Bio


Dr. Hood directs NIH- and foundation-funded clinical research aimed at promoting health and quality of life outcomes for people with diabetes. He has expertise and experience with diabetes epidemiology and interventions, study design, methodology, data management, and advanced statistical methods. There are two content threads to his work: 1) construct prevention and treatment programs to address modifiable psychological and family factors that create barriers to optimal diabetes management, and 2) optimize the use of devices and technologies to improve health outcomes. With regard to the first thread, Dr. Hood has successfully implemented depression screening programs in tertiary diabetes and GI clinics within a Quality Improvement framework, and recently completed a large scale clinical trial on a distress prevention program for teens with type 1 diabetes. Dr. Hood manages and analyzes all the data from these studies. From a device and technology standpoint, Dr. Hood coordinates the Human Factors assessments in Drs. Maahs’ and Buckingham’s closed loop studies and is recognized as one of the experts in this area nationally and internationally. In addition, he has implemented Human Factors assessments in national (e.g., T1D Exchange) studies and registries and is the lead psychologist on 2 of the 4 UC4 grants from NIDDK (Hovorka, PI; Bergenstal, PI). These assessments focus on uptake of devices and technologies, and determining strategies to promote uptake and optimize their use. Dr. Hood and his research team have published over 100 scientific articles on these topics and are active presenters at diabetes, behavioral medicine, and advocacy conferences.

Dr. Hood also works in clinical and service settings. Dr. Hood is a licensed clinical psychologist and is part of the diabetes care team at Stanford. He is the past chair of the American Diabetes Association’s Behavioral Medicine and Psychology Interest Group and is currently a member of the Research Policy Committee. He was also a member of the ADA’s Call to Congress in March 2017. Dr. Hood is an Associate Editor for both Diabetes Care and Pediatric Diabetes.

Clinical Focus


  • Psychology

Administrative Appointments


  • Member, Stanford Diabetes Research Center (2017 - Present)

Professional Education


  • PhD Training: University of Florida College of Medicine (2003) FL
  • Fellowship: Joslin Diabetes Center (2005) MA
  • Internship: Children's Hospital Boston MA

Clinical Trials


  • Initiation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Recruiting

    The purpose of this study is to learn about the impact of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on families with newly diagnosed children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The investigators hope to learn about how continuous glucose monitoring affects glycemic variables and diabetes-related distress.

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  • Insul-In This Together Program for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents Not Recruiting

    The "Insul-In This Together" intervention is designed for teens with Type 1 Diabetes and their parents. This study seeks to evaluate an evidence-based family intervention for teens with type 1 diabetes and their parents to offset the psychosocial and diabetes self-management risks. This information will provide a more in-depth understanding of family-based program efficacy for teens with adolescents and provide more judicious and streamlined intervention options to be offered in diabetes clinics in the future.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Jessie Wong, PhD, 650-736-1517.

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  • Overcoming Barriers and Obstacles to Adopting Diabetes Devices Not Recruiting

    This study will create a comprehensive, multicomponent behavioral intervention package (ONBOARD; OvercomiNg Barriers & Obstacles to Adopting Diabetes Devices). ONBOARD will provide adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) the skills to maximize benefit and minimize daily interference from barriers associated with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and increase readiness for closed loop.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Molly Tanenbaum, PhD, 650-725-3955.

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  • Remote Monitoring of Diabetes in Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes Not Recruiting

    The primary objective of this project is to examine the impact of a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) intervention on health and psychological outcomes in young children with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Regan C Barley, 650-736-1517.

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2023-24 Courses


All Publications


  • From Wary Wearers to d-Embracers: Personas of Readiness to Use Diabetes Devices. Journal of diabetes science and technology Tanenbaum, M. L., Adams, R. N., Iturralde, E., Hanes, S. J., Barley, R. C., Naranjo, D., Hood, K. K. 2018: 1932296818793756

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Diabetes devices such as insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are associated with improved health and quality of life in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, uptake remains low. The aim of this study was to develop different "personas" of adults with T1D in relation to readiness to adopt new diabetes technology.METHODS: Participants were 1498 T1D Exchange participants who completed surveys on barriers to uptake, technology attitudes, and other psychosocial variables. HbA1c data was available from the T1D Exchange for 30% of the sample. K-means cluster analyses grouped the sample by device barriers and attitudes. The authors assigned descriptive labels based on cluster characteristics. ANOVAs and chi-square tests assessed group differences by demographic and psychosocial variables (eg, diabetes duration, diabetes distress).RESULTS: Analyses yielded five distinct personas. The d-Embracers (54% of participants) endorsed few barriers to device use and had the highest rates of device use, lowest HbA1c, and were the least distressed. The Free Rangers (23%) had the most negative technology attitudes. The Data Minimalists (10%) used pumps but had lower CGM use and did not want more diabetes information. The Wary Wearers (11%) had lower overall device use, were younger, more distressed, endorsed many barriers, and had higher HbA1c. The High Distress (3%) group members were the youngest, had the shortest diabetes duration, reported the most barriers, and were the most distressed.CONCLUSION: These clinically meaningful personas of device readiness can inform tailored interventions targeting barriers and psychosocial needs to increase device uptake.

    View details for PubMedID 30132692

  • Preventing Diabetes Distress in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: Results One Year After Participation in the STePS Program. Diabetes care Hood, K. K., Iturralde, E., Rausch, J., Weissberg-Benchell, J. 2018

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE: The aim is to report 1-year outcomes of the Supporting Teens Problem Solving (STePS) study, a randomized controlled trial comparing a distress and depression prevention program with a diabetes education program for adolescents with type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: With 264 adolescents in two locations (Chicago and San Francisco Bay Area), a randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing the Penn Resilience Program for type 1 diabetes (PRP T1D) to Advanced Diabetes Education. Interventions lasted 4.5 months, and assessments were conducted at baseline, and 4.5, 8, 12, and 16 months. Outcomes of interest were diabetes distress (DD), depressive symptoms, resilience, diabetes self-management, and glycemic control. Latent growth curve modeling was used to test between-group differences over time.RESULTS: Results indicate that there was acceptable randomization and exposure to interventions, and that exposure to PRP T1D was associated with substantial reductions in DD. In addition, stable glycemic control, resilience characteristics, and depressive symptoms were observed 1 year post-treatment. Diabetes management deteriorated in both groups.CONCLUSIONS: Intervening before symptoms of psychological distress start can prevent the development of the DD commonly seen in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The STePS program represents a promising prevention program, and future reports on 2- and 3-year outcomes will explore benefits over longer periods of time.

    View details for PubMedID 29921624

  • Psychosocial Care for People With Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2016;39:2126-2140 DIABETES CARE Young-Hyman, D., de Groot, M., Hill-Briggs, F., Gonzalez, J. S., Hood, K., Peyrot, M. 2018; 41 (3): E33–E34

    View details for PubMedID 29463672

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5864144

  • PsychDT Working Group: Report Psychosocial Aspects of Artificial Pancreas Systems. Journal of diabetes science and technology Barnard, K. D., Venkat, M. V., Close, K., Heinemann, L., Weissberg-Benchell, J., Hood, K. K., Kubiak, T., Kowalski, A. J., Laffel, L. 2015; 9 (4): 925-928

    Abstract

    Diabetes technology is a cornerstone of diabetes management in the 21st century, with advances in available devices over recent years playing a central role in the way that health care has progressed. Psychosocial interventions have been shown to have a positive impact on glycemic control, reduce psychological distress and reduce costs of health care. Addressing and improving psychosocial outcomes that complement biomedical improvements and looking to the future are crucial to enhance patient acceptance of artificial pancreas (AP) systems.To achieve closer collaboration and comparability across different AP research trials, a working group was established.Existing measures fail to adequately capture the extent to which human and psychological factors play a role in the uptake and efficient use of AP systems. Understanding these factors will ultimately lead to the most benefit for users. Reliable measures of the psychosocial impact of AP systems for users is crucial to ensure that (1) regulatory authorities are able to robustly consider these aspects as part of their approval process, (2) government and private payers are able to factor these aspects into their decisions regarding reimbursement, and (3) persons with diabetes maximize benefits in terms of both glycemic control and quality of life to minimize the burden of diabetes in everyday life.This working group will serve as a platform to foster exchange, identify research needs, and guide and initiate collaborative research laying the groundwork for optimal utilization of diabetes technology in clinical diabetes care. A close collaboration among all key stakeholders is crucial to ensure that devices are designed, trialed, approved, and provided with minimal user burden and maximum beneficial effect.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296815588332

    View details for PubMedID 26085567

  • A Real-World Prospective Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of the Loop Open Source Automated Insulin Delivery System. Diabetes technology & therapeutics Lum, J., Bailey, R., Barnes-Lomen, V., Naranjo, D., Hood, K., Lal, R. A., Arbiter, B., Brown, A., DeSalvo, D. J., Pettus, J., Calhoun, P., Beck, R. W. 2020

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the Loop Do-It-Yourself (DIY) automated insulin delivery system.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective real-world observational study was conducted, which included 558 adults and children (age range 1 to 71 years, mean HbA1c 6.8±1.0%) who initiated Loop either on their own or with community-developed resources and provided data for 6 months.RESULTS: Mean time-in-range 70-180 mg/dL (TIR) increased from 67±16% at baseline (prior to starting Loop) to 73±13% during the 6 months (mean change from baseline 6.6%, 95% confidence interval 5.9% to 7.4%; P<0.001). TIR increased in both adults and children, across the full range of baseline HbA1c, and in participants with both high and moderate income levels. Median time <54 mg/dL was 0.40% at baseline and changed by -0.05% (95% confidence interval -0.09% to -0.03%, P<0.001). Mean HbA1c was 6.8±1.0% at baseline and decreased to 6.5±0.8% after 6 months (mean difference= -0.33%, 95% confidence interval -0.40% to -0.26%, P<0.001). The incidence rate of reported severe hypoglycemia events was 18.7 per 100 person-years, a reduction from the incidence rate of 181 per 100 person-years during the 3 months prior to the study. Among the 481 users providing Loop data at 6 months, median CGM use was 96% (interquartile range 91% to 98%) and median time Loop was modulating basal insulin was at least 83% (interquartile range 73% to 88%).CONCLUSIONS: The Loop open source system can be initiated with community-developed resources and used safely and effectively by adults and children with T1D.

    View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2020.0535

    View details for PubMedID 33226840

  • Supporting Teen Problem-Solving (STEPS) 3 year outcomes: Preventing diabetes-specific emotional distress and depressive symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology Weissberg-Benchell, J., Shapiro, J. B., Bryant, F. B., Hood, K. K. 2020; 88 (11): 1019–31

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE: This article reports the 3-year outcomes for the Supporting Teen Problem-Solving (STePS) multisite Randomized Control Trial (RCT); reporting the overall impact of the STePS trial, and the differential impact of each arm of the trial (a resilience promoting intervention [PRP T1D] vs. a diabetes education intervention [EI]) on diabetes-specific emotional distress and depressive symptoms.METHOD: Participants included 264 adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D), ages 14-18, in Chicago and San Francisco. Both intervention arms lasted 4.5 months and assessments were conducted at baseline, postintervention (4.5 months), and 5 follow-up visits (8, 12, 16, 28, and 40 months from baseline). Intervention efficacy was investigated using latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) to analyze the rate and shape of change of outcomes from preintervention across postintervention and follow-up time points.RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 15.7 years, mean T1D duration was 6.9 years, mean HbA1c at baseline was 9.1%. The sample was diverse with nearly 35% identifying as racial or ethnic minorities, and 60% were female. PRP T1D participants reported significantly lower diabetes distress compared with EI participants, and the effect size increased over time. For the pooled sample, while 40% of youth reported elevated distress at baseline, only 23% reported elevated distress 3 years postintervention. Moreover, PRP T1D participants experienced a significant decline in depressive symptoms from 16 to 40 months postbaseline, while participants in the education arm did not.CONCLUSIONS: Results from the 3-year outcomes assessment demonstrate the robust effects of PRP T1D in adolescents with declines in distress and depressive symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

    View details for DOI 10.1037/ccp0000608

    View details for PubMedID 33136423

  • Barriers to Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People With Type 1 Diabetes: Clinician Perspectives. Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association Lanning, M. S., Tanenbaum, M. L., Wong, J. J., Hood, K. K. 2020; 33 (4): 324–30

    Abstract

    The purpose of this study was to determine clinician attitudes about the distinct barriers to uptake of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) among people with diabetes. Survey data were collected measuring individual barriers, prerequisites to CGM, confidence in addressing barriers, and clinic staff resources. Results show that clinicians commonly report barriers to using CGM among people with diabetes in their clinic. Furthermore, clinicians who report a high number of barriers do not feel confident in overcoming the barriers to CGM. Interventions that attempt to empower clinicians to address concerns about CGM among people with diabetes may be warranted because low uptake does not appear to be directly related to available resources or prerequisites to starting CGM.

    View details for DOI 10.2337/ds19-0039

    View details for PubMedID 33223770

  • mHealth for Pediatric Chronic Pain: State of the Art and Future Directions. Expert review of neurotherapeutics Richardson, P. A., Harrison, L. E., Heathcote, L. C., Rush, G., Shear, D., Lalloo, C., Hood, K., Wicksell, R. K., Stinson, J., Simons, L. E. 2020

    Abstract

    INTRODUCTION: Chronic pain conditions are common among children and engender cascading effects across social, emotional, and behavioral domains for the child and family. Mobile health (mHealth) describes the practice of delivering healthcare via mobile devices and may be an ideal solution to increase access and reach of evidence-based behavioral health interventions.AREAS COVERED: The aim of this narrative review is to present a state-of-the-art overview of evidence-based mHealth efforts within the field of pediatric chronic pain and consider new and promising directions for study. Given the nascent nature of the field, published mHealth interventions in all stages of development are discussed. Literature was identified through a non-systematic search in PubMed and Google Scholar, and a review of reference lists of papers that were identified as particularly relevant or foundational (within and outside of the chronic pain literature).EXPERT OPINION: mHealth is a promising interventional modality with early evidence suggesting it is primed to enhance behavioral health delivery and patient outcomes. There are many exciting future directions to be explored including drawing inspiration from digital health technology to generate new ways of thinking about the optimal treatment of pediatric chronic pain.

    View details for DOI 10.1080/14737175.2020.1819792

    View details for PubMedID 32881587

  • A Randomized Trial of Closed-Loop Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine Breton, M. D., Kanapka, L. G., Beck, R. W., Ekhlaspour, L., Forlenza, G. P., Cengiz, E., Schoelwer, M., Ruedy, K. J., Jost, E., Carria, L., Emory, E., Hsu, L. J., Oliveri, M., Kollman, C. C., Dokken, B. B., Weinzimer, S. A., DeBoer, M. D., Buckingham, B. A., Chernavvsky, D., Wadwa, R. P., iDCL Trial Research Group, Schoelwer, M., Breton, M., DeBoer, M., Gonder-Frederick, L., Chernavvsky, D., Robic, J., Emory, E., Voelmle, M., Conschafter, K., Morris, K., Barnett, C., Carr, K., Hellmann, J., Kime, M., Oliveri, M., Wadwa, R. P., Forlenza, G., Alonso, G. T., Slover, R., Messer, L., Cobry, E., Jost, E., Berget, C., Towers, L., Lange, S., Buckingham, B., Maahs, D., Lal, R., Ekhlaspour, L., Norlander, L., Hood, K., Town, M., Weir, C., Smith, K., Hsu, L., Shinksy, D., Viana, J., Cengiz, E., Weinzimer, S., Weyman, K., Carria, L., Zgorski, M., Ruedy, K., Beck, R., Borgman, S., Rusnak, J., Kanapka, L., Kollman, C., Murphy, C., Arreza-Rubin, G., Green, N., Kovatchev, B., Brown, S., Anderson, S., Laffel, L., Pinsker, J., Levy, C., Kudva, Y. C., Doyle, F. 3., Renard, E., Cobelli, C., Reznik, Y., Lum, J., Janicek, R., Gabrielson, D. 2020; 383 (9): 836–45

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: A closed-loop system of insulin delivery (also called an artificial pancreas) may improve glycemic outcomes in children with type 1 diabetes.METHODS: In a 16-week, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial, we assigned, in a 3:1 ratio, children 6 to 13 years of age who had type 1 diabetes to receive treatment with the use of either a closed-loop system of insulin delivery (closed-loop group) or a sensor-augmented insulin pump (control group). The primary outcome was the percentage of time that the glucose level was in the target range of 70 to 180 mg per deciliter, as measured by continuous glucose monitoring.RESULTS: A total of 101 children underwent randomization (78 to the closed-loop group and 23 to the control group); the glycated hemoglobin levels at baseline ranged from 5.7 to 10.1%. The mean (±SD) percentage of time that the glucose level was in the target range of 70 to 180 mg per deciliter increased from 53±17% at baseline to 67±10% (the mean over 16 weeks of treatment) in the closed-loop group and from 51±16% to 55±13% in the control group (mean adjusted difference, 11 percentage points [equivalent to 2.6 hours per day]; 95% confidence interval, 7 to 14; P<0.001). In both groups, the median percentage of time that the glucose level was below 70 mg per deciliter was low (1.6% in the closed-loop group and 1.8% in the control group). In the closed-loop group, the median percentage of time that the system was in the closed-loop mode was 93% (interquartile range, 91 to 95). No episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia occurred in either group.CONCLUSIONS: In this 16-week trial involving children with type 1 diabetes, the glucose level was in the target range for a greater percentage of time with the use of a closed-loop system than with the use of a sensor-augmented insulin pump. (Funded by Tandem Diabetes Care and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03844789.).

    View details for DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2004736

    View details for PubMedID 32846062

  • Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control in Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Laffel, L. M., Kanapka, L. G., Beck, R. W., Bergamo, K., Clements, M. A., Criego, A., DeSalvo, D. J., Goland, R., Hood, K., Liljenquist, D., Messer, L. H., Monzavi, R., Mouse, T. J., Prahalad, P., Sherr, J., Simmons, J. H., Wadwa, R. P., Weinstock, R. S., Willi, S. M., Miller, K. M., CGM Intervention in Teens and Young Adults with T1D (CITY) Study Group, CDE10 2020; 323 (23): 2388–96

    Abstract

    Importance: Adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes exhibit the worst glycemic control among individuals with type 1 diabetes across the lifespan. Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been shown to improve glycemic control in adults, its benefit in adolescents and young adults has not been demonstrated.Objective: To determine the effect of CGM on glycemic control in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes.Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized clinical trial conducted between January 2018 and May 2019 at 14 endocrinology practices in the US including 153 individuals aged 14 to 24 years with type 1 diabetes and screening hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 7.5% to 10.9%.Interventions: Participants were randomized 1:1 to undergo CGM (CGM group; n=74) or usual care using a blood glucose meter for glucose monitoring (blood glucose monitoring [BGM] group; n=79).Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was change in HbA1c from baseline to 26 weeks. There were 20 secondary outcomes, including additional HbA1c outcomes, CGM glucose metrics, and patient-reported outcomes with adjustment for multiple comparisons to control for the false discovery rate.Results: Among the 153 participants (mean [SD] age, 17 [3] years; 76 [50%] were female; mean [SD] diabetes duration, 9 [5] years), 142 (93%) completed the study. In the CGM group, 68% of participants used CGM at least 5 days per week in month 6. Mean HbA1c was 8.9% at baseline and 8.5% at 26 weeks in the CGM group and 8.9% at both baseline and 26 weeks in the BGM group (adjusted between-group difference, -0.37% [95% CI, -0.66% to -0.08%]; P=.01). Of 20 prespecified secondary outcomes, there were statistically significant differences in 3 of 7 binary HbA1c outcomes, 8 of 9 CGM metrics, and 1 of 4 patient-reported outcomes. The most commonly reported adverse events in the CGM and BGM groups were severe hypoglycemia (3 participants with an event in the CGM group and 2 in the BGM group), hyperglycemia/ketosis (1 participant with an event in CGM group and 4 in the BGM group), and diabetic ketoacidosis (3 participants with an event in the CGM group and 1 in the BGM group).Conclusions and Relevance: Among adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes, continuous glucose monitoring compared with standard blood glucose monitoring resulted in a small but statistically significant improvement in glycemic control over 26 weeks. Further research is needed to understand the clinical importance of the findings.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03263494.

    View details for DOI 10.1001/jama.2020.6940

    View details for PubMedID 32543683

  • Early CGM Initiation Improves HbA1c in T1D Youth over the First 15 Months Prahalad, P., Ding, V., Addala, A., New, C., Conrad, B. P., Chmielewski, A., Geels, E., Leverenz, J., Martinez-Singh, A., Sagan, P., Senaldi, J., Freeman, A., Scheinker, D., Hood, K. K., Desai, M., Maahs, D. M. AMER DIABETES ASSOC. 2020
  • A Telemedicine-CGM Recommendation System for Personalized Population Health Management Vallon, J., Ward, A. T., Prahalad, P., Hood, K. K., Maahs, D. M., Scheinker, D. AMER DIABETES ASSOC. 2020
  • Early Introduction of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Is Well Accepted by Youth and Parents Addala, A., Hanes, S., Zaharieva, D., New, C., Prahalad, P., Maahs, D. M., Hood, K. K., Tanenbaum, M. L. AMER DIABETES ASSOC. 2020
  • Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Show Steady Decline in Glucose Time-in-Range (TIR) over 1 Year: Pilot Study Zaharieva, D., Prahalad, P., Addala, A., Scheinker, D., Desai, M., Hood, K. K., Leverenz, B., Maahs, D. M. AMER DIABETES ASSOC. 2020
  • GETTING ONBOARD (OVERCOMING BARRIERS & OBSTACLES TO ADOPTING DIABETES DEVICES): A PILOT STUDY TO SUPPORT USE OF CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING (CGM) Tanenbaum, M. L., Wu, C., Hanes, S., Hood, K. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2020: S136
  • Assessing the effect of closed-loop insulin delivery from onset of type 1 diabetes in youth on residual beta-cell function compared to standard insulin therapy (CLOuD study): a randomised parallel study protocol. BMJ open Boughton, C., Allen, J. M., Tauschmann, M., Hartnell, S., Wilinska, M. E., Musolino, G., Acerini, C. L., Dunger, P. D., Campbell, F., Ghatak, A., Randell, T., Besser, R., Trevelyan, N., Elleri, D., Northam, E., Hood, K., Scott, E., Lawton, J., Roze, S., Sibayan, J., Kollman, C., Cohen, N., Todd, J., Hovorka, R., CLOuD Consortium 2020; 10 (3): e033500

    Abstract

    INTRODUCTION: Management of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children and adolescents is challenging for patients, families and healthcare professionals. The objective of this study is to determine whether continued intensive metabolic control using hybrid closed-loop (CL) insulin delivery following diagnosis of T1D can preserve C-peptide secretion, a marker of residual beta-cell function, compared with standard multiple daily injections (MDI) therapy.METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The study adopts an open-label, multicentre, randomised, parallel design, and aims to randomise 96 participants aged 10-16.9 years, recruited within 21 days of diagnosis with T1D. Following a baseline mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT), participants will be randomised to receive 24 months treatment with conventional MDI therapy or with CL insulin delivery. A further 24-month optional extension phase will be offered to all participants to continue with the allocated treatment. The primary outcome is the between group difference in area under the stimulated C-peptide curve (AUC) of the MMTT at 12 months post diagnosis. Analyses will be conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. Key secondary outcomes are between group differences in time spent in target glucose range (3.9-10 mmol/L), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and time spent in hypoglycaemia (<3.9 mmol/L) at 12 months. Secondary efficacy outcomes include between group differences in stimulated C-peptide AUC at 24 months, time spent in target glucose range, glucose variability, hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia as recorded by periodically applied masked continuous glucose monitoring devices, total, basal and bolus insulin dose, and change in body weight. Cognitive, emotional and behavioural characteristics of participants and parents will be evaluated, and a cost-utility analysis performed to support adoption of CL as a standard treatment modality following diagnosis of T1D.ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval has been obtained from Cambridge East Research Ethics Committee. The results will be disseminated by peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02871089; Pre-results.

    View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033500

    View details for PubMedID 32169925

  • Trust in hybrid closed loop among people with diabetes: Perspectives of experienced system users JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Tanenbaum, M. L., Iturralde, E., Hanes, S. J., Suttiratana, S. C., Ambrosino, J. M., Ly, T. T., Maahs, D. M., Naranjo, D., Walders-Abramson, N., Weinzimer, S. A., Buckingham, B. A., Hood, K. K. 2020; 25 (4): 429–38
  • Exposure to Closed Loop Barriers Using Virtual Reality. Journal of diabetes science and technology Lanning, M., Shen, J., Wasser, D., Riddle, S., Agustin, B., Hood, K., Naranjo, D. 2020: 1932296820902771

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Closed loop (CL) automated insulin delivery systems are demonstrated to be safe and effective in regulating glucose levels and reducing cognitive burden in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, given the limited market options and the do-it-yourself nature of most systems, it can be difficult for potential users to shape their expectations fitting them into daily lives and management routines. As such, we examined the potential feasibility of a virtual reality (VR) intervention.METHODS: A four-part VR intervention was created to expose adults with T1D to expected CL system barriers: body image, perceived hassles of using CL, deskilling fears, and unwanted social attention. Goals of the pilot were to assess feasibility and expose patients to CL. Surveys were conducted pre- and postparticipating in the VR experience.RESULTS: A total of 20 adults with T1D completed the pilot. Average time to complete the experience was 14.1minutes (8.8-39.9). Reported VR sickness was low. Willingness to use VR was maintained in 90% (n=18) and did not change expectations of CL in 95% (n=19). Virtual reality changed perceived hassles of CL in 25% (n=5) with four concerned over alarms and one connectivity issues: positive diabetes technology attitudes, confidence in managing hypoglycemia, overall perceptions of appearance, and positive affect maintained after the VR intervention. Negative affect significantly decreased after exposure and perceptions of being overweight trended toward significance.CONCLUSION: This pilot VR intervention demonstrated high potential in addressing expected barriers to uptake and usage of CL systems without decreasing enthusiasm or changing expectations of CL.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296820902771

    View details for PubMedID 32019329

  • Parental Perspectives: Identifying Profiles of Parental Attitudes and Barriers Related to Diabetes Device Use. Diabetes technology & therapeutics Wong, J., Barley, R., Hanes, S., Tanenbaum, M., Lanning, M. S., Naranjo, D., Hood, K. 2020

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Despite the demonstrated benefits of diabetes device use, uptake of insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) remains quite low. The current study aimed to identify profiles of parents of youth with type 1 diabetes based on their attitudes toward diabetes-specific technology and barriers to diabetes technology uptake.METHODS: Online survey data were collected from 471 parents in the T1D Exchange Clinic Network (child's age=12.0±3.2 years; diabetes duration=7.0±2.9 years; A1c=8.4%±1.3; 75% using insulin pump; 27% using CGM).RESULTS: K-means cluster analyses revealed 5 parent profiles: Embracers (50.7%), Burdened (15.7%), Hopeful but Hassled (14.2%), Distrusting (12.7%), and Data Minimalists (6.6%). ANOVAs and Chi-square tests identified differences between groups based on diabetes distress, worry over hypoglycemia, device use, and demographic characteristics.CONCLUSIONS: Providers encouraging device uptake may benefit from tailoring their approaches based on these distinct groups and their corresponding concerns and needs.

    View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2019.0492

    View details for PubMedID 31971451

  • An exploratory assessment of pediatric patient and parent needs after implantable cardioverter defibrillator implant. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE Schneider, L. M., Wong, J. J., Trela, A. n., Hanisch, D. n., Shaw, R. J., Sears, S. F., Motonaga, K. S., Ceresnak, S. R., Hood, K. K., Dubin, A. M. 2020

    Abstract

    Placement of an ICD is often accompanied by psychological adjustment issues in pediatric patients and their parents. While anxiety, depression, and lowered QOL have been seen in these patients, no studies have investigated patient or parent reported needs. This exploratory study describes the needs of pediatric ICD patients and parents and assesses whether patient factors of age, gender, depression, and anxiety are associated with specific needs.ICD patients ages 8-21 and their parents completed a needs analysis survey assessing various domains of functioning. Patients also completed self-reported measures of depression and anxiety.Thirty-two patients (28% female) and their parents (72% mothers) completed the survey. Patients' most frequently endorsed needs involved educational issues: understanding their cardiac event/diagnosis (34%), medications (34%), and how the ICD would change their lifestyle (31%). Parents' most frequently endorsed needs involved family issues; almost half of parents (47%) were concerned about their children's frustration with their overprotectiveness and 28% were concerned with their child feeling depressed or anxious. Patients who reported feeling overprotected (12.1 ± 3.4 vs 17.4 ± 3.5 years, p = .001) were significantly younger than those who did not. Experiencing peer issues was more frequently endorsed by females than males (33% of females vs 4% of males, p = .026).ICD patients and parents endorsed markedly different needs. Patients focused on understanding their ICD, while parents were more focused on their children's emotional needs. Novel ways of educating patients about their device and clinic based screenings of emotional functioning may serve to meet these needs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/pace.13876

    View details for PubMedID 31971265

  • Cost, Hassle, and On-Body Experience: Barriers to Diabetes Device Use in Adolescents and Potential Intervention Targets. Diabetes technology & therapeutics Messer, L. H., Tanenbaum, M. n., Cook, P. F., Wong, J. n., Hanes, S. n., Driscoll, K. A., Hood, K. n. 2020

    Abstract

    Adolescents with diabetes have the highest A1cs of all age group. Diabetes devices (insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors [CGM]) can improve glycemic outcomes, and though uptake of devices have increased, they remain underutilized in this population. This study characterizes adolescent-reported barriers to diabetes device use to determine targets for clinician intervention.We surveyed 411 adolescents with type 1 diabetes (mean age 16.302.25 years) on barriers to diabetes device use, technology use attitudes (general and diabetes-specific), benefits and burdens of CGM, self-efficacy for diabetes care, diabetes distress, family conflict, and depression. We characterize barriers to device uptake; assess demographic and psychosocial differences in device users, discontinuers, and non-users; and determine differences in device use by gender and age.The majority of adolescents used an insulin pump (n=307, 75%) and more than half used CGM (n=225, 55%). Cost/insurance-related concerns were the most commonly endorsed barrier category (61%) followed by wear-related issues (58.6%) which includes hassle of wearing the device (38%), and dislike of device on body (33%). Adolescents who endorsed more barriers also reported more diabetes distress (p=0.003), family conflict (p=0.003), and depressive symptoms (p=0.014). Pump and CGM discontinuers both endorsed more barriers and more negative perceptions of technology than current users, but reported no difference from device users in diabetes distress, family conflict, or depression. Gender was not related to perceptions of devices.Clinicians can proactively assess attitudes toward diabetes technology and perceptions of benefits/burdens to encourage device uptake and potentially prevent device discontinuation among adolescents.

    View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2019.0509

    View details for PubMedID 32163719

  • Diabetes Telehealth Solutions: Improving Self-Management Through Remote Initiation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Journal of the Endocrine Society Gal, R. L., Cohen, N. J., Kruger, D. n., Beck, R. W., Bergenstal, R. M., Calhoun, P. n., Cushman, T. n., Haban, A. n., Hood, K. n., Johnson, M. L., McArthur, T. n., Olson, B. A., Weinstock, R. S., Oser, S. M., Oser, T. K., Bugielski, B. n., Strayer, H. n., Aleppo, G. n. 2020; 4 (9): bvaa076

    Abstract

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate feasibility of initiating continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) through telehealth as a means of expanding access. Adults with type 1 diabetes (N = 27) or type 2 diabetes using insulin (N = 7) and interest in starting CGM selected a CGM system (Dexcom G6 or Abbott FreeStyle Libre), which they received by mail. CGM was initiated with a certified diabetes care and education specialist providing instruction via videoconference or phone. The primary outcome was days per week of CGM use during the last 4 weeks. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured at baseline and 12 weeks. Participant self-reported outcome measures were also evaluated. All 34 participants (mean age, 46 ± 18 years; 53% female, 85% white) were using CGM at 12 weeks, with 94% using CGM at least 6 days per week during weeks 9 to 12. Mean HbA1c decreased from 8.3 ± 1.6 at baseline to 7.2 ± 1.3 at 12 weeks (P < .001) and mean time in range (70-180 mg/dL, 3.9-10.0 mmol/L) increased from an estimated 48% ± 18% to 59% ± 20% (P < .001), an increase of approximately 2.7 hours/day. Substantial benefits of CGM to quality of life were observed, with reduced diabetes distress, increased satisfaction with glucose monitoring, and fewer perceived technology barriers to management. Remote CGM initiation was successful in achieving sustained use and improving glycemic control after 12 weeks as well as improving quality-of-life indicators. If widely implemented, this telehealth approach could substantially increase the adoption of CGM and potentially improve glycemic control for people with diabetes using insulin.

    View details for DOI 10.1210/jendso/bvaa076

    View details for PubMedID 32864542

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7448105

  • Diabetes-Specific Self-Compassion: A New Measure for Parents of Youth With Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of pediatric psychology Tanenbaum, M. L., Adams, R. N., Wong, J. J., Hood, K. K. 2020

    Abstract

    Given the high daily demands of managing type 1 diabetes (T1D), parents of youth with T1D can experience high levels of emotional distress, burden, and self-criticism, with implications for parent and child well-being and parent self-efficacy for managing diabetes. Diabetes-specific self-compassion (SC), or being kind to oneself when facing challenges related to managing diabetes, may serve as protective for parents. This study aimed to create and assess the psychometric properties of a new tool, the diabetes-specific Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-Dp), to assess diabetes-specific SC in parents of youth with T1D.We adapted a parent diabetes-specific SC measure; surveyed parents (N = 198; parent: 88% female; 95% non-Hispanic White; M age = 44 ± 8.9; child: 46% female; M age = 13 ± 3.4, range 2-18 years; 83% insulin pump users; 40% continuous glucose monitor (CGM) users; HbA1c from clinic data available for 76 participants: M HbA1c = 8.1 ± 1.3%) and conducted confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability and construct validity analyses. Validity measures included diabetes distress, diabetes empowerment, diabetes numeracy, and HbA1c.A bifactor structure provided the best fit, with one general factor and two wording-related group factors (positively and negatively worded items). The final 19-item SCS-Dp demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α =.94; range of item-total correlations: .52-.81) and good construct validity. As predicted, greater SC was associated with lower distress (r = -.68, p < .001) and greater empowerment (r = .43, p < .001) and was not associated with diabetes numeracy (p = .61). Diabetes-specific Self-Compassion Scale was not associated with HbA1c (p = .28).Results provide initial evidence of good reliability and validity of the SCS-Dp to assess diabetes-specific SC in parents.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa011

    View details for PubMedID 32196093

  • Exercising with an automated insulin delivery system: qualitative insight into the hopes and expectations of people with type 1 diabetes PRACTICAL DIABETES Collard, S. S., Regmi, P. R., Hood, K. K., Laffel, L., Weissberg-Benchell, J., Naranjo, D., Barnard-Kelly, K. 2020; 37 (1): 19–23

    View details for DOI 10.1002/pdi.2255

    View details for Web of Science ID 000511933000004

  • Putting Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Work for People With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes care Hood, K. K., DiMeglio, L. A., Riddle, M. C. 2020; 43 (1): 19–21

    View details for DOI 10.2337/dci19-0054

    View details for PubMedID 31862822

  • Primary Care Providers in California and Florida Report Low Confidence in Providing Type 1 Diabetes Care. Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association Lal, R. A., Cuttriss, N. n., Haller, M. J., Yabut, K. n., Anez-Zabala, C. n., Hood, K. K., Sheehan, E. n., Basina, M. n., Bernier, A. n., Baer, L. G., Filipp, S. L., Wang, C. J., Town, M. A., Gurka, M. J., Maahs, D. M., Walker, A. F. 2020; 38 (2): 159–65

    Abstract

    People with type 1 diabetes may receive a significant portion of their care from primary care providers (PCPs). To understand the involvement of PCPs in delivering type 1 diabetes care, we performed surveys in California and Florida, two of the most populous and diverse states in the United States. PCPs fill insulin prescriptions but report low confidence in providing type 1 diabetes care and difficulty accessing specialty referrals to endocrinologists.

    View details for DOI 10.2337/cd19-0060

    View details for PubMedID 32327888

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7164993

  • Improving Clinical Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control-The 4T Study. Frontiers in endocrinology Prahalad, P. n., Zaharieva, D. P., Addala, A. n., New, C. n., Scheinker, D. n., Desai, M. n., Hood, K. K., Maahs, D. M. 2020; 11: 360

    Abstract

    Many youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) do not achieve hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) targets. The mean HbA1c of youth in the USA is higher than much of the developed world. Mean HbA1c in other nations has been successfully modified following benchmarking and quality improvement methods. In this review, we describe the novel 4T approach-teamwork, targets, technology, and tight control-to diabetes management in youth with new-onset T1D. In this program, the diabetes care team (physicians, nurse practitioners, certified diabetes educators, dieticians, social workers, psychologists, and exercise physiologists) work closely to deliver diabetes education from diagnosis. Part of the education curriculum involves early integration of technology, specifically continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and developing a curriculum around using the CGM to maintain tight control and optimize quality of life.

    View details for DOI 10.3389/fendo.2020.00360

    View details for PubMedID 32733375

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7363838

  • A comment on "'Do It Yourself ' (DIY)-Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) Systems: Current Status from a German Point of View": Time for Legitimate Co-Creation. Journal of diabetes science and technology Hood, K. K. 2019: 1932296819895292

    View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296819895292

    View details for PubMedID 31875685

  • Graded exposure treatment for adolescents with chronic pain (GET Living): Protocol for a randomized controlled trial enhanced with single case experimental design. Contemporary clinical trials communications Simons, L. E., Harrison, L. E., O'Brien, S. F., Heirich, M. S., Loecher, N., Boothroyd, D. B., Vlaeyen, J. W., Wicksell, R. K., Schofield, D., Hood, K. K., Orendurff, M., Chan, S., Lyons, S. 2019; 16: 100448

    Abstract

    Chronic musculoskeletal pain in adolescence is a significant public health concern with 3-5% of adolescents suffering from significant pain-related disability. Pain-related fear and avoidance of activities has been found to have a significant influence on pain outcomes in children and adolescents and is a risk factor for less favorable response to treatment. To address this need, we developed graded exposure treatment for youth with chronic pain (GET Living). We describe the rationale, design, and implementation of a two-group randomized controlled trial (RCT) enhanced with single-case experimental design (SCED) methodology with a sample of 74 adolescents with chronic musculosketal pain and their parent caregivers. GET Living includes education, behavioral exposures, and parent intervention jointly delivered by pain psychology and physical therapy providers. The multidisciplinary pain management control group includes pain psychology delivered education and pain self-management skills training (e.g., relaxation, cognitive skills) and separate physical therapy. Assessments include brief daily diaries (baseline to discharge, 7-days at 3-month and 6-month follow-up), comprehensive in-person evaluations at baseline and discharge, and questionnaire across all time points (baseline, discharge, 3-month and 6-month follow-up). Primary outcome is pain-related fear avoidance. Secondary outcome is functional disability. We also outline all additional outcomes, exploratory outcomes, covariates, and implementation measures. The objective is to offer a mechanism-based, targeted intervention to youth with musculoskeletal pain to enhance likelihood of return to function.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100448

    View details for PubMedID 31650069

  • A retrospective multisite examination of depression screening practices, scores, and correlates in pediatric diabetes care. Translational behavioral medicine Mulvaney, S. A., Mara, C. A., Kichler, J. C., Majidi, S., Driscoll, K. A., Westen, S. C., Rawlinson, A., Jacobsen, L. M., Adams, R. N., Hood, K. K., Monaghan, M. 2019

    Abstract

    Psychosocial guidelines recommend routine screening of depressive symptoms in adolescents and young adults (AYA) with diabetes. Best practices for screening in routine care and patient characteristics associated with depressive symptoms require further investigation. The purpose of this study was to examine psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2 and PHQ-9); document rates of depressive symptoms and related clinical actions; and evaluate associations with patient characteristics. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2 or PHQ-9) was administered at five pediatric academic medical centers with 2,138 youth with type 1 diabetes. Screening was part of routine clinical care; retrospective data from electronic health records were collected for the first screening date as well as 12 months prior. The PHQ demonstrated good psychometric properties. Evaluation of item-level PHQ-9 data identified 5.0% of AYA with at least moderate depressive symptoms who would not have been flagged for further screening using the PHQ-2 only. On the PHQ-9, 10.0% of AYA with type 1 diabetes endorsed elevated depressive symptoms and 7.0% endorsed thoughts of self-harm. Patients with moderate or greater depressive symptoms had a 43.9% documented referral rate for mental health treatment. Higher BMI, older age, public insurance, shorter diabetes duration, higher HbA1C, and a diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) event in the past year were associated with depressive symptoms. The PHQ-9 identified AYA with elevated depressive symptoms that would not have been identified using the PHQ-2. Depressive symptoms were associated with negative diabetes indicators. To improve referral rates, standardized methods for provision and documentation of referrals are needed.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/tbm/ibz171

    View details for PubMedID 31764981

  • A mobile app identifies momentary psychosocial and contextual factors related to mealtime self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA Mulvaney, S. A., Vaala, S. E., Carroll, R. B., Williams, L. K., Lybarger, C. K., Schmidt, D. C., Dietrich, M. S., Laffel, L. M., Hood, K. K. 2019

    Abstract

    Effective diabetes problem solving requires identification of risk factors for inadequate mealtime self-management. Ecological momentary assessment was used to enhance identification of factors hypothesized to impact self-management. Adolescents with type 1 diabetes participated in a feasibility trial for a mobile app called MyDay. Meals, mealtime insulin, self-monitored blood glucose, and psychosocial and contextual data were obtained for 30 days. Using 1472 assessments, mixed-effects between-subjects analyses showed that social context, location, and mealtime were associated with missed self-monitored blood glucose. Stress, energy, mood, and fatigue were associated with missed insulin. Within-subjects analyses indicated that all factors were associated with both self-management tasks. Intraclass correlations showed within-subjects accounted for the majority of variance. The ecological momentary assessment method provided specific targets for improving self-management problem solving, phenotyping, or integration within just-in-time adaptive interventions.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocz147

    View details for PubMedID 31529065

  • Realizing a Closed-Loop (Artificial Pancreas) System for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Endocrine reviews Lal, R. A., Ekhlaspour, L., Hood, K., Buckingham, B. 2019

    Abstract

    Recent, rapid changes in the treatment of type 1 diabetes have allowed for commercialization of an "artificial pancreas" which is better described as a closed-loop controller of insulin delivery. This review presents the current state of closed-loop control systems and expected future developments with a discussion of the human factor issues in allowing automation of glucose control. The goal of these systems is to minimize or prevent both short and long-term complications from diabetes and to decrease the daily burden of managing diabetes. The closed-loop systems are generally very effective and safe at night, have allowed for improved sleep and have decreased the burden of diabetes management overnight. However, there are still significant barriers to achieving excellent daytime glucose control while simultaneously decreasing the burden of daytime diabetes management. These systems utilize a subcutaneous continuous glucose sensor, an algorithm that accounts for the current glucose and rate of change of the glucose, and the amount of insulin which has already been delivered in order to safely deliver insulin to control hyperglycemia, while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia. The future challenge will be to allow for full closed-loop control with minimal burden on the patient during the day alleviating meal announcements, carbohydrate counting, alerts and maintenance. The human factors involved with interfacing with a closed-loop system and allowing the system to take control of diabetes management are significant. It is important to find a balance between enthusiasm and realistic expectations and experiences with closed loop.

    View details for DOI 10.1210/er.2018-00174

    View details for PubMedID 31276160

  • 670G Clinical Experience Lal, R., Basina, M., Maahs, D. M., Buckingham, B. A., Hood, K. K., Conrad, B. P., Leverenz, J., Chmielewski, A., Peterson, K., Wilson, D. AMER DIABETES ASSOC. 2019

    View details for DOI 10.2337/db19-80-OR

    View details for Web of Science ID 000501366900157

  • Diabetes-Related Emotional Distress Over Time PEDIATRICS Iturralde, E., Rausch, J. R., Weissberg-Benchell, J., Hood, K. K. 2019; 143 (6)
  • Optimizing the use of continuous glucose monitoring in young children with type 1 diabetes with an adaptive study design and multiple randomizations. Contemporary clinical trials Berget, C., Driscoll, K. A., Lagges, A., Lange, S., DiMeglio, L. A., Hannon, T. S., Woerner, S. E., Iturralde, E., Barley, R. C., Hanes, S., Hood, K. K., Buckingham, B. B. 2019

    Abstract

    Parents of young children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) experience unique, developmental challenges in managing their child's T1D, resulting in psychosocial distress. Only a small portion of young children reach glucose goals and adherence to diabetes devices that help improve T1D management have historically been low in this population. The purpose of this study is to test four interventions that couple developmentally tailored behavioral supports with education to optimize use of diabetes devices and reduce psychosocial distress for parents of young children with T1D. The study team designed four behavioral interventions, two aimed at improving glucose control and two aimed at optimizing use of diabetes devices. The goal of this paper is to describe the behavioral interventions developed for this study, including the results of a pilot test, and describe the methods and analysis plan to test this intervention strategy with ninety participants in a large-scale, randomized trial using a SMART design. A SMART design will permit a clinically relevant evaluation of the intervention strategy, as it allows multiple randomizations based on individualized assessments throughout the study instead of a fixed intervention dose seen in most traditional randomized controlled trials.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cct.2019.05.008

    View details for PubMedID 31129370

  • Correlates of health care use among White and minority men and women with diabetes: An NHANES study DIABETES RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Wong, J. J., Hood, K. K., Breland, J. Y. 2019; 150: 122–28
  • CGM Benefits and Burdens: Two Brief Measures of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Journal of diabetes science and technology Messer, L. H., Cook, P. F., Tanenbaum, M. L., Hanes, S., Driscoll, K. A., Hood, K. K. 2019: 1932296819832909

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND:: Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) are underutilized by individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), particularly during the adolescent years. Little is known about perceptions of CGM benefit and burdens, and few tools exist to quantify this information.METHODS:: Two questionnaires were developed and validated-Benefit of CGM (BenCGM) and Burdens of CGM (BurCGM)-in a sample of adolescents ages 12-19 years involved in the T1D Exchange Registry. We chose to start the validation process with adolescents given their low CGM uptake and high risk for suboptimal glycemic outcomes. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to confirm factor structure and select items. The resultant scales were tested for internal reliability and convergent/divergent validity with critical diabetes and quality of life outcomes: age, depression, diabetes distress, self-efficacy, technology attitudes, and diabetes technology attitudes.RESULTS:: A total of 431 adolescents with T1D completed the questionnaires (51% female, mean age 16.3 ± 2.26, 83% white non-Hispanic, 70% having used CGM). Two single factor scales emerged, and scales were reduced to 8 items each. Those who perceived higher benefit of CGM exhibited lower diabetes distress, higher self-efficacy, and more positive attitudes toward technology. Those who perceived higher burden of CGM exhibited higher diabetes distress, lower self-efficacy, and less positive technology attitudes.CONCLUSION:: The BenCGM and BurCGM questionnaires each comprise 8-items that demonstrate robust psychometric properties for use in adolescents with T1D, and can be used to develop targeted interventions to increase CGM wear to improve diabetes management.

    View details for PubMedID 30854886

  • Correlates of health care use among White and minority men and women with diabetes: An NHANES study. Diabetes research and clinical practice Wong, J. J., Hood, K. K., Breland, J. Y. 2019

    Abstract

    AIMS: The current study sought to identify patient-level factors related to health care use among White and minority men and women with diabetes.METHODS: A sample of 447 of non-pregnant individuals with diabetes, ages 18-64, was drawn from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys dataset. Poisson regression models tested associations between health care use and self-rated health, depression, medical comorbidities, body mass index, marital status, number of children, income, insurance coverage, and age, stratified by gender and racial/ethnic minority status.RESULTS: Poorer self-rated health was the only significant correlate of increased health care use among White men with diabetes whereas income and insurance were significant correlates of increased use among minority men. Among White and minority women, higher levels of depression and being single were correlated with greater health care use. Comorbid medical conditions and insurance coverage were also related to use among minority women.CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals with diabetes, health care use among White men appeared to be driven by subjective health whereas financial factors were critical among minority men. Family structure and mental health were instrumentally associated with health care use among all women. These factors can be targeted to promote equitable access to care.

    View details for PubMedID 30844470

  • Connecting the Dots: Validation of Time in Range Metrics With Microvascular Outcomes. Diabetes care Hirsch, I. B., Sherr, J. L., Hood, K. K. 2019; 42 (3): 345–48

    View details for PubMedID 30787056

  • Depression in Context: Important Considerations for Youth with Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes. Pediatric diabetes Wong, J. J., Addala, A. n., Abujaradeh, H. n., Adams, R. N., Barley, R. C., Hanes, S. J., Iturralde, E. n., Lanning, M. S., Naranjo, D. n., Tanenbaum, M. L., Hood, K. K. 2019

    Abstract

    Youth with diabetes are at increased risk for depression. However, severity and correlates of depressive symptoms may differ by diabetes type.Associations of depressive symptoms with global health, diabetes duration, and gender were compared between youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.A sample of 149 youth ages 12-21 diagnosed with either type 1 (n = 122) or type 2 (n = 27) diabetes were screened during routine clinic appointments. Regression models were constructed to examine differences by diabetes type.Adolescents with type 2 diabetes had significantly higher depressive symptom scores (4.89 vs 2.99, P = 0.025) than those with type 1 diabetes. A significant interaction between global health and diabetes type on depressive symptoms revealed inverse associations between global health and depressive symptoms that was stronger among youth with type 2 diabetes (β = -0.98, P < 0.001) than type 1 (β = -0.48, P < 0.001). Further probing revealed that among youth with better global health, adolescents with type 1 had more depressive symptoms than those with type 2 diabetes (β = 0.33, P = 0.035). Diabetes duration and depressive symptoms were positively associated among individuals with type 2 (β = 0.86, P = 0.043), but not type 1 diabetes. No gender differences were detected.These findings suggest that correlates of depressive symptoms in youth with diabetes differ by diabetes type. Global health appears to be an important correlate among youth with both types, whereas diabetes duration was only a significant factor among those with type 2 diabetes. The current findings can inform future psychosocial intervention efforts within both these populations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/pedi.12939

    View details for PubMedID 31644828

  • CGM Initiation Soon After Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis Results in Sustained CGM Use and Wear Time. Diabetes care Prahalad, P. n., Addala, A. n., Scheinker, D. n., Hood, K. K., Maahs, D. M. 2019

    View details for DOI 10.2337/dc19-1205

    View details for PubMedID 31558548

  • Diabetes-Related Emotional Distress Over Time. Pediatrics Iturralde, E. n., Rausch, J. R., Weissberg-Benchell, J. n., Hood, K. K. 2019

    Abstract

    Many adolescents with type 1 diabetes experience diabetes-related distress (DRD; the negative emotional reactions specific to managing diabetes), but most research on DRD among adolescents relies on cross-sectional data. We assess adolescents' longitudinal DRD patterns and predictors of chronic DRD.This secondary analysis of data from a depression prevention clinical trial included 264 adolescents with type 1 diabetes randomly assigned to a resilience or education intervention (mean age: 15.7 ± 1.1 years; 59.8% female). Youth reported their DRD at 5 assessments over 16 months. Using latent class growth analysis, we classified adolescents into trajectory groups according to baseline starting point (intercept) and rate of change (slope) of DRD. We examined bivariate associations between trajectory group membership and demographic and clinical factors. Baseline predictors of chronic DRD were assessed via multiple logistic regression.Participants were classified into 4 groups: stable high DRD (7.2%; high intercept, flat slope), stable moderate DRD (28.0%; above-average intercept, flat slope), improving DRD (33.7%; average intercept, downward slope), and low DRD (31.1%; below-average intercept, downward slope). Lower hemoglobin A1c, greater adherence, fewer socioemotional difficulties, and more adaptive coping distinguished the improving and low DRD trajectories. Chronic DRD patterns were associated with female sex and higher depressive symptoms and hemoglobin A1c.In this study of adolescents' DRD trajectories during and after a psychoeducational intervention, one-third of youth were classified as having chronic, elevated DRD. Links with multiple clinical factors support efforts for routine DRD screening and comprehensive interventions for distressed youth.

    View details for PubMedID 31043453

  • Assessing Strengths of Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Validation of the Diabetes Strengths and Resilience (DSTAR) Measure for Ages 9 to 13. Pediatric diabetes Iturralde, E. n., Hood, K. K., Weissberg-Benchell, J. n., Anderson, B. J., Hilliard, M. E. 2019

    Abstract

    Adaptive diabetes-specific attitudes and behaviors, known as diabetes strengths, relate to positive self-management and quality of life outcomes in type 1 diabetes (T1D), but have not been studied in pre-adolescence. To facilitate strengths-based care and research on this topic, we developed and evaluated the psychometric properties of a measure of diabetes strengths for children age 9-13.Participants were 187 children receiving care for T1D at a tertiary care children's hospital. They completed the 12-item self-report Diabetes Strengths and Resilience scale for children (DSTAR-Child), which we adapted from a measure validated for adolescents. Youth completed the DSTAR-Child twice, and measures of relevant constructs at baseline: general and diabetes-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, and diabetes distress. Parents rated children's engagement in self-management behaviors and general resilience. We extracted HbA1c from the medical record.The DSTAR-Child total score demonstrated reliability, including internal consistency and stability across two time points. The total score was significantly associated in expected directions with psychosocial measures and glycemic control but not self-management behaviors. In confirmatory factor analyses, the best-fitting structure contained two latent factors tapping intrapersonal and interpersonal strengths. Resulting subscale scores also appeared reliable and valid.This brief, practical measure of diabetes strengths demonstrated sound psychometric properties. Diabetes strengths appeared unrelated to self-management behaviors, perhaps because of the primary role of adult caregivers in T1D management for pre-adolescents. As a research and clinical tool, the DSTAR-Child can facilitate greater understanding of diabetes strengths and inform strengths-based strategies to foster resilient T1D outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/pedi.12898

    View details for PubMedID 31336011

  • Feasibility Studies of an Insulin-Only Bionic Pancreas in a Home-Use Setting. Journal of diabetes science and technology Ekhlaspour, L. n., Nally, L. M., El-Khatib, F. H., Ly, T. T., Clinton, P. n., Frank, E. n., Tanenbaum, M. L., Hanes, S. J., Selagamsetty, R. R., Hood, K. n., Damiano, E. R., Buckingham, B. A. 2019: 1932296819872225

    Abstract

    We tested the safety and performance of the "insulin-only" configuration of the bionic pancreas (BP) closed-loop blood-glucose control system in a home-use setting to assess glycemic outcomes using different static and dynamic glucose set-points.This is an open-label non-randomized study with three consecutive intervention periods. Participants had consecutive weeks of usual care followed by the insulin-only BP with (1) an individualized static set-point of 115 or 130 mg/dL and (2) a dynamic set-point that automatically varied within 110 to 130 mg/dL, depending on hypoglycemic risk. Human factors (HF) testing was conducted using validated surveys. The last five days of each study arm were used for data analysis.Thirteen participants were enrolled with a mean age of 28 years, mean A1c of 7.2%, and mean daily insulin dose of 0.6 U/kg (0.4-1.0 U/kg). The usual care arm had an average glucose of 145 ± 20 mg/dL, which increased in the static set-point arm (159 ± 8 mg/dL, P = .004) but not in the dynamic set-point arm (154 ± 10 mg/dL, P = ns). There was no significant difference in time spent in range (70-180 mg/dL) among the three study arms. There was less time <70 mg/dL with both the static (1.8% ± 1.4%, P = .009) and dynamic set-point (2.7±1.5, P = .051) arms compared to the usual-care arm (5.5% ± 4.2%). HF testing demonstrated preliminary user satisfaction and no increased risk of diabetes burden or distress.The insulin-only configuration of the BP using either static or dynamic set-points and initialized only with body weight performed similarly to other published insulin-only systems.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296819872225

    View details for PubMedID 31470740

  • One Year Clinical Experience of the First Commercial Hybrid Closed-Loop. Diabetes care Lal, R. A., Basina, M. n., Maahs, D. M., Hood, K. n., Buckingham, B. n., Wilson, D. M. 2019

    Abstract

    In September 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the Medtronic 670G "hybrid" closed-loop system. In Auto Mode, this system automatically controls basal insulin delivery based on continuous glucose monitoring data, but requires users enter carbohydrates and blood glucose for boluses. To track real-world experience with this first commercial closed-loop device, we prospectively followed pediatric and adult patients starting the 670G system.This was a 1-year prospective observational study of patients with type 1 diabetes starting the 670G system between May 2017 and May 2018 in clinic.A total of 84 patients received 670G and consented, 5 never returned for follow-up, with 79 (aged 9-61 years) providing data at 1 week and 3, 6, 9, and/or 12 months after Auto Mode initiation. For the 86% (68 out of 79) with 1-week data, 99% (67 out of 68) successfully started. By 3 months, at least 28% (22 out of 79) stopped using Auto Mode; at 6 months, 34% (27 out of 79); at 9 months, 35% (28 out of 79); and by 12 months, 33% (26 out of 79). The primary reason for continuing Auto Mode was desire for increased time in range. Reasons for discontinuation included sensor issues in 62% (16 out of 26), problems obtaining supplies in 12% (3 out of 26), hypoglycemia fear in 12% (3 out of 26), multiple daily injection preference in 8% (2 out of 26), and sports in 8% (2 out of 26). At all visits, there was a significant correlation between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and Auto Mode utilization.While Auto Mode utilization correlates with improved glycemic control, a focus on usability and human factors is necessary to ensure use of Auto Mode. Alarms and sensor calibration are a major patient concern, which future technology should alleviate.

    View details for DOI 10.2337/dc19-0855

    View details for PubMedID 31548247

  • Hemoglobin A1c Trajectory in Pediatric Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes technology & therapeutics Prahalad, P. n., Yang, J. n., Scheinker, D. n., Desai, M. n., Hood, K. n., Maahs, D. M. 2019

    Abstract

    Despite advances in diabetes technology and treatment, a majority of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) fail to meet hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) targets. Among high-income nations, the United States has one of the highest mean HbA1c values. We tracked the HbA1c values of 261 patients diagnosed with T1D in our practice over a 2.5-year period to identify inflection points in the HbA1c trajectory. The HbA1c declined until 5 months postdiagnosis. There was a rise in the HbA1c between the fifth and sixth month postdiagnosis. The HbA1c continued to steadily rise and by 18 months postdiagnosis, the mean HbA1c was 8.2%, which is also our clinic mean. Understanding the HbA1c trajectory early in the course of diabetes has helped to identify opportunities for intensification of diabetes management to flatten the trajectory of HbA1c and improve clinical outcomes.

    View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2019.0065

    View details for PubMedID 31180244

  • Assessing the efficacy, safety and utility of 6-month day-and-night automated closed-loop insulin delivery under free-living conditions compared with insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: an open-label, multicentre, multinational, single-period, randomised, parallel group study protocol. BMJ open Musolino, G. n., Allen, J. M., Hartnell, S. n., Wilinska, M. E., Tauschmann, M. n., Boughton, C. n., Campbell, F. n., Denvir, L. n., Trevelyan, N. n., Wadwa, P. n., DiMeglio, L. n., Buckingham, B. A., Weinzimer, S. n., Acerini, C. L., Hood, K. n., Fox, S. n., Kollman, C. n., Sibayan, J. n., Borgman, S. n., Cheng, P. n., Hovorka, R. n. 2019; 9 (6): e027856

    Abstract

    Closed-loop systems titrate insulin based on sensor glucose levels, providing novel means to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia while improving glycaemic control. We will assess effectiveness of 6-month day-and-night closed-loop insulin delivery compared with usual care (conventional or sensor-augmented pump therapy) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.The trial adopts an open-label, multicentre, multinational (UK and USA), randomised, single-period, parallel design. Participants (n=130) are children and adolescents (aged ≥6 and <19 years) with type 1 diabetes for at least 1 year, and insulin pump use for at least 3 months with suboptimal glycaemic control (glycated haemoglobin ≥58 mmol/mol (7.5%) and ≤86 mmol/mol (10%)). After a 2-3 week run-in period, participants will be randomised to 6-month use of hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery, or to usual care. Analyses will be conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. The primary outcome is glycated haemoglobin at 6 months. Other key endpoints include time in the target glucose range (3.9-10 mmol/L, 70-180 mg/dL), mean sensor glucose and time spent above and below target. Secondary outcomes include SD and coefficient of variation of sensor glucose levels, time with sensor glucose levels <3.5 mmol/L (63 mg/dL) and <3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL), area under the curve of glucose <3.5 mmol/L (63 mg/dL), time with glucose levels >16.7 mmol/L (300 mg/dL), area under the curve of glucose >10.0 mmol/L (180 mg/dL), total, basal and bolus insulin dose, body mass index z-score and blood pressure. Cognitive, emotional and behavioural characteristics of participants and caregivers and their responses to the closed-loop and clinical trial will be assessed. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for closed-loop will be estimated.Cambridge South Research Ethics Committee and Jaeb Center for Health Research Institutional Review Office approved the study. The findings will be disseminated by peer-review publications and conference presentations.NCT02925299; Pre-results.

    View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027856

    View details for PubMedID 31164368

  • Diabetes management mediating effects between diabetes symptoms and health-related quality of life in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes PEDIATRIC DIABETES Varni, J. W., Delamater, A. M., Hood, K. K., Driscoll, K. A., Wong, J. C., Adi, S., Yi-Frazier, J. P., Grishman, E. K., Faith, M. A., Corathers, S. D., Kichler, J. C., Miller, J. L., Raymond, J. K., Doskey, E. M., Aguirre, V., Heffer, R. W., Wilson, D. P., Pediat Quality Life Inventory 3 2 2018; 19 (7): 1322–30

    Abstract

    The primary objective was to investigate the mediating effects of diabetes management in the relationship between diabetes symptoms and generic health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with type 1 diabetes. The secondary objective explored patient health communication and perceived treatment adherence barriers as mediators in a serial multiple mediator model.The PedsQL 3.2 Diabetes Module 15-item diabetes symptoms summary score, 18-item diabetes management summary score, and PedsQL 4.0 generic core scales were completed in a 10-site national field test study by 418 AYA aged 13 to 25 years with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes symptoms and diabetes management were tested for bivariate and multivariate linear associations with overall generic HRQOL. Mediational analyses were conducted to test the hypothesized mediating effects of diabetes management as an intervening variable between diabetes symptoms and generic HRQOL.The predictive effects of diabetes symptoms on HRQOL were mediated in part by diabetes management. In predictive analytics models utilizing multiple regression analyses, demographic and clinical covariates, diabetes symptoms, and diabetes management significantly accounted for 53% of the variance in generic HRQOL (P < 0.001), demonstrating a large effect size. Patient health communication and perceived treatment adherence barriers were significant mediators in an exploratory serial multiple mediator model.Diabetes management explains in part the effects of diabetes symptoms on HRQOL in AYA with type 1 diabetes. Patient health communication to healthcare providers and perceived treatment adherence barriers further explain the mechanism in the relationship between diabetes symptoms and overall HRQOL.

    View details for PubMedID 29927039

  • Digital Diabetes Congress 2018. Journal of diabetes science and technology King, F., Klonoff, D. C., Kerr, D., Hu, J., Lyles, C., Quinn, C., Adi, S., Chen, K., Hood, K., Salber, P., de Clercq, C., Hu, J., Gabbay, R. 2018; 12 (6): 1231–38

    Abstract

    Digital health is capturing the attention of the healthcare community. This paradigm whereby healthcare meets the internet uses sensors that communicate wirelessly along with software residing on smartphones to deliver data, information, treatment recommendations, and in some cases control over an effector device. As artificial intelligence becomes more widely used, this approach to creating individualized treatment plans will increase the opportunities for patients, even if they are in remote settings, to communicate with and learn from healthcare professionals. Simple design is needed to promote use of these tools, especially for the purpose of increased adherence to treatment. Widespread adoption by the healthcare industry will require better outcomes data, which will most likely be in the form of safety and effectiveness results from robust randomized controlled trials, as well as evidence of privacy and security. Such data will be needed to convince investors to direct resources into and regulators to clear new digital health tools. Diabetes Technology Society and William Sansum Diabetes Center launched the Digital Diabetes Congress in 2017 because of great interest in determining the potential benefits, metrics of success, and appropriate components of mobile applications for diabetes. The second annual meeting in this series took place on May 22-23, 2018 in San Francisco. This report contains summaries of the meeting's 4 plenary lectures and 10 sessions. This meeting report presents a summary of how 55 panelists, speakers, and moderators, who are leaders in healthcare technology, see the current and future landscape of digital health tools applied to diabetes.

    View details for PubMedID 30376739

  • PedsQL 3.2 Diabetes Module for Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Reliability and Validity in Type 1 Diabetes DIABETES CARE Varni, J. W., Delamater, A. M., Hood, K. K., Raymond, J. K., Chang, N. T., Driscoll, K. A., Wong, J. C., Yi-Frazier, J. P., Grishman, E. K., Faith, M. A., Corathers, S. D., Kichler, J. C., Miller, J. L., Doskey, E. M., Heffer, R. W., Wilson, D. P., Pediat Quality Life Inventory Dia 2018; 41 (10): 2064–71

    Abstract

    The objective of the study was to report on the measurement properties of the revised and updated Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 3.2 Diabetes Module for children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes.The 33-item PedsQL 3.2 Diabetes Module and PedsQL Generic Core Scales were completed in a 10-site national field test study by 656 families of patients ages 2-25 years with type 1 diabetes.The 15-item Diabetes Symptoms Summary Score and 18-item Diabetes Management Summary Score were derived from the factor analysis of the items. The Diabetes Symptoms and Diabetes Management Summary Scores evidenced excellent reliability (patient self-report α = 0.88-0.90; parent proxy report α = 0.89-0.90). The Diabetes Symptoms and Diabetes Management Summary Scores demonstrated construct validity through medium to large effect size correlations with the Generic Core Scales Total Scale Score (r = 0.43-0.67, P < 0.001). HbA1c was significantly correlated with the Diabetes Symptoms and Diabetes Management Summary Scores (r = -0.21 to -0.29, P < 0.001). Minimal clinically important difference scores ranged from 5.05 to 5.55.The PedsQL 3.2 Diabetes Module Diabetes Symptoms and Diabetes Management Summary Scores demonstrated excellent measurement properties and may be useful as standardized patient-reported outcomes of diabetes symptoms and diabetes management in clinical research, clinical trials, and practice in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes.

    View details for PubMedID 30061317

  • ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetes in adolescence Cameron, F. J., Garvey, K., Hood, K. K., Acerini, C. L., Codner, E. WILEY. 2018: 250–61

    View details for PubMedID 29900653

  • ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetes technologies Sherr, J. L., Tauschmann, M., Battelino, T., de Bock, M., Forlenza, G., Roman, R., Hood, K. K., Maahs, D. M. WILEY. 2018: 302–25

    View details for PubMedID 30039513

  • Psychosocial and Human Factors During a Trial of a Hybrid Closed Loop System for Type 1 Diabetes Management. Diabetes technology & therapeutics Adams, R. N., Tanenbaum, M. L., Hanes, S. J., Ambrosino, J. M., Ly, T. T., Maahs, D. M., Naranjo, D., Walders-Abramson, N., Weinzimer, S. A., Buckingham, B. A., Hood, K. K. 2018

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Hybrid closed loop (HCL) systems are designed to automate insulin delivery to improve type 1 diabetes (T1D) outcomes and reduce user burden and distress. Because the systems only automate some aspects of diabetes care, psychosocial and human factors remain an important consideration in their use. Thus, we examined whether psychosocial and human factors (i.e., distress related to diabetes management, fear of hypoglycemia, and technology attitudes) would (1) change after using the system and (2) predict glycemic outcomes during the trial.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fourteen adults and 15 adolescents with T1D participated in a multisite clinical trial of an investigational version of the MiniMed 670G system (Medtronic, Northridge, CA) over 4 to 5 days in a semisupervised outpatient setting. Users completed surveys assessing psychosocial and human factors before beginning the HCL system and at the conclusion of the study. t-Tests and regression analyses were conducted to examine whether these factors changed following trial exposure to the HCL system and predicted glycemic outcomes during the trial.RESULTS: Diabetes management distress decreased and diabetes technology attitudes became more positive over the trial period. Fear of hypoglycemia did not change over the trial period. There was a trend toward greater pretrial management distress predicting less time in range during the trial, controlling for time in range before the trial.CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that this system is promising for enhancing technology attitudes and reducing management distress. Psychosocial factors, such as management distress, may negatively impact glycemic outcomes and should be a priority area for further investigation.

    View details for PubMedID 30239219

  • Psychosocial and Human Factors During a Trial of a Hybrid Closed Loop System for Type 1 Diabetes Management DIABETES TECHNOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Adams, R. N., Tanenbaum, M. L., Hanes, S. J., Ambrosino, J. M., Ly, T. T., Maahs, D. M., Naranjo, D., Walders-Abramson, N., Weinzimer, S. A., Buckingham, B. A., Hood, K. K. 2018; 20 (10): 648–53
  • Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association DIABETES CARE Chiang, J. L., Maahs, D. M., Garvey, K. C., Hood, K. K., Laffel, L. M., Weinzimer, S. A., Wolfsdorf, J. I., Schatz, D. 2018; 41 (9): 2026–44

    View details for PubMedID 30093549

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6105320

  • Diabetes symptoms predictors of health-related quality of life in adolescents and young adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH Varni, J. W., Delamater, A. M., Hood, K. K., Raymond, J. K., Driscoll, K. A., Wong, J. C., Adi, S., Yi-Frazier, J. P., Grishman, E. K., Faith, M. A., Corathers, S. D., Kichler, J. C., Miller, J. L., Doskey, E. M., Aguirre, V. P., Heffer, R. W., Wilson, D. P., Pediat Quality Life Inventory T M 2018; 27 (9): 2295–2303

    Abstract

    The objective was to investigate the patient-reported diabetes symptoms predictors of generic health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents and young adults (AYA) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.The 15-item PedsQL™ 3.2 Diabetes Module Diabetes Symptoms Summary Score and PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales were completed in a 10-site national field test study by 513 AYA ages 13-25 years with type 1 (n = 424) or type 2 (n = 89) diabetes. Diabetes symptoms were tested for bivariate and multivariate linear associations with generic HRQOL.Diabetes symptoms were associated with decreased HRQOL in bivariate analyses. In predictive analytics models utilizing hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for relevant demographic and clinical covariates, diabetes symptoms accounted for 38 and 39% of the variance in patient-reported generic HRQOL for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively, reflecting large effect sizes. The diabetes symptoms facets hyperglycemia symptoms, hypoglycemia symptoms, and nonspecific diabetes symptoms individually accounted for a significant percentage of the variance in separate exploratory predictive analytics models after controlling for demographic and clinical covariates, with small-to-large effect sizes.Diabetes symptoms are potentially modifiable predictors of generic HRQOL in AYA with diabetes. Identifying specific diabetes symptoms or symptoms facets that are the most important predictors from the patient perspective facilitates a patient-centered approach in clinical research, clinical trials, and practice designed to enhance overall generic HRQOL in AYA with diabetes.

    View details for PubMedID 29785681

  • Big Topics for Diabetes Care in 2018: Clinical Guidelines, Costs of Diabetes, and Information Technology DIABETES CARE Riddle, M. C., Bakris, G., Boulton, A. M., Blonde, L., D'Alessio, D., Greene, E. L., de Groot, M., Hood, K., Hu, F. B., Kahn, S. E., Kaul, S., LeRoith, D., Moses, R. G., Rich, S. S., Rosenstock, J., Tamborlane, W. V., Wylie-Rosett, J., Reynolds, L. 2018; 41 (7): 1327–29

    View details for PubMedID 29934474

  • Using Cluster Analysis to Understand Clinician Readiness to Promote Continuous Glucose Monitoring Adoption. Journal of diabetes science and technology Tanenbaum, M. L., Adams, R. N., Lanning, M. S., Hanes, S. J., Agustin, B. I., Naranjo, D., Hood, K. K. 2018: 1932296818786486

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Background:Many people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) report barriers to using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Diabetes care providers may have their own barriers to promoting CGM uptake. The goal of this study was to develop clinician "personas" with regard to readiness to promote CGM uptake.METHODS: Diabetes care providers who treat people with T1D (N = 209) completed a survey on perceived patient barriers to device uptake, technology attitudes, and characteristics and barriers specific to their clinical practice. K-means cluster analyses grouped the sample by CGM barriers and attitudes. ANOVAs and chi-square tests assessed group differences on provider and patient characteristics. The authors assigned descriptive names for each persona.RESULTS: Analyses yielded three clinician personas regarding readiness to promote CGM uptake. Ready clinicians (20% of sample; 24% physicians, 38% certified diabetes educators/CDEs) had positive technology attitudes, had clinic time to work with patients using CGM, and found it easy to keep up with technology advances. In comparison, Cautious clinicians (41% of sample; 17% physicians, 53% CDEs) perceived that their patients had many barriers to adopting CGM and had less time than the Ready group to work with patients using CGM data. Not Yet Ready clinicians (40% of sample; 9% physicians; 79% CDEs) had negative technology attitudes and the least clinic time to work with CGM data. They found it difficult to keep up with technology advances.CONCLUSION: Some diabetes clinicians may benefit from tailored interventions and additional time and resources to empower them to help facilitate increased uptake of CGM technology.

    View details for PubMedID 29991281

  • Mobile Momentary Assessment and Biobehavioral Feedback for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Feasibility and Engagement Patterns DIABETES TECHNOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Mulvaney, S. A., Vaala, S., Hood, K. K., Lybarger, C., Carroll, R., Williams, L., Schmidt, D. C., Johnson, K., Dietrich, M. S., Laffel, L. 2018: 465–74

    Abstract

    Integration of momentary contextual and psychosocial factors within self-management feedback may provide more specific, engaging, and personalized targets for problem solving.Forty-four youth ages 13-19 with type 1 diabetes (T1D) were provided a Bluetooth meter and completed the 30-day protocol. Participants were randomized to "app + meter" or "meter-only" groups. App + meter participants completed mealtime and bedtime assessment each day. Assessments focused on psychosocial and contextual information relevant for self-management. Graphical feedback integrated self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG), insulin, and Bluetooth-transmitted blood glucose data with the psychosocial and contextual data. App + meter participants completed an interview to identify data patterns.The median number of momentary assessments per participant was 80.0 (range 32-120) with 2.60 per day. By 2 weeks participants had an average of 40.77 (SD 12.23) assessments. Dose-response analyses indicated that the number of app assessments submitted were significantly related to higher mean daily SMBG (r = -0.44, P < 0.05) and to lower% missed mealtime SMBG (r = -0.47, P < 0.01). Number of feedback viewing sessions was also significantly related to a lower% missed mealtime SMBG (r = -0.44, P < 0.05). Controlling for baseline variables, mixed-effects analyses did not indicate group × time differences in mean daily SMBG. Engagement analyses resulted in three trajectory groups distinguished by assessment frequencies and rates of decline. Engagement group membership was significantly related to gender, mean daily SMBG, and HbA1c values.Momentary assessment combined with device data provided a feasible means to provide novel personalized biobehavioral feedback for adolescents with T1D. A 2-week protocol provided sufficient data for self-management problem identification. In addition to feedback, more intensive intervention may need to be integrated for those patients with the lowest self-management at baseline.

    View details for PubMedID 29882677

  • Psychometric Properties of the Problem Areas in Diabetes: Teen and Parent of Teen Versions JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY Shapiro, J. B., Vesco, A. T., Weil, L. G., Evans, M. A., Hood, K. K., Weissberg-Benchell, J. 2018; 43 (5): 561–71

    Abstract

    This study adds to the literature on the psychometric properties of the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Teen (PAID-T) and Parent (P-PAID-T) Versions. It also aims to shorten the measures of diabetes-specific distress, determine construct validity, and establish cutoff scores.Data are from two independent studies (N = 1,265). Adolescent-caregiver dyads completed measures of emotional distress, diabetes strengths, hemoglobin A1c, blood glucose checks, and average blood glucose. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses assessed factor structures for each measure. Correlational analyses provided support for concurrent validity. Receiver-operating characteristic curves identified cutoff scores based on clinically meaningful groups identified with latent profile analysis.Analyses supported a 14-item PAID-T and a 15-item P-PAID-T, with preliminary cutoff scores ≥44 and ≥54, respectively. Measures were associated with emotional and health outcomes as hypothesized.The PAID-T and P-PAID-T are valid, reliable, and useful measures of diabetes-specific distress for teenagers with type 1 diabetes and parents of teenagers.

    View details for PubMedID 29267939

  • HARNESSING DESIGN THINKING TO ENHANCE BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS Tanenbaum, M. L., Breland, J. Y., Altman, M., Krugman, S. F., Gibson, B., Yingling, L., Miller, L. S., Perski, O., Hood, K. K. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2018: S423
  • HUMAN FACTORS DURING TRIAL OF A HYBRID CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES MANAGEMENT Adams, R. N., Tanenbaum, M. L., Hanes, S. J., Ambrosino, J. M., Ly, T. T., Maahs, D. M., Naranjo, D., Walders-Abramson, N., Weinzimer, S. A., Buckingham, B. A., Hood, K. K. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2018: S718
  • Automated Insulin Delivery Systems: Hopes and Expectations of Family Members DIABETES TECHNOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Garza, K. P., Jedraszko, A., Weil, L. G., Naranjo, D., Barnard, K. D., Laffel, L. B., Hood, K. K., Weissberg-Benchell, J. 2018; 20 (3): 222–28

    Abstract

    This study examines the hopes and expectations that children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes and their families have for new automated insulin delivery systems. The study also aims to examine how the automated insulin delivery system may impact family functioning and individual members' psychosocial adjustment.Forty-eight semistructured focus groups (n = 195) and 89 individual interviews were conducted with children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes and parents and partners. Coders reviewed results in key themes most likely to contain references to the family system. Clusters were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify participants' salient hopes and expectations of how new technology may impact family relationships and individual psychosocial functioning.Three main themes emerged for participants' hopes and expectations for implementation of the automated insulin delivery system. First, there is an expectation that this diabetes technology will alleviate diabetes-specific worry and burden for the people with diabetes and other family members. Second, there is also hope that this system may reduce day-to-day stress and, third, improve family relationships.The unique perspective of a broad age group provides insight into how individuals and families creatively address the multiple tasks required in daily diabetes management. Study findings elucidate the very high hopes and expectations held by those managing type 1 diabetes and the impact this new technology may have on family relationships. Awareness of these hopes and expectations is important for developers and clinicians in addressing potential challenges to uptake and to ensure that expectations are set appropriately.

    View details for PubMedID 29565721

  • The dawn of automated insulin delivery: A new clinical framework to conceptualize insulin administration PEDIATRIC DIABETES Messer, L. H., Forlenza, G. P., Wadwa, R., Weinzimer, S. A., Sherr, J. L., Hood, K. K., Buckingham, B. A., Slover, R. H., Maahs, D. M. 2018; 19 (1): 14–17

    View details for PubMedID 28656656

  • What End Users and Stakeholders Want From Automated Insulin Delivery Systems DIABETES CARE Naranjo, D., Suttiratana, S. C., Iturralde, E., Barnard, K. D., Weissberg-Benchell, J., Laffel, L., Hood, K. K. 2017; 40 (11): 1453–61

    Abstract

    The purpose of this study was to rigorously explore psychosocial factors associated with automated insulin delivery systems among people living with type 1 diabetes.Across four sites in the U.S. and U.K., 284 participants completed structured interviews or focus groups on expectations, desired features, potential benefits, and perceived burdens of automated insulin delivery systems. Recorded audio files were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo.Three themes were identified as critical for uptake of automated insulin delivery: considerations of trust and control, system features, and concerns and barriers to adoption. Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes primarily identified needs specific to their life stage and social contexts (e.g., school). Adults with type 1 diabetes, parents of youth with type 1 diabetes, and partners of adults with type 1 diabetes were most concerned about the accuracy, adaptability, and algorithm quality alongside expectations that systems stabilize glucose levels and reduce risk for long-term complications.Incorporating stakeholder perspectives on use of automated insulin delivery systems will improve the adoption of devices, quality of life, and likelihood of optimal health. Efforts to build trust in systems, optimize user-system interactions, and provide clear guidance about device capabilities and limitations may help potential users achieve optimal glycemic outcomes.

    View details for PubMedID 28842523

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5864142

  • Trust in hybrid closed loop among people with diabetes: Perspectives of experienced system users. Journal of health psychology Tanenbaum, M. L., Iturralde, E., Hanes, S. J., Suttiratana, S. C., Ambrosino, J. M., Ly, T. T., Maahs, D. M., Naranjo, D., Walders-Abramson, N., Weinzimer, S. A., Buckingham, B. A., Hood, K. K. 2017: 1359105317718615

    Abstract

    Automated closed loop systems will greatly change type 1 diabetes management; user trust will be essential for acceptance of this new technology. This qualitative study explored trust in 32 individuals following a hybrid closed loop trial. Participants described how context-, system-, and person-level factors influenced their trust in the system. Participants attempted to override the system when they lacked trust, while trusting the system decreased self-management burdens and decreased stress. Findings highlight considerations for fostering trust in closed loop systems. Systems may be able to engage users by offering varying levels of controls to match trust preferences.

    View details for PubMedID 28810490

  • Sharing and helping: predictors of adolescents' willingness to share diabetes personal health information with peers. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association Vaala, S. E., Lee, J. M., Hood, K. K., Mulvaney, S. A. 2017

    Abstract

    Sharing personal information about type 1 diabetes (T1D) can help adolescents obtain social support, enhance social learning, and improve self-care. Diabetes technologies, online communities, and health interventions increasingly feature data-sharing components. This study examines factors underlying adolescents' willingness to share personal T1D information with peers.Participants were 134 adolescents (12-17 years of age; 56% female) who completed an online survey regarding experiences helping others with T1D, perceived social resources, beliefs about the value of sharing information and helping others, and willingness to share T1D information. Hemoglobin A1c values were obtained from medical records.Adolescents were more willing to share how they accomplished T1D tasks than how often they completed them, and least willing to share glucose control status. In multivariate analyses, sharing/helping beliefs (β = 0.26, P  < .01) and glucose control (HbA1c value; β = -0.26, P  < .01) were related to greater willingness to share personal health information. Glucose control moderated relationships such that adolescents with worse A1c values had stronger relationships between sharing/helping beliefs and willingness to share (β = 0.18, P  < .05) but weaker relationships between helping experience and willingness to share (β = -0.22, P  = .07).Many adolescents with T1D are willing to share personal health information, particularly if they have better diabetes health status and a stronger belief in the benefits of sharing.Social learning and social media components may improve intervention participation, engagement, and outcomes by boosting adolescents' beliefs about the benefits of sharing information and helping others.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocx051

    View details for PubMedID 28575462

  • The Diabetes Strengths and Resilience Measure for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes (DSTAR-Teen): Validation of a New, Brief Self-Report Measure. Journal of pediatric psychology Hilliard, M. E., Iturralde, E., Weissberg-Benchell, J., Hood, K. K. 2017

    Abstract

     Despite the challenges of managing type 1 diabetes, many adolescents achieve optimal outcomes. A validated measure of diabetes-specific strengths is needed to measure adaptive behaviors and attitudes associated with overcoming challenges and achieving "resilient" outcomes.  Baseline data from 260 adolescents (age 14-18 years, M  = 15.7 ± 1.1, 60% female, 33% Non-Caucasian, M A1c = 9.1 ± 1.9%) and caregivers in a behavioral intervention trial were analyzed to evaluate psychometric properties of the 12-item self-report Diabetes Strengths and Resilience measure for adolescents (DSTAR-Teen). Reliability and validity were examined in relation to measures of related constructs, regimen adherence, and glycemic outcomes, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted.  Reliability was good (internal consistency: α = .89; item-total correlations: r range = .55-.78). Significant correlations demonstrated construct and criterion validity. A two-factor structure reflecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes fit the data better than a one-factor solution.  The DSTAR-Teen has strong psychometric properties, captures adaptive aspects of adolescents' diabetes management (i.e., "strengths"), and is related to clinical outcomes.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/jsx086

    View details for PubMedID 28549160

  • Stabilization of glycemic control and improved quality of life using a shared medical appointment model in adolescents with type 1 diabetes in suboptimal control PEDIATRIC DIABETES Floyd, B. D., Block, J. M., Buckingham, B. B., Ly, T., Foster, N., Wright, R., Mueller, C. L., Hood, K. K., Shah, A. C. 2017; 18 (3): 204-212

    Abstract

    Declining glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D) during adolescence persists despite treatment advances. Non-adherence, peer relations, diabetes burnout, risk taking, transition to autonomy, family conflict, and poor quality of life (QOL) are recognized barriers. Shared medical appointments (SMAs) in adolescent T1D may offer benefits, but data are limited. Our objective was to determine whether SMAs, with multi-component interventions utilizing multidisciplinary teams, improve glycemic control and psychosocial outcomes in poorly controlled adolescent T1D.SMAs focused on self-management, communication skills, goal setting, glucose pattern recognition, and peer/diabetes team support. SMAs included: individual history and physical, labs, surveys, multidisciplinary educational ice breakers, group session, and individual wrap up. Outcomes were QOL, adherence, and retrospective and prospective glycemic control. Three to six subjects and families came to 3 SMAs and 1 individual appointment every 3 months over 9 months.A total of 37 English speaking subjects, ages 12-16 yrs, with T1D ≥ 1 year, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.5-11% enrolled. Thirty-two subjects attended 75% of visits, meeting inclusion criteria.HbA1c worsened in the 9 months before study (ΔHbA1c= 0.7 ± 1.2; p < 0.01), but remained stable during study (ΔHbA1c = 0.01 ± 1.2; p > 0.05). There were significant improvements in overall QOL (p = 0.005), school function (p = 0.006), psychosocial function (p = 0.008), barriers (p = 0.02), adherence (p = 0.01), and communication (p = 0.02). Improvements in school function and communication reached clinical significance.SMAs are feasible replacements to individual appointments in adolescent T1D, stabilizing glycemic control and improving QOL. Randomized controlled trials with optimizations are needed to further explore and refine this intervention.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/pedi.12373

    View details for Web of Science ID 000399353400005

  • Optimal Use of Diabetes Devices: Clinician Perspectives on Barriers and Adherence to Device Use. Journal of diabetes science and technology Tanenbaum, M. L., Adams, R. N., Hanes, S. J., Barley, R. C., Miller, K. M., Mulvaney, S. A., Hood, K. K. 2017; 11 (3): 484-492

    Abstract

    Insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors (CGM) can improve glycemic control for individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Device uptake rates continue to show room for improvement, and consistent adherence is needed to achieve better outcomes. Diabetes health care providers have important roles to play in promoting device use and adherence.We surveyed 209 clinicians who treat people with type 1 diabetes to examine perceptions of barriers to device uptake, attitudes toward diabetes technology, and resources needed for clinicians to improve device uptake. We compared findings with our survey of adults with T1D.Younger clinicians treated more patients using insulin pumps ( r = -.26, P < .001) and CGM ( r = -.14, P = .02), and had more positive attitudes about diabetes technology ( r = -.23, P = .001). The most frequently endorsed modifiable barriers were perceptions that patients dislike having the device on their body (73% pump; 63% CGM), dislike the alarms (61% CGM), and do not understand what to do with device information or features (40% pump; 46% CGM). Clinicians wanted lower cost and better insurance coverage for their patients, and they recommended counseling and education to help address barriers and improve adherence to devices.Clinicians perceive many barriers to their patients initiating and adhering to diabetes devices. Findings highlight opportunities for intervention to improve clinician-patient communication around device barriers to help address them.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296816688010

    View details for PubMedID 28745093

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5505431

  • Expectations and Attitudes of Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes After Using a Hybrid Closed Loop System DIABETES EDUCATOR Iturralde, E., Tanenbaum, M. L., Hanes, S. J., Suttiratana, S. C., Ambrosino, J. M., Ly, T. T., Maahs, D. M., Naranjo, D., Walders-Abramson, N., Weinzimer, S. A., Buckingham, B. A., Hood, K. K. 2017; 43 (2): 223-232

    Abstract

    Purpose The first hybrid closed loop (HCL) system, which automates insulin delivery but requires user inputs, was approved for treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) by the US Food and Drug Administration in September 2016. The purpose of this study was to explore the benefits, expectations, and attitudes of individuals with T1D following a clinical trial of an HCL system. Methods Thirty-two individuals with T1D (17 adults, 15 adolescents) participated in focus groups after 4 to 5 days of system use. Content analysis generated themes regarding perceived benefits, hassles, and limitations. Results Some participants felt misled by terms such as "closed loop" and "artificial pancreas," which seemed to imply a more "hands-off" experience. Perceived benefits were improved glycemic control, anticipated reduction of long-term complications, better quality of life, and reduced mental burden of diabetes. Hassles and limitations included unexpected tasks for the user, difficulties wearing the system, concerns about controlling highs, and being reminded of diabetes. Conclusion Users are willing to accept some hassles and limitations if they also perceive health and quality-of-life benefits beyond current self-management. It is important for clinicians to provide a balanced view of positives and negatives to help manage expectations.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/0145721717697244

    View details for PubMedID 28340542

  • Avoidant Coping and Diabetes-Related Distress: Pathways to Adolescents' Type 1 Diabetes Outcomes HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Iturralde, E., Weissberg-Benchell, J., Hood, K. K. 2017; 36 (3): 236-244

    Abstract

    Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) are vulnerable to diabetes-related distress and often struggle to complete self-management tasks needed to maintain blood glucose values in target range. One way that youth with T1D handle problems is through avoidant coping. The current study examined cross-time associations between avoidant coping style and diabetes outcomes and tested the possible mediating role of diabetes-related distress.Adolescents with T1D (N = 264) were assessed 4 times over 1 year to measure avoidant coping style, diabetes-related distress, adherence (on the basis of glucometer data and self-report), and glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c). Mediation and direct effects were tested across time using time-lagged autoregressive path models, making use of the repeated measurement of all constructs.The hypothesized mediation effect was found for all 3 diabetes outcomes. Higher levels of avoidant coping style were associated with greater diabetes-related distress at the subsequent time point, which was related in turn to fewer blood glucose checks, less frequent self-care behaviors, and poorer glycemic control (higher A1c) at the next assessment.In the context of diabetes, an avoidant coping style may contribute to greater diabetes-specific distress followed by deterioration in self-management and glycemic control over time. Maladaptive coping styles are modifiable factors that offer an entry point into intervention before further difficulties can take hold. (PsycINFO Database Record

    View details for DOI 10.1037/hea0000445

    View details for Web of Science ID 000396002500006

  • Avoidant coping and diabetes-related distress: Pathways to adolescents' Type 1 diabetes outcomes. Health psychology Iturralde, E., Weissberg-Benchell, J., Hood, K. K. 2017; 36 (3): 236-244

    Abstract

    Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) are vulnerable to diabetes-related distress and often struggle to complete self-management tasks needed to maintain blood glucose values in target range. One way that youth with T1D handle problems is through avoidant coping. The current study examined cross-time associations between avoidant coping style and diabetes outcomes and tested the possible mediating role of diabetes-related distress.Adolescents with T1D (N = 264) were assessed 4 times over 1 year to measure avoidant coping style, diabetes-related distress, adherence (on the basis of glucometer data and self-report), and glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c). Mediation and direct effects were tested across time using time-lagged autoregressive path models, making use of the repeated measurement of all constructs.The hypothesized mediation effect was found for all 3 diabetes outcomes. Higher levels of avoidant coping style were associated with greater diabetes-related distress at the subsequent time point, which was related in turn to fewer blood glucose checks, less frequent self-care behaviors, and poorer glycemic control (higher A1c) at the next assessment.In the context of diabetes, an avoidant coping style may contribute to greater diabetes-specific distress followed by deterioration in self-management and glycemic control over time. Maladaptive coping styles are modifiable factors that offer an entry point into intervention before further difficulties can take hold. (PsycINFO Database Record

    View details for DOI 10.1037/hea0000445

    View details for PubMedID 27808528

  • Diabetes Device Use in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Barriers to Uptake and Potential Intervention Targets. Diabetes care Tanenbaum, M. L., Hanes, S. J., Miller, K. M., Naranjo, D., Bensen, R., Hood, K. K. 2017; 40 (2): 181-187

    Abstract

    Diabetes devices (insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitors [CGMs]) are associated with benefits for glycemic control, yet uptake of these devices continues to be low. Some barriers to device uptake may be modifiable through psychosocial intervention, but little is known about which barriers and which patients to target.We surveyed 1,503 adult T1D Exchange participants (mean age 35.3 [SD 14.8] years, mean diagnosis duration 20.4 [SD 12.5] years) to investigate barriers to device uptake, understand profiles of device users versus nonusers, and explore differences by age and sex. Scales used were the Diabetes Distress Scale, Technology Use Attitudes (General and Diabetes-Specific), and Barriers to Device Use and Reasons for Discontinuing Devices.Most commonly endorsed modifiable barriers were related to the hassle of wearing devices (47%) and disliking devices on one's body (35%). CGM users (37%) were older than nonusers (mean 38.3 vs. 33.5 years), had diabetes for longer (22.9 vs. 18.8 years), had more positive technology attitudes (22.6-26.0 vs. 21.4-24.8), and reported fewer barriers to using diabetes technology than nonusers (3.3 vs. 4.3). The youngest age-group (18-25 years) had the lowest CGM (26% vs. 40-48%) and insulin pump (64% vs. 69-77%) uptake, highest diabetes distress (2.2 vs. 1.8-2.1), and highest HbA1c levels (8.3% [67 mmol/mol] vs. 7.2-7.4% [55-57 mmol/mol]).Efforts to increase device use need to target physical barriers to wearing devices. Because young adults had the lowest device uptake rates, highest distress, and highest HbA1c compared with older age-groups, they should be the focus of future interventions to increase device use.

    View details for DOI 10.2337/dc16-1536

    View details for PubMedID 27899489

  • Feasibility of Long-Term Closed-Loop Control: A Multicenter 6-Month Trial of 24/7 Automated Insulin Delivery DIABETES TECHNOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Kovatchev, B., Cheng, P., Anderson, S. M., Pinsker, J. E., Boscari, F., Buckingham, B. A., Doyle, F. J., Hood, K. K., Brown, S. A., Breton, M. D., Chernavvsky, D., Bevier, W. C., Bradley, P. K., Bruttomesso, D., Del Favero, S., Calore, R., Cobelli, C., Avogaro, A., Ly, T. T., Shanmugham, S., Dassau, E., Kollman, C., Lum, J. W., Beck, R. W. 2017; 19 (1): 18-?

    Abstract

    In the past few years, the artificial pancreas-the commonly accepted term for closed-loop control (CLC) of blood glucose in diabetes-has become a hot topic in research and technology development. In the summer of 2014, we initiated a 6-month trial evaluating the safety of 24/7 CLC during free-living conditions.Following an initial 1-month Phase 1, 14 individuals (10 males/4 females) with type 1 diabetes at three clinical centers in the United States and one in Italy continued with a 5-month Phase 2, which included 24/7 CLC using the wireless portable Diabetes Assistant (DiAs) developed at the University of Virginia Center for Diabetes Technology. Median subject characteristics were age 45 years, duration of diabetes 27 years, total daily insulin 0.53 U/kg/day, and baseline HbA1c 7.2% (55 mmol/mol).Compared with the baseline observation period, the frequency of hypoglycemia below 3.9 mmol/L during the last 3 months of CLC was lower: 4.1% versus 1.3%, P < 0.001. This was accompanied by a downward trend in HbA1c from 7.2% (55 mmol/mol) to 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) at 6 months. HbA1c improvement was correlated with system use (Spearman r = 0.55). The user experience was favorable with identified benefit particularly at night and overall trust in the system. There were no serious adverse events, severe hypoglycemia, or diabetic ketoacidosis.We conclude that CLC technology has matured and is safe for prolonged use in patients' natural environment. Based on these promising results, a large randomized trial is warranted to assess long-term CLC efficacy and safety.

    View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2016.0333

    View details for Web of Science ID 000392822900005

    View details for PubMedID 27982707

  • Response to Comments on Young-Hyman et al. Psychosocial Care for People With Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2016;39:2126-2140. Diabetes care Young-Hyman, D. n., de Groot, M. n., Hill-Briggs, F. n., Gonzalez, J. n., Hood, K. n., Peyrot, M. n. 2017; 40 (9): e131–e132

    View details for PubMedID 28830965

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5566281

  • Biopsychosocial Aspects of Weight Management in Type 1 Diabetes: a Review and Next Steps. Current diabetes reports Driscoll, K. A., Corbin, K. D., Maahs, D. M., Pratley, R. n., Bishop, F. K., Kahkoska, A. n., Hood, K. K., Mayer-Davis, E. n. 2017; 17 (8): 58

    Abstract

    This review aims to summarize the type 1 diabetes (T1D) and weight literature with an emphasis on barriers associated with weight management, the unique T1D-specific factors that impact weight loss success, maladaptive and adaptive strategies for weight loss, and interventions to promote weight loss.Weight gain is associated with intensive insulin therapy. Overweight and obese weight status in individuals with T1D is higher than the general population and prevalence is rising. A variety of demographic (e.g., female sex), clinical (e.g., greater insulin needs), environmental (e.g., skipping meals), and psychosocial (e.g., depression, stress) factors are associated with overweight/obese weight status in T1D. Fear of hypoglycemia is a significant barrier to engagement in physical activity. Studies evaluating adaptive weight loss strategies in people with T1D are limited. There is a growing literature highlighting the prevalence and seriousness of overweight and obesity among both youth and adults with T1D. There is an urgent need to develop evidence-based weight management guidelines and interventions that address the unique concerns of individuals with T1D and that concurrently address glycemic control.

    View details for PubMedID 28660565

  • Optimal Use of Diabetes Devices: Clinician Perspectives on Barriers and Adherence to Device Use Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology Tanenbaum, M. L., Adams, R. N., Hanes, S. J., Barley, R. C., Miller, K. M., Mulvaney, S. A., Hood, K. K. 2017; 11 (3): 484-492

    View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296816688010

  • Implementation of Depression Screening and Global Health Assessment in Pediatric Subspecialty Clinics. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Iturralde, E. n., Adams, R. N., Barley, R. C., Bensen, R. n., Christofferson, M. n., Hanes, S. J., Maahs, D. M., Milla, C. n., Naranjo, D. n., Shah, A. C., Tanenbaum, M. L., Veeravalli, S. n., Park, K. T., Hood, K. K. 2017

    Abstract

    Adolescents with chronic illness face greater risk of psychosocial difficulties, complicating disease management. Despite increased calls to screen for patient-reported outcomes, clinical implementation has lagged. Using quality improvement methods, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of standardized screening for depression and assessment of global health and to determine recommended behavioral health follow-up, across three pediatric subspecialty clinics.A total of 109 patients aged 12-22 years (median = 16.6) who were attending outpatient visits for treatment of diabetes (80% type 1), inflammatory bowel disease, or cystic fibrosis completed the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Global Health measures on electronic tablets. Patients screening positive on the PHQ-9 received same-day behavioral health assessment and regular phone check-ins to facilitate necessary follow-up care.Overall, 89% of 122 identified patients completed screening during a 6-month window. Patients completed measures in a timely manner (within 3 minutes) without disruption to clinic flow, and they rated the process as easy, comfortable, and valuable. Depression scores varied across disease type. Patients rated lower global health relative to a previously assessed validation cohort. Depression and global health related significantly to certain medical outcomes. Fifteen percent of patients screened positive on the PHQ-9, of whom 50% confirmed attending behavioral health appointments within 6 months of screening.A standardized depression and global health assessment protocol implemented across pediatric subspecialties was feasible and effective. Universal behavioral health screening for adolescents and young adults living with chronic disease is necessary to meet programmatic needs in pediatric subspecialty clinics.

    View details for PubMedID 28830798

  • Psychosocial Care for People With Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association DIABETES CARE Young-Hyman, D., de Groot, M., Hill-Briggs, F., Gonzalez, J. S., Hood, K., Peyrot, M. 2016; 39 (12): 2126-2140

    View details for DOI 10.2337/dc16-2053

    View details for Web of Science ID 000390785000017

    View details for PubMedID 27879358

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5127231

  • Quality of Life of College Students Living With Type 1 Diabetes: A Qualitative View. Western journal of nursing research Fredette, J., Mawn, B., Hood, K., Fain, J. 2016; 38 (12): 1595-1610

    Abstract

    The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to examine the quality of life among college students living with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Inclusion criteria included age 18 to 24, current college student, and a diagnosis of T1D for at least 1 year. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, in-person and by phone. During these interviews, college students shared stories of living with T1D and its impact on their quality of life. Three major themes emerged, which included "planning ahead," "thinking positive," and "seeking support." These findings provide a better understanding of the transitional experience of living with T1D and the impact on perceived quality of life while attending college. Techniques and strategies aimed at the enhancement of perceived quality of life for college students living with T1D were identified. These findings will provide valuable insight for professionals working with this population.

    View details for PubMedID 27230752

  • Diabetes Technology: Uptake, Outcomes, Barriers, and the Intersection With Distress. Journal of diabetes science and technology Naranjo, D., Tanenbaum, M. L., Iturralde, E., Hood, K. K. 2016; 10 (4): 852-858

    Abstract

    Patients managing type 1 diabetes have access to new technologies to assist in management. This manuscript has two aims: 1) to briefly review the literature on diabetes technology use and how this relates to psychological factors and 2) to present an example of human factors research using our data to examine psychological factors associated with technology use. Device/technology uptake and use has increased over the years and at present day is a common clinical practice. There are mixed results in terms of health and psychosocial outcomes, with specific subgroups doing better than others with technology. Our data demonstrated that patients have moderately elevated diabetes distress across differing types of technology used, from low-tech to high-tech options, possibly meaning that technology does not add or take away distress. In addition, users on multiple daily injections compared to all other technology groups have less positive attitudes about technology. Finally, we discuss implications for clinical practice and future research.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296816650900

    View details for PubMedID 27234809

  • A randomized clinical trial aimed at preventing poor psychosocial and glycemic outcomes in teens with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Contemporary clinical trials Weissberg-Benchell, J., Rausch, J., Iturralde, E., Jedraszko, A., Hood, K. 2016; 49: 78-84

    Abstract

    Adolescents with type 1 diabetes have an increased risk for a variety of emotional and behavioral challenges as well as negative diabetes outcomes. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of a depression-prevention, resilience promotion program with an advanced diabetes education program. Each program consisted of 9 group-based sessions. There were 264 adolescents enrolled in this multi-site randomized clinical trial. The primary outcomes were depressive symptoms and glycemic control; secondary outcomes included resilience skills, diabetes management and adherence, and diabetes-specific distress. The goal of the present paper is to describe the study design, the intervention, and the baseline characteristics of the sample. Preliminary data suggests that enrollment, randomization and retention were successful. Longitudinal follow-up and examination of mechanisms of action as they relate to psychosocial and glycemic outcomes will be explored in the future.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cct.2016.05.006

    View details for PubMedID 27267154

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4969210

  • Toward Development of Psychosocial Measures for Automated Insulin Delivery. Journal of diabetes science and technology Weissberg-Benchell, J., Hood, K., Laffel, L., Heinemann, L., Ball, D., Kowalski, A., Peters, A., Damiano, E., Schiller, M., Davis, A., Beck, S., Barnard, K. 2016; 10 (3): 799-801

    Abstract

    The INSPIRE study working group launched its initial workshop in February 2015 to facilitate collaboration among key stakeholders interested in automated insulin delivery (AID) systems and the psychosocial outcomes of individuals who may use these new technologies. Specifically, the INSPIRE team's goal is to facilitate measure development assessing the psychosocial factors associated with AID systems. A second working group was held to foster exchange among key stakeholders in AID system development. Patient, health care provider, engineering, industry, academic, regulatory and payer perspectives were presented. The INSPIRE working group will continue to serve as a platform to encourage open dialogue among all stakeholders with the aim of facilitating technology that offers minimal user burden and maximum benefit from both a psychological and physiologic perspective.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296815619637

    View details for PubMedID 26645792

  • Whose quality of life is it anyway? Discrepancies between youth and parent health-related quality of life ratings in type 1 and type 2 diabetes QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH Yi-Frazier, J. P., Hilliard, M. E., Fino, N. F., Naughton, M. J., Liese, A. D., Hockett, C. W., Hood, K. K., Pihoker, C., Seid, M., Lang, W., Lawrence, J. M. 2016; 25 (5): 1113-1121

    Abstract

    Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a critical diabetes outcome, yet differences between youth and parent-proxy ratings can make interpretation difficult. This study aims to explore potential differences between self- and parent-reports of Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) scores from youth with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to evaluate associations between discrepancies, PedsQL scores, and glycemic control (HbA1c).Youth and parents in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study (T1D: age 5-18, n = 3402; T2D: age 8-18, n = 353) completed the PedsQL Generic and Diabetes Modules, and youth provided a blood sample to assess HbA1c. Discrepancies (youth minus parent PedsQL ratings) were calculated and examined by age and diabetes type, and associations with youth PedsQL scores and HbA1c were evaluated.Discrepancies existed between youth and parent-proxy reports of generic and diabetes PedsQL scores in T1D and T2D (all p values < 0.01). Higher (more favorable) ratings were reported by youth except for those 5-7-years old, where parents' scores were higher. When parent-proxy scores were higher, discrepancies were largest when the child reported low PedsQL scores. Higher HbA1c was associated with larger discrepancies (youth scores higher) for adolescents with T1D.Discrepant PedsQL ratings suggest that parents may often underestimate youths' HRQOL except in the youngest children. Although examining both reports is optimal, the youth report should be prioritized, particularly for young children with T1D and for adolescents with either T1D or T2D.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11136-015-1158-5

    View details for Web of Science ID 000374866600004

    View details for PubMedID 26466834

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4936832

  • Stabilization of glycemic control and improved quality of life using a shared medical appointment model in adolescents with type 1 diabetes in suboptimal control. Pediatric diabetes Floyd, B. D., Block, J. M., Buckingham, B. B., Ly, T., Foster, N., Wright, R., Mueller, C. L., Hood, K. K., Shah, A. C. 2016

    Abstract

    Declining glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D) during adolescence persists despite treatment advances. Non-adherence, peer relations, diabetes burnout, risk taking, transition to autonomy, family conflict, and poor quality of life (QOL) are recognized barriers. Shared medical appointments (SMAs) in adolescent T1D may offer benefits, but data are limited. Our objective was to determine whether SMAs, with multi-component interventions utilizing multidisciplinary teams, improve glycemic control and psychosocial outcomes in poorly controlled adolescent T1D.SMAs focused on self-management, communication skills, goal setting, glucose pattern recognition, and peer/diabetes team support. SMAs included: individual history and physical, labs, surveys, multidisciplinary educational ice breakers, group session, and individual wrap up. Outcomes were QOL, adherence, and retrospective and prospective glycemic control. Three to six subjects and families came to 3 SMAs and 1 individual appointment every 3 months over 9 months.A total of 37 English speaking subjects, ages 12-16 yrs, with T1D ≥ 1 year, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.5-11% enrolled. Thirty-two subjects attended 75% of visits, meeting inclusion criteria.HbA1c worsened in the 9 months before study (ΔHbA1c= 0.7 ± 1.2; p < 0.01), but remained stable during study (ΔHbA1c = 0.01 ± 1.2; p > 0.05). There were significant improvements in overall QOL (p = 0.005), school function (p = 0.006), psychosocial function (p = 0.008), barriers (p = 0.02), adherence (p = 0.01), and communication (p = 0.02). Improvements in school function and communication reached clinical significance.SMAs are feasible replacements to individual appointments in adolescent T1D, stabilizing glycemic control and improving QOL. Randomized controlled trials with optimizations are needed to further explore and refine this intervention.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/pedi.12373

    View details for PubMedID 26919322

  • Resilience in Youth and Families Living With Pediatric Health and Developmental Conditions: Introduction to the Special Issue on Resilience. Journal of pediatric psychology Hilliard, M. E., McQuaid, E. L., Nabors, L., Hood, K. K. 2015; 40 (9): 835-839

    Abstract

    This special issue of the Journal of Pediatric Psychology showcases a growing area of research with a collection of 16 contemporary studies of resilience in youth with chronic medical or developmental conditions and their families. The research reported in this special issue covers a broad range of pediatric populations, including cancer, type 1 diabetes, and chronic pain, among others, ranging in age from early childhood through early adulthood. This introduction to the special issue reviews the various ways the articles' authors conceptualize and define risk and resilience; most analyze protective processes in relation to resilient outcomes, including both achievement of explicitly positive experiences and avoidance of dysfunction or disruption. Challenges with measurement of resilience-related constructs is reviewed. Finally, the special issue editors offer a definition of resilience in the context of pediatric and health psychology.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv072

    View details for PubMedID 26275974

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4592327

  • From Individuals to International Policy: Achievements and Ongoing Needs in Diabetes Advocacy CURRENT DIABETES REPORTS Hilliard, M. E., Oser, S. M., Close, K. L., Liu, N. F., Hood, K. K., Anderson, B. J. 2015; 15 (9)

    Abstract

    Diabetes impacts tens of millions of people in the United States of America and 9 % of the worldwide population. Given the public health implications and economic burden of diabetes, the needs of people with diabetes must be addressed through strategic and effective advocacy efforts. Diabetes advocacy aims to increase public awareness about diabetes, raise funds for research and care, influence policy impacting people with diabetes, and promote optimal individual outcomes. We present a framework for diabetes advocacy activities by individuals and at the community, national, and international levels and identify challenges and gaps in current diabetes advocacy. Various groups have organized successful diabetes advocacy campaigns toward these goals, and lessons for further advancing diabetes advocacy can be learned from other health-related populations. Finally, we discuss the role of healthcare providers and mental/behavioral health professionals in advocacy efforts that can benefit their patients and the broader population of people with diabetes.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11892-015-0636-z

    View details for Web of Science ID 000377953300003

    View details for PubMedID 26194156

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4581582

  • Depressive Symptoms in a Trial Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of Change DIABETES CARE Riley, A. R., Duke, D. C., Freeman, K. A., Hood, K. K., Harris, M. A. 2015; 38 (8): 1435-1440

    Abstract

    The objective was to test whether Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes (BFST-D), an evidence-based family therapy, produces individual changes in depressive symptoms for adolescents with type 1 diabetes in suboptimal glycemic control (HbA1c ≥9.0% [≥74.9 mmol/mol]).Data were from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing two modes of BFST-D delivery: in clinic versus Internet videoconferencing. There were no significant differences between groups in the RCT, so groups were collapsed into a within-group prepost design for secondary analyses. A multiple regression analysis was performed to test for mediation of treatment outcomes by changes in family processes.Significant improvements in glycemic control, depressive symptoms, and family functioning were found from pre- to posttreatment. A multiple regression analysis for within-subject mediation indicated that improvements in depressive symptoms were partially mediated by improvements in parent-youth conflict; however, family process changes did not mediate diabetes health outcomes.In addition to improving treatment adherence and glycemic control, BFST-D has collateral benefits on depressive symptoms.

    View details for DOI 10.2337/dc14-2519

    View details for Web of Science ID 000358673200018

    View details for PubMedID 26015558

  • Perceptions about professionally and non-professionally trained hypoglycemia detection dogs DIABETES RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Petry, N. M., Wagner, J. A., Rash, C. J., Hood, K. K. 2015; 109 (2): 389-396

    Abstract

    Patients with diabetes increasingly have questions about diabetes alert dogs. This study evaluated perceptions about dogs trained professionally or otherwise to detect glucose levels.A link to a survey about glucose detecting dogs was announced on diabetes websites.135 persons responded, with 63 answering about their child with diabetes. Most respondents obtained their dog from a professional trainer (n=54) or trained it themselves (n=51). Owners of self- and professionally-trained dogs were very positive about dogs' abilities to alert them to low and high glucose levels, while owners of dogs that learned entirely on their own (n=15) reported lower frequencies of alerts and more missed hypoglycemic episodes, p<.01. Regardless of how dogs learned, perceptions about managing diabetes were improved during periods of dog ownership relative to times without, p<.001. Self-reported rates of diabetes-related hospitalizations, assistance from others for treating hypoglycemia, and accidents or near accidents while driving reduced during periods of dog ownership compared to periods without dogs, ps<.01.These data suggest potential effectiveness of and high satisfaction with glucose-detecting dogs. Clinicians can use these results to address pros and cons of dog ownership with patients who inquire about them.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.023

    View details for Web of Science ID 000358554800026

  • Technology Use for Diabetes Problem Solving in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Relationship to Glycemic Control DIABETES TECHNOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Kumah-Crystal, Y. A., Hood, K. K., Ho, Y., Lybarger, C. K., O'Connor, B. H., Rothman, R. L., Mulvaney, S. A. 2015; 17 (7): 449-454

    Abstract

    This study examines technology use for problem solving in diabetes and its relationship to hemoglobin A1C (A1C).A sample of 112 adolescents with type 1 diabetes completed measures assessing use of technologies for diabetes problem solving, including mobile applications, social technologies, and glucose software. Hierarchical regression was performed to identify the contribution of a new nine-item Technology Use for Problem Solving in Type 1 Diabetes (TUPS) scale to A1C, considering known clinical contributors to A1C.Mean age for the sample was 14.5 (SD 1.7) years, mean A1C was 8.9% (SD 1.8%), 50% were female, and diabetes duration was 5.5 (SD 3.5) years. Cronbach's α reliability for TUPS was 0.78. In regression analyses, variables significantly associated with A1C were the socioeconomic status (β=-0.26, P<0.01), Diabetes Adolescent Problem Solving Questionnaire (β=-0.26, P=0.01), and TUPS (β=0.26, P=0.01). Aside from the Diabetes Self-Care Inventory-Revised, each block added significantly to the model R(2). The final model R(2) was 0.22 for modeling A1C (P<0.001).Results indicate a counterintuitive relationship between higher use of technologies for problem solving and higher A1C. Adolescents with poorer glycemic control may use technology in a reactive, as opposed to preventive, manner. Better understanding of the nature of technology use for self-management over time is needed to guide the development of technology-mediated problem solving tools for youth with type 1 diabetes.

    View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2014.0422

    View details for Web of Science ID 000363943000004

    View details for PubMedID 25826706

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4504438

  • Psychosocial Assessment of Artificial Pancreas (AP): Commentary and Review of Existing Measures and Their Applicability in AP Research DIABETES TECHNOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Barnard, K. D., Hood, K. K., Weissberg-Benchell, J., Aldred, C., Oliver, N., Laffel, L. 2015; 17 (4): 295-300

    Abstract

    This study aimed to systematically review the evidence base for the use of existing psychological and psychosocial measures suitable for use in artificial pancreas (AP) research.This systematic review of published literature, gray literature, previous systematic reviews, and qualitative and economic studies was conducted using terms and abbreviations synonymous with diabetes, AP, and quality of life (QoL).Two hundred ninety-two abstracts were identified that reported psychosocial assessment of diabetes-related technologies. Of these, nine met the inclusion criteria and were included. Only four of 103 ongoing trials evaluated psychosocial aspects as an outcome in the trial. Of these, treatment satisfaction, acceptance and use intention of AP, fear of hypoglycemia episodes, satisfaction with AP, and an unspecified QoL measure were used.A better understanding of the psychosocial side of AP systems and the extent to which human factors play a role in the uptake and efficient use of these systems will ultimately lead to the most benefit for people with diabetes.

    View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2014.0305

    View details for Web of Science ID 000351057300011

    View details for PubMedID 25549042

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4365433

  • Effective strategies for encouraging behavior change in people with diabetes. Diabetes management (London, England) Hood, K. K., Hilliard, M. n., Piatt, G. n., Ievers-Landis, C. E. 2015; 5 (6): 499–510

    Abstract

    Behavioral management of diabetes leads to better health outcomes. This paper reviews the available literature on facilitators of behavior change in people with diabetes and highlights approaches and strategies diabetes care providers can utilize. The research and clinical evidence points to the critical nature of considering the content and structure of recommendations, and utilizing problem solving and teamwork approaches. Furthermore, close attention to individual and community factors will optimize behavior change. These factors include health literacy, community infrastructure, support within the family, and whether there are co-occurring eating and mood issues. Recommendations are provided to optimize communication and embed behavior change approaches in clinical and community encounters.

    View details for PubMedID 30100925