Academic Appointments


  • Professor - University Medical Line, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

Administrative Appointments


  • Director of Outpatient Mental Health, VA Palo Alto HCS (2008 - 2020)
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, MH, Social Work, and Homeless Services, VA Palo Alto HCS (2020 - Present)

Current Research and Scholarly Interests


My scholarly, clinical, and teaching activities apply interdisciplinary training in neuroscience/pharmacology and medicine/psychiatry to advance health and mental health care for psychiatric patients with disorders related to chronic and severe stress. As Director of Outpatient Mental Health for the VHA Palo Alto HCS, my work focuses on psychiatric disorders in military veterans. The goal is maximizing the use of evidence-based practices and reducing unnecessary medical burden of psychiatric treatments for stress-related disorders. I have conducted basic science research on the adverse effects of the stress hormone cortisol and applied research on the efficacy of medication treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently, we are conducting research on the efficacy of innovative treatment approaches for PTSD and developing electronic medical records software tools that foster the use of evidence-based treatments and continuous monitoring of clinical outcomes and adverse effects. Clinically, we are developing and implementing clinical programs that improve access to mental health care and foster evidenced-based care.

Clinical Trials


  • Comparative Effectiveness Research in Veterans With PTSD Recruiting

    VA Cooperative Study CSP #591 is designed to compare the effectiveness of two types of psychotherapy, Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in male and female Veterans. Despite solid evidence that both treatments are effective in Veterans and non-Veterans, there is a lack of evidence about the effectiveness of these treatments compared with one another. The sample will include 900 male and female Veterans with PTSD due to any traumatic military event. Veterans who are eligible and agree to participate in the study will be randomly assigned (by chance) to receive Prolonged Exposure or Cognitive Processing Therapy. The standard "dose" of treatment is 12 weekly sessions but Veterans who improve more rapidly may finish in fewer sessions and Veterans who improve more slowly may have additional sessions. The primary outcome is improvement in PTSD symptoms after treatment. The outcome will be measured at regular follow-up visits that will occur at the middle and at the end of treatment and then 3 and 6 months later. The investigators will measure other outcomes, including additional mental health problems, functioning, quality of life, and use of treatments for mental and physical problems. The investigators also will measure Veterans' treatment preference and examine whether Veterans who get the treatment they prefer do better than Veterans who get the less-preferred treatment. As a large multi-site trial with men and women, CSP #591 is designed to provide conclusive information about whether one treatment is better than the other, overall and for different types of patients-for example, men vs. women, combat Veterans vs. Veterans who experienced military sexual trauma, and older vs. younger Veterans. Regardless of the outcome, patients will have more information to help them make an informed decisions about which treatment to choose and VA will have stronger evidence to help make care Veteran-centered.

    View full details

  • Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medications Not Recruiting

    Medications like olanzapine have been associated with the development of weight gain and diabetes in some patients. It is not known if the increased risk of developing diabetes is a direct effect on insulin or simply related to weight gain. We hope to learn in this study whether or not olanzapine directly slows down insulin secretion from the pancreas, thereby increasing the risk of developing diabetes.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Lilla Nikolics, Ms, 650-493-5000 Ext. 67289.

    View full details

2023-24 Courses


All Publications


  • Development and cross-validation of a veterans mental health risk factor screen. PloS one Carlson, E. B., Palmieri, P. A., Vogt, D., Macia, K., Lindley, S. E. 2023; 18 (2): e0272599

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: VA primary care patients are routinely screened for current symptoms of PTSD, depression, and alcohol disorders, but many who screen positive do not engage in care. In addition to stigma about mental disorders and a high value on autonomy, some veterans may not seek care because of uncertainty about whether they need treatment to recover. A screen for mental health risk could provide an alternative motivation for patients to engage in care.METHOD: Data from samples of veterans and traumatic injury survivors were analyzed to identify mental health risk factors that are characteristics of individuals or stressors or of post-trauma, post-deployment, or post-military service resources, experiences, or responses. Twelve risk factors were strongly related to PTSD (r > .50): current PTSD, depression, dissociation, negative thinking, and emotional lability symptoms, life stress, relationship stress, social constraints, and deployment experiences of a difficult environment, concerns about life and family, perceived threat, and moral injury. Items assessing each of these risk factors were selected and their validity to prospectively predict PTSD and/or depression 6 months later was assessed in a new sample of 232 VA primary care patients.RESULTS: Twelve items assessing dissociation, emotional lability, life stress, and moral injury correctly classified 86% of those who later had elevated PTSD and/or depression symptoms (sensitivity) and 75% of those whose later symptoms were not elevated (specificity). Performance was also very good for 110 veterans who identified as members of ethnic/racial minorities.CONCLUSIONS: Mental health status was prospectively predicted in VA primary care patients with high accuracy using a screen that is brief, easy to administer, score, and interpret, and fits well into VA's integrated primary care. When care is readily accessible, appealing to veterans, and not perceived as stigmatizing, information about mental health risk may result in higher rates of engagement than information about current mental disorder status.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0272599

    View details for PubMedID 36753482

  • Web-Based Problem-solving Training With and Without Peer Support in Veterans With Unmet Mental Health Needs: Pilot Study of Feasibility, User Acceptability, and Participant Engagement. Journal of medical Internet research Possemato, K., Wu, J., Greene, C., MacQueen, R., Blonigen, D., Wade, M., Owen, J., Keane, T., Brief, D., Lindley, S., Prins, A., Mackintosh, M., Carlson, E. 1800; 24 (1): e29559

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: eHealth tools have the potential to meet the mental health needs of individuals who experience barriers to accessing in-person treatment. However, most users have less than optimal engagement with eHealth tools. Coaching from peer specialists may increase their engagement with eHealth.OBJECTIVE: This pilot study aims to test the feasibility and acceptability of a novel, completely automated web-based system to recruit, screen, enroll, assess, randomize, and then deliver an intervention to a national sample of military veterans with unmet mental health needs; investigate whether phone-based peer support increases the use of web-based problem-solving training compared with self-directed use; and generate hypotheses about potential mechanisms of action for problem-solving and peer support for future full-scale research.METHODS: Veterans (N=81) with unmet mental health needs were recruited via social media advertising and enrolled and randomized to the self-directed use of a web-based problem-solving training called Moving Forward (28/81, 35%), peer-supported Moving Forward (27/81, 33%), or waitlist control (26/81, 32%). The objective use of Moving Forward was measured with the number of log-ins. Participants completed pre- and poststudy measures of mental health symptoms and problem-solving confidence. Satisfaction was also assessed post treatment.RESULTS: Automated recruitment, enrollment, and initial assessment methods were feasible and resulted in a diverse sample of veterans with unmet mental health needs from 38 states. Automated follow-up methods resulted in 46% (37/81) of participants completing follow-up assessments. Peer support was delivered with high fidelity and was associated with favorable participant satisfaction. Participants randomized to receive peer support had significantly more Moving Forward log-ins than those of self-directed Moving Forward participants, and those who received peer support had a greater decrease in depression. Problem-solving confidence was associated with greater Moving Forward use and improvements in mental health symptoms among participants both with and without peer support.CONCLUSIONS: Enrolling and assessing individuals in eHealth studies without human contact is feasible; however, different methods or designs are necessary to achieve acceptable participant engagement and follow-up rates. Peer support shows potential for increasing engagement in web-based interventions and reducing symptoms. Future research should investigate when and for whom peer support for eHealth is helpful. Problem-solving confidence should be further investigated as a mechanism of action for web-based problem-solving training.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03555435; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03555435.

    View details for DOI 10.2196/29559

    View details for PubMedID 35023846

  • Amygdala and Insula Connectivity Changes Following Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Biological psychiatry Fonzo, G. A., Goodkind, M. S., Oathes, D. J., Zaiko, Y. V., Harvey, M., Peng, K. K., Weiss, M. E., Thompson, A. L., Zack, S. E., Lindley, S. E., Arnow, B. A., Jo, B., Rothbaum, B. O., Etkin, A. 2020

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Exposure-based psychotherapy is a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but its mechanisms are poorly understood. Functional brain connectivity is a promising metric for identifying treatment mechanisms and biosignatures of therapeutic response. To this end, we assessed amygdala and insula treatment-related connectivity changes and their relationship to PTSD symptom improvements.METHODS: Individuals with a primary PTSD diagnosis (N= 66) participated in a randomized clinical trial of prolonged exposure therapy (n= 36) versus treatment waiting list (n= 30). Task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging was completed prior to randomization and 1 month following cessation of treatment/waiting list. Whole-brain blood oxygenation level-dependent responses were acquired. Intrinsic connectivity was assessed by subregion in the amygdala and insula, limbic structures key to the disorder pathophysiology. Dynamic causal modeling assessed evidence for effective connectivity changes in select nodes informed by intrinsic connectivity findings.RESULTS: The amygdala and insula displayed widespread patterns of primarily subregion-uniform intrinsic connectivity change, including increased connectivity between the amygdala and insula; increased connectivity of both regions with the ventral prefrontal cortex and frontopolar and sensory cortices; and decreased connectivity of both regions with the left frontoparietal nodes of the executive control network. Larger decreases in amygdala-frontal connectivity and insula-parietal connectivity were associated with larger PTSD symptom reductions. Dynamic causal modeling evidence suggested that treatment decreased left frontal inhibition of the left amygdala, and larger decreases were associated with larger symptom reductions.CONCLUSIONS: PTSD psychotherapy adaptively attenuates functional interactions between frontoparietal and limbic brain circuitry at rest, which may reflect a potential mechanism or biosignature of recovery.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.021

    View details for PubMedID 33516458

  • Rethinking Violence Prevention in Rural and Underserved Communities: How Veteran Peer Support Groups Help Participants Deal with Sequelae from Violent Traumatic Experiences JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH Azevedo, K. J., Ramirez, J. C., Kumar, A., LeFevre, A., Factor, A., Hailu, E., Lindley, S. E., Jain, S. 2020; 36 (2): 266–73

    View details for DOI 10.1111/jrh.12362

    View details for Web of Science ID 000521521400016

  • A Clinical Program to Implement Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Federal practitioner : for the health care professionals of the VA, DoD, and PHS Carrico, W. T., Georgette, G. n., Madore, M. R., Kozel, F. A., George, M. S., Lindley, S. n., Lovett, S. n., Yoon, J. H., Yesavage, J. A. 2020; 37 (6): 276–81

    Abstract

    Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) uses a device to create magnetic fields that cause electrical current to flow into targeted neurons in the brain. The most common clinical use of rTMS is for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The annual suicide rate of veterans has been higher than the national average; treating depression with rTMS would likely decrease suicide risk. MDD in many patients can be chronic and reoccurring with medication and psychotherapy providing inadequate relief.A pilot program was created to supply rTMS devices to 35 different sites in the VA nationwide in order to treat treatment-resistant depression.At time of analysis more than 950 veterans have started the program and 412 have finished. Nationwide, we have seen the depression scores decline, indicating an improvement in well-being. In addition, there is high patient satisfaction. Collecting data on a national level is a powerful way to examine rTMS efficacy and predictors of response which might be lost on a smaller subset of cases.

    View details for PubMedID 32669780

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7357884

  • Peer Support in an Outpatient Program for Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Translating Participant Experiences Into a Recovery Model PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES Kumar, A., Azevedo, K. J., Factor, A., Hailu, E., Ramirez, J., Lindley, S. E., Jain, S. 2019; 16 (3): 415–24

    View details for DOI 10.1037/ser0000269

    View details for Web of Science ID 000479314400007

  • Using fMRI connectivity to define a treatment-resistant form of post-traumatic stress disorder SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE Etkin, A., Maron-Katz, A., Wu, W., Fonzo, G. A., Huemer, J., Vertes, P. E., Patenaude, B., Richiardi, J., Goodkind, M. S., Keller, C. J., Ramos-Cejudo, J., Zaiko, Y., Peng, K. K., Shpigel, E., Longwell, P., Toll, R. T., Thompson, A., Zack, S., Gonzalez, B., Edelstein, R., Chen, J., Akingbade, I., Weiss, E., Hart, R., Mann, S., Durkin, K., Baete, S. H., Boada, F. E., Genfi, A., Autea, J., Newman, J., Oathes, D. J., Lindley, S. E., Abu-Amara, D., Arnow, B. A., Crossley, N., Hallmayer, J., Fossati, S., Rothbaum, B. O., Marmar, C. R., Bullmore, E. T., O'Hara, R. 2019; 11 (486)
  • Using fMRI connectivity to define a treatment-resistant form of post-traumatic stress disorder. Science translational medicine Etkin, A., Maron-Katz, A., Wu, W., Fonzo, G. A., Huemer, J., Vertes, P. E., Patenaude, B., Richiardi, J., Goodkind, M. S., Keller, C. J., Ramos-Cejudo, J., Zaiko, Y. V., Peng, K. K., Shpigel, E., Longwell, P., Toll, R. T., Thompson, A., Zack, S., Gonzalez, B., Edelstein, R., Chen, J., Akingbade, I., Weiss, E., Hart, R., Mann, S., Durkin, K., Baete, S. H., Boada, F. E., Genfi, A., Autea, J., Newman, J., Oathes, D. J., Lindley, S. E., Abu-Amara, D., Arnow, B. A., Crossley, N., Hallmayer, J., Fossati, S., Rothbaum, B. O., Marmar, C. R., Bullmore, E. T., O'Hara, R. 2019; 11 (486)

    Abstract

    A mechanistic understanding of the pathology of psychiatric disorders has been hampered by extensive heterogeneity in biology, symptoms, and behavior within diagnostic categories that are defined subjectively. We investigated whether leveraging individual differences in information-processing impairments in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could reveal phenotypes within the disorder. We found that a subgroup of patients with PTSD from two independent cohorts displayed both aberrant functional connectivity within the ventral attention network (VAN) as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neuroimaging and impaired verbal memory on a word list learning task. This combined phenotype was not associated with differences in symptoms or comorbidities, but nonetheless could be used to predict a poor response to psychotherapy, the best-validated treatment for PTSD. Using concurrent focal noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography, we then identified alterations in neural signal flow in the VAN that were evoked by direct stimulation of that network. These alterations were associated with individual differences in functional fMRI connectivity within the VAN. Our findings define specific neurobiological mechanisms in a subgroup of patients with PTSD that could contribute to the poor response to psychotherapy.

    View details for PubMedID 30944165

  • Participatory system dynamics for high quality VA addiction and mental health care Zimmerman, L., Lounsbury, D., Rosen, C., Kimerling, R., Holbrook, A., Hong, S., Branscomb, J., Kibbe, D., Park, S., Kramer, R., Barlow, D. C., Mushiana, S., Azevedo, K., Yang, J., Trafton, J., Lindley, S., Rust, T. BMC. 2019
  • Rethinking Violence Prevention in Rural and Underserved Communities: How Veteran Peer Support Groups Help Participants Deal with Sequelae from Violent Traumatic Experiences. The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association Azevedo, K. J., Ramirez, J. C., Kumar, A., LeFevre, A., Factor, A., Hailu, E., Lindley, S. E., Jain, S. 2019

    Abstract

    PURPOSE: Access to mental health care and programs that address violence prevention can be a challenge for veterans residing in rural and underserved areas. A growing number of trauma-affected veterans are now returning to rural areas upon completion of military service. The Palo Alto VA Health Care System has piloted a program known as the Peer Support Program (PSP) where certified peer support specialists hold group sessions for their fellow veterans in remote, community-based outpatient clinics.METHODS: A total of 29 peer-support group participants and 1 certified peer specialist were interviewed. Semistructured interviews began with open-ended questions regarding participant firsthand experiences with the support group setting. These were followed by direct questions that addressed the role of the PSP, expectations for the PSP, as well as benefits and limitations of the program. We performed a domain analysis using the Spradley ethnographic method on 325 pages of compiled narrative data focusing on violence-related themes.FINDINGS: Four key themes emerged, including: 1) Violence in Military Training Not Acceptable in Civilian Life, 2) Peer Support Creates the Trust to Speak Freely, 3) Skills Are Taught to Defuse Violence, and 4) The Veteran Peer Support Specialist Relationship Is Multi-Dimensional.CONCLUSIONS: These emergent themes illustrate how trauma-focused assistance rendered by peer support specialists as part of an interdisciplinary mental health team can be implemented to benefit trauma-affected individuals and their communities in the prevention of future violence.

    View details for PubMedID 30875145

  • Standardized Assessment and Measurement-Based Care AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION PUBLISHING TEXTBOOK OF PSYCHIATRY, 7TH EDITION Rosen, C. S., Lindley, S. N., Stirman, S., Roberts, L. W. 2019: 1095–1110
  • Peer support in an outpatient program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Translating participant experiences into a recovery model. Psychological services Kumar, A., Azevedo, K. J., Factor, A., Hailu, E., Ramirez, J., Lindley, S. E., Jain, S. 2018

    Abstract

    Veterans returning from recent conflicts present with increased rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and veterans from prior service eras continue to seek trauma-based services. Peer support for veterans with PTSD has the potential to resolve ongoing challenges in access and engagement in mental health care. Assessing the value of peer support services requires a thorough understanding of the expected role and the empirical mechanisms of peer support participation in PTSD recovery. To better understand these mechanisms, this study interviewed 29 veteran participants from an established peer support program (PSP), located in the Central Valley of the Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS) in Northern California. A domain analysis of narrative transcripts generated 34 codes through a grounded theory method. Codes were organized into the following thematic categories: the perceived role of the PSP, supportive experiences of the PSP, global gains from the PSP, and limitations to PSP and further mental health engagement. These results were synthesized into a theoretical model that identifies improved functioning and reduced distress as the expected outcomes of PSP-mediated recovery and illustrates the continuum from in-group experiences to these outcomes. Our results suggest that PSP-mediated recovery is defined as acceptance of PTSD into daily life and identity, rather than resolution of symptoms. This conceptualization has implications for peer support provider training, PSP integration into health care settings, and future outcome analyses on the effectiveness of PSPs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

    View details for PubMedID 30407050

  • PTSD Psychotherapy Outcome Predicted by Brain Activation During Emotional Reactivity and Regulation AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Fonzo, G. A., Goodkind, M. S., Oathes, D. J., Zaiko, Y. V., Harvey, M., Peng, K. K., Weiss, M., Thompson, A. L., Zack, S. E., Lindley, S. E., Arnow, B. A., Jo, B., Gross, J. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Etkin, A. 2017; 174 (12): 1163–74
  • Selective Effects of Psychotherapy on Frontopolar Cortical Function in PTSD. The American journal of psychiatry Fonzo, G. A., Goodkind, M. S., Oathes, D. J., Zaiko, Y. V., Harvey, M., Peng, K. K., Weiss, M. E., Thompson, A. L., Zack, S. E., Mills-Finnerty, C. E., Rosenberg, B. M., Edelstein, R., Wright, R. N., Kole, C. A., Lindley, S. E., Arnow, B. A., Jo, B., Gross, J. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Etkin, A. 2017; 174 (12): 1175-1184

    Abstract

    Exposure therapy is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but a comprehensive, emotion-focused perspective on how psychotherapy affects brain function is lacking. The authors assessed changes in brain function after prolonged exposure therapy across three emotional reactivity and regulation paradigms.Individuals with PTSD underwent functional MRI (fMRI) at rest and while completing three tasks assessing emotional reactivity and regulation. Individuals were then randomly assigned to immediate prolonged exposure treatment (N=36) or a waiting list condition (N=30) and underwent a second scan approximately 4 weeks after the last treatment session or a comparable waiting period, respectively.Treatment-specific changes were observed only during cognitive reappraisal of negative images. Psychotherapy increased lateral frontopolar cortex activity and connectivity with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex/ventral striatum. Greater increases in frontopolar activation were associated with improvement in hyperarousal symptoms and psychological well-being. The frontopolar cortex also displayed a greater variety of temporal resting-state signal pattern changes after treatment. Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and fMRI in healthy participants demonstrated that the lateral frontopolar cortex exerts downstream influence on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex/ventral striatum.Changes in frontopolar function during deliberate regulation of negative affect is one key mechanism of adaptive psychotherapeutic change in PTSD. Given that frontopolar connectivity with ventromedial regions during emotion regulation is enhanced by psychotherapy and that the frontopolar cortex exerts downstream influence on ventromedial regions in healthy individuals, these findings inform a novel conceptualization of how psychotherapy works, and they identify a promising target for stimulation-based therapeutics.

    View details for DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16091073

    View details for PubMedID 28715907

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5711612

  • PTSD Psychotherapy Outcome Predicted by Brain Activation During Emotional Reactivity and Regulation. The American journal of psychiatry Fonzo, G. A., Goodkind, M. S., Oathes, D. J., Zaiko, Y. V., Harvey, M., Peng, K. K., Weiss, M. E., Thompson, A. L., Zack, S. E., Lindley, S. E., Arnow, B. A., Jo, B., Gross, J. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Etkin, A. 2017; 174 (12): 1163-1174

    Abstract

    Exposure therapy is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but many patients do not respond. Brain functions governing treatment outcome are not well characterized. The authors examined brain systems relevant to emotional reactivity and regulation, constructs that are thought to be central to PTSD and exposure therapy effects, to identify the functional traits of individuals most likely to benefit from treatment.Individuals with PTSD underwent functional MRI (fMRI) while completing three tasks assessing emotional reactivity and regulation. Participants were then randomly assigned to immediate prolonged exposure treatment (N=36) or a waiting list condition (N=30). A random subset of the prolonged exposure group (N=17) underwent single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) concurrent with fMRI to examine whether predictive activation patterns reflect causal influence within circuits. Linear mixed-effects modeling in line with the intent-to-treat principle was used to examine how baseline brain function moderated the effect of treatment on PTSD symptoms.At baseline, individuals with larger treatment-related symptom reductions (compared with the waiting list condition) demonstrated 1) greater dorsal prefrontal activation and 2) less left amygdala activation, both during emotion reactivity; 3) better inhibition of the left amygdala induced by single TMS pulses to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; and 4) greater ventromedial prefrontal/ventral striatal activation during emotional conflict regulation. Reappraisal-related activation was not a significant moderator of the treatment effect.Capacity to benefit from prolonged exposure in PTSD is gated by the degree to which prefrontal resources are spontaneously engaged when superficially processing threat and adaptively mitigating emotional interference, but not when deliberately reducing negative emotionality.

    View details for DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16091072

    View details for PubMedID 28715908

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5711543

  • Selective Effects of Psychotherapy on Frontopolar Cortical Function in PTSD AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Fonzo, G. A., Goodkind, M. S., Oathes, D. J., Zaiko, Y. V., Harvey, M., Peng, K. K., Weiss, M., Thompson, A. L., Zack, S. E., Mills-Finnerty, C. E., Rosenberg, B. M., Edelstein, R., Wright, R. N., Kole, C. A., Lindley, S. E., Arnow, B. A., Jo, B., Gross, J. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Etkin, A. 2017; 174 (12): 1175–84
  • Participatory system dynamics: triangulating electronic health records, stakeholder expertise and simulation modeling to expand evidence-based practices Zimmerman, L., Lounsbury, D., Rosen, C., Kimerling, R., Trafton, J. A., Lindley, S. BIOMED CENTRAL LTD. 2017
  • An RCT of Effects of Telephone Care Management on Treatment Adherence and Clinical Outcomes Among Veterans With PTSD PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES Rosen, C. S., Azevedo, K. J., Tiet, Q. Q., Greene, C. J., Wood, A. E., Calhoun, P., Bowe, T., Capehart, B. P., Crawford, E. F., Greenbaum, M. A., Harris, A. H., Hertzberg, M., Lindley, S. E., Smith, B. N., Schnurr, P. P. 2017; 68 (2): 151-158

    Abstract

    This study assessed whether adding telephone care management to usual outpatient mental health care improved treatment attendance, medication compliance, and clinical outcomes of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).In a multisite randomized controlled trial, 358 veterans were assigned to either usual outpatient mental health treatment (N=165) or usual care plus twice-a-month telephone care management (TCM) and support in the first three months of treatment (N=193). Treatment utilization and medication refills were determined from U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs administrative data. PTSD, depression, quality of life, aggressive behavior, and substance use were assessed with self-report questionnaires at intake, four months, and 12 months.Telephone care managers reached 95% of TCM participants (N=182), completing an average 5.1 of 6.0 planned telephone calls. During the three-month intervention period, TCM participants completed 43% more mental health visits (M±SD=5.9±6.8) than did those in usual care (4.1±4.2) (incident rate ratio=1.36, χ(2)=6.56, df=1, p<.01). Treatment visits in the nine-month follow-up period and medication refills did not differ by condition. Only 9% of participants were scheduled to receive evidence-based psychotherapy. Slopes of improvement in PTSD, depression, alcohol misuse, drug problems, aggressive behavior, and quality of life did not differ by condition or treatment attendance.TCM improved PTSD patients' treatment attendance but not their outcomes. TCM can enhance treatment engagement, but outcomes depend on the effectiveness of the treatments that patients receive.

    View details for DOI 10.1176/appi.ps.201600069

    View details for Web of Science ID 000397090500010

  • Brain Mechanisms and Predictors of Response to Prolonged Exposure Therapy in PTSD Fonzo, G., Goodkind, M., Oathes, D., Zaiko, Y., Harvey, M., Peng, K., Weiss, E., Mills-Finnerty, C., Thompson, A., Zack, S., Lindley, S., Arnow, B., Jo, B., Gross, J., Rothbaum, B., Etkin, A. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 2016: S291–S292
  • Participatory System Dynamics Modeling: Increasing Stakeholder Engagement and Precision to Improve Implementation Planning in Systems. Administration and policy in mental health Zimmerman, L., Lounsbury, D. W., Rosen, C. S., Kimerling, R., Trafton, J. A., Lindley, S. E. 2016; 43 (6): 834-849

    Abstract

    Implementation planning typically incorporates stakeholder input. Quality improvement efforts provide data-based feedback regarding progress. Participatory system dynamics modeling (PSD) triangulates stakeholder expertise, data and simulation of implementation plans prior to attempting change. Frontline staff in one VA outpatient mental health system used PSD to examine policy and procedural "mechanisms" they believe underlie local capacity to implement evidence-based psychotherapies (EBPs) for PTSD and depression. We piloted the PSD process, simulating implementation plans to improve EBP reach. Findings indicate PSD is a feasible, useful strategy for building stakeholder consensus, and may save time and effort as compared to trial-and-error EBP implementation planning.

    View details for PubMedID 27480546

  • An RCT of Effects of Telephone Care Management on Treatment Adherence and Clinical Outcomes Among Veterans With PTSD. Psychiatric services Rosen, C. S., Azevedo, K. J., Tiet, Q. Q., Greene, C. J., Wood, A. E., Calhoun, P., Bowe, T., Capehart, B. P., Crawford, E. F., Greenbaum, M. A., Harris, A. H., Hertzberg, M., Lindley, S. E., Smith, B. N., Schnurr, P. P. 2016: appips201600069-?

    Abstract

    This study assessed whether adding telephone care management to usual outpatient mental health care improved treatment attendance, medication compliance, and clinical outcomes of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).In a multisite randomized controlled trial, 358 veterans were assigned to either usual outpatient mental health treatment (N=165) or usual care plus twice-a-month telephone care management (TCM) and support in the first three months of treatment (N=193). Treatment utilization and medication refills were determined from U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs administrative data. PTSD, depression, quality of life, aggressive behavior, and substance use were assessed with self-report questionnaires at intake, four months, and 12 months.Telephone care managers reached 95% of TCM participants (N=182), completing an average 5.1 of 6.0 planned telephone calls. During the three-month intervention period, TCM participants completed 43% more mental health visits (M±SD=5.9±6.8) than did those in usual care (4.1±4.2) (incident rate ratio=1.36, χ(2)=6.56, df=1, p<.01). Treatment visits in the nine-month follow-up period and medication refills did not differ by condition. Only 9% of participants were scheduled to receive evidence-based psychotherapy. Slopes of improvement in PTSD, depression, alcohol misuse, drug problems, aggressive behavior, and quality of life did not differ by condition or treatment attendance.TCM improved PTSD patients' treatment attendance but not their outcomes. TCM can enhance treatment engagement, but outcomes depend on the effectiveness of the treatments that patients receive.

    View details for PubMedID 27745535

  • Provider-Driven Development of a Measurement Feedback System to Enhance Measurement-Based Care in VA Mental Health COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE Landes, S. J., Carlson, E. B., Ruzek, J. I., Wang, D., Hugo, E., DeGaetano, N., Chambers, J. G., Lindley, S. E. 2015; 22 (1): 87-100
  • A Pilot Program in Telepsychiatry for Residents: Initial Outcomes and Program Development ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY DeGaetano, N., Greene, C. J., Dearaujo, N., Lindley, S. E. 2015; 39 (1): 114-118

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s40596-014-0122-y

    View details for Web of Science ID 000349304800022

    View details for PubMedID 24777712

  • Peer Support Program for Veterans in Rural Areas PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES Jain, S., Hernandez, J. M., Lindley, S. E. 2014; 65 (9): 1177-1177

    View details for Web of Science ID 000341076900021

    View details for PubMedID 25179190

  • Psychotic-like Experiences, Symptom Expression, and Cognitive Performance in Combat Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. journal of nervous and mental disease Lindley, S. E., Carlson, E. B., Hill, K. R. 2014; 202 (2): 91-96

    Abstract

    Apparent psychotic symptoms are often associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but these symptoms are poorly understood. In a sample of 30 male Vietnam combat veterans with severe and chronic PTSD, we conducted detailed assessments of psychotic symptom endorsement, insight, symptom severity, neurocognitive function, and feigning. Two thirds of the subjects endorsed a psychotic item but did not believe that the experiences were real. Those endorsing psychotic items were higher in PTSD severity, general psychopathology, and dissociation but not depression, functional health, cognitive function, or feigned effort. Severity of psychotic symptoms correlated with dissociation, combat exposure, and attention but not PTSD, depression, or functional health. Those endorsing psychotic items scored higher on a screen but not on a detailed structured interview for malingering. Endorsement of psychotic experiences by combat veterans with PTSD do not seem to reflect psychotic symptoms or outright malingering.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000077

    View details for PubMedID 24469519

  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis physiology and cognitive control of behavior in stress inoculated monkeys 2nd Herzliyah Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology Parker, K. J., Buckmaster, C. L., Lindley, S. E., Schatzberg, A. F., Lyons, D. M. SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD. 2012: 45–52
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis physiology and cognitive control of behavior in stress inoculated monkeys. International journal of behavioral development Parker, K. J., Buckmaster, C. L., Lindley, S. E., Schatzberg, A. F., Lyons, D. M. 2012; 36 (1)

    Abstract

    Monkeys exposed to stress inoculation protocols early in life subsequently exhibit diminished neurobiological responses to moderate psychological stressors and enhanced cognitive control of behavior during juvenile development compared to non-inoculated monkeys. The present experiments extended these findings and revealed that stress inoculated monkeys: (a) mount neurobiological responses equivalent to non-inoculated monkeys when the stressor is of sufficient intensity, and (b) continue to exhibit enhanced cognitive control as young adults compared to non-inoculated monkeys. These results suggest that stress inoculation protocols alter the appraisal of and response to moderate stressors as less threatening and permanently enhance cognitive control, at least through early adulthood. These data therefore support the notion that the stress inoculation phenotype reflects stress resilience rather than stress pathology.

    View details for PubMedID 24353360

  • Relationship between insulin resistance and C-reactive protein in a patient population treated with second generation antipsychotic medications INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Kim, S. H., Reaven, G., Lindley, S. 2011; 26 (1): 43-47

    Abstract

    C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory marker associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. A recent study found CRP levels to be higher in individuals treated with certain antipsychotic medications such as olanzapine; however, it is not clear whether this is associated directly with drug intake or indirectly with drug-associated weight gain and insulin resistance. The objective of this study was to explore the potential predictors of CRP including insulin resistance, components of the metabolic syndrome, psychiatric diagnosis, and antipsychotic medication in patients treated with antipsychotics. Sixty-four outpatients without diabetes being treated with a single second generation antipsychotic medication had direct measurements of insulin resistance at the end of a 180-min infusion of glucose, insulin, and octreotide (insulin suppression test) as well as components of the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance was the strongest predictor of CRP (r=0.52, P<0.001). When adjusted for insulin resistance, there was no significant relationship between CRP and any of the components of the metabolic syndrome criteria, specific drug treatment or psychiatric diagnoses. In conclusion, insulin resistance is strongly associated with CRP levels and likely contributes to earlier associations between CRP and certain antipsychotic treatments.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/YIC.0b013e3283400cd3

    View details for Web of Science ID 000285083700005

    View details for PubMedID 20861740

  • Overview of Bioethical Issues in Contemporary PTSD Treatment and Research: Considering Priorities for Future Empirical Ethics Investigation AJOB Primary Research Jain, ., Nazarian, D., Weitlauf, J., Lindley, S. 2011; 36 (1): 26-32
  • Relationship between body mass index and insulin resistance in patients treated with second generation antipsychotic agents JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH Kim, S. H., Nikolics, L., Abbasi, F., Lamendola, C., Link, J., Reaven, G. M., Lindley, S. 2010; 44 (8): 493-498

    Abstract

    Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) can increase weight gain and weight-induced insulin resistance. Recent studies have suggested weight-independent effects of certain SGAs on insulin resistance; however the magnitude of these effects and the relationship between BMI and insulin resistance in patients on SGAs are not established. To evaluate, the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance in 54 patients being stably treated with olanzapine (n=19), risperidone (n=16), or aripiprazole (n=19) was compared with data from a large reference population (n=201) not on SGAs. Insulin resistance was directly quantified by measuring the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during the insulin suppression test. The relationship between BMI and SSPG was similar between the SGA (r=0.58) and the reference population (r=0.50). When SSPG was standardized based on expected values for the reference population, patients on olanzapine had a higher degree of insulin resistance (mean z-score+/-SD, 0.68+/-0.9) than expected for level of BMI compared with those on aripiprazole (-0.25+/-1) and risperidone (-0.3+/-0.9), F(2,51)=6.28 (p=0.004). Thus, olanzapine group was 0.76 SD above the reference population or in the 78 percentile for insulin resistance. SSPG was correlated with fasting plasma insulin concentration (0.78 (0.64-0.87), p<0.001) but not fasting glucose concentration (0.15 (-0.13-0.40), p=0.29). In conclusion, BMI contributes a quarter to a third of the variance in insulin resistance in the SGA population similar to the reference population. Olanzapine also appears to have an independent effect on insulin resistance that is above and beyond obesity.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.11.007

    View details for Web of Science ID 000278653500002

    View details for PubMedID 19962157

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2873096

  • Monitoring mental health treatment acceptance and initial treatment adherence in veterans Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom versus other veterans of other eras 89th Annual Conference of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease Lindley, S., Cacciapaglia, H., Noronha, D., Carlson, E., Schatzberg, A. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2010: 104–113

    Abstract

    Identifying factors that influence mental health outcomes in veterans can aid in the redesign of programs to maximize the likelihood of early resolution of problems. To that end, we examined demographic and clinical process data from 2,684 veterans who scored positive on a mental health screen. We investigated this data set for patterns and possible predictors of mental health referral acceptance and attendance. The majority of patients had not received mental health treatment within the last two years (76%). Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) were more likely to accept a mental health referral for depression but were equally likely to attend a mental health visit as other era veterans. Decreased acceptance was associated with provider type and contact method, clinic location, depression only, and specific age ranges (65-74). Among those who accepted a referral, decreased attendance was associated with clinic location, depression only, and retirement. No variables predicted OEF/OIF acceptance/attendance. In conclusion, our findings illustrate the importance of close, continual monitoring of clinical process data to help reveal targets for improving mental health care for veterans.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000284742000014

    View details for PubMedID 20955332

  • Glucocorticoid antagonists in neuropsychiatric disorders (vol 583, pg 358, 2008) EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY Schatzberg, A. F., Lindley, S. 2008; 592 (1-3): 168
  • Glucocorticoid antagonists in neuropsychotic disorders EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY Schatzberg, A. F., Lindley, S. 2008; 583 (2-3): 358-364

    Abstract

    Neuropsychiatric disorders often involve considerable psychological stress and elevated cortisol activity. Glucocorticoid receptors have relatively low affinity for cortisol and are found distributed throughout the brain, particularly in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In recent years, glucocorticoid receptors antagonists have been actively studied in both animal models of several disorders as well as a potential treatment in specific types of neuropsychiatric patients. Data from these various studies are reviewed with an emphasis on seven clinical disorders or problems: major depression with psychotic features, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment), cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy, and weight gain with atypical antipsychotic agents. Potential benefits and limitations are discussed.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.001

    View details for Web of Science ID 000254923600018

    View details for PubMedID 18339372

  • PTSD in Iraq War Veterans: Implications for Primary Care Directions in Psychiatry Prins, A., Gregg J, Coles C, Frayne S, Lindley SE 2008; 28 (2): 91-102
  • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of augmentation topiramate for chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Lindley, S. E., Carlson, E. B., Hill, K. 2007; 27 (6): 677-681

    Abstract

    Topiramate, a novel anticonvulsant, has been reported to rapidly reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an open-label trial. The present study was designed as a test of topiramate's efficacy as adjunctive therapy in a 7-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Forty male veterans with PTSD in a residential treatment program were randomized to flexible-dose topiramate or placebo augmentation. The primary outcome measures were PTSD symptom severity and global symptom improvement.Baseline Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale scores were 62.1 +/- 13.9 for placebo and 61.0 +/- 22.2 for topiramate. There was a high dropout rate from the study (55% topiramate; 25% placebo), with 40% of topiramate and 10% of placebo dropping because of adverse events (AEs). No significant treatment effects of topiramate versus placebo were observed for the primary treatment outcomes. Subjects reporting central nervous system-related AEs and with higher baseline severity of depression were more likely to discontinue because of AEs.Primary outcome measures failed to demonstrate a significant effect for topiramate over placebo; however, high dropout rate in the treatment group prohibits definitive conclusions about the efficacy of topiramate in this population.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815a43ee

    View details for Web of Science ID 000251181600017

    View details for PubMedID 18004136

  • Early life stress and novelty seeking behavior in adolescent monkeys PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY Parker, K. J., Rainwater, K. L., Buckmaster, C. L., Schatzberg, A. F., Lindley, S. E., Lyons, D. M. 2007; 32 (7): 785-792

    Abstract

    Recent evidence suggests that early exposure to mild stress promotes the development of novelty seeking behavior. Here we test this hypothesis in squirrel monkeys and investigate whether novelty seeking behavior is associated with differences in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA), the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG), and the neuropeptide corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF). Monkeys were randomized early in life to either mild intermittent stress (IS) or no stress (NS) conditions, and subsequently presented with opportunities to interact with a familiar or novel object in a test box that was connected to each monkey's home cage. To further minimize the potentially stressful nature of the test situation, monkeys were acclimated to the test procedures prior to study initiation. Post-test plasma levels of cortisol in IS and NS monkeys did not differ significantly from baseline levels measured in undisturbed conditions. During testing, more IS than NS monkeys voluntarily left the home cage, and IS monkeys spent more time in the test box compared to NS monkeys. More IS than NS monkeys engaged in object exploration in the test box, and IS monkeys preferred to interact with the novel vs. familiar object. Novelty seeking was not associated with differences in 5HIAA, HVA, MHPG, or CRF, but correlated with differences in object exploration observed in a different test situation at an earlier age. These trait-like differences in novelty seeking appear to reflect mild early stress-induced adaptations that enhance curiosity and resilience.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.05.008

    View details for Web of Science ID 000249510200003

    View details for PubMedID 17604913

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2716798

  • Serotonin transporter polymorphism, memory and hippocampal volume in the elderly: association and interaction with cortisol MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY O'Hara, R., Schroder, C. M., Mahadevan, R., Schatzberg, A. F., Lindley, S., Fox, S., Weiner, M., Kraemer, H. C., Noda, A., Lin, X., Gray, H. L., Hallmayer, J. F. 2007; 12 (6): 544-555

    Abstract

    The s allele variant of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) has recently been observed to moderate the relationship of stress to depression and anxiety. To date no study has considered interactive effects of 5-HTT genotype, stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function on cognition in healthy, older adults, which may reflect developmental, functional or neurodegenerative effects of the serotonin transporter polymorphism. We investigated whether 5-HTT genotype interacts with cumulative life stress and HPA-axis measures of waking and diurnal cortisol slope to impact cognition in 154 non-depressed, older adults. Structural images of hippocampal volume were acquired on a subsample of 56 participants. The 5-HTT s allele was associated with both significantly lower delayed recall and higher waking cortisol levels. Presence of the s allele interacted with higher waking cortisol to negatively impact memory. We also observed a significant interaction of higher waking cortisol and the s allele on lower hippocampal volume. Smaller hippocampi and higher cortisol were associated with lower delayed recall only in s allele carriers. No impact or interactions of cumulative life stress with 5-HTT or cortisol were observed. This is the first investigation to identify an association of the 5-HTT s allele with poorer memory function in older adults. The interactive effects of the s allele and waking cortisol levels on reduced hippocampal volume and lower memory suggest that the negative effect of the serotonin polymorphism on memory is mediated by the HPA axis. Further, given the significant association of the s allele with higher waking cortisol in our investigation, future studies may be needed to evaluate the impact of the serotonin transporter polymorphism on any neuropsychiatric or behavioral outcome which is influenced by HPA axis function in older adults.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4001978

    View details for Web of Science ID 000246906200003

    View details for PubMedID 17353910

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2084475

  • No improvement of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with guanfacine treatment AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Neylan, T. C., Lenoci, M., Samuelson, K. W., Metzler, T. J., Henn-Haase, C., Hierholzer, R. W., Lindley, S. E., Otte, C., Schoenfeld, F. B., Yesavage, J. A., Marmar, C. R. 2006; 163 (12): 2186-2188

    Abstract

    The authors report an 8-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of guanfacine versus placebo for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Veterans with chronic PTSD who were medication-free or receiving stable pharmacotherapy were randomly assigned to guanfacine (N=29) versus placebo (N=34).Guanfacine had no effect on PTSD symptoms, subjective sleep quality, or general mood disturbances. Guanfacine was associated with a number of side effects.These results do not support the use of alpha 2 agonists in veterans with chronic PTSD.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000242626000029

    View details for PubMedID 17151174

  • Monoamine oxidase and catechol-omethyltransferase enzyme activity and gene expression in response to sustained glucocorticoids PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY Lindley, S. E., She, X. H., Schatzberg, A. F. 2005; 30 (8): 785-790

    Abstract

    We previously reported changes in DA neurochemical estimates after sustained corticosterone (CORT) administration or adrenalectomy (ADX) that are consistent with glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of DA metabolism. The present investigation measured monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A), type B (MAO-B) and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) activity by enzymatic assay and levels of gene expression by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) in tissues from sham, ADX, or ADX+CORT-replaced Lewis rats. One week of ADX had no significant effect on either enzyme activity or gene expression for any of the three enzymes examined in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, or liver. One week of CORT administration (100mg-21 day release pellet) in ADX rats produced statistically significant decreases in MAO-A enzyme activity and MAO-B gene expression in the liver but no significant changes for any of the three enzymes in either activity or gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex or striatum. The results do not support inhibition of DA metabolism as a mechanism by which glucocorticoids influence DA-mediated behaviors.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.03.007

    View details for Web of Science ID 000229842300007

    View details for PubMedID 15919584

  • Basal and dexamethasone suppressed salivary cortisol concentrations in a community sample of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY Lindley, S. E., Carlson, E. B., Benoit, M. 2004; 55 (9): 940-945

    Abstract

    Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with lower concentrations of cortisol and enhanced suppression of cortisol by dexamethasone, although discrepancies exist among reports. The objective of the study was to determine the pattern of cortisol responses in patients seeking treatment for PTSD resulting from a variety of traumatic experiences and to test whether cortisol responses are significantly related to childhood trauma, severity of symptoms, or length of time since trauma.Salivary cortisol was measured at 8 AM, 4 PM, and 10 PM on 2 consecutive days before and after a 10 PM dose of .5 mg dexamethasone in 17 psychotropic medication and substance-free subjects with PTSD and 17 matched control subjects.Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the baseline salivary cortisol concentrations demonstrated a significant effect for group with higher concentrations in the PTSD group but no significant differences in responses to dexamethasone. The presence of childhood abuse did not significantly affect salivary cortisol concentrations, and there was no correlation between predexamethasone cortisol and either the severity of PTSD symptoms or the time since the index trauma.Neither low basal concentrations nor enhanced suppression of cortisol are consistent markers of a PTSD diagnosis.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.021

    View details for Web of Science ID 000220922100009

    View details for PubMedID 15110738

  • Aging and panic disorder - Phenomenology, comorbidity, and risk factors AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY Sheikh, J. I., Swales, P. J., Carlson, E. B., Lindley, S. E. 2004; 12 (1): 102-109

    Abstract

    The authors compared young and older adults with panic disorder (PD) to investigate differences in panic-associated phenomenology, psychiatric comorbidity, and risk factors.Patients in the older group (age 60 and above) were further subdivided into early- and late-onset groups and compared. Phenomenology (number of panic symptoms, severity of anxiety, physiological symptoms, panic-associated cognitions, and overall severity of PD); comorbidity (depressive and anxiety disorders); and risk factors (family history of anxiety and life stressors) were assessed in 167 outpatients with PD.Older patients reported fewer panic symptoms, less anxiety and arousal, less severe PD, lower levels of depression, and higher levels of functioning. Furthermore, within the older-patient group, late-onset patients were found to report less distress during panic attacks in relation to body sensations and panic-related cognitions and emotions. Multiple-regression analysis of the entire sample showed that chronological age and age at onset of PD distinctly predicted different domains of panic phenomenology.PD was consistently less severe in older patients across multiple domains, and a later age at onset was associated with less distress due to body sensations, cognitions, and emotions during panic attacks.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000188001000014

    View details for PubMedID 14729565

  • Mesotelencephalic dopamine neurochemical responses to glucocorticoid administration and adrenalectomy in Fischer 344 and Lewis rats BRAIN RESEARCH Lindley, S. E., Bengoechea, T. G., Wong, D. L., Schatzberg, A. F. 2002; 958 (2): 414-422

    Abstract

    The effects of alterations in peripheral corticosterone levels on multiple dopamine neurochemical estimates were examined in inbred Fischer and Lewis inbred rat strains. 2x2 ANOVA's (treatment x strain) showed a main effect for treatment (1 week CORT versus placebo) on the concentrations of the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the medial prefrontal cortex, with lower levels after treatment, but no significant treatment versus strain interaction. There was no effect of CORT treatment on DA metabolites in the nucleus accumbens shell or dorsal striatum. DOPA accumulation in any terminal region examined and tyrosine hydroxylase protein content in the ventral tegmental area were also not affected by 1 week of corticosterone in either strain. One week after adrenalectomy, homovanillic acid but not dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations were significantly increased in the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and nucleus accumbens shell in the Lewis but not the Fischer strain, with a significant treatment x strain interaction only in the dorsal striatum. Based on these findings, the effect of adrenalectomy on DOPA accumulation and extracellular DA concentrations was examined in the Lewis strain only. Adrenalectomy produced a decrease in DOPA accumulation in the dorsal striatum with no significant change in the other regions. Adrenalectomy did not alter estimates of extracellular dopamine concentrations determined by in vivo no net flux microdialysis but did significantly increase in vivo dopamine recovery in the dorsal striatum. The findings indicate a pattern of changes in neurochemical measurements consistent with a small magnitude inhibition of basal dopamine metabolism, but not with a change neuronal activity, release or reuptake.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000180087300022

    View details for PubMedID 12470878

  • Psychotic symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS spectrums Lindley, S. E., Carlson, E., Sheikh, J. 2000; 5 (9): 52-57

    Abstract

    Recent data suggest that the presence of psychotic symptoms in patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may represent an underrecognized and unique subtype of PTSD. Among combat veterans with PTSD, 30% to 40% report auditory or visual hallucinations and/or delusions. The presence of psychotic symptoms in PTSD is associated with a more severe level of psychopathology, similar to that of chronic schizophrenia. In this review, the differential diagnosis of psychotic symptoms in PTSD is discussed, including possible comorbid schizophrenia, psychotic depression, substance-induced psychosis, and personality disorder. A recent biologic study supporting the existence of a unique subtype of PTSD with psychotic features is also addressed, as are the similarities between PTSD with psychotic features and psychotic depression disorder. Finally, data on the treatment implications of psychotic symptoms in PTSD are presented. The intriguing recent findings on psychotic symptoms in PTSD need further investigation in noncombat-related PTSD populations before findings can be generalized to all individuals with PTSD.

    View details for PubMedID 17637580

  • Glucocorticoid effects on mesotelencephalic dopamine neurotransmission NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Lindley, S. E., Bengoechea, T. G., Schatzberg, A. F., Wong, D. L. 1999; 21 (3): 399-407

    Abstract

    Multiple neurochemical estimates were used to examine peripheral corticosterone (CORT) effects in dopaminergic terminal regions. Acute CORT administration, which elevated plasma CORT (5 h), slightly decreased dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) to dopamine (DA) ratios in the striatum but not in other regions examined. Two weeks of adrenalectomy (ADX) increased both medial prefrontal cortex DOPAC/DA and homovanillic acid (HVA)/DA and striatal HVA/DA. A reciprocal pattern of changes was observed with CORT replacement in ADX animals. In contrast, CORT replacement in ADX animals did not significantly influence tyrosine hydroxylase content, basal dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation after NSD 1015 treatment or the decline in DA after alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, suggesting that neither DA neuronal activity nor release are altered by CORT. Moreover, neither gamma-hydroxybutyric acid lactone-induced increases in DOPA accumulation or stress-induced increases in DA utilization were influenced by CORT replacement, indicating that neither autoreceptor regulation of DA synthesis nor acute stress regulation of DA utilization are changed by CORT. The findings are most consistent with direct inhibition of basal DA metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum. The possible physiological and behavioral significance of this inhibition is being further explored.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000081926400008

    View details for PubMedID 10457537

  • Strain differences in mesotelencephalic dopaminergic neuronal regulation between Fischer 344 and Lewis rats BRAIN RESEARCH Lindley, S. E., Bengoechea, T. G., Wong, D. L., Schatzberg, A. F. 1999; 832 (1-2): 152-158

    Abstract

    Differences in the behavioral responses of Lewis and Fischer (F344) inbred rat strains to stress and psychoactive drugs have been related to differences in the expression of various regulatory proteins in regions containing mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons. The present study compared basal and stimulated neurochemical estimates of DA utilization and synthesis in mesocortical, mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA terminal regions of these two strains. In unstressed control animals, the Lewis strain had lower DA concentrations in the dorsal striatum (ST; 80.3% of F344) and lower basal dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation after m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD 1015) treatment in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPfx; 75.3% of F344). Similar differences were observed in vehicle-injected animals. No strain differences in basal neurochemistry were apparent in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAs) or core (NAc). In response to restraint stress, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) to DA ratios in the mPfx, NAs and ST increased in the F344 but not the Lewis strain. However, restraint stress did not significantly increase DOPA accumulation in the F344 strain. This latter finding was not due to a deficit in synthesis capacity, as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid lactone (GBL) increased DOPA accumulation significantly more in F344 than Lewis animals. Finally, haloperidol increased DA utilization similarly in the two strains. Together these findings suggest that the inbred, behaviorally divergent F344 and Lewis rats have selective differences in mesocortical, nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DA neuronal regulation.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000081066800017

    View details for PubMedID 10375661

  • Separation induced changes in squirrel monkey hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal physiology resemble aspects of hypercortisolism in humans PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY Lyons, D. M., Wang, O. J., Lindley, S. E., LEVINE, S., Kalin, N. H., Schatzberg, A. F. 1999; 24 (2): 131-142

    Abstract

    When separated from groups, squirrel monkeys respond with significant increases in plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). While cortisol remains elevated above pre-separation levels, significant reductions occur in ACTH. Monkeys that respond with greater increases in cortisol subsequently exhibit greater reductions in ACTH, which suggests that reductions in ACTH are mediated by corticosteroid feedback. Monkeys that respond with greater increases in cortisol also tend to exhibit greater cerebrospinal fluid levels of the dopamine metabolite HVA, but not the norepinephrine metabolite MHPG, or corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Attenuation of corticosteroid feedback with metyrapone results in significant increases in circulating ACTH, and in older monkeys increases plasma HVA. Similar findings in humans have been reported in clinical studies of hypercortisolism and major depression.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000078796300001

    View details for PubMedID 10101722

  • Cholesterol and violence: Is there a connection? ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE Faustman, W. O., Ringo, D. L., Lindley, S. E. 1998; 129 (8): 669-669

    View details for Web of Science ID 000076431800015

    View details for PubMedID 9786820

  • Adrenergic differentiation potential in PC12 cells: Influence of sodium butyrate and dexamethasone MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH Ebert, S. N., Lindley, S. E., Bengoechea, T. G., Bain, D., Wong, D. L. 1997; 47 (1-2): 24-30

    Abstract

    The ability of sodium butyrate and dexamethasone to promote adrenergic differentiation in PC12 cells was examined using the gene encoding the epinephrine biosynthetic enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), as a marker. Sodium butyrate and dexamethasone independently stimulated expression of PNMT mRNA in PC12 cells, and the combined action of these drugs led to synergistic activation of the PNMT gene. Despite the induction of the PNMT gene, epinephrine is not produced in these cells, in part due to the absence of a corresponding induction in PNMT enzymatic activity. Another contributing factor appears to be a reduction in the precursor catecholamines, norepinephrine and dopamine, in the presence of sodium butyrate. Thus, while sodium butyrate and dexamethasone can induce PNMT gene expression, treatment of PC12 cells with these drugs appears insufficient for full acquisition of the adrenergic phenotype.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997XH21400003

    View details for PubMedID 9221898

  • Chronic corticosterone on mesocortical dopamine utilization Lindley, S. E., Wong, D. L., Schatzberg, A. F. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 1996: 443
  • DIVALPROEX SODIUM IN THE TREATMENT OF AGGRESSIVE-BEHAVIOR AND DYSPHORIA IN PATIENTS WITH ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROMES JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY Horne, M., Lindley, S. E. 1995; 56 (9): 430-431

    View details for Web of Science ID A1995RV19300008

    View details for PubMedID 7665542

  • CHOLESTEROL AND SEROTONIN - SEEKING A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN BLOOD CHOLESTEROL AND CSF 5-HIAA BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY Ringo, D. L., Lindley, S. E., Faull, K. F., Faustman, W. O. 1994; 35 (12): 957-959

    View details for Web of Science ID A1994NU00400009

    View details for PubMedID 7521673

  • EVIDENCE THAT HYPOTHALAMIC PERIVENTRICULAR DOPAMINE NEURONS INNERVATE THE INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF THE RAT PITUITARY NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY Goudreau, J. L., Lindley, S. E., Lookingland, K. J., Moore, K. E. 1992; 56 (1): 100-105

    Abstract

    The purpose of the present study was to provide neurochemical and endocrinological evidence that dopamine (DA) neurons terminating in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary originate in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. One week following surgical separation of the periventricular nucleus from the mediobasal hypothalamus, DA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations in the intermediate lobe were reduced by 50%, and this was accompanied by an increase in plasma alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) concentrations. In contrast, this procedure had no effect on concentrations of prolactin in the plasma, or DA or DOPAC in the median eminence, the region of the mediobasal hypothalamus containing terminals of tuberoinfundibular DA neurons. Electrical stimulation of the periventricular nucleus increased the ratio of DOPAC/DA in the intermediate lobe and reduced the concentrations of alpha-MSH in the plasma, whereas in these same animals the DOPAC/DA ratio in the median eminence and concentrations of prolactin in the plasma were unaltered. These results indicate that approximately 50% of all the DA neurons terminating in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary originate in or project through the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and that these DA neurons regulate the secretion of alpha-MSH from intermediate lobe melanotrophs.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1992JC21600014

    View details for PubMedID 1322505

  • DOPAMINERGIC AND BETA-ADRENERGIC-RECEPTOR CONTROL OF ALPHA-MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE-SECRETION DURING STRESS NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY Lindley, S. E., Lookingland, K. J., Moore, K. E. 1990; 52 (1): 46-51

    Abstract

    The relative roles of dopaminergic and beta-adrenergic receptors in mediating the stress-induced increase in the secretion of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) from the intermediate lobe of the pituitary were determined in the male rat. Thirty minutes of physical immobilization (restraint stress) increased the circulating concentrations of alpha-MSH and decreased the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine (DOPAC/DA) ratio in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary, reflecting a decrease in the tuberohypophysial dopaminergic neuronal activity. Pretreatment with the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol reduced the stress-induced increase in the circulating levels of alpha-MSH, but had no effect on the basal plasma concentrations of this hormone or the stress-induced decrease in DOPAC/DA in the intermediate lobe. If the dopaminergic tone during stress was maintained by administration of the DA agonist apomorphine, the stress-induced increase in alpha-MSH secretion was prevented. In nonstressed animals the administration of the beta 2-adrenergic agonist metaproterenol increased the plasma levels of alpha-MSH, and the effect of this drug was augmented if the inhibitory dopaminergic tone on alpha-MSH secretion was blocked by the administration of the DA antagonist haloperidol. Severing neurons in the retrochiasmatic region of the hypothalamus blocked the stress-induced decrease in DOPAC/DA in the intermediate lobe and attenuated the stress-induced increase in plasma concentrations of alpha-MSH. Taken together, these results indicate that a decrease in tuberohypophysial dopaminergic neuronal inhibitory tone and an increase in beta-adrenergic stimulation are both necessary for the full expression of the stress-induced increase in secretion of alpha-MSH from melanotrophs in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1990DP32700008

    View details for PubMedID 2168526

  • ACTIVATION OF TUBEROINFUNDIBULAR BUT NOT TUBEROHYPOPHYSIAL DOPAMINERGIC-NEURONS FOLLOWING INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR ADMINISTRATION OF ALPHA-MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY Lindley, S. E., Lookingland, K. J., Moore, K. E. 1990; 51 (4): 394-399

    Abstract

    The effect of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha MSH) on the activity of different central dopaminergic neurons in the male rat was determined by measuring the concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) following the administration of a decarboxylase inhibitor in brain regions that contain terminals of nigrostriatal (striatum), mesolimbic (nucleus accumbens), tuberoinfundibular (median eminence) and tuberohypophysial (neural and intermediate lobe of the pituitary) dopaminergic neurons. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of alpha MSH caused a prompt (within 30 min) increase in the concentration of DOPAC and the accumulation of DOPA in the median eminence, but was without effect in the other brain regions. The alpha MSH-induced increase in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity was temporally related to a decrease in circulating concentrations of prolactin. Twelve hours after the i.c.v. administration of prolactin DOPA accumulation increased in the median eminence but not in the neural or intermediate lobes of the pituitary. DOPA accumulation was not altered in any brain region 12 h after the i.c.v. administration of alpha MSH. These results suggest that alpha MSH acts acutely to selectively activate tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons and thereby cause the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary to decrease.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1990CX12900004

    View details for PubMedID 2161087

  • 3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLACETIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN THE INTERMEDIATE LOBE AND NEURAL LOBE OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY-GLAND AS AN INDEX OF TUBEROHYPOPHYSIAL DOPAMINERGIC NEURONAL-ACTIVITY BRAIN RESEARCH Lindley, S. E., Gunnet, J. W., Lookingland, K. J., Moore, K. E. 1990; 506 (1): 133-138

    Abstract

    Tuberohypophysial dopamine (DA) neurons terminate in the intermediate and neural lobes of the posterior pituitary. The objective of this study was to determine if concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a major metabolite of DA in these regions, reflect the activity of tuberohypophysial DA neurons. The concentrations of DOPAC and DA in the intermediate lobe were approximately twice those in the neural lobe, so that the ratios of DOPAC/DA were similar between lobes. The administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline produced a rapid decline (by 5 min) of DOPAC concentrations in both the intermediate and neural lobes. The administration of nomifensine, an inhibitor of DA uptake at the nerve terminal, produced a modest 33% decline in DOPAC concentrations in the intermediate lobe, but was without effect in the neural lobe. Activation of tuberohypophysial DA neurons by electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk increased both the rate of DA synthesis (accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after administration of the decarboxylase inhibitor NSD 1015) and the concentrations of DOPAC in the intermediate and neural lobes. Administration of the DA antagonist haloperidol increased, and the DA agonist apomorphine decreased both the rate of DOPA accumulation and DOPAC concentrations in the intermediate lobe but not the neural lobe. The results of the present study demonstrate that: (1) elimination of DOPAC from the intermediate lobe and neural lobe is rapid and alterations in DOPAC concentrations reflect dynamic changes in metabolism of DA; (2) DA which is released and recaptured is a minor contributor to DOPAC concentrations; and (3) alterations in the activity of tuberohypophysial DA neurons are accompanied by corresponding changes in DOPAC concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

    View details for Web of Science ID A1990CH58000019

    View details for PubMedID 2302550

  • EFFECTS OF ALTERATIONS IN THE ACTIVITY OF TUBEROHYPOPHYSIAL DOPAMINERGIC-NEURONS ON THE SECRETION OF ALPHA-MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Lindley, S. E., Gunnet, J. W., Lookingland, K. J., Moore, K. E. 1988; 188 (3): 282-286

    Abstract

    Administration of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), an anesthetic which reduces dopaminergic neuronal activity, decreased the concentration of the dopamine (DA) metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland, and increased alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha MSH) concentrations in the serum of male rats. Bilateral electrical stimulation of the rostral arcuate nucleus, which contains perikarya of tuberohypophysial DA neurons, increased DOPAC concentrations in the intermediate lobe and decreased alpha MSH concentrations in the serum of GBL-anesthetized rats. Administration of the DA antagonist haloperidol prevented the decline in serum alpha MSH levels following arcuate nucleus stimulation, but had no effect on serum alpha MSH concentrations in sham-stimulated GBL-treated rats. These results indicate that GBL-induced decreases or stimulation-induced increases in the activity of tuberohypophysial DA neurons are accompanied by corresponding changes in the metabolism of DA in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland, and by reciprocal changes in the secretion of alpha MSH.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1988P332700006

    View details for PubMedID 2839845

  • EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION OF THE ARCUATE NUCLEUS ON NEUROCHEMICAL ESTIMATES OF TUBEROINFUNDIBULAR AND TUBEROHYPOPHYSIAL DOPAMINERGIC NEURONAL ACTIVITIES BRAIN RESEARCH Gunnet, J. W., Lookingland, K. J., Lindley, S. E., Moore, K. E. 1987; 424 (2): 371-378

    Abstract

    The activity of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons has been estimated biochemically by measuring the rates of dopamine (DA) synthesis (accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after NSD 1015) and turnover (decline of DA concentrations after alpha-methyltyrosine) in the striatum. It has been assumed that the activities of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) and tuberohypophysial dopaminergic (THDA) neurons can also be estimated by making the same measurements in the terminals of these neurons in the median eminence and the posterior pituitary, respectively. In the present study, this assumption was tested directly by measuring the rates of DA synthesis and turnover in the median eminence and posterior pituitary following electrical stimulation of TIDS and THDA cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus. Electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus increased the rate of DOPA accumulation and the alpha-methyltyrosine-induced decline of DA concentrations in the median eminence and in the neural and intermediate lobes of the posterior pituitary. gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL), an anesthetic that selectively inhibits DA impulse flow, reduced the rates of DA synthesis and turnover in the median eminence. GBL also increased prolactin secretion which is tonically inhibited by DA released from TIDA neurons. Serum prolactin levels were significantly decreased by arcuate nucleus stimulation in GBL-anesthetized rats. These results indicate that the rates of DA synthesis and turnover within the median eminence and posterior pituitary reflect the activities of TIDA and THDA neurons, respectively.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1987K689000020

    View details for PubMedID 3119157

  • MICROTUBULES IN IMMATURE OOCYTES OF XENOPUS-LAEVIS JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE Heidemann, S. R., HAMBORG, M. A., BALASZ, J. E., Lindley, S. 1985; 77 (AUG): 129-141

    Abstract

    Previous work indicated that immature oocytes of Xenopus were incapable of assembling microtubules but that competence was achieved during maturation. We report here that small numbers of microtubules do exist in immature oocytes. Consistent with this finding, ultrastructural observations indicate that brain microtubules injected into immature oocytes persist in large numbers for at least 30 min. We report that the tubulin dimers of mature and immature oocytes are equally capable of assembling with brain tubulin in vitro. We confirmed previous results that injection of taxol into immature oocytes has no effect when assayed by light microscopy. However, ultrastructural observations suggest that some microtubule assembly is stimulated by taxol. We tested for the ability of immature oocytes to elongate microtubules from 'seeds' by injecting deciliated pellicles of Tetrahymena. No elongation was observed either by light or electron microscopic observation. We conclude that the immature oocyte is capable of very limited microtubule assembly and that a marked increase in assembly competence occurs during maturation. Our data suggest that the change in assembly competence during maturation is due to the release, activation or synthesis of a stimulatory co-factor.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1985AVU3200010

    View details for PubMedID 2868018

  • SPATIAL-ORGANIZATION OF AXONAL MICROTUBULES JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY Heidemann, S. R., HAMBORG, M. A., THOMAS, S. J., Song, B., Lindley, S., Chu, D. 1984; 99 (4): 1289-1295

    Abstract

    Several workers have found that axonal microtubules have a uniform polarity orientation. It is the "+" end of the polymer that is distal to the cell body. The experiments reported here investigate whether this high degree of organization can be accounted for on the basis of structures or mechanisms within the axon. Substantial depolymerization of axonal microtubules was observed in isolated, postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers of the cat subjected to cold treatment; generally less than 10% of the original number of microtubules/micron 2 remained in cross section. The number of cold stable MTs that remained was not correlated with axonal area and they were also found within Schwann cells. Microtubules were allowed to repolymerize and the polarity orientation of the reassembled microtubules was determined. In fibers from four cats, a majority of reassembled microtubules returned with the original polarity orientation. However, in no case was the polarity orientation as uniform as the original organization. The degree to which the original orientation returned in a fiber was correlated with the number of cold-stable microtubules in the fiber. We suggest that stable microtubule fragments serve as nucleating elements for microtubule assembly and play a role in the spatial organization of neuronal microtubules. The extremely rapid reassembly of microtubules that we observed, returning to near control levels within the first 5 min, supports microtubule elongation from a nucleus. However, in three of four fibers examined this initial assembly was followed by an equally rapid, but transient decline in microtubule number to a value that was significantly different than the initial peak. This observation is difficult to interpret; however, a similar transient peak has been reported upon repolymerization of spindle microtubules after pressure induced depolymerization.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1984TM94800013

    View details for PubMedID 6480693