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    wxhong@stanford.edu
    University - Scholar Department: School of Medicine Position: Medical Fellow

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  • Mail Code: 5406

All Publications

  • Wounds Inhibit Tumor Growth In Vivo. Annals of surgery Hu, M. S., Maan, Z. N., Leavitt, T., Hong, W. X., Rennert, R. C., Marshall, C. D., Borrelli, M. R., Zhu, T. N., Esquivel, M., Zimmermann, A., McArdle, A., Chung, M. T., Foster, D. S., Jones, R. E., Gurtner, G. C., Giaccia, A. J., Lorenz, H. P., Weissman, I. L., Longaker, M. T. 2019

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the interaction of full thickness excisional wounds and tumors in vivo.SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Tumors have been described as wounds that do not heal due to similarities in stromal composition. On the basis of observations of slowed tumor growth after ulceration, we hypothesized that full thickness excisional wounds would inhibit tumor progression in vivo.METHODS: To determine the interaction of tumors and wounds, we developed a tumor xenograft/allograft (human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma SAS/mouse breast carcinoma 4T1) wound mouse model. We examined tumor growth with varying temporospatial placement of tumors and wounds or ischemic flap. In addition, we developed a tumor/wound parabiosis model to understand the ability of tumors and wounds to recruit circulating progenitor cells.RESULTS: Tumor growth inhibition by full thickness excisional wounds was dose-dependent, maintained by sequential wounding, and relative to distance. This effect was recapitulated by placement of an ischemic flap directly adjacent to a xenograft tumor. Using a parabiosis model, we demonstrated that a healing wound was able to recruit significantly more circulating progenitor cells than a growing tumor. Tumor inhibition by wound was unaffected by presence of an immune response in an immunocompetent model using a mammary carcinoma. Utilizing functional proteomics, we identified 100 proteins differentially expressed in tumors and wounds.CONCLUSION: Full thickness excisional wounds have the ability to inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Further research may provide an exact mechanism for this remarkable finding and new advances in wound healing and tumor biology.

    View details for PubMedID 30829705

  • Pathway Analysis of Gene Expression in Murine Fetal and Adult Wounds ADVANCES IN WOUND CARE Hu, M. S., Hong, W., Januszyk, M., Walmsley, G. G., Luan, A., Maan, Z. N., Moshrefi, S., Tevlin, R., Wan, D. C., Gurtner, G. C., Longaker, M. T., Lorenz, H. 2018

    View details for DOI 10.1089/wound.2017.0779

    View details for Web of Science ID 000429548900001

  • Embryonic skin development and repair. Organogenesis Hu, M. S., Borrelli, M. R., Hong, W. X., Malhotra, S., Cheung, A. T., Ransom, R. C., Rennert, R. C., Morrison, S. D., Lorenz, H. P., Longaker, M. T. 2018: 1–18

    Abstract

    Fetal cutaneous wounds have the unique ability to completely regenerate wounded skin and heal without scarring. However, adult cutaneous wounds heal via a fibroproliferative response which results in the formation of a scar. Understanding the mechanism(s) of scarless wound healing leads to enormous clinical potential in facilitating an environment conducive to scarless healing in adult cutaneous wounds. This article reviews the embryonic development of the skin and outlines the structural and functional differences in adult and fetal wound healing phenotypes. A review of current developments made towards applying this clinical knowledge to promote scarless healing in adult wounds is addressed.

    View details for PubMedID 29420124

  • Prolonged survival of transplanted stem cells after ischaemic injury via the slow release of pro-survival peptides from a collagen matrix Nature Biomedical Engineering Lee, A. S., Inayathullah, ., Lijkwan, . A., Zhao, X., Sun, W., Park, S., Hong, W. X., Parekh, M. B., Malkovskiy, A. V., Lau, E., Qin, X., Pothineni,, . R., Sanchez-Freire, ., Kooreman, N. G., Ebert, A. D., Chan, C. K., Nguyen, P. K., Rajadas, J., Wu, J. C. 2018; 2 (2): 104–13

    Abstract

    Stem-cell-based therapies hold considerable promise for regenerative medicine. However, acute donor-cell death within several weeks after cell delivery remains a critical hurdle for clinical translation. Co-transplantation of stem cells with pro-survival factors can improve cell engraftment, but this strategy has been hampered by the typically short half-lives of the factors and by the use of Matrigel and other scaffolds that are not chemically defined. Here, we report a collagen-dendrimer biomaterial crosslinked with pro-survival peptide analogues that adheres to the extracellular matrix and slowly releases the peptides, significantly prolonging stem cell survival in mouse models of ischaemic injury. The biomaterial can serve as a generic delivery system to improve functional outcomes in cell-replacement therapy.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41551-018-0191-4

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5927627

  • Pathway Analysis of Gene Expression of E14 Versus E18 Fetal Fibroblasts ADVANCES IN WOUND CARE Hu, M. S., Borrelli, M. R., Januszyk, M., Luan, A., Malhotra, S., Walmsley, G. G., Hong, W., Tevlin, R., Gurtner, G. C., Longaker, M. T., Lorenz, H. P. 2018; 7 (1): 1–10

    Abstract

    Objective: Fetuses early in gestation heal skin wounds without forming scars. The biological mechanisms behind this process are largely unknown. Fibroblasts, however, are cells known to be intimately involved in wound healing and scar formation. We examined fibroblasts in different stages of development to characterize differences in gene expression that may result in the switch from regenerative wound repair to repair with scarring. Approach: Fibroblasts were isolated and cultured from the back skin of BALB/c wild-type mouse fetuses at embryonic day (E)14 and E18 (n = 10). The fibroblast total RNA was extracted, and microarray analysis was conducted using chips containing 42,000 genes. Significance analysis of microarrays was performed to identify genes with greater than twofold expression difference and a false discovery rate of less than two. Identified genes subsequently underwent enrichment analysis to detect differentially expressed pathways. Results: Two hundred seventy-five genes were differentially expressed between E14 and E18 in fetal fibroblasts. Thirty genes were significantly downregulated and 245 genes were significantly upregulated at E18 compared with E14. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified the top 20 signaling pathways differentially activated in fetal fibroblasts between the E18 and E14 time points. Innovation: To our knowledge, this work represents the first instance where differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways between fetal fibroblasts at E14 and E18 have been studied. Conclusion: The genes and pathways identified here potentially underlie the mechanism behind the transition from fetal wound healing via regeneration to wound healing by repair, and may prove to be key targets for future therapeutics.

    View details for PubMedID 29344429

  • An Improved Humanized Mouse Model for Excisional Wound Healing Using Double Transgenic Mice ADVANCES IN WOUND CARE Hu, M. S., Cheng, J., Borrelli, M. R., Leavitt, T., Walmsley, G. G., Zielins, E. R., Hong, W., Cheung, A. M., Duscher, D., Maan, Z. N., Irizarry, D. M., Stephan, B., Parsa, F., Wan, D. C., Gurtner, G. C., Lorenz, H., Longaker, M. T. 2018; 7 (1): 11–17

    Abstract

    Objective: Splinting full-thickness cutaneous wounds in mice has allowed for a humanized model of wound healing. Delineating the epithelial edge and assessing time to closure of these healing wounds via macroscopic visualization have remained a challenge. Approach: Double transgenic mice were created by crossbreeding K14-Cre and ROSAmT/mG reporter mice. Full-thickness excisional wounds were created in K14-Cre/ROSAmT/mG mice (n = 5) and imaged using both normal and fluorescent light on the day of surgery, and every other postoperative day (POD) until wound healing was complete. Ten blinded observers analyzed a series of images from a single representative healing wound, taken using normal or fluorescent light, to decide the POD when healing was complete. K14-Cre/ROSAmT/mG mice (n = 4) were subsequently sacrificed at the four potential days of rated wound closure to accurately determine the histological point of wound closure using microscopic fluorescence imaging. Results: Average time to wound closure was rated significantly longer in the wound series images taken using normal light, compared with fluorescent light (mean POD 13.6 vs. 11.6, *p = 0.008). Fluorescence imaging of histological samples indicated that reepithelialization was complete at 12 days postwounding. Innovation: We describe a novel technique, using double transgenic mice K14-Cre/ROSAmT/mG and fluorescence imaging, to more accurately determine the healing time of wounds in mice upon macroscopic evaluation. Conclusion: The accuracy by which wound healing can be macroscopically determined in vivo in mouse models of wound healing is significantly enhanced using K14-Cre/ROSAmT/mG double transgenic mice and fluorescence imaging.

    View details for PubMedID 29344430

  • Delivery of monocyte lineage cells in a biomimetic scaffold enhances tissue repair. JCI insight Hu, M. S., Walmsley, G. G., Barnes, L. A., Weiskopf, K. n., Rennert, R. C., Duscher, D. n., Januszyk, M. n., Maan, Z. N., Hong, W. X., Cheung, A. T., Leavitt, T. n., Marshall, C. D., Ransom, R. C., Malhotra, S. n., Moore, A. L., Rajadas, J. n., Lorenz, H. P., Weissman, I. L., Gurtner, G. C., Longaker, M. T. 2017; 2 (19)

    Abstract

    The monocyte lineage is essential to normal wound healing. Macrophage inhibition or knockout in mice results in impaired wound healing through reduced neovascularization, granulation tissue formation, and reepithelialization. Numerous studies have either depleted macrophages or reduced their activity in the context of wound healing. Here, we demonstrate that by increasing the number of macrophages or monocytes in the wound site above physiologic levels via pullulan-collagen composite dermal hydrogel scaffold delivery, the rate of wound healing can be significantly accelerated in both wild-type and diabetic mice, with no adverse effect on the quality of repair. Macrophages transplanted onto wounds differentiate into M1 and M2 phenotypes of different proportions at various time points, ultimately increasing angiogenesis. Given that monocytes can be readily isolated from peripheral blood without in vitro manipulation, these findings hold promise for translational medicine aimed at accelerating wound healing across a broad spectrum of diseases.

    View details for PubMedID 28978794

  • External Beam Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Teratomas. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) Lee, A. S., Tang, C. n., Hong, W. X., Park, S. n., Bazalova, M. n., Nelson, G. n., Sanchez-Freire, V. n., Bakerman, I. n., Zhang, W. n., Neofytou, E. n., Connolly, A. J., Chan, C. K., Graves, E. E., Weissman, I. L., Nguyen, P. K., Wu, J. C. 2017

    Abstract

    Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), have great potential as an unlimited donor source for cell-based therapeutics. The risk of teratoma formation from residual undifferentiated cells, however, remains a critical barrier to the clinical application of these cells. Herein we describe external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) as an attractive option for the treatment of this iatrogenic growth. We present the evidence that EBRT is effective in arresting growth of hESC-derived teratomas in vivo at day 28 post-implantation by utilizing a microCT irradiator capable of targeted treatment in small animals. Within several days of irradiation, teratomas derived from injection of undifferentiated hESCs and hiPSCs demonstrated complete growth arrest lasting several months. In addition, EBRT reduced re-seeding potential of teratoma cells during serial transplantation experiments, requiring irradiated teratomas to be seeded at 1x10(3) higher doses to form new teratomas. We demonstrate that radiation induces teratoma cell apoptosis, senescence, and growth arrest, similar to established radiobiology mechanisms. Taken together, these results provide proof of concept for the use of EBRT in the treatment of existing teratomas and highlight a strategy to increase the safety of stem cell-based therapies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for PubMedID 28600830

  • Wounds outcompete tumors for neovascularization Hu, M. S., Maan, Z. N., Hong, W., Walmsley, G. G., Rennert, R. C., Atashroo, D., Gurtner, G. C., Giaccia, A. J., Lorenz, H., Longaker, M. T. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2015: E124

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.08.230

    View details for Web of Science ID 000386899000304

  • Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Improve Engraftment of Full-Thickness Skin Grafts by Increasing Angiogenesis Hu, M. S., Hong, W., Maan, Z. N., Hu, M., Zimmermann, A. S., Walmsley, G. G., Chung, M., Lorenz, H., Longaker, M. T. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2015: S112

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.07.260

    View details for Web of Science ID 000361119700223

  • Assessment of the Radiation Effects of Cardiac CT Angiography Using Protein and Genetic Biomarkers JACC-CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING Nguyen, P. K., Lee, W. H., Li, Y. F., Hong, W. X., Hu, S., Chan, C., Liang, G., Nguyen, I., Ong, S., Churko, J., Wang, J., Altman, R. B., Fleischmann, D., Wu, J. C. 2015; 8 (8): 873-884

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.04.016

    View details for Web of Science ID 000359895400001

    View details for PubMedID 26210695

  • A mouse fetal skin model of scarless wound repair. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE Walmsley, G. G., Hu, M. S., Hong, W. X., Maan, Z. N., Lorenz, H. P., Longaker, M. T. 2015: 52297-?

    Abstract

    Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs across species but is age dependent. The transition from a scarless to scarring phenotype occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy in humans and around embryonic day 18 (E18) in mice. However, this varies with the size of the wound with larger defects generating a scar at an earlier gestational age. The emergence of lineage tracing and other genetic tools in the mouse has opened promising new avenues for investigation of fetal scarless wound healing. However, given the inherently high rates of morbidity and premature uterine contraction associated with fetal surgery, investigations of fetal scarless wound healing in vivo require a precise and reproducible surgical model. Here we detail a reliable model of fetal scarless wound healing in the dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

    View details for DOI 10.3791/52297

    View details for PubMedID 25650841

  • Effect of human donor cell source on differentiation and function of cardiac induced pluripotent stem cells. Journal of the American College of Cardiology Sanchez-Freire, V., Lee, A. S., Hu, S., Abilez, O. J., Liang, P., Lan, F., Huber, B. C., Ong, S., Hong, W. X., Huang, M., Wu, J. C. 2014; 64 (5): 436-448

    Abstract

    Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a potentially unlimited source for generation of cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). However, current protocols for iPSC-CM derivation face several challenges, including variability in somatic cell sources and inconsistencies in cardiac differentiation efficiency.This study aimed to assess the effect of epigenetic memory on differentiation and function of iPSC-CMs generated from somatic cell sources of cardiac versus noncardiac origins.Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and skin fibroblasts from the same donors were reprogrammed into iPSCs and differentiated into iPSC-CMs via embryoid body and monolayer-based differentiation protocols.Differentiation efficiency was found to be higher in CPC-derived iPSC-CMs (CPC-iPSC-CMs) than in fibroblast-derived iPSC-CMs (Fib-iPSC-CMs). Gene expression analysis during cardiac differentiation demonstrated up-regulation of cardiac transcription factors in CPC-iPSC-CMs, including NKX2-5, MESP1, ISL1, HAND2, MYOCD, MEF2C, and GATA4. Epigenetic assessment revealed higher methylation in the promoter region of NKX2-5 in Fib-iPSC-CMs compared with CPC-iPSC-CMs. Epigenetic differences were found to dissipate with increased cell passaging, and a battery of in vitro assays revealed no significant differences in their morphological and electrophysiological properties at early passage. Finally, cell delivery into a small animal myocardial infarction model indicated that CPC-iPSC-CMs and Fib-iPSC-CMs possess comparable therapeutic capabilities in improving functional recovery in vivo.This is the first study to compare differentiation of iPSC-CMs from human CPCs versus human fibroblasts from the same donors. The authors demonstrate that although epigenetic memory improves differentiation efficiency of cardiac versus noncardiac somatic cell sources in vitro, it does not contribute to improved functional outcome in vivo.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.056

    View details for PubMedID 25082575

  • Gene expression in fetal murine keratinocytes and fibroblasts JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH Hu, M. S., Januszyk, M., Hong, W. X., Walmsley, G. G., Zielins, E. R., Atashroo, D. A., Maan, Z. N., McArdle, A., Takanishi, D. M., Gurtner, G. C., Longaker, M. T., Lorenz, H. P. 2014; 190 (1): 344-357

    Abstract

    Early fetuses heal wounds without the formation of a scar. Many studies have attempted to explain this remarkable phenomenon. However, the exact mechanism remains unknown. Herein, we examine the predominant cell types of the epidermis and dermis-the keratinocyte and fibroblast-during different stages of fetal development to better understand the changes that lead to scarring wound repair versus regeneration.Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were harvested and cultured from the dorsal skin of time-dated BALB/c fetuses. Total RNA was isolated and microarray analysis was performed using chips with 42,000 genes. Significance analysis of microarrays was used to select genes with >2-fold expression differences with a false discovery rate <2. Enrichment analysis was performed on significant genes to identify differentially expressed pathways.By comparing the gene expression profile of keratinocytes from E16 versus E18 fetuses, we identified 24 genes that were downregulated at E16. Analysis of E16 and E18 fibroblasts revealed 522 differentially expressed genes. Enrichment analysis showed the top 20 signaling pathways that were downregulated in E16 keratinocytes and upregulated or downregulated in E16 fibroblasts.Our data reveal 546 differentially expressed genes in keratinocytes and fibroblasts between the scarless and scarring transition. In addition, a total of 60 signaling pathways have been identified to be either upregulated or downregulated in these cell types. The genes and pathways recognized by our study may prove to be essential targets that may discriminate between fetal wound regeneration and adult wound repair.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jss.2014.02.030

    View details for Web of Science ID 000338444700051

  • Tissue engineering and regenerative repair in wound healing. Annals of biomedical engineering Hu, M. S., Maan, Z. N., Wu, J., Rennert, R. C., Hong, W. X., Lai, T. S., Cheung, A. T., Walmsley, G. G., Chung, M. T., McArdle, A., Longaker, M. T., Lorenz, H. P. 2014; 42 (7): 1494-1507

    Abstract

    Wound healing is a highly evolved defense mechanism against infection and further injury. It is a complex process involving multiple cell types and biological pathways. Mammalian adult cutaneous wound healing is mediated by a fibroproliferative response leading to scar formation. In contrast, early to mid-gestational fetal cutaneous wound healing is more akin to regeneration and occurs without scar formation. This early observation has led to extensive research seeking to unlock the mechanism underlying fetal scarless regenerative repair. Building upon recent advances in biomaterials and stem cell applications, tissue engineering approaches are working towards a recapitulation of this phenomenon. In this review, we describe the elements that distinguish fetal scarless and adult scarring wound healing, and discuss current trends in tissue engineering aimed at achieving scarless tissue regeneration.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s10439-014-1010-z

    View details for PubMedID 24788648

  • The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in Wound Healing ADVANCES IN WOUND CARE Hong, W., Hu, M. S., Esquivel, M., Liang, G. Y., Rennert, R. C., McArdle, A., Paik, K. J., Duscher, D., Gurtner, G. C., Lorenz, H., Longaker, M. T. 2014; 3 (5): 390–99

    View details for DOI 10.1089/wound.2013.0520

    View details for Web of Science ID 000214959300004

  • LOW DOSE RADIATION FROM CARDIAC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IS ASSOCIATED WITH DNA DAMAGE AND CELLULAR DEATH Hong, W., Lee, W., Liang, G., Chan, C., Sanchez-Freire, V., Hu, S., Longaker, M. T., Wu, J., Nguyen, P. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2014: A1047

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S0735-1097(14)61047-0

    View details for Web of Science ID 000359579101705

  • Abstract 151: short hairpin RNA interference therapy for diabetic murine wound closure and hindlimb ischemia. Plastic and reconstructive surgery Paik, K. J., Rennert, R., Chung, M. T., Sorkin, M., Duscher, D., Atashroo, D., Chen, H., Morrison, S. D., Zimmermann, A., Nauta, A., Ko, S., Tevlin, R., Zielins, E., Hu, M. S., McArdle, A., Walmsley, G., Senarath-Yapa, K., Hong, W. X., Garza, R. M., Duldulao, C., Wearda, T., Momeni, A., Wu, J. C., Gurtner, G. C., Longaker, M. T., Wan, D. C. 2014; 133 (3): 167-168

    View details for DOI 10.1097/01.prs.0000444979.14443.08

    View details for PubMedID 25942261

  • Abstract 135: improved engraftment of autologous skin grafts in diabetic mice with adipose-derived stem cells. Plastic and reconstructive surgery Hu, M., Hong, W. X., Senarath-Yapa, K., Zimmermann, A., Chung, M., Esquivel, M., McArdle, A., Walmsley, G., Maan, Z., Garza, R., Lorenz, H. P., Longaker, M. 2014; 133 (3): 151-?

    View details for DOI 10.1097/01.prs.0000444962.89785.8e

    View details for PubMedID 25942246

  • Abstract 165: Enhanced Adipose-Derived Stromal Cell Osteogenesis through Surface Marker Enrichment and BMP Modulation using Magnet-assisted Transfection. Plastic and reconstructive surgery Chung, M. T., Morrison, S. D., Paik, K. J., McArdle, A., Walmsley, G., Senarath-Yapa, K., Hu, M. S., Tevlin, R., Zielins, E., Atashroo, D., Hong, W. X., Duldulao, C., Wearda, T., Garza, R. M., Momeni, A., Longaker, M. T., Wan, D. C. 2014; 133 (3): 181-182

    View details for DOI 10.1097/01.prs.0000444994.28797.34

    View details for PubMedID 25942275

  • Wound healing: an update REGENERATIVE MEDICINE Zielins, E. R., Atashroo, D. A., Maan, Z. N., Duscher, D., Walmsley, G. G., Marecic, O., Hu, M., Senarath-Yapa, K., McArdle, A., Tevlin, R., Wearda, T., Paik, K. J., Duldulao, C., Hong, W. X., Gurtner, G. C., Longaker, M. T. 2014; 9 (6): 817-830

    Abstract

    Wounds, both chronic and acute, continue to be a tremendous socioeconomic burden. As such, technologies drawn from many disciplines within science and engineering are constantly being incorporated into innovative wound healing therapies. While many of these therapies are experimental, they have resulted in new insights into the pathophysiology of wound healing, and in turn the development of more specialized treatments for both normal and abnormal wound healing states. Herein, we review some of the emerging technologies that are currently being developed to aid and improve wound healing after cutaneous injury.

    View details for DOI 10.2217/RME.14.54

    View details for Web of Science ID 000345620600012

  • PDGF mediates derivation of human embryonic germ cells DIFFERENTIATION Li, Y., Hong, W. X., Lan, B., Xu, X., Liu, Y., Kong, L., Li, Y., Zhou, S., Liu, Y., Feng, R., Jiang, S., He, Q., Tan, J. 2013; 86 (4-5): 141-148

    Abstract

    Human embryonic germ cells (hEGCs) are a valuable and underutilized source of pluripotent stem cells. Unlike embryonic stem cells, which have been extensively studied, little is known about the factors that regulate hEGC derivation and maintenance. This study demonstrates for the first time a central role for selective activation of PDGFR signaling in the derivation and maintenance of pluripotency in hEGCs. In the study, hEGCs were found to express PDGF receptor α at high levels compared to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). PDGF significantly improved formation of alkaline phosphatase (AP) positive hEGC colonies. We subsequently determined that PDGF activates the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway as phosphorylation of AKT was up-regulated in response to PDGF. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K signaling using small molecular inhibitor LY294002 led to significantly decreased AP positive hEGC colony formation whereas inhibition of MAPK pathway using U0126 had a negligible effect. We established a primary mechanism for PDGF mediated derivation and maintenance of hEGCs by demonstrating that OCT4 was upregulated and PTEN was suppressed in a dose dependent manner in response to PDGF.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.diff.2013.11.002

    View details for Web of Science ID 000335297100001

    View details for PubMedID 24485751