Matthew H Park

All Publications

• A 3D-Printed Externally Adjustable Symmetrically Extensible (EASE) Aortic Annuloplasty Ring for Root Repair and Aortic Valve Regurgitation. Cardiovascular engineering and technology Zhu, Y., Park, M. H., Wilkerson, R. J., Joo, H. C., Pandya, P. K., Woo, Y. J. 2024

  Abstract

  The valve-sparing aortic root replacement (VSARR) procedure was developed to preserve the aortic valve apparatus to replace aneurysmal aortic roots with synthetic grafts and to eliminate associated aortic regurgitation (AR). However, residual post-repair AR is not uncommon and has been found to be associated with recurrent AR and future reoperation.We designed and manufactured a 3D-printed, external adjustable symmetrically extensible (EASE) aortic annuloplasty ring that can symmetrically reduce the aortic annulus diameter via a radial constriction, compliant mechanism. An ex vivo porcine VSARR model with annular dilation and AR was developed (n = 4) and used for hemodynamic, echocardiography, and high-speed videography data collection.After ring annuloplasty repair using the EASE aortic ring, the regurgitant fraction decreased from 23.6 ± 6.9% from the VSARR model to 7.4 ± 5.6% (p = 0.05), which was similar to that measured from baseline with a regurgitant fraction of 10.2 ± 3.9% (p = 0.34). The leaflet coaptation height after annuloplasty repair also significantly increased from that measured in VSARR model (0.4 ± 0.1 cm) to 0.9 ± 0.1 cm (p = 0.0004), a level similar to that measured in baseline (1.1 ± 0.1 cm, p = 0.28).Using an ex vivo VSARR model, the EASE ring successfully reduced AR by reducing the annular diameter and improving leaflet coaptation. With its broad applicability and ease of use, this device has the potential to have a significant impact on patients suffering worldwide from AR due to root aneurysms.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s13239-024-00709-2

  View details for PubMedID 38238600

  View details for PubMedCentralID 6562077

• Neochordal Goldilocks: Analyzing the Biomechanics of Neochord Length on Papillary Muscle Forces Suggests Higher Tolerance to Shorter Neochordae. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery Park, M. H., van Kampen, A., Zhu, Y., Melnitchouk, S., Levine, R. A., Borger, M. A., Woo, Y. J. 2023

  Abstract

  Estimating neochord lengths during mitral valve (MV) repair is challenging, as approximation must be performed largely based on intuition and surgical experience. Little data exist on quantifying the effects of neochord length misestimation. We aimed to evaluate the impact of neochord length on papillary muscle (PM) forces and MV hemodynamics, which is especially pertinent as increased forces have been linked to aberrant MV biomechanics.Porcine MVs (n=8) were mounted in an ex vivo heart simulator, and PMs were fixed to high resolution strain gauges, while hemodynamic data were recorded. We used an adjustable system to modulate neochord lengths. Optimal length was qualitatively verified by a single experienced operator, and neochordae were randomly lengthened or shortened in 1 mm increments up to ±5 mm from the optimal length.Optimal length neochordae resulted in the lowest peak composite PM forces (6.94±0.29 N), significantly different from all lengths >±1 mm. Both longer and shorter neochordae increased forces linearly according to difference from optimal length. Both peak PM forces and MR scaled more aggressively for longer versus shorter neochordae by factors of 1.6 and 6.9, respectively.Leveraging precision ex vivo heart simulation, we found that millimeter-level neochord length differences can result in significant differences in PM forces and MR, thereby altering valvular biomechanics. Differences in lengthened versus shortened neochordae scaling of forces and MR may indicate different levels of biomechanical tolerance towards longer and shorter neochordae. Our findings highlight the need for more thorough biomechanical understanding of neochordal MV repair.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.04.026

  View details for PubMedID 37160219

• Native and Post-Repair Residual Mitral Valve Prolapse Increases Forces Exerted on the Papillary Muscles: A Possible Mechanism for Localized Fibrosis? Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions Park, M. H., van Kampen, A., Melnitchouk, S., Wilkerson, R. J., Nagata, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, H., Pandya, P. K., Morningstar, J. E., Borger, M. A., Levine, R. A., Woo, Y. J. 2022; 15 (12): e011928

  Abstract

  Recent studies have linked mitral valve prolapse to localized myocardial fibrosis, ventricular arrhythmia, and even sudden cardiac death independent of mitral regurgitation or hemodynamic dysfunction. The primary mechanistic theory is rooted in increased papillary muscle traction and forces due to prolapse, yet no biomechanical evidence exists showing increased forces. Our objective was to evaluate the biomechanical relationship between prolapse and papillary muscle forces, leveraging advances in ex vivo modeling and technologies. We hypothesized that mitral valve prolapse with limited hemodynamic dysfunction leads to significantly higher papillary muscle forces, which could be a possible trigger for cellular and electrophysiological changes in the papillary muscles and adjacent myocardium.We developed an ex vivo papillary muscle force transduction and novel neochord length adjustment system capable of modeling targeted prolapse. Using 3 unique ovine models of mitral valve prolapse (bileaflet or posterior leaflet prolapse), we directly measured hemodynamics and forces, comparing physiologic and prolapsing valves.We found that bileaflet prolapse significantly increases papillary muscle forces by 5% to 15% compared with an optimally coapting valve, which are correlated with statistically significant decreases in coaptation length. Moreover, we observed significant changes in the force profiles for prolapsing valves when compared with normal controls.We discovered that bileaflet prolapse with the absence of hemodynamic dysfunction results in significantly elevated forces and altered dynamics on the papillary muscles. Our work suggests that the sole reduction of mitral regurgitation without addressing reduced coaptation lengths and thus increased leaflet surface area exposed to ventricular pressure gradients (ie, billowing leaflets) is insufficient for an optimal repair.

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.122.011928

  View details for PubMedID 36538583

• A novel accelerated fatigue testing system for pulsatile applications of cardiac devices using widely translatable cam and linkage-based mechanisms. Medical engineering & physics Park, M. H., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Zhu, Y., Sellke, M., Marin-Cuartas, M., Wilkerson, R. J., Woo, Y. J. 2022; 109: 103896

  Abstract

  Fatigue testing of mechanical components is important for designing safe implantable medical prosthetics, and accelerated systems can be used to increase the speed of evaluation. We developed a platform for accelerated testing of linear force applications of cardiac devices, called the Fatigue Acceleration System Tester (FAST). FAST operates using a core translation mechanism, converting motor-driven rotary motion to linear actuation. The advantages of using this mechanism include 40x rate increases with largely 3D-printed components, versatility based on modular design paradigms, and accessible manufacturability with 3D-printable forms, enabling access for small and large research laboratories alike. FAST has been crucial in informing our designs for continuing device development. Over two fatigue cycle courses of 52 and 110 days, the motor cycled at rotational frequencies up to 1500 rpm, 43 times faster than those experienced in a typical heart and equating to approximate life cycles of five and ten years, respectively. In designing FAST, our goal was to accessibly bring a strong mechanical basis to study the long-term effects of repeated loading, and we present a design that can be applied across many industries to not only evaluate fatigue performance, but also generate any cycling linear motion.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103896

  View details for PubMedID 36371080

• The Critical Biomechanics of Aortomitral Angle and Systolic Anterior Motion: Engineering Native Ex Vivo Simulation. Annals of biomedical engineering Park, M. H., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Zhu, Y., Wilkerson, R. J., Wang, H., Park, G. H., Wu, C. A., Pandya, P. K., Mullis, D. M., Marin-Cuartas, M., Woo, Y. J. 2022

  Abstract

  Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve (MV) is a complex pathological phenomenon often occurring as an iatrogenic effect of surgical and transcatheter intervention. While the aortomitral angle has long been linked to SAM, the mechanistic relationship is not well understood. We developed the first ex vivo heart simulator capable of recreating native aortomitral biomechanics, and to generate models of SAM, we performed anterior leaflet augmentation and sequential undersized annuloplasty procedures on porcine aortomitral junctions (n=6). Hemodynamics and echocardiograms were recorded, and echocardiographic analysis revealed significantly reduced coaptation-septal distances confirming SAM (p=0.003) and effective manipulation of the aortomitral angle (p<0.001). Upon increasing the angle in our pathological models, we recorded significant increases (p<0.05) in both coaptation-septal distance and multiple hemodynamic metrics, such as aortic peak flow and effective orifice area. These results indicate that an increased aortomitral angle is correlated with more efficient hemodynamic performance of the valvular system, presenting a potential, clinically translatable treatment opportunity for reducing the risk and adverse effects of SAM. As the standard of care shifts towards surgical and transcatheter interventions, it is increasingly important to better understand SAM biomechanics, and our advances represent a significant step towards that goal.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s10439-022-03091-z

  View details for PubMedID 36264407

• A Novel Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease Model with Ex Vivo Hemodynamic and Biomechanical Validation. Cardiovascular engineering and technology Park, M. H., Pandya, P. K., Zhu, Y., Mullis, D. M., Wang, H., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Wilkerson, R., Marin-Cuartas, M., Woo, Y. J. 2022

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: Rheumatic heart disease is a major cause of mitral valve (MV) dysfunction, particularly in disadvantaged areas and developing countries. There lacks a critical understanding of the disease biomechanics, and as such, the purpose of this study was to generate the first ex vivo porcine model of rheumatic MV disease by simulating the human pathophysiology and hemodynamics.METHODS: Healthy porcine valves were altered with heat treatment, commissural suturing, and cyanoacrylate tissue coating, all of which approximate the pathology of leaflet stiffening and thickening as well as commissural fusion. Hemodynamic data, echocardiography, and high-speed videography were collected in a paired manner for control and model valves (n=4) in an ex vivo left heart simulator. Valve leaflets were characterized in an Instron tensile testing machine to understand the mechanical changes of the model (n=18).RESULTS: The model showed significant differences indicative of rheumatic disease: increased regurgitant fractions (p<0.001), reduced effective orifice areas (p<0.001), augmented transmitral mean gradients (p<0.001), and increased leaflet stiffness (p=0.025).CONCLUSION: This work represents the creation of the first ex vivo model of rheumatic MV disease, bearing close similarity to the human pathophysiology and hemodynamics, and it will be used to extensively study both established and new treatment techniques, benefitting the millions of affected victims.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s13239-022-00641-3

  View details for PubMedID 35941509

• Biomechanical analysis of neochordal repair error from diastolic phase inversion of static left ventricular pressurization. JTCVS techniques Park, M. H., Marin-Cuartas, M., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Wilkerson, R. J., Pandya, P. K., Zhu, Y., Wang, H., Borger, M. A., Woo, Y. J. 2022; 12: 54-64

  Abstract

  Objective: Neochordal implantation is a common form of surgical mitral valve (MV) repair. However, neochord length is assessed using static left ventricular pressurization, leading surgeons to evaluate leaflet coaptation and valve competency when the left ventricle is dilating instead of contracting physiologically, referred to as diastolic phase inversion (DPI). We hypothesize that the difference in papillary muscle (PM) positioning between DPI and physiologic systole results in miscalculated neochord lengths, which might affect repair performance.Methods: Porcine MVs (n=6) were mounted in an exvivo heart simulator and PMs were affixed to robots that accurately simulate PM motion. Baseline hemodynamic and chordal strain data were collected, after which P2 chordae were severed to simulate posterior leaflet prolapse from chordal rupture and subsequent mitral regurgitation. Neochord implantation was performed in the physiologic and DPI static configurations.Results: Although both repairs successfully reduced mitral regurgitation, the DPI repair resulted in longer neochordae (2.19±0.4mm; P<.01). Furthermore, the hemodynamic performance was reduced for the DPI repair resulting in higher leakage volume (P=.01) and regurgitant fraction (P<.01). Peak chordal forces were reduced in the physiologic repair (0.57±0.11N) versus the DPI repair (0.68±0.12N; P<.01).Conclusions: By leveraging advanced exvivo technologies, we were able to quantify the effects of static pressurization on neochordal length determination. Our findings suggest that this post-repair assessment might slightly overestimate the neochordal length and that additional marginal shortening of neochordae might positively affect MV repair performance and durability by reducing load on surrounding native chordae.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.xjtc.2022.01.009

  View details for PubMedID 35403058

• From hardware store to hospital: a COVID-19-inspired, cost-effective, open-source, in vivo-validated ventilator for use in resource-scarce regions. Bio-design and manufacturing Park, M. H., Zhu, Y., Wang, H., Tran, N. A., Jung, J., Paulsen, M. J., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Baker, S., Wilkerson, R., Marin-Cuartas, M., Mullis, D. M., Woo, Y. J. 2021: 1-8

  Abstract

  Resource-scarce regions with serious COVID-19 outbreaks do not have enough ventilators to support critically ill patients, and these shortages are especially devastating in developing countries. To help alleviate this strain, we have designed and tested the accessible low-barrier in vivo-validated economical ventilator (ALIVE Vent), a COVID-19-inspired, cost-effective, open-source, in vivo-validated solution made from commercially available components. The ALIVE Vent operates using compressed oxygen and air to drive inspiration, while two solenoid valves ensure one-way flow and precise cycle timing. The device was functionally tested and profiled using a variable resistance and compliance artificial lung and validated in anesthetized large animals. Our functional test results revealed its effective operation under a wide variety of ventilation conditions defined by the American Association of Respiratory Care guidelines for ventilator stockpiling. The large animal test showed that our ventilator performed similarly if not better than a standard ventilator in maintaining optimal ventilation status. The FiO2, respiratory rate, inspiratory to expiratory time ratio, positive-end expiratory pressure, and peak inspiratory pressure were successfully maintained within normal, clinically validated ranges, and the animals were recovered without any complications. In regions with limited access to ventilators, the ALIVE Vent can help alleviate shortages, and we have ensured that all used materials are publicly available. While this pandemic has elucidated enormous global inequalities in healthcare, innovative, cost-effective solutions aimed at reducing socio-economic barriers, such as the ALIVE Vent, can help enable access to prompt healthcare and life saving technology on a global scale and beyond COVID-19.Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42242-021-00164-1.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s42242-021-00164-1

  View details for PubMedID 34567825

• Heart Valve Biomechanics: The Frontiers of Modeling Modalities and the Expansive Capabilities of Ex Vivo Heart Simulation. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine Park, M. H., Zhu, Y., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Wang, H., Marin-Cuartas, M., Paulsen, M. J., Woo, Y. J. 2021; 8: 673689

  Abstract

  The field of heart valve biomechanics is a rapidly expanding, highly clinically relevant area of research. While most valvular pathologies are rooted in biomechanical changes, the technologies for studying these pathologies and identifying treatments have largely been limited. Nonetheless, significant advancements are underway to better understand the biomechanics of heart valves, pathologies, and interventional therapeutics, and these advancements have largely been driven by crucial in silico, ex vivo, and in vivo modeling technologies. These modalities represent cutting-edge abilities for generating novel insights regarding native, disease, and repair physiologies, and each has unique advantages and limitations for advancing study in this field. In particular, novel ex vivo modeling technologies represent an especially promising class of translatable research that leverages the advantages from both in silico and in vivo modeling to provide deep quantitative and qualitative insights on valvular biomechanics. The frontiers of this work are being discovered by innovative research groups that have used creative, interdisciplinary approaches toward recapitulating in vivo physiology, changing the landscape of clinical understanding and practice for cardiovascular surgery and medicine.

  View details for DOI 10.3389/fcvm.2021.673689

  View details for PubMedID 34307492

• Biomimetic six-axis robots replicate human cardiac papillary muscle motion: pioneering the next generation of biomechanical heart simulator technology. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Park, M. H., Paulsen, M. J., Sellke, M. n., Kulkami, R. n., Wang, H. n., Zhu, Y. n., Farry, J. M., Bourdillon, A. T., Callinan, C. n., Lucian, H. J., Hironaka, C. E., Deschamps, D. n., Joseph Woo, Y. n. 2020; 17 (173): 20200614

  Abstract

  Papillary muscles serve as attachment points for chordae tendineae which anchor and position mitral valve leaflets for proper coaptation. As the ventricle contracts, the papillary muscles translate and rotate, impacting chordae and leaflet kinematics; this motion can be significantly affected in a diseased heart. In ex vivo heart simulation, an explanted valve is subjected to physiologic conditions and can be adapted to mimic a disease state, thus providing a valuable tool to quantitatively analyse biomechanics and optimize surgical valve repair. However, without the inclusion of papillary muscle motion, current simulators are limited in their ability to accurately replicate cardiac biomechanics. We developed and implemented image-guided papillary muscle (IPM) robots to mimic the precise motion of papillary muscles. The IPM robotic system was designed with six degrees of freedom to fully capture the native motion. Mathematical analysis was used to avoid singularity conditions, and a supercomputing cluster enabled the calculation of the system's reachable workspace. The IPM robots were implemented in our heart simulator with motion prescribed by high-resolution human computed tomography images, revealing that papillary muscle motion significantly impacts the chordae force profile. Our IPM robotic system represents a significant advancement for ex vivo simulation, enabling more reliable cardiac simulations and repair optimizations.

  View details for DOI 10.1098/rsif.2020.0614

  View details for PubMedID 33259750

• Quadrupling the N95 Supply during the COVID-19 Crisis with an Innovative 3D-Printed Mask Adaptor. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Park, M. H., Zhu, Y. n., Paulsen, M. J., Wang, H. n., Woo, Y. J. 2020; 8 (3)

  Abstract

  The need for personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic is far outstripping our ability to manufacture and distribute these supplies to hospitals. In particular, the medical N95 mask shortage is resulting in healthcare providers reusing masks or utilizing masks with filtration properties that do not meet medical N95 standards. We developed a solution for immediate use: a mask adaptor, outfitted with a quarter section of an N95 respirator that maintains the N95 seal standard, thereby quadrupling the N95 supply. A variety of designs were 3D-printed and optimized based on the following criteria: seal efficacy, filter surface area and N95 respirator multiplicity. The final design is reusable and features a 3D-printed soft silicone base as well as a rigid 3D-printed cartridge to seal one-quarter of a 3M 1860 N95 mask. Our mask passed the computerized N95 fit test for six individuals. All files are publicly available with this publication. Our design can provide immediate support for healthcare professionals in dire need of medical N95 masks by extending the current supply by a factor of four.

  View details for DOI 10.3390/healthcare8030225

  View details for PubMedID 32717841

• Large Animal Translational Validation of 3 Mitral Valve Repair Operations for Mitral Regurgitation Using a Mitral Valve Prolapse Model: A Comprehensive In Vivo Biomechanical Engineering Analysis. Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions Zhu, Y., Yajima, S., Park, M. H., Venkatesh, A., Stark, C. J., Tran, N. A., Walsh, S. K., Ethiraj, S., Wilkerson, R. J., Lin, L. E., Lee, S. H., Gates, K. Y., Arthur, J. D., Baker, S. W., Mullis, D. M., Wu, C. A., Harima, S., Pokhrel, B., Resuello, D., Bergamasco, H., Wu, M. A., Baccouche, B. M., Pandya, P. K., Elde, S., Wang, H., Woo, Y. J. 2024; 17 (4): e013196

  Abstract

  Various mitral repair techniques have been described. Though these repair techniques can be highly effective when performed correctly in suitable patients, limited quantitative biomechanical data are available. Validation and thorough biomechanical evaluation of these repair techniques from translational large animal in vivo studies in a standardized, translatable fashion are lacking. We sought to evaluate and validate biomechanical differences among different mitral repair techniques and further optimize repair operations using a large animal mitral valve prolapse model.Male Dorset sheep (n=20) had P2 chordae severed to create the mitral valve prolapse model. Fiber Bragg grating force sensors were implanted to measure chordal forces. Ten sheep underwent 3 randomized, paired mitral valve repair operations: neochord repair, nonresectional leaflet remodeling, and triangular resection. The other 10 sheep underwent neochord repair with 2, 4, and 6 neochordae. Data were collected at baseline, mitral valve prolapse, and after each repair.All mitral repair techniques successfully eliminated regurgitation. Compared with mitral valve prolapse (0.54±0.18 N), repair using neochord (0.37±0.20 N; P=0.02) and remodeling techniques (0.30±0.15 N; P=0.001) reduced secondary chordae peak force. Neochord repair further decreased primary chordae peak force (0.21±0.14 N) to baseline levels (0.20±0.17 N; P=0.83), and was associated with lower primary chordae peak force compared with the remodeling (0.34±0.18 N; P=0.02) and triangular resectional techniques (0.36±0.27 N; P=0.03). Specifically, repair using 2 neochordae resulted in higher peak primary chordal forces (0.28±0.21 N) compared with those using 4 (0.22±0.16 N; P=0.02) or 6 neochordae (0.19±0.16 N; P=0.002). No difference in peak primary chordal forces was observed between 4 and 6 neochordae (P=0.05). Peak forces on the neochordae were the lowest using 6 neochordae (0.09±0.11 N) compared with those of 4 neochordae (0.15±0.14 N; P=0.01) and 2 neochordae (0.29±0.18 N; P=0.001).Significant biomechanical differences were observed underlying different mitral repair techniques in a translational large animal model. Neochord repair was associated with the lowest primary chordae peak force compared to the remodeling and triangular resectional techniques. Additionally, neochord repair using at least 4 neochordae was associated with lower chordal forces on the primary chordae and the neochordae. This study provided key insights about mitral valve repair optimization and may further improve repair durability.

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.123.013196

  View details for PubMedID 38626077

• Biomechanical engineering analysis of neochordae length's impact on chordal forces in mitral repair. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery Zhu, Y., Lee, S. H., Venkatesh, A., Wu, C. A., Stark, C. J., Ethiraj, S., Lee, J. J., Park, M. H., Yajima, S., Woo, Y. J. 2024

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVES: Artificial neochordae implantation is commonly used for mitral valve (MV) repair. However, neochordae length estimation can be difficult to perform. The objective was to assess the impact of neochordae length changes on MV haemodynamics and neochordal forces.METHODS: Porcine MVs (n=6) were implanted in an ex vivo left heart simulator. MV prolapse (MVP) was generated by excising at least 2 native primary chordae supporting the P2 segments from each papillary muscle. Two neochordae anchored on each papillary muscle were placed with one tied to the native chord length (exact length) and the other tied with variable lengths from 2x to 0.5x of the native length (variable length). Haemodynamics, neochordal forces, and echocardiography data were collected.RESULTS: Neochord implantation repair successfully eliminated mitral regurgitation with repaired regurgitant fractions of approximately 4% regardless of neochord length (p<0.01). Leaflet coaptation height also significantly improved to a minimum height of 1.3cm compared with that of MVP (0.9±0.4cm, p<0.05). Peak and average forces on exact length neochordae increased as variable length neochordae lengths increased. Peak and average forces on the variable length neochordae increased with shortened lengths. Overall, chordal forces appeared to vary more drastically in variable length neochordae compared with exact length neochordae.CONCLUSIONS: MV regurgitation was eliminated with neochordal repair, regardless of the neochord length. However, chordal forces varied significantly with different neochord lengths, with a preferentially greater impact on the variable length neochord. Further validation studies may be performed before translating to clinical practices.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ejcts/ezae008

  View details for PubMedID 38258541

• Chordal force profile after neochordal repair of anterior mitral valve prolapse: An ex vivo study. JTCVS open Yajima, S., Zhu, Y., Stark, C. J., Wilkerson, R. J., Park, M. H., Stefan, E., Woo, Y. J. 2023; 15: 164-172

  Abstract

  This study aimed to biomechanically evaluate the force profiles on the anterior primary and secondary chordae after neochord repair for anterior valve prolapse with varied degrees of residual mitral regurgitation using an ex vivo heart simulator.The experiment used 8 healthy porcine mitral valves. Chordal forces were measured using fiber Bragg grating sensors on primary and secondary chordae from A2 segments. The anterior valve prolapse model was generated by excising 2 primary chordae at the A2 segment. Neochord repair was performed with 2 pairs of neochords. Varying neochord lengths simulated postrepair residual mitral regurgitation with regurgitant fraction at >30% (moderate), 10% to 30% (mild), and <10% (perfect repair).Regurgitant fractions of baseline, moderate, mild, and perfect repair were 4.7% ± 0.8%, 35.8% ± 2.1%, 19.8% ± 2.0%, and 6.0% ± 0.7%, respectively (P < .001). Moderate had a greater peak force of the anterior primary chordae (0.43 ± 0.06 N) than those of baseline (0.19 ± 0.04 N; P = .011), mild (0.23 ± 0.05 N; P = .041), and perfect repair (0.21 ± 0.03 N; P = .006). In addition, moderate had a greater peak force of the anterior secondary chordae (1.67 ± 0.17 N) than those of baseline (0.64 ± 0.13 N; P = .003), mild (0.84 ± 0.24 N; P = .019), and perfect repair (0.68 ± 0.14 N; P = .001). No significant differences in peak and average forces on both primary and secondary anterior chordae were observed between the baseline and perfect repair as well as the mild and perfect repair.Moderate residual mitral regurgitation after neochord repair was associated with increased anterior primary and secondary chordae forces in our ex vivo anterior valve prolapse model. This difference in chordal force profile may influence long-term repair durability, providing biomechanical evidence in support of obtaining minimal regurgitation when repairing mitral anterior valve prolapse.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.xjon.2023.04.011

  View details for PubMedID 37808060

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10556825

• Discussion to: Neochordal Goldilocks: Analyzing the biomechanics of neochord length on papillary muscle forces suggests higher tolerance to shorter neochordae. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery Park, M. H., Casselman, F., Joseph Woo, Y. 2023

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.07.029

  View details for PubMedID 37632472

• An analytical, mathematical annuloplasty ring curvature model for planning of valve-in-ring transcatheter mitral valve replacement. JTCVS techniques Park, M. H., Marin-Cuartas, M., Sellke, M., Pandya, P. K., Zhu, Y., Wilkerson, R. J., Holzhey, D. M., Borger, M. A., Woo, Y. J. 2023; 20: 45-54

  Abstract

  An increasing number of high-risk patients with previous mitral valve annuloplasty require transcatheter mitral valve replacement due to recurrent regurgitation. Annulus dilation with a transcatheter balloon is often performed before valve-in-ring transcatheter mitral valve replacement, which is believed to reduce misalignment and paravalvular leakage, yet little evidence exists to support this practice. Our objective was to generate intuitive annuloplasty ring analyses for improved valve-in-ring transcatheter mitral valve replacement planning.We generated a mathematical model that calculates image-tracked differential ring curvature to build quantifications for improved planning for valve-in-ring procedures. Carpentier-Edwards Physio M24 and M30 (n = 2 each), Physio II M24 and M26 (n = 3 each), LivaNova AnnuloFlex M26 (n = 2), and Edwards Geoform M28 (n = 2) rings were tested with a 30-mm Toray Inoue balloon inflated to maximum rated pressures.Curvature variance reduces with larger ring sizes, indicating that larger rings are initially more circular than smaller ones. Evaluated semi-rigid and rigid rings showed little to no difference between pre- and post-dilation states. Annuloflex rings (flexible band) showed a postdilation variance reduction of 32.83% (P < .001) followed by an increase after 10 minutes of relaxation that was still reduced by 19.62% relative to the initial state (P < .001).We discovered that balloon dilation does not significantly deform evaluated semi-rigid or rigid rings at maximum rated balloon pressures. This may mean that dilation for these conditions before valve-in-ring transcatheter mitral valve replacement is unnecessary. Our mathematical approach creates a foundation for extended classification of this practice, providing meaningful quantification of ring geometry.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.xjtc.2023.03.022

  View details for PubMedID 37555034

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10405166

• Biomechanics and clinical outcomes of various conduit configurations in valve sparing aortic root replacement. Annals of cardiothoracic surgery Zhu, Y., Park, M. H., Pandya, P. K., Stark, C. J., Mullis, D. M., Walsh, S. K., Kim, J. Y., Wu, C. A., Baccouche, B. M., Lee, S. H., Baraka, A. S., Joo, H., Yajima, S., Elde, S., Woo, Y. J. 2023; 12 (4): 326-337

  Abstract

  Several conduit configurations, such as straight graft (SG), Valsalva graft (VG), anticommissural plication (ACP), and the Stanford modification (SMOD) technique, have been described for the valve-sparing aortic root replacement (VSARR) procedure. Prior ex vivo studies have evaluated the impact of conduit configurations on root biomechanics, but the mock coronary artery circuits used could not replicate the physical properties of native coronary arteries. Moreover, the individual leaflet's biomechanics, including the fluttering phenomenon, were unclear.Porcine aortic roots with coronary arteries were explanted (n=5) and underwent VSARR using SG, VG, ACP, and SMOD for evaluation in an ex vivo left heart flow loop simulator. Additionally, 762 patients who underwent VSARR from 1993 through 2022 at our center were retrospectively reviewed. Analysis of variance was performed to evaluate differences between different conduit configurations, with post hoc Tukey's correction for pairwise testing.SG demonstrated lower rapid leaflet opening velocity compared with VG (P=0.001) and SMOD (P=0.045) in the left coronary cusp (LCC), lower rapid leaflet closing velocity compared with VG (P=0.04) in the right coronary cusp (RCC), and lower relative opening force compared with ACP (P=0.04) in the RCC. The flutter frequency was lower in baseline compared with VG (P=0.02) and in VG compared with ACP (P=0.03) in the LCC. Left coronary artery mean flow was higher in SG compared with SMOD (P=0.02) and ACP (P=0.05). Clinically, operations using SG compared with sinus-containing graft was associated with shorter aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass time (P<0.001, <0.001).SG demonstrated hemodynamics and biomechanics most closely recapitulating those from the native root with significantly shorter intraoperative times compared with repair using sinus-containing graft. Future in vivo validation studies as well as correlation with comprehensive, comparative clinical study outcomes may provide additional invaluable insights regarding strategies to further enhance repair durability.

  View details for DOI 10.21037/acs-2023-avs2-0068

  View details for PubMedID 37554719

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10405339

• Biomechanical analysis of novel leaflet geometries for bioprosthetic valves. JTCVS open Pandya, P. K., Park, M. H., Zhu, Y., Woo, Y. J. 2023; 14: 77-86

  Abstract

  Objectives: Although bioprosthetic valves have excellent hemodynamic properties and can eliminate the need for lifelong anticoagulation therapy, these devices are associated with high rates of reoperation and limited durability. Although there are many distinct bioprosthesis designs, all bioprosthetic valves have historically featured a trileaflet pattern. This in silico study examines the biomechanical effect of modulating the number of leaflets in a bioprosthetic valve.Methods: Bioprosthetic valves with 2 to 6 leaflets were designed in Fusion 360 using quadratic spline geometry. Leaflets were modeled with standard mechanical parameters for fixed bovine pericardial tissue. A mesh of each design was structurally evaluated using finite element analysis software Abaqus CAE. Maximum von Mises stresses during valve closure were assessed for each leaflet geometry in both the aortic and mitral position.Results: Computational analysis demonstrated that increasing the number of leaflets is associated with reduction in leaflet stresses. Compared with the standard trileaflet design, a quadrileaflet pattern reduces leaflet maximum von Mises stresses by 36% in the aortic position and 38% in the mitral position. Maximum stress was inversely proportional to the square of the leaflet quantity. Surface area increased linearly and central leakage increased quadratically with leaflet quantity.Conclusions: A quadrileaflet pattern was found to reduce leaflet stresses while limiting increases in central leakage and surface area. These findings suggest that modulating the number of leaflets can allow for optimization of the current bioprosthetic valve design, which may translate to more durable valve replacement bioprostheses.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.xjon.2023.04.007

  View details for PubMedID 37425479

• Biomechanical evaluation of aortic regurgitation from cusp prolapse using an ex vivo 3D-printed commissure geometric alignment device. Journal of cardiothoracic surgery Zhu, Y., Park, M. H., Imbrie-Moore, A., Wilkerson, R., Madira, S., Woo, Y. J. 2022; 17 (1): 303

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Aortic regurgitation (AR) is one of the most common cardiac valvular diseases, and it is frequently caused by cusp prolapse. However, the precise relationship of commissure position and aortic cusp prolapse with AR is not fully understood. In this study, we developed a 3D-printed commissure geometric alignment device to investigate the effect of commissure height and inter-commissure angle on AR and aortic cusp prolapse.METHODS: Three porcine aortic valves were explanted from hearts obtained from a meat abattoir and were mounted in the commissure geometric alignment device. Nine commissure configurations were tested for each specimen, exploring independent and concurrent effects of commissure height and inter-commissure angle change on AR and aortic cusp prolapse. Each commissure configuration was tested in our 3D printed ex vivo left heart simulator. Hemodynamics data, echocardiography, and high-speed videography were obtained.RESULTS: AR due to aortic cusp prolapse was successfully generated using our commissure geometric alignment device. Mean aortic regurgitation fraction measured for the baseline, high commissure, low commissure, high commissure and wide inter-commissure angle, high commissure and narrow inter-commissure angle, low commissure and wide inter-commissure angle, low commissure and narrow inter-commissure angle, wide commissure, and narrow commissure configurations from all samples were 4.6±1.4%, 9.7±3.7%, 4.2±0.5%, 11.7±5.8%, 13.0±8.5%, 4.8±0.9%, 7.3±1.7%, 5.1±1.2%, and 7.1±3.1%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: AR was most prominent when commissure heights were changed from their native levels with concomitant reduced inter-commissure angle. Findings from this study provide important evidence demonstrating the relationship between commissure position and aortic cusp prolapse and may have a significant impact on patient outcomes after surgical repair of aortic valves.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s13019-022-02049-5

  View details for PubMedID 36496476

• A novel accelerated fatigue testing system for pulsatile applications of cardiac devices using widely translatable cam and linkage-based mechanisms MEDICAL ENGINEERING & PHYSICS Park, M. H., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Zhu, Y., Sellke, M., Marin-Cuartas, M., Wilkerson, R. J., Woo, Y. 2022; 109

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103896

  View details for Web of Science ID 000868472500004

• Quantitative biomechanical optimization of neochordal implantation location on mitral leaflets during valve repair. JTCVS techniques Pandya, P. K., Wilkerson, R. J., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Zhu, Y., Marin-Cuartas, M., Park, M. H., Woo, Y. J. 2022; 14: 89-93

  Abstract

  Objective: Suture pull-out remains a significant mechanism of long-term neochordal repair failure, as demonstrated by clinical reports on recurrent mitral valve regurgitation and need for reoperation. The objective of this study was to provide a quantitative comparison of suture pull-out forces for various neochordal implantation locations.Methods: Posterior leaflets were excised from fresh porcine mitral valves (n=54) and fixed between two 3-dimensional-printed plates. Gore-Tex CV-5 sutures (WL Gore & Associates Inc) were placed with distances from the leading edge and widths between anchoring sutures with values of 2mm, 6mm, and 10mm for a total of 9 groups (n=6 per group). Mechanical testing was performed using a tensile testing machine to evaluate pull-out force of the suture through the mitral valve leaflet.Results: Increasing the suture anchoring width improved failure strength significantly across all leading-edge distances (P<.001). Additionally, increasing the leading-edge distance from 2mm to 6mm increased suture pull-out forces significantly across all suture widths (P<.001). For 6-mm and 10-mm widths, increasing the leading-edge distance from 6mm to 10mm increased suture pull-out forces by an average of 3.58±0.15N; in comparison, for leading-edge distances of 6mm and 10mm, increasing the suture anchoring width from 6mm to 10mm improves the force by an average of 7.09±0.44N.Conclusions: Increasing suture anchoring width and leading-edge distance improves the suture pull-out force through the mitral leaflet, which may optimize postrepair durability. The results suggest a comparative advantage to increasing suture anchoring width compared with leading-edge distance.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.xjtc.2022.05.008

  View details for PubMedID 35967240

• Biomechanical Engineering Analysis of Pulmonary Valve Leaflet Hemodynamics and Kinematics in the Ross Procedure. Journal of biomechanical engineering Zhu, Y., Wilkerson, R., Pandya, P., Mullis, D., Wu, C., Madira, S., Marin-Cuartas, M., Park, M. H., Imbrie-Moore, A., Woo, Y. J. 2022

  Abstract

  Objectives The Ross procedure using the inclusion technique with anti-commissural plication (ACP) is associated with excellent valve hemodynamics and leaflet kinematics. The objective was to evaluate pulmonary cusp's biomechanics and fluttering by including coronary flow in the Ross procedure. Methods Ten porcine and five human pulmonary autografts were harvested from a meat abattoir and from heart transplant patients. Five porcine autografts without reinforcement served as controls. The other autografts were prepared using the inclusion technique with and without ACP (NACP). Hemodynamic and high-speed videography data were measured using the ex vivo heart simulator. Results Although porcine autografts showed similar leaflet rapid opening and closing mean velocities, human ACP compared to NACP autografts demonstrated lower leaflet rapid opening mean velocity in the right (p=.02) and left coronary cusps (p=.003). The porcine and human autograft leaflet rapid opening and closing mean velocities were similar in all cusps. Porcine autografts showed similar leaflet flutter frequencies in the left (p=.3) and non-coronary cusps (p=.4), but porcine NACP autografts vs. controls demonstrated higher leaflet flutter frequency in the right coronary cusp (p=.05). The human NACP vs. ACP autografts showed higher flutter frequency in the non-coronary cusp (p=.02). The leaflet flutter amplitudes were similar in all three cusps in both porcine and human autografts. Conclusions The ACP compared to NACP autografts in the Ross procedure was associated with more favorable leaflet kinematics. These results may translate to improved long-term durability of the pulmonary autografts.

  View details for DOI 10.1115/1.4055033

  View details for PubMedID 35864775

• FDA Emergency Use Authorization-Approved Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019, Pressure-Regulated, Mechanical Ventilator Splitter That Enables Differential Compliance Multiplexing. ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) Paulsen, M. J., Zhu, Y., Park, M. H., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Baker, S., Walter Edmonston, D., Dawson, T., Ly, E., Martin Bell, S., Tran, N. A., Jung, J., Cedarleaf-Pavy, J., Sridhar, K. R., Venkataraman, V., Woo, Y. J. 2022

  Abstract

  Infection with the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may cause viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Treatment of ARDS often requires mechanical ventilation and may take weeks for resolution. In areas with a large outbreaks, there may be shortages of ventilators available. While rudimentary methods for ventilator splitting have been described, given the range of independent ventilatory settings required for each patient, this solution is suboptimal. Here, we describe a device that can split a ventilator among up to four patients while allowing for individualized settings. The device has been validated in vitro and in vivo.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001756

  View details for PubMedID 35667305

• Ex vivo biomechanical analysis of flexible versus rigid annuloplasty rings in mitral valves using a novel annular dilation system. BMC cardiovascular disorders Zhu, Y., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Wilkerson, R. J., Paulsen, M. J., Park, M. H., Woo, Y. J. 2022; 22 (1): 73

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Mitral annuloplasty rings restore annular dimensions to increase leaflet coaptation, serving a fundamental component in mitral valve repair. However, biomechanical evaluations of annuloplasty rings are lacking. We aim to biomechanically analyze flexible and rigid annuloplasty rings using an ex vivo mitral annular dilation model.METHODS: Juvenile porcine mitral valves (n=4) with intercommissural distance of 28mm were dilated to intercommissural distances of 40mm using a 3D-printed dilator and were sewn to an elastic mount. Fiber bragg grating sensors were anchored to native chordae to measure chordal forces. The valves were repaired using size 28 rigid and flexible annuloplasty rings in a random order. Hemodynamic data, echocardiography, and chordal force measurements were collected.RESULTS: Mitral annular dilation resulted in decreased leaflet coaptation height and increased mitral regurgitation fraction. Both the flexible and rigid annuloplasty rings effectively increased leaflet coaptation height compared to that post dilation. Rigid ring annuloplasty repair significantly decreased the mitral regurgitation fraction. Flexible annuloplasty ring repair reduced the chordal rate of change of force (7.1±4.4N/s versus 8.6±5.9N/s, p=0.02) and peak force (0.6±0.5N versus 0.7±0.6N, p=0.01) compared to that from post dilation. Rigid annuloplasty ring repair was associated with higher chordal rate of change of force (9.8±5.8N/s, p=0.0001) and peak force (0.7±0.5N, p=0.01) compared to that after flexible ring annuloplasty repair.CONCLUSIONS: Both rigid and flexible annuloplasty rings are effective in increasing mitral leaflet coaptation height. Although the rigid annuloplasty ring was associated with slightly higher chordal stress compared to that of the flexible annuloplasty ring, it was more effective in mitral regurgitation reduction. This study may help direct the design of an optimal annuloplasty ring to further improve patient outcomes.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s12872-022-02515-x

  View details for PubMedID 35219298

• A Novel Device for Intraoperative Direct Visualization of a Pressurized Root in Aortic Valve Repair. The Annals of thoracic surgery Zhu, Y., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Paulsen, M. J., Park, M. H., Tran, N. A., Woo, Y. J. 2022

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: One major challenge in generating reproducible aortic valve (AV) repair results is the inability to assess AV morphology under physiologic pressure. A transparent intraoperative aortic valve visualization device was designed and manufactured.DESCRIPTION: This device is comprised of an open proximal end, a cantilevered edge to allow attachment of the device to the aorta or graft, a distal viewing surface, and two side ports for fluid delivery and air removal.EVALUATION: The performance of the device was evaluated ex vivo using normal porcine AV in situ (n=3), AV after valve-sparing aortic root replacement (VSARR, n=3), and porcine pulmonary valve in Ross procedure (n=3), and in 3 patients who underwent VSARR. AV morphology was clearly visualized using the device in all experiments. In human, the use of this device successfully illustrated cusp prolapse after the initial VSARR and effectively guided additional cusp repair.CONCLUSIONS: This device successfully allows for direct visual assessment of the AV apparatus under physiologic pressure. The use of this device can potentially increase the adoptability of AV repair in clinical practice.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.02.013

  View details for PubMedID 35216987

• Biomechanical engineering analysis of an acute papillary muscle rupture disease model using an innovative 3D-printed left heart simulator. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery Marin-Cuartas, M., Zhu, Y., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Park, M. H., Wilkerson, R. J., Leipzig, M., Pandya, P. K., Paulsen, M. J., Borger, M. A., Woo, Y. J. 1800

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVES: The severity of acute papillary muscle (PM) rupture varies according to the extent and site of the rupture. However, the haemodynamic effects of different rupture variations are still poorly understood. Using a novel ex vivo model, we sought to study acute PM rupture to improve clinical management.METHODS: Using porcine mitral valves (n=32) mounted within an ex vivo left heart simulator, PM rupture was simulated. The mitral valve was divided into quadrants for analysis according to the PM heads. Acute PM rupture was simulated by incrementally cutting from 1/3 to the total number of chordae arising from 1 PM head of interest. Haemodynamic parameters were measured.RESULTS: Rupture >2/3 of the chordae from 1 given PM head or regurgitation fraction >60% led to markedly deteriorated haemodynamics. Rupture at the anterolateral PM had a stronger negative effect on haemodynamics than rupture at the posteromedial PM. Rupture occurring at the anterior head of the anterolateral PM led to more marked haemodynamic instability than rupture occurring at the other PM heads.CONCLUSIONS: The haemodynamic effects of acute PM rupture vary considerably according to the site and extent of the rupture. Rupture of ≤2/3 of chordae from 1 PM head or rupture at the posteromedial PM lead to less marked haemodynamics effects, suggesting a higher likelihood of tolerating surgery. Rupture at the anterolateral PM, specifically the anterior head, rupture of >2/3 of chordae from 1 PM head or regurgitation fraction >60% led to marked haemodynamic instability, suggesting the potential benefit from bridging strategies prior to surgery.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/icvts/ivab373

  View details for PubMedID 35022737

• Biomechanical engineering analysis of commonly utilized mitral neochordae. JTCVS open Marin-Cuartas, M., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Zhu, Y., Park, M. H., Wilkerson, R., Leipzig, M., Borger, M. A., Woo, Y. J. 2021; 8: 263-275

  Abstract

  Objective: To evaluate the suture rupture forces of commonly clinically utilized neochord repair techniques to identify the most biomechanically resistant most biomechanically resistant technique.Methods: Several types of neochord techniques (standard interrupted neochordae, continuous running neochordae, and loop technique), numbers of neochordae, and suture calibers (polytetrafluoroethylene CV-3 to CV-6) were compared. To perform the tests, both ends of the neochordae were loaded in a tensile force analysis machine. During the test, the machine applied tension to the neochord until rupture was achieved. The tests were performed 3 times for each variation, and the rupture forces were averaged for statistical analysis.Results: Rupture force was significantly higher for running neochordae relative to interrupted neochordae (P<.01). However, a single rupture in the running technique resulted in failure of the complete neochord system. For both running and interrupted neochordae, a greater number of neochordae as well as a thicker suture caliber significantly increased the neochord rupture force (P<.01). The loop technique ruptured at significantly lower forces compared with the other 2 techniques (P<.01). A greater number of loops did not significantly increase the rupture force of loop neochordae. Observed rupture forces for all techniques were higher than those normally observed in physiologic conditions.Conclusions: Under experimental conditions, the running neochord technique has the best mechanical performance due to an increased rupture force. If using running neochordae, more than 1 independent set of multiple running neochordae are advised (ie, >2 independent sets of multiple running neochordae in each set).

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.xjon.2021.07.040

  View details for PubMedID 36004068

• Ex Vivo Model of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation and Analysis of Adjunctive Papillary Muscle Repair. Annals of biomedical engineering Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Zhu, Y., Bandy-Vizcaino, T., Park, M. H., Wilkerson, R. J., Woo, Y. J. 2021

  Abstract

  Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is particularly challenging to repair with lasting durability due to the complex valvular and subvalvular pathologies resulting from left ventricular dysfunction. Ex vivo simulation is uniquely suited to quantitatively analyze the repair biomechanics, but advancements are needed to model the nuanced IMR disease state. Here we present a novel IMR model featuring a dilation device with precise dilatation control that preserves annular elasticity to enable accurate ex vivo analysis of surgical repair. Coupled with augmented papillary muscle head positioning, the enhanced heart simulator system successfully modeled IMR pre- and post-surgical intervention and enabled the analysis of adjunctive subvalvular papillary muscle repair to alleviate regurgitation recurrence. The model resulted in an increase in regurgitant fraction: 11.6 ± 1.7% to 36.1 ± 4.4% (p<0.001). Adjunctive papillary muscle head fusion was analyzed relative to a simple restrictive ring annuloplasty repair and, while both repairs successfully eliminated regurgitation initially, the addition of the adjunctive subvalvular repair reduced regurgitation recurrence: 30.4 ± 5.7% vs. 12.5 ± 2.6% (p=0.002). Ultimately, this system demonstrates the success of adjunctive papillary muscle head fusion in repairing IMR as well as provides a platform to optimize surgical techniques for increased repair durability.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s10439-021-02879-9

  View details for PubMedID 34734363

• Exvivo biomechanical analysis of the Ross procedure using the modified inclusion technique in a 3-dimensionally printed left heart simulator. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery Zhu, Y., Marin-Cuartas, M., Park, M. H., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Wilkerson, R. J., Madira, S., Mullis, D. M., Woo, Y. J. 2021

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVE: The inclusion technique was developed to reinforce the pulmonary autograft to prevent dilation after the Ross procedure. Anticommissural plication (ACP), a modification technique, can reduce graft size and create neosinuses. The objective was to evaluate pulmonary valve biomechanics using the inclusion technique in the Ross procedure with and without ACP.METHODS: Seven porcine and 5 human pulmonary autografts were harvested from hearts obtained from a meat abattoir and from heart transplant recipients and donors, respectively. Five additional porcine autografts without reinforcement were used as controls. The Ross procedure was performed using the inclusion technique with a straight polyethylene terephthalate graft. The same specimens were tested both with and without ACP. Hemodynamic parameter data, echocardiography, and high-speed videography were collected via the exvivo heart simulator.RESULTS: Porcine autograft regurgitation was significantly lower after the use of inclusion technique compared with controls (P<.01). ACP compared with non-ACP in both porcine and human pulmonary autografts was associated with lower leaflet rapid opening velocity (3.9±2.4cm/sec vs 5.9±2.4cm/sec; P=.03; 3.5±0.9cm/sec vs 4.4±1.0cm/sec; P=.01), rapid closing velocity (1.9±1.6cm/sec vs 3.1±2.0cm/sec; P=.01; 1.8±0.7cm/sec vs 2.2±0.3cm/sec; P=.13), relative rapid opening force (4.6±3.0 vs 7.7±5.2; P=.03; 3.0±0.6 vs 4.0±2.1; P=.30), and relative rapid closing force (2.5±3.4 vs 5.9±2.3; P=.17; 1.4±1.3 vs 2.3±0.6; P=.25).CONCLUSIONS: The Ross procedure using the inclusion technique demonstrated excellent hemodynamic parameter results. The ACP technique was associated with more favorable leaflet biomechanics. Invivo validation should be performed to allow direct translation to clinical practice.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.06.070

  View details for PubMedID 34625236

• Collagen-Supplemented Incubation Rapidly Augments Mechanical Property of Fibroblast Cell Sheets. Tissue engineering. Part A Zhu, Y., Thakore, A. D., Farry, J. M., Jung, J., Anilkumar, S., Wang, H., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Park, M. H., Tran, N. A., Woo, Y. J. 2020

  Abstract

  Cell sheet technology using UpCell plates is a modern tool that enables the rapid creation of a single-layered cells without using extracellular matrix enzymatic digestion. Although this technique has the advantage of maintaining a sheet of cells without needing artificial scaffolds, these cell sheets remain extremely fragile. Collagen, the most abundant extracellular matrix component, is an attractive candidate for modulating tissue mechanical properties given its tunable property. In this study, we demonstrated rapid mechanical property augmentation of human dermal fibroblast cell sheets after incubation with bovine type I collagen for 24 hours on UpCell plates. We showed that treatment with collagen resulted in increased collagen I incorporation within the cell sheet without affecting cell morphology, cell type, or cell sheet quality. Atomic force microscopy measurements for controls, and cell sheets that received 50g/mL and 100g/mL collagen I treatments revealed an average Young's modulus of their respective intercellular regions: 6.6±1.0, 14.4±6.6, and 19.8±3.8 kPa during the loading condition, and 10.3±4.7, 11.7±2.2, and 18.1±3.4 kPa during the unloading condition. This methodology of rapid mechanical property augmentation of a cell sheet has a potential impact on cell sheet technology by improving the ease of construct manipulation, enabling new translational tissue engineering applications.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/ten.TEA.2020.0128

  View details for PubMedID 32703108

• Ex Vivo Analysis of a Porcine Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Aneurysm Disease Model. The Annals of thoracic surgery Zhu, Y., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Park, M. H., Paulsen, M. J., Wang, H., MacArthur, J. W., Woo, Y. J. 2020

  Abstract

  We identified an extremely rare congenital porcine type 0 lateral bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) from a fresh porcine heart. Using a 3D-printed ex vivo left heart simulator, we analyzed valvular hemodynamics at baseline, in an aortic aneurysm disease model, and after valve-sparing root replacement (VSRR). We showed that BAV regurgitation due to aortic aneurysm can be successfully repaired without significant hemodynamic impairment with the VSRR technique in an individualized approach. Our results provide direct hemodynamic evidence supporting the use of VSRR for patients with BAV regurgitation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.05.086

  View details for PubMedID 32663472

• Artificial papillary muscle device for off-pump transapical mitral valve repair. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Zhu, Y. n., Park, M. H., Paulsen, M. J., Wang, H. n., Woo, Y. J. 2020

  Abstract

  New transapical minimally invasive artificial chordae implantation devices are a promising alternative to traditional open-heart repair, with the potential for decreased postoperative morbidity and reduced recovery time. However, these devices can place increased stress on the artificial chordae. We designed an artificial papillary muscle to alleviate artificial chordae stresses and thus increase repair durability.The artificial papillary muscle device is a narrow elastic column with an inner core that can be implanted during the minimally invasive transapical procedure via the same ventricular incision site. The device was 3-dimensionally printed in biocompatible silicone for this study. To test efficacy, porcine mitral valves (n = 6) were mounted in a heart simulator, and isolated regurgitation was induced. Each valve was repaired with a polytetrafluoroethylene suture with apical anchoring followed by artificial papillary muscle anchoring. In each case, a high-resolution Fiber Bragg Grating sensor recorded forces on the suture.Hemodynamic data confirmed that both repairs-with and without the artificial papillary muscle device-were successful in eliminating mitral regurgitation. Both the peak artificial chordae force and the rate of change of force at the onset of systole were significantly lower with the device compared with apical anchoring without the device (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively).Our novel artificial papillary muscle could integrate with minimally invasive repairs to shorten the artificial chordae and behave as an elastic damper, thus reducing sharp increases in force. With our device, we have the potential to improve the durability of off-pump transapical mitral valve repair procedures.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.11.105

  View details for PubMedID 33451843

• A Novel Aortic Regurgitation Model from Cusp Prolapse with Hemodynamic Validation Using an Ex Vivo Left Heart Simulator. Journal of cardiovascular translational research Zhu, Y. n., Imbrie-Moore, A. M., Paulsen, M. J., Priromprintr, B. n., Park, M. H., Wang, H. n., Lucian, H. J., Farry, J. M., Woo, Y. J. 2020

  Abstract

  Although ex vivo simulation is a valuable tool for surgical optimization, a disease model that mimics human aortic regurgitation (AR) from cusp prolapse is needed to accurately examine valve biomechanics. To simulate AR, four porcine aortic valves were explanted, and the commissure between the two largest leaflets was detached and re-implanted 5 mm lower to induce cusp prolapse. Four additional valves were tested in their native state as controls. All valves were tested in a heart simulator while hemodynamics, high-speed videography, and echocardiography data were collected. Our AR model successfully reproduced cusp prolapse with significant increase in regurgitant volume compared with that of the controls (23.2 ± 8.9 versus 2.8 ± 1.6 ml, p = 0.017). Hemodynamics data confirmed the simulation of physiologic disease conditions. Echocardiography and color flow mapping demonstrated the presence of mild to moderate eccentric regurgitation in our AR model. This novel AR model has enormous potential in the evaluation of valve biomechanics and surgical repair techniques. Graphical Abstract.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s12265-020-10038-z

  View details for PubMedID 32495264