was no significant difference in ROSC between the two REBOA groups (P=0.24). Survival was higher with REBOA group versus no-REBOA group (P=0.02).CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in ROSC between LV and traditional compressions when REBOA was used in this swine model of TCA. REBOA conferred a survival benefit regardless of compression location.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jss.2020.03.026
View details for PubMedID 32417498
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The Effect of Chest Compression Location and Aortic Perfusion in a Traumatic Arrest Model.
The Journal of surgical research
2020; 258: 88–99
Abstract
Recent evidence demonstrates that closed chest compressions directly over the left ventricle (LV) in a traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) model improve hemodynamics and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) when compared to traditional compressions. Selective aortic arch perfusion (SAAP) also improves hemodynamics and controls hemorrhage in TCA. We hypothesized that chest compressions located over the LV would result in improved hemodynamics and ROSC in a swine model of TCA using SAAP.Transthoracic echo was used to mark the location of the aortic root (Traditional location) and the center of the LV on animals (n = 24), which were randomized to receive chest compressions in one of the two locations. After hemorrhage, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced to simulate TCA. After a period of 10 min of VF, basic life support (BLS) with mechanical CPR was initiated and performed for 10 min, followed by advanced life support (ALS) for an additional 10 min. SAAP balloons were inflated at min 6 of BLS. Hemodynamic variables were averaged over the final 2 min of the BLS and ALS periods. Survival was compared between this SAAP cohort and a control group without SAAP (No-SAAP) (n = 26).There was no significant difference in ROSC between the two SAAP groups (P = 0.67). There was no ROSC difference between SAAP and No-SAAP (P = 0.74).There was no difference in ROSC between LV and Traditional compressions when SAAP was used in this swine model of TCA. SAAP did not confer a survival benefit compared to historical controls.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jss.2020.08.052
View details for PubMedID 33002666
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The Efficacy of a Brief Educational Training Session in Point-of-Care Pediatric Hip Ultrasound.
Pediatric emergency care
2020
Abstract
Pediatric limp is a common presenting complaint to emergency departments. Despite this, diagnosis can be difficult in young patients with no history of trauma. Ultrasound can be used to identify a hip effusion, which may be the etiology of limp in pediatric patients. Brief educational training sessions have successfully been used to introduce novice ultrasound users to point-of-care (POC) ultrasound; however, the education of POC hip ultrasound is underexplored, and the efficacy of educational training sessions in this domain remains unknown.To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of using a brief educational training session to teach novice ultrasound users to identify hip anatomy and effusions.Medical and physician assistant students were enrolled during an ultrasound education conference. A pretest evaluated prior knowledge, experience, and confidence level regarding POC hip ultrasound. Students attended a brief didactic session and then completed an objective structured assessment of technical skill as well as a posttest.Twenty-eight students naive to hip ultrasound participated in this study. Levels of training included medical and physician assistant students. Mean test scores increased from the pretest (4.8 of 9, SD = 1.6) to the posttest (7.9 of 9, SD = 0.72) (P < 0.001). Average objective structured assessment of technical skill was 4.6 of 5 (SD, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 4.3-4.9). After the sessions, confidence levels in identifying landmarks, joint space, and a joint effusion significantly increased (P < 0.001).Pediatric hip ultrasound knowledge, performance, skills, and confidence improved as demonstrated by novice ultrasound users after a brief educational training session. Our study shows that a brief, targeted educational intervention was a feasible and effective method of introducing pediatric POC hip ultrasound to novices.
View details for DOI 10.1097/PEC.0000000000002202
View details for PubMedID 32796351
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The Efficacy of Left Ventricular versus Traditional Chest Compressions During Selective Aortic Arch Perfusion to Treat Traumatic Cardiopulmonary Arrest in a Swine Model
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2019
View details for Web of Science ID 000528604100123
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Cardiac massage for trauma patients in the battlefield: An assessment for survivors
RESUSCITATION
2019; 138: 20–27
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.02.029
View details for Web of Science ID 000466837400005
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A Traumatic Pulseless Electrical Activity Model: Mortality Increases With Hypovolemia Time.
The Journal of surgical research
2019; 243: 301–8
Abstract
There currently are no well-defined animal models for traumatic pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Our objective was to develop a swine model of traumatic PEA that would be useful for laboratory research where mortality is an outcome of interest. In this pilot study, we hypothesized that animals that remained in PEA without intervention for a longer period would have increased mortality.Sixteen Yorkshire swine were alternately allocated to either 5 or 10 min of traumatic PEA without intervention. After the nonintervention period, basic life support (BLS) with mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated and performed for 10 min followed by advanced life support (ALS) for an additional 10 min. Hemodynamic and laboratory values are reported for baseline, posthemorrhage, end of BLS, and end of ALS periods.Mortality in the 10-min PEA group (100%) was higher than the 5-min group (38%) (P = 0.03). Animals in the 5-min group had improved aortic diastolic blood pressure, coronary perfusion pressure, and end-tidal CO2 at the end of both the BLS (P = 0.02, 0.002, and 0.02, respectively) and ALS (P = 0.009, 0.005, and 0.008, respectively). The 10-min animals had increased hyperkalemia at the end of the BLS (P = 0.004) and ALS (P = 0.005) periods. All animals in the 10-min group developed ventricular fibrillation (VF) and 38% of the 5-min animals developed VF (P = 0.03).In our pilot study of traumatic PEA in a swine model, a shorter period of nonintervention resulted in increased survival, improved hemodynamics during resuscitation, decreased hyperkalemia, and less incidence of conversion to VF arrest.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jss.2019.05.037
View details for PubMedID 31254903
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A Brief Cadaver Training Session Is Feasible for Training Novice Users on Transesophageal Echocardiography Transducer Insertion
MOSBY-ELSEVIER. 2018: S85-S86
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.08.218
View details for Web of Science ID 000445690900213
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Left ventricular compressions improve return of spontaneous circulation and hemodynamics in a swine model of traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest
JOURNAL OF TRAUMA AND ACUTE CARE SURGERY
2018; 85 (2): 303-310
View details for DOI 10.1097/TA.0000000000001901
View details for Web of Science ID 000442836600009
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Asymptomatic ST elevation myocardial infarction
HEART & LUNG
2018; 47 (4): 363–65
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.04.012
View details for Web of Science ID 000438836800017
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Left Ventricular Compressions Improve Return of Spontaneous Circulation and Hemodynamics in a Swine Model of Traumatic Cardiopulmonary Arrest.
The journal of trauma and acute care surgery
2018
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including closed chest compressions, has commonly been considered ineffective in traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest (TCPA) because traditional chest compressions do not produce substantial cardiac output. However, recent evidence suggests that chest compressions located over the left ventricle produce greater hemodynamics when compared to traditional compressions. We hypothesized that chest compressions located directly over the left ventricle would improve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and hemodynamics, when compared to traditional chest compressions, in a swine model of traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest (TCPA).METHODS: Transthoracic echocardiography was used to mark the location of the aortic root (traditional compressions), and the center of the left ventricle (LV) on animals (n=26) which were randomized to receive chest compressions in one of the two locations. After hemorrhage, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced. After ten minutes of VF, basic life support (BLS) with mechanical CPR was initiated and performed for ten minutes followed by advanced life support (ALS) for an additional ten minutes. During BLS the area of maximal compression was verified using transesophageal echocardiography. Hemodynamic variables were averaged over the final two minutes of BLS and ALS periods.RESULTS: Five of the left ventricle group (38%) achieved ROSC compared to zero of the aortic root group (p=0.04). Additionally, there was an increase in aortic systolic blood pressure (SBP), aortic diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) at the end of both the BLS (95% CI SBP -49 to -21, DBP -14 to -5.6 and CPP -15 to -7.4) and ALS (95% CI SBP -66 to -21, DBP -49 to -6.8 and CPP -51 to -7.5) resuscitation periods among the LV group.CONCLUSIONS: In our swine model of TCPA, chest compressions performed directly over the left ventricle improved ROSC and hemodynamics when compared to traditional chest compressions.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Animal Model, Level I.
View details for PubMedID 29613954
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Airway ultrasound for the confirmation of endotracheal tube placement in cadavers by military flight medic trainees - A pilot study.
The American journal of emergency medicine
2018
Abstract
Confirming correct endotracheal tube (ETT) placement is a key component of successful airway management. Ultrasound (US) as a tool for the confirmation of ETT placement has been investigated in the hospital setting but not in the pre-hospital setting. We hypothesized that after a short educational session, military flight medic trainees would be able to accurately identify ETT placement in a cadaver model.We conducted a prospective, randomized trial in a human cadaver model. Participants received a brief didactic and hands-on presentation on airway US techniques. Each participant then performed transtracheal US on cadaver models which were randomly assigned to tracheal or esophageal intubation; time to verbalize ETT location was also recorded. Participants were then asked whether they felt airway US would be a useful adjunctive skill in their practice.Thirty-two military flight medic trainees were enrolled. US had a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 76.4% for identification of esophageal intubations. The positive predictive value was 71.4% and the negative predictive value was 72.2%. Mean time to report ETT placement was 47.3s. Time did not vary between medics with accurate identification versus inaccurate identification (p=0.176). 83% of participants felt airway US would be a useful adjunctive skill for the confirmation of ETT placement.Military flight medic trainees can rapidly use airway US to identify ETT placement after a short educational session with moderate sensitivity and specificity. These advanced military medics are interested in learning and implementing this skill into their practice.
View details for PubMedID 29478724
- A 49-year-old man who presents with abdominal pain Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine 2018; 11: 74-75
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Adult Male With Scrotal Swelling and Pain.
Annals of emergency medicine
2018; 71 (6): e113–e114
View details for PubMedID 29776509
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Increased Hypovolemia Time Increases Mortality in a Swine Model of Traumatic Pulseless Electrical Activity Cardiac Arrest - A Pilot Study
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2017
View details for Web of Science ID 000437035901452
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Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Austere Environments A Complete Review of Its Utilization, Pitfalls, and Technique for Common Applications in Austere Settings
EMERGENCY MEDICINE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
2017; 35 (2): 409-?
Abstract
With the advent of portable ultrasound machines, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has proven to be adaptable to a myriad of environments, including remote and austere settings, where other imaging modalities cannot be carried. Austere environments continue to pose special challenges to ultrasound equipment, but advances in equipment design and environment-specific care allow for its successful use. This article describes the technique and illustrates pathology of common POCUS applications in austere environments. A brief description of common POCUS-guided procedures used in austere environments is also provided.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.emc.2016.12.007
View details for PubMedID 28411935
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Left Ventricular Compressions Improve Hemodynamics in a Swine Model of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE
2017; 21 (2): 272-280
Abstract
We hypothesized that chest compressions located directly over the left ventricle (LV) would improve hemodynamics, including coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in a swine model of cardiac arrest.Transthoracic echocardiography (echo) was used to mark the location of the aortic root and the center of the left ventricle on animals (n = 26) which were randomized to receive chest compressions in one of the two locations. After a period of ten minutes of ventricular fibrillation, basic life support (BLS) with mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was initiated and performed for ten minutes followed by advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) for an additional ten minutes. During BLS the area of maximal compression was verified using transesophageal echo. CPP and other hemodynamic variables were averaged every two minutes.Mean CPP was not significantly higher in the LV group during all time intervals of resuscitation; mean CPP was significantly higher in the LV group during the 12-14 minute interval of BLS and during minutes 22-30 of ACLS (p < 0.05). Aortic systolic and diastolic pressures, right atrial systolic pressures, and end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) were higher in the LV group during all time intervals of resuscitation (p < 0.05). Nine of the left ventricle group (69%) achieved ROSC and survived to 60 minutes compared to zero of the aortic root group (p < 0.001). In our swine model of cardiac arrest, chest compressions over the left ventricle improved hemodynamics and resulted in a greater proportion of animals with ROSC and survival to 60 minutes.
View details for DOI 10.1080/10903127.2016.1241328
View details for Web of Science ID 000395748100017
View details for PubMedID 27918847
- Gastric perforation causing severe abdominal pain Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine 2017; 9: 65-66
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Large-scale Multi-community Targeted CPR Education Improves CPR Knowledge and Confidence
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2016
View details for Web of Science ID 000396815305038
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The ability of renal ultrasound and ureteral jet evaluation to predict 30-day outcomes in patients with suspected nephrolithiasis
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
2015; 33 (10): 1402-1406
Abstract
We sought to identify findings on bedside renal ultrasound that predicted need for hospitalization in patients with suspected nephrolithiasis.A convenience sample of patients with suspected nephrolithiasis was prospectively enrolled and underwent bedside ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder to determine the presence and degree of hydronephrosis and ureteral jets. Sonologists were blinded to any other laboratory and imaging data. Patients were followed up at 30 days by phone call and review of medical records.Seventy-seven patients with suspected renal colic were included in the analysis. Thirteen patients were admitted. Reasons for admission included intractable pain, infection, or emergent urologic intervention. All 13 patients requiring admission had hydronephrosis present on initial bedside ultrasound. Patients with moderate hydronephrosis had a higher admission rate (36%) than those with mild hydronephrosis (24%), P<.01. Of patients without hydronephrosis, none required admission within 30 days. The sensitivity and specificity of hydronephrosis for predicting subsequent hospitalization were 100% and 44%, respectively. Loss of the ipsilateral ureteral jet was not significantly associated with subsequent hospital admission and did not improve the predictive value when used in combination with the degree of hydronephrosis.No patients with suspected renal colic and absence of hydronephrosis on bedside ultrasound required admission within 30 days. Ureteral jet evaluation did not help in prediction of 30-day outcomes and may not be useful in the emergency department management of renal colic.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.07.014
View details for Web of Science ID 000361839300014
View details for PubMedID 26279392
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The utility of transvaginal ultrasound in the ED evaluation of complications of first trimester pregnancy
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
2015; 33 (6): 743-748
Abstract
For patients with early intrauterine pregnancy (IUP), the sonographic signs of the gestation may be below the resolution of transabdominal ultrasound (TAU); however, it may be identified by transvaginal ultrasound (TVU). We sought to determine how often TVU performed in the emergency department (ED) reveals a viable IUP after a nondiagnostic ED TAU and the impact of ED TVU on patient length of stay (LOS).This was a retrospective cohort study of women presenting to our ED with complications of early pregnancy from January 1, 2007 to February 28, 2009 in a single urban adult ED. Abstractors recorded clinical and imaging data in a database. Patient imaging modality and results were recorded and compared with respect to ultrasound (US) findings and LOS.Of 2429 subjects identified, 795 required TVU as part of their care. Emergency department TVU was performed in 528 patients, and 267 went to radiology (RAD). Emergency department TVU identified a viable IUP in 261 patients (49.6%). Patients having initial ED US had shorter LOS than patients with initial RAD US (median 4.0 vs 6.0 hours; P < .001). Emergency department LOS was shorter for women who had ED TVU performed compared with those sent for RAD TVU regardless of the findings of the US (median 4.9 vs 6.7 hours; P < .001). There was no increased LOS for patients who needed further RAD US after an indeterminate ED TVU (7.0 vs 7.1 hours; P = .43). There was no difference in LOS for those who had a viable IUP confirmed on ED TAU vs ED (median 3.1 vs 3.2 hours, respectively; P < .32).When an ED TVU was performed, a viable IUP was detected 49.6% of the time. Emergency department LOS was significantly shorter for women who received ED TVU after indeterminate ED TAU compared with those sent to RAD for TVU, with more marked time savings among those with live IUP diagnosed on ED TVU. For patients who do not receive a definitive diagnosis of IUP on ED TVU, this approach does not result in increased LOS.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.02.023
View details for Web of Science ID 000356601400001
View details for PubMedID 25817202
- Portable Ultrasound in Disaster and Emergency Settings Global Point of Care: Strategies for Disasters, Emergencies and Public Health Resilience AACC Press. 2015
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Ultrasound Guided Chest Compressions Over the Left Ventricle During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Increases Coronary Perfusion Pressure and Return of Spontaneous Circulation in a Swine Model of Traumatic Cardiac Arrest
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2014
View details for Web of Science ID 000209790206120
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Point-of-care ultrasound diagnoses acute decompensated heart failure in the ED regardless of examination findings
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
2014; 32 (4): 385-388
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.12.025
View details for Web of Science ID 000333799700022
View details for PubMedID 24462400
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Quantifying B-Lines on Lung Sonography: Insufficient Evidence as an Objective, Constructive, and Educational Tool Reply
JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE
2014; 33 (2): 363-365
View details for DOI 10.7863/ultra.33.2.363
View details for Web of Science ID 000330604700026
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Ultrasound Guided Chest Compressions Over the Left Ventricle During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Increases Coronary Perfusion Pressure and Return of Spontaneous Circulation in a Swine Model of Cardiac Arrest
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2013
View details for Web of Science ID 000332162907139
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Diagnosing heart failure among acutely dyspneic patients with cardiac, inferior vena cava, and lung ultrasonography
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
2013; 31 (8): 1208-1214
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis (dx) of acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF) may be challenging in the emergency department (ED). Point-of-care ultrasonography (US) allows rapid determination of cardiac function, intravascular volume status, and presence of pulmonary edema. We test the diagnostic test characteristics of these 3 parameters in making the dx of ADHF among acutely dyspneic patients in the ED.This was a prospective observational cohort study at an urban academic ED. Inclusion criteria were as follows: dyspneic patients, at least 18 years old and able to consent, whose differential dx included ADHF. Ultrasonography performed by emergency sonologists evaluated the heart for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the inferior vena cava for collapsibility index (IVC-CI), and the pleura sampled in each of 8 thoracic regions for presence of B-lines. Cutoff values for ADHF were LVEF less than 45%, IVC-CI less than 20%, and at least 10 B-lines. The US findings were compared with the final dx determined by 2 emergency physicians blinded to the US results.One hundred one participants were enrolled: 52% male, median age 62 (25%-75% interquartile, 53-91). Forty-four (44%) had a final dx of ADHF. Sensitivity and specificity (including 95% confidence interval) for the presence of ADHF were as follows: 74 (65-90) and 74 (62-85) using LVEF less than 45%, 52 (38-67) and 86 (77-95) using IVC-CI less than 20%, and 70 (52-80) and 75 (64-87) using B-lines at least 10. Using all 3 modalities together, the sensitivity and specificity were 36 (22-51) and 100 (95-100). As a comparison, the sensitivity and specificity of brain natriuretic peptide greater than 500 were 75 (55-89) and 83 (67-92).In this study, US was 100% specific for the dx of ADHF.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.05.007
View details for Web of Science ID 000323163400010
View details for PubMedID 23769272
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Inter-Rater Reliability of Quantifying Pleural B-Lines Using Multiple Counting Methods
JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE
2013; 32 (1): 115-120
Abstract
Sonographic B-lines are a sign of increased extravascular lung water. Several techniques for quantifying B-lines within individual rib spaces have been described, as well as different methods for "scoring" the cumulative B-line counts over the entire thorax. The interobserver reliability of these methods is unknown. This study examined 3 methods of quantifying B-lines for inter-rater reliability.Videotaped pleural assessments of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea and suspected acute heart failure were reviewed by 3 blinded pairs of emergency physicians. Each pair performed B-line counts within single rib spaces using 1 of the following 3 predetermined methods: 1, individual B-lines are counted over an entire respiratory cycle; 2, as per method 1, but confluent B-lines are counted as multiple based on the percentage of the rib space they occupy; and 3, as per method 2, but the count is made at the moment when the most B-lines are seen, not over an entire respiratory cycle. A single-measures interclass correlation coefficient was used to assess inter-rater reliability for the 3 definitions of B-line counts.A total of 456 video clips were reviewed. The interclass correlation coefficients (95% confidence intervals) for methods 1, 2, and 3 were 0.84 (0.81-0.87), 0.87 (0.85-0.90), and 0.89 (0.87-0.91), respectively. The difference between methods 1 and 3 was significant (P = .003).All methods of B-line quantification showed substantial inter-rater agreement. Method 3 is more reliable than method 1. There were no other significant differences between the methods. We recommend the use of method 3 because it is technically simpler to perform and more reliable than method 1.
View details for Web of Science ID 000313607400013
View details for PubMedID 23269716
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Cardiac Evaluation for Structural Abnormalities May Not Be Required in Patients Presenting With Syncope and a Normal ECG Result in an Observation Unit Setting
ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
2012; 60 (4): 478-484
Abstract
Patients with syncope are frequently managed in observation units and receive serial examinations, monitoring for arrhythmias, and structural analysis of the heart. The primary aim of this study is to determine the utility of structural analysis of the heart in syncope patients who are being managed in an observation unit and have a normal ECG result.This is a retrospective, observational chart review of all consecutive adult patients observed during 18 months at an urban, academic medical center. A case report form with demographics, ECG interpretations, and structural analysis of the heart data was generated and all variables were defined before data extraction. Subjects with an ECG demonstrating any arrhythmia, premature atrial contraction, premature ventricular contraction, pacing, second- and third-degree blocks, and left bundle branch block were excluded from the normal ECG group. An abnormal cardiac structure was defined as an ejection fraction less than 45%, severe hypertrophy, or severe valvular abnormality. Ten percent of cases were evaluated by a second extractor to verify accuracy. Descriptive statistics with confidence intervals (CIs) and interquartile ranges (IQRs; 25%, 75%) are used.Three hundred twenty-three subjects were managed in the observation unit for syncope, 48% were men, and their median age was 66 years (25%, 75% IQR 52, 80). Two of 323 (0.6%; 95% CI 0.2% to 2.2%) had an arrhythmia; 1 of 323 had a non-ST-segment myocardial infarction (0.3%; 95% CI 0.1% to 1.7%). Of the 323 patients, 267 had a normal ECG result and 235 (88%) had their cardiac structure evaluated. Forty-eight percent of the normal ECG group were men, and the median age was 65 years (25%, 75% IQR 52, 79). Zero of 235 patients (0%; 95% CI 0% to 1.6%) had a structural abnormality identified on evaluation, and 2 of 18 (11%; 95% CI 3.1% to 32.8%) had an abnormal stress echocardiogram result.Structural abnormalities are unlikely in syncope patients with a normal ECG result. Care should focus on excluding arrhythmias and acute coronary syndrome.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.04.023
View details for Web of Science ID 000309636000017
View details for PubMedID 22632775
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The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
2012; 30 (7): 1134-1140
Abstract
Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters (USGPIVs) have been observed to have poor durability. The current study sets out to determine whether vessel characteristics (depth, diameter, and location) predict USGPIV longevity.A secondary analysis was performed on a prospectively gathered database of patients who underwent USGPIV placement in an urban, tertiary care emergency department. All patients in the database had a 20-gauge, 48-mm-long catheter placed under ultrasound guidance. The time and reason for USGPIV removal were extracted by retrospective chart review. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed.After 48 hours from USGPIV placement, 32% (48/151) had failed prematurely, 24% (36/151) had been removed for routine reasons, and 44% (67/151) remained in working condition yielding a survival probability of 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.70). Survival probability was perfect (1.00) when placed in shallow vessels (<0.4 cm), moderate (0.62; 95% CI, 0.51-0.71) for intermediate vessels (0.40-1.19 cm), and poor (0.29; 95% CI, 0.11-0.51) for deep vessels (≥1.2 cm); P < .0001. Intravenous survival probability was higher when placed in the antecubital fossa or forearm locations (0.83; 95% CI, 0.69-0.91) and lower in the brachial region (0.50; 95% CI, 0.38-0.61); P = .0002. The impact of vessel depth and location was significant after 3 hours and 18 hours, respectively. Vessel diameter did not affect USGPIV longevity.Cannulation of deep and proximal vessels is associated with poor USGPIV survival. Careful selection of target vessels may help improve success of USGPIV placement and durability.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ajem.2011.07.027
View details for Web of Science ID 000308541100019
View details for PubMedID 22078967
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TRAFFIC LAW KNOWLEDGE DISPARITY BETWEEN HISPANICS AND NON-HISPANIC WHITES IN CALIFORNIA
JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
2011; 40 (6): 687-695
Abstract
The Hispanic population is one group that is involved in a disproportionately high percentage of fatal motor vehicle collisions in the United States.This study investigated demographic factors contributing to a lack of knowledge and awareness of traffic laws among Hispanic drivers involved in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) in southern California.The cross-sectional study enrolled adults (n = 190) involved in MVCs presenting to a Level I trauma center in southern California over a 7-month period. Subjects completed a survey about California traffic law knowledge (TLK) consisting of eight multiple-choice questions. The mean number of questions answered correctly was compared between groups defined by demographic data.The mean number of TLK questions answered correctly by Hispanic and non-Hispanic white groups were significantly different at 4.13 and 4.62, respectively (p = 0.005; 95% confidence interval -0.83 to -0.15). Scores were significantly lower in subjects who were not fluent in English, had less than a high school education, did not possess a current driver's license, and received their TLK from sources other than a driver's education class or Department of Motor Vehicle materials. Analysis of variance showed that the source of knowledge was the strongest predictor of accurate TLK.Source of TLK is a major contributing factor to poor TLK in Hispanics. An emphasis on culturally specific traffic law education is needed.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.07.007
View details for Web of Science ID 000291960500020
View details for PubMedID 19748200
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Foreign Bodies in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Anorectal Emergencies
EMERGENCY MEDICINE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
2011; 29 (2): 369-?
Abstract
Of all ingested foreign bodies (FBs) brought to the attention of physicians (probably a small minority of the total), 80% to 90% pass spontaneously; however, 10% to 20% require endoscopic removal, and about 1% require surgery. The article divides the GI tract into regions in which the anatomy, presentation, clinical findings, and management of FBs are distinct. The final third of this article describes the management of anorectal emergencies. An understanding of anatomy and common pathological conditions allows the emergency physician to make a diagnosis and provide relief and/or resolution in most cases.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.emc.2011.01.009
View details for Web of Science ID 000291124300013
View details for PubMedID 21515184
- Pleural and Lung Ultrasound Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine Springer. 2011; 1st Edition
- Topic A4. Advanced Ocular Ultrasound. In: American College of Emergency Physicians Emergency Ultrasound Fellowship Guidelines; Appendix: Core Content of Clinical Ultrasonography Fellowship Training. American College of Emergency Physicians. 2011
- Soft Tissue and Extremity Ultrasound Handbook of Critical Care and Emergency Ultrasound McGraw Hill. 2011
- Topic A14. Fracture Assessment. In: American College of Emergency Physicians Emergency Ultrasound Fellowship Guidelines; Appendix: Core Content of Clinical Ultrasonography Fellowship Training. American College of Emergency Physicians. 2011
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Early Failure of Ultrasonography-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Catheters In the Emergency Department: It's Not Just About Getting the IV - It's About Keeping It
MOSBY-ELSEVIER. 2010: S75-S76
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.06.277
View details for Web of Science ID 000281438000229
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Test Characteristics of Various Techniques of Ultrasonography Assessment for Pulmonary Edema Using B-Lines
MOSBY-ELSEVIER. 2010: S116
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.06.415
View details for Web of Science ID 000281438000359
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Test Characteristics of Sonographic Evaluation of IVC Maximum Diameter and IVC Collapsibility Index In Predicting Congestive Heart Failure Among Dyspneic Patients In the Emergency Department
MOSBY-ELSEVIER. 2010: S81
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.06.294
View details for Web of Science ID 000281438000245
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Accuracy of Various Methods of B-Line Assessment In the Diagnosis of Congestive Heart Failure Compared by Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves
MOSBY-ELSEVIER. 2010: S97
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.06.345
View details for Web of Science ID 000281438000295
- Acute Care and Sports Injury Oxford American Handbook of Sports Medicine Oxford University Press. 2010
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Antinociception induced by chronic exposure of rats to cigarette smoke
NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS
2004; 366 (1): 86-91
Abstract
To investigate if chronic exposure to cigarette smoke induces analgesia, rats were exposed to concentrated cigarette smoke in an environmental chamber over four successive 5-day blocks (6 h/day), with 2 smoke-free days between blocks. A control group was exposed to room air. Tail flick latencies increased significantly (analgesia) during each smoke exposure block, with a relative decline in analgesia across blocks (tolerance) and a return to control levels during the first three smoke-free interludes while remaining higher after the conclusion of the 4-week exposure period. Mechanical (von Frey) withdrawal thresholds declined over time in smoke-exposed and control groups, with the smoke-exposed group showing significantly lower thresholds. Plasma nicotine reached 95.4 +/- 32 (S.D.) ng/ml at the end of weekly smoke exposure and declined to 44.9 +/- 10.6 ng/ml 24 h after withdrawal. Rats lost weight during smoke exposure and quickly regained weight during smoke-free interludes and at the cessation of smoke exposure. Analgesia may contribute to the initiation of smoking, and rapid reversal of the analgesic effect following acute exposure may contribute to the difficulty in quitting smoking.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.020
View details for Web of Science ID 000223026000019
View details for PubMedID 15265596
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The selective group mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 suppresses REM sleep and fast EEG in the rat
PHARMACOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR
2002; 73 (2): 467-474
Abstract
Studies of ionotropic receptors indicate that glutamate (Glu) neurotransmission plays a role in sleep. Here, we show for the first time that metabotropic 2/3 Glu (mGlu2/3) receptors play an active or permissive role in the control of REM sleep. The potent, selective, and systemically active mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 was administered systemically in doses of 1.0 and 0.25 mg/kg sc. The drug produced a dose-dependent suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and fast (10-50 Hz) EEG in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The 1.0-mg/kg effect on REM sleep was remarkably powerful: REM sleep was totally suppressed in the 6-h postinjection and reduced by 80% in the next 6 h. NREM duration was unchanged during the REM suppression in spite of the strong and unusual depression of EEG power in fast NREM frequencies. These sleep and EEG effects were unaccompanied by motor or behavioral abnormalities. We hypothesize that the REM and the fast EEG suppression were both caused by a depression of brain arousal levels by LY379268. If correct, depressing arousal by reducing excitatory neurotransmission with an mGlu2/3 receptor agonist produces electrophysiological effects that differ drastically from those produced by depressing arousal by enhancing neural inhibition with GABAergic drugs. This different approach to modifying the excitation/inhibition balance in the brain might yield novel therapeutic actions.
View details for Web of Science ID 000177501500022
View details for PubMedID 12117602
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Analgesia induced by chronic nicotine infusion in rats - Differences by gender and pain test
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
2001; 157 (1): 40-45
Abstract
Acute administration of nicotine induces analgesia with subsequent development of tolerance. In human studies, females are less sensitive to the analgesic effects of nicotine than males. Few previous animal studies have investigated analgesic effects of chronic nicotine administration or addressed gender differences.To investigate whether chronic administration of nicotine induces analgesia in male and female rats as assessed by a battery of standard pain assays, if tolerance develops, and if hyperalgesia occurs following cessation of nicotine.Nicotine (free base; 6 mg/kg/day i.v.) or saline was administered for 2 weeks via implanted osmotic pumps. Pain behavior was assessed before, during, and for 3 weeks after nicotine infusion by measuring tail flick latency, hot-plate latency, and thermal paw withdrawal latency. The paw-withdrawal threshold to non-noxious mechanical stimuli was also measured. Effects of nicotine infusion, gender, and time were assessed by three-way analyses of variance.Both male and female rats exhibited a comparable degree of analgesia in the hot-plate test with development of tolerance during the 2-week infusion period. Males, but not females, showed analgesia in the tail flick test. Analgesia was not observed for thermally evoked paw withdrawal in either males or females, nor did nicotine affect non-noxious mechanically evoked paw withdrawals. Males and females showed cessation of weight gain during the first week of nicotine infusion.Chronic nicotine-induced analgesia was confirmed in both male and female rats as assessed using the hot-plate test which reflects integrated pain behavior. Males, but not females, exhibited analgesia in a nociceptive withdrawal reflex test (tail flick), indicating that nicotine-induced analgesia may depend on both the type of pain test and gender. The lack of nicotine-induced analgesia assessed by the tail flick reflex test in female rats is consistent with recent human studies showing that nicotine reduces pain elicited by brief noxious cutaneous stimulation in male but not female subjects.
View details for Web of Science ID 000170825600005
View details for PubMedID 11512041