Bio


Chronic liver disease is one of the most common causes of premature death in Americans. My career goal is to improve the outcome of individuals with chronic liver disease by identifying the optimal means for diagnosis, monitoring, treatment and prevention. The path I have chosen to achieve this goal is through engagement in clinical epidemiology and patient-oriented, effectiveness research.

Since the development of the MELD score which recognizes the importance of renal function in the prognosis of patients with end stage liver disease, one of the areas that we have had intense interest has been acute and chronic renal injury in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver transplantation represents a unique opportunity for research, because of the potential for reversal of the renal injury as well as access to biological materials.

Clinical Focus


  • Liver Cirrhosis
  • Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  • Hepatitis B, Chronic
  • Liver Transplantation
  • Hepatology
  • Gastroenterology

Academic Appointments


Administrative Appointments


  • Chief, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford Unversity (2013 - Present)

Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations


  • Chair, Development Committee, AASLD (2011 - 2014)
  • Senior Fellow, Center for Innovation in Global Health (2015 - Present)
  • Chair, Clinical Research Committee, AASLD (2008 - 2011)
  • Associate Editor, Hepatology (2008 - 2011)
  • Member, American Gastroenterological Association (1994 - Present)
  • Member, AASLD (1994 - Present)
  • Member, American College of Gastroenterology (1994 - Present)
  • Member, International Liver Transplant Society (1998 - Present)
  • Member, American Society for Transplant Physicians (1998 - Present)

Professional Education


  • Fellowship: Mayo Graduate School of Medicine (1998) MN
  • Fellowship: Mayo Graduate School of Medicine (1997) MN
  • Residency: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Medical Center (1994) AR
  • Professional Education: University of Pennsylvania (1992) PA
  • Residency: Seoul National University Hospital (1990)
  • Internship: Seoul National University Hospital (1987)
  • Medical Education: Seoul National University (1986)
  • Board Certification: American Board of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology (1998)
  • M.B.A., Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Health Care Administration (1992)
  • M.Sc., Seoul National University, Clinical Research (1990)
  • M.D., Seoul National University, Medicine (1986)

Clinical Trials


  • The Effect of Branched-chain Amino Acid on the Improvement of Serum Albumin Level in Cirrhotic Patients With Ascites Recruiting

    To compare the efficacy of branched-chain amino acid in serum albumin level in cirrhotic patients with ascites.

    View full details

  • Emricasan, a Caspase Inhibitor, for Evaluation in Subjects With Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Fibrosis Not Recruiting

    This is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving subjects with a diagnosis of "definite NASH" with fibrosis (excluding cirrhosis) as determined by the central histopathologist. Upon successful screening, subjects will be randomized to receive either emricasan 50 mg BID or emricasan 5 mg BID or matching placebo BID.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Alexis Touros, (650) 721-4285.

    View full details

Graduate and Fellowship Programs


  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (Fellowship Program)

All Publications


  • Chronic Hepatitis B baseline viral load and on-treatment liver cancer risk: A multinational cohort study of HBeAg-Positive patients. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Choi, W. M., Yip, T. C., Kim, W. R., Yee, L. J., Brooks-Rooney, C., Curteis, T., Clark, L. J., Jafry, Z., Chen, C. H., Chen, C. Y., Huang, Y. H., Jin, Y. J., Jun, D. W., Kim, J. W., Park, N. H., Peng, C. Y., Shin, H. P., Shin, J. W., Yang, Y. H., Wong, G. L., Lim, Y. S. 2024

    Abstract

    A single-nation study reported that pre-treatment hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral load is associated with on-treatment risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive, non-cirrhotic, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients initiating antiviral treatment. We aimed to validate the association between baseline HBV viral load and on-treatment HCC risk in a larger, multinational cohort.Using a multinational cohort from Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan involving 7,545 HBeAg-positive, non-cirrhotic, adult CHB patients who started entecavir or tenofovir treatment with baseline HBV viral load ≥5.00 log10 IU/mL, HCC risk was estimated by baseline viral load. HBV viral load was analyzed as a categorical variable.During continuous antiviral treatment (median 4.28 y), HCC developed in 200 patients (incidence rate, 0.61 per 100 person-years). Baseline HBV DNA level was independently associated with on-treatment HCC risk in a non-linear pattern. HCC risk was lowest with highest baseline viral load (≥8.00 log10 IU/mL; incidence rate, 0.10 per 100 person-years), but increased sharply as baseline viral load decreased. The adjusted HCC risk was 8.05 times higher (95% confidence interval, 3.34 to 19.35) with baseline viral load ≥6.00 and <7.00 log10 IU/mL (incidence rate, 1.38 per 100 person-years) compared with high (≥8.00 log10 IU/mL) baseline viral load (p<0.001).In a multinational cohort of HBeAg-positive, non-cirrhotic, adult patients with CHB, baseline HBV viral load was significantly associated with HCC risk despite antiviral treatment. Patients with the highest viral load who initiated treatment had the lowest long-term risk of HCC development.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000752

    View details for PubMedID 38436992

  • Alcohol Use in Liver Transplant Recipients With Alcohol-related Liver Disease: A Comparative Assessment of Relapse Prediction Models. Transplantation Sedki, M., Kwong, A., Bhargava, M., Ahmed, A., Daugherty, T., Kwo, P., Dronamraju, D., Kumari, R., Kim, W. R., Esquivel, C., Melcher, M., Bonham, C. A., Gallo, A., Nelson, A., Norwood, A., Hussain, F., Goel, A. 2023

    Abstract

    The selection of liver transplant (LT) candidates with alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is influenced by the risk of alcohol relapse (AR), yet the ability to predict AR is limited. We evaluate psychosocial factors associated with post-LT AR and compare the performance of high-risk alcoholism risk (HRAR), sustained alcohol use post-LT (SALT), and the Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation (SIPAT) scores in predicting relapse.A retrospective analysis of ALD patients undergoing LT from 2015 to 2021 at a single US transplant center was performed. Risk factors associated with post-LT AR were evaluated and test characteristics of 3 prediction models were compared.Of 219 ALD LT recipients, 23 (11%) had AR during a median study follow-up of 37.5 mo. On multivariate analysis, comorbid psychiatric illness (odds ratio 5.22) and continued alcohol use after advice from a health care provider (odds ratio 3.8) were found to be significantly associated with post-LT AR. On sensitivity analysis, SIPAT of 30 was optimal on discriminating between ALD LT recipients with and without post-LT AR. SIPAT outperformed both the HRAR and SALT scores (c-statistic 0.67 versus 0.59 and 0.62, respectively) in identifying post-LT AR. However, all scores had poor positive predictive value (<25%).AR after LT is associated with comorbid psychiatric illness and lack of heeding health care provider advice to abstain from alcohol. Although SIPAT outperformed the HRAR and SALT scores in predicting AR, all are poor predictors. The current tools to predict post-LT AR should not be used to exclude LT candidacy.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/TP.0000000000004800

    View details for PubMedID 37899485

  • EXPOSURE TO GLP1RA THERAPY IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED SURVIVAL IN POST LIVER TRANSPLANT PATIENTS WITH TYPE I I DIABETES MELLITUS Achalu, S., Berry, R., Manikat, R., Yeoh, A., Gombar, S., Kim, S. H., Ghaziani, T., Dronamraju, D., Dhanasekaran, R., Kwong, A. J., Torok, N. J., Goel, A., Kim, W., Kwo, P. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023: S311-S312
  • EMPAGLIFLOZIN IN DIURETIC REFRACTORY ASCITES (DRAIN-EM): RESULTS OF A SINGLE-CENTER FEASIBILITY STUDY Goel, A., Tarlow, B. D., Kwong, A. J., Hu, K., Cheng, X., Kim, S. H., Charu, V., Dronamraju, D., Kim, W., Kwo, P. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023: S1337-S1338
  • THE UTILITY OF SEQUENTIAL SAFE SCORE AND FIBROSCAN IN PREDICTING CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT FIBROSIS IN ASIAN NAFLD PATIENTS. Sripongpun, P., Treeprasertsuk, S., Charatcharoenwitthaya, P., Kaewdech, A., Chamroonkul, N., Chan, W., Ng, C., Muthiah, M., Dan, Y., Kim, W. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023: S889-S890
  • IMPACT OF ETIOLOGY ON THE PREDICTION OF WAITLIST MORTALITY IN LIVER TRANSPLANT CANDIDATES Chung, N. L., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W., Kwong, A. J. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023: S272-S273
  • PREDICTORS OF RENAL RECOVERY AND SURVIVAL OUTCOMES IN LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS MEETING SLK ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Manikat, R., Kwong, A. J., Cheng, X., Chow, B., Bhargava, M., Achalu, S., Pham, T., Kim, W., Kwo, P. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023: S240-S241
  • SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH DECOMPENSATED PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS IN THE ERA OF OBETICHOLIC ACID AND MELD 3.0 Sedki, M., Chung, N. L., Goel, A., Montano-Loza, A. J., Kwong, A. J., Sasaki, K., Kim, W., Mannalithara, A. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023: S2075-S2076
  • EARLY ALBUMIN INFUSION MAY IMPROVE OUTCOMES IN MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT ORGANISM INFECTIONS AMONG PATIENTS WITH SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS Kim, W., Viayna, E., Ardiles, T., Rajkumar, R., Lodaya, K., Hwang, S. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023: S1385-S1386
  • WE ARE GOING DOWN THE WRONG PATH! THE CURRENT AASLD GUIDANCE MISCLASSIFIES MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH MASLD AND SIGNIFICANT FIBROSIS Kim, W., Chung, N. L., Mannalithara, A., Charu, V., Torok, N. J., Kwo, P., Kwong, A. J., Kim, S. H. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023: S167
  • Hepatitis C Screening in Post-Baby Boomer Generation Americans: One Size Does Not Fit All. Mayo Clinic proceedings Sripongpun, P., Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Downing, N. L., Vidovszky, A. A., Kwong, A. J., Goel, A., Kwo, P. Y., Kim, W. R. 2023; 98 (9): 1335-1344

    Abstract

    To analyze the impact of access to routine health care, as estimated by health insurance coverage, on hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection prevalence in US adults born after 1965 (post-baby boomer birth cohort [post-BBBC]) and to use the data to formulate strategies to optimize population screening for HCV.Adult examinees in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with available anti-HCV data were divided into era 1 (1999-2008) and era 2 (2009-2016). The prevalence of HCV infection, as defined by detectable serum HCV RNA, was determined in post-BBBC adults. In low prevalence groups, prescreening modalities were considered to increase the pretest probability.Of 16,966 eligible post-BBBC examinees, 0.5% had HCV infection. In both eras, more than 50% had no insurance. In era 2, HCV prevalence was 0.26% and 0.83% in those with and without insurance, respectively (P<.01). As a prescreening test, low alanine aminotransferase level (<23 U/L in women and 32 U/L in men) would identify 54% of post-BBBC adults with an extremely low (0.02%) HCV prevalence. Based on these data, a tiered approach that tests all uninsured directly for HCV and prescreens the insured with alanine aminotransferase would reduce the number to test by 56.5 million while missing less than 1% infections.For HCV elimination, passive "universal" screening in routine health care settings is insufficient, although the efficiency of screening may be improved with alanine aminotransferase prescreening. Importantly, for individuals with limited access to health care, proactive outreach programs for HCV screening are still needed.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.02.009

    View details for PubMedID 37661141

  • Diagnostic and prognostic performance of the SAFE score in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver Li, G., Lin, H., Sripongpun, P., Liang, L. Y., Zhang, X., Wong, V. W., Wong, G. L., Kim, W. R., Yip, T. C. 2023

    Abstract

    The steatosis-associated fibrosis estimator (SAFE) score was developed to detect clinically significant liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD in the United States. We compare the performance of the SAFE score and other non-invasive tests to diagnose liver fibrosis and to correlate the scores with liver-related outcomes in patients with NAFLD in Hong Kong.This was a retrospective cohort study involving two data sets. The first cohort was a biopsy cohort of NAFLD patients (n = 279), and the second was a territory-wide cohort of NAFLD patients (n = 4603) retrieved from a territory-wide electronic healthcare database in Hong Kong.In detecting significant fibrosis, liver stiffness measured by transient elastography had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) (.844), followed by SAFE score (.773). SAFE score had the highest AUROC among blood-based algorithms (.773 vs. .746 for FIB-4, .697 for APRI). Based on cut-off values of SAFE score (0 and 100 points), 854 (18.6%), 1596 (34.6%) and 2153 (46.8%) were in the low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups, respectively, in the territory-wide cohort. Six (.7%), 15 (.9%) and 59 (2.7%) developed liver-related events in those three groups respectively. Among patients who had liver-related events at 5 years, using the high cut-off, SAFE score could predict 84.9% of patients accurately, compared to 40.9% for FIB-4 and 27.2% for APRI.The SAFE score performed well and better than other blood-based markers in diagnosing significant fibrosis and predicting liver-related events in Asian patients with NAFLD.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/liv.15718

    View details for PubMedID 37650363

  • Correction to: Impact of Pruritus on Quality of Life and Current Treatment Patterns in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Digestive diseases and sciences Mayo, M. J., Carey, E., Smith, H. T., Mospan, A. R., McLaughlin, M., Thompson, A., Morris, H. L., Sandefur, R., Kim, W. R., Bowlus, C., Levy, C. 2023

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s10620-023-08050-9

    View details for PubMedID 37555884

  • Benchmarking clinical risk prediction algorithms with ensemble machine learning: An illustration of the superlearner algorithm for the non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences Charu, V., Liang, J. W., Mannalithara, A., Kwong, A., Tian, L., Kim, W. R. 2023

    Abstract

    Background and Aims: Ensemble machine learning (ML) methods can combine many individual models into a single 'super' model using an optimal weighted combination. Here we demonstrate how an underutilized ensemble model, the superlearner, can be used as a benchmark for model performance in clinical risk prediction. We illustrate this by implementing a superlearner to predict liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods: We trained a superlearner based on 23 demographic and clinical variables, with the goal of predicting stage 2 or higher liver fibrosis. The superlearner was trained on data from the Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - clinical research network observational study (NASH-CRN, n=648), and validated using data from participants in a randomized trial for NASH ('FLINT' trial, n=270) and data from examinees with NAFLD who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, n=1244). We compared the performance of the superlearner with existing models, including FIB-4, NFS, Forns, APRI, BARD and SAFE.Results: In the FLINT and NHANES validation sets, the superlearner (derived from 12 base models) discriminates patients with significant fibrosis from those without well, with AUCs of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73-0.84) and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.68-0.79). Among the existing scores considered, the SAFE score performed similarly to the superlearner, and the superlearner and SAFE scores outperformed FIB-4, APRI, Forns, and BARD scores in the validation datasets. A superlearner model derived from 12 base models performed as well as one derived from 90 base models.Conclusions: The superlearner, thought of as the "best-in-class" ML prediction, performed better than most existing models commonly used in practice in detecting fibrotic NASH. The superlearner can be used to benchmark the performance of conventional clinical risk prediction models.

    View details for DOI 10.1101/2023.08.02.23293569

    View details for PubMedID 37577485

  • Diagnostic and prognostic performance of the SAFE score in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Li, G., Lin, H., Sripongpun, P., Liang, Y., Zhang, X., Wong, V., Wong, G., Kim, W., Yip, T. ELSEVIER. 2023: S663-S664
  • Racial Disparities in Access to Liver Transplantation in the United States Kwong, A., Yilma, M., Lake, J., Kim, W., Snyder, J., Israni, A., Hirose, R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2023: S541-S542
  • Who is safe from chronic liver disease? A population-based approach for early detection in the US Chung, N., Mannalithara, A., Charu, V., Kim, W. ELSEVIER. 2023: S88
  • SAFE score yielded a better performance than FIB-4 and NFS in predicting significant fibrosis among Asian NAFLD patients Sripongpun, P., Treeprasertsuk, S., Charatcharoenwitthaya, P., Kaewdech, A., Chamroonkul, N., Chan, W., Ng, C., Muthiah, M., Dan, Y., Kim, W. ELSEVIER. 2023: S721
  • What is in a name? toward culturally sensitive nomenclature for liver disease in the east and west. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Kim, W. R., Iwakiri, Y., Lok, A. S. 2023

    View details for DOI 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000410

    View details for PubMedID 37070237

  • Evidence for Benefits of Early Treatment Initiation for Chronic Hepatitis B. Viruses Lim, Y. S., Kim, W. R., Dieterich, D., Kao, J. H., Flaherty, J. F., Yee, L. J., Roberts, L. R., Razavi, H., Kennedy, P. T. 2023; 15 (4)

    Abstract

    Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is the most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Antiviral treatment reduces the risk of HCC and mortality; nonetheless, globally in 2019, only 2.2% of CHB patients received treatment. Current international CHB guidelines recommend antiviral treatment only in subsets of patients with clear evidence of liver damage. This contrasts with hepatitis C or HIV where early treatment is recommended in all infected patients, regardless of end-organ damage. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of data on the early initiation of antiviral treatment and its related potential economic impact. Literature searches were performed using PubMed and abstracts from international liver congresses (2019-2021). Data on risk of disease progression and HCC and the impact of antiviral treatment in currently ineligible patients were summarized. Cost-effectiveness data on early antiviral treatment initiation were also collated. Accumulating molecular, clinical, and economic data suggest that early initiation of antiviral treatment could save many lives through HCC prevention in a highly cost-effective manner. In light of these data, we consider several alternative expanded treatment strategies that might further a simplified 'treatment as prevention' approach.

    View details for DOI 10.3390/v15040997

    View details for PubMedID 37112976

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10142077

  • MELD 3.0 for adolescent liver transplant candidates. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Kwong, A. J., Zhang, K. Y., Ebel, N., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. R. 2023

    Abstract

    Adolescents constitute a unique waitlist cohort that is distinct from younger children. MELD 3.0, which was developed in an adult population of liver transplant candidates, is planned to replace MELD-Na in the current liver allocation system for both adult and adolescents aged 12-17. We evaluated the predictive performance of MELD-Na, MELD 3.0, and PELD, for 90-day waitlist mortality risk among adolescent liver transplant registrants.New waitlist registrations for primary liver transplant among individuals aged 12-17 and aged 18-25 for comparison were identified using OPTN data from Nov 17 2004 to Dec 31 2021. The predictive performance of the current and proposed MELD and PELD scores was assessed using the Harrell's concordance (c) statistic.There were 1,238 eligible listings for adolescents aged 12-17, and 1,740 young adults aged 18-25. In the adolescent group, 90-day survival was 97.8%, compared to 95.9% in those aged 18-25 (log-rank p = 0.005), with no significant differences when stratified by sex or indication. Among adolescents, increasing MELD 3.0 was associated with an increased hazard of mortality (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.18-1.37), and the c-statistic for 90-day waitlist survival using MELD 3.0 was 0.893, compared with 0.871 using MELD-Na, and 0.852 using PELD.The discriminative ability of MELD 3.0 to rank adolescents according to the risk of death within 90 days was robust. Although MELD 3.0 was initially developed and validated in adults, MELD 3.0 may also improve the prediction of waitlist mortality in adolescents and better represent their urgency for liver transplant.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000352

    View details for PubMedID 36943091

  • OPTN/SRTR 2021 Annual Data Report: Liver Kwong, A. J., Ebel, N. H., Kim, W., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Schladt, D. P., Schnellinger, E. M., Handarova, D., Weiss, S., Cafarella, M., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2023: S178-S263
  • OPTN/SRTR 2021 Annual Data Report: Liver. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Kwong, A. J., Ebel, N. H., Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Schladt, D. P., Schnellinger, E. M., Handarova, D., Weiss, S., Cafarella, M., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2023; 23 (2S1): S178-S263

    Abstract

    In 2021, liver transplant volume continued to grow, with a record 9,234 transplants performed in the United States, 8,665 (93.8%) from deceased donors and 569 (6.2%) from living donors. There were 8,733 (94.6%) adult and 501 (5.4%) pediatric liver transplant recipients. An increase in the number of deceased donor livers corresponded to an increase in the overall transplant rate and shorter waiting times, although still 10.0% of livers that were recovered were not transplanted. Alcohol-associated liver disease was the leading indication for both waitlist registration and liver transplant in adults, outpacing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, while biliary atresia remained the leading indication for children. Related to allocation policy changes implemented in 2019, the proportion of liver transplants performed for hepatocellular carcinoma has decreased. Among adult candidates listed for liver transplant in 2020, 37.7% received a deceased donor liver transplant within 3 months, 43.8% within 6 months, and 53.3% within 1 year. Pretransplant mortality improved for children following implementation of acuity circle-based distribution. Short-term graft and patient survival outcomes up to 1 year worsened for adult deceased and living donor liver transplant recipients, which is a reversal of previous trends and coincided with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. Longer-term outcomes among adult deceased donor liver transplant recipients were unaffected, with overall posttransplant mortality rates of 13.3% at 3 years, 18.6% at 5 years, and 35.9% at 10 years. Pretransplant mortality improved for children following implementation of acuity circle-based distribution and prioritization of pediatric donors to pediatric recipients in 2020. Pediatric living donor recipients had superior graft and patient survival outcomes compared with deceased donor recipients at all time points.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.02.006

    View details for PubMedID 37132348

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving tenofovir-vs. entecavir-based regimens: individual patient data meta-analysis. Journal of hepatology Choi, W., Cheuk-Fung Yip, T., Lai-Hung Wong, G., Kim, W. R., Yee, L. J., Brooks-Rooney, C., Curteis, T., Cant, H., Chen, C., Chen, C., Huang, Y., Jin, Y., Jun, D. W., Kim, J., Park, N. H., Peng, C., Shin, H. P., Shin, J. W., Yang, Y., Lim, Y. 2022

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Comparative risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) versus entecavir (ETV) remains controversial. This individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis aimed to compare HCC risk between the two drugs and identify any subgroup of patients who may benefit more from one treatment than the other.METHODS: Published meta-analyses, electronic databases and congress proceedings were searched to identify eligible studies through January 2021. We compared HCC risk between the two drugs using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model with anonymised IPD from treatment-naive CHB patients receiving TDF or ETV for ≥1 year. Treatment effect consistency was explored in propensity score matching (PSM), weighting (PSW) and subgroup analyses for age, sex, hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) positivity, cirrhosis, and diabetes status.RESULTS: We included 11 studies from Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong involving 42,939 patients receiving TDF (n=6,979) or ETV (n=35,960) monotherapy. Patients receiving TDF had significantly lower HCC risk: adjusted HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.61-0.98; p=0.03). Lower HCC risk with TDF was consistently observed in PSM (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59-0.88; p<0.01) and PSW (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.67-1.03; p=0.10) analyses and in all subgroups, with statistical significance in the ≥50 years of age (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.58-1.00; p<0.05), male (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.96; p=0.02), HBeAg-positive (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49-0.97; p=0.03), and non-diabetic (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63-1.00; p<0.05) subgroups.CONCLUSION: TDF was associated with significantly lower HCC risk than ETV in CHB patients, particularly those with HBeAg positivity. Longer follow-up may be needed to better define incidence differences between the treatments in various subgroups.IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Previous aggregate data meta-analyses have reported inconsistent conclusions on the relative effectiveness of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and entecavir (ETV) in reducing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This individual patient data meta-analysis on 11 studies involving 42,939 patients from Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong suggested that TDF-treated patients have a significantly lower HCC risk than ETV-treated patients, which was observed in all subgroups of clinical interest and by different analytical methodologies. These findings may have to be taken into account by healthcare providers when determining the optimal course of treatment for patients with CHB and may be considered in ensuring that treatment guidelines for CHB remain pertinent.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.12.007

    View details for PubMedID 36572349

  • Title: On Building a Better Mousetrap Response to: "Towards Optimally Replacing the Current Version of MELD". Journal of hepatology Ge, J., Kim, W. R., Lai, J. C., Kwong, A. J. 2022

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.11.008

    View details for PubMedID 36402449

  • MELD 3.0 AS A PREDICTOR OF POST-TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES IN THE COVID ERA Chung, N., Wu, W., Kwong, A. J., Charu, V., Mannalithara, A., Melcher, M., Kim, W. WILEY. 2022: S77-S78
  • SERUM LIVER FIBROSIS MARKERS PREDICT CNS PALLIDAL ATROPHY Kwong, A. J., Kim, W., Zahr, N. WILEY. 2022: S428
  • SERIAL STEATOSIS-ASSOCIATED FIBROSIS ESTIMATOR (SAFE) SCORE DETECTS IMPROVEMENT IN FIBROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH) Sripongpun, P., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. WILEY. 2022: S867-S868
  • THE EFFECT OF BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF SERUM ALBUMIN LEVEL IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH ASCITES: A MULTI-CENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL Kim, S., Seo, Y., Jeong, S., Kim, M., Park, J., Suk, K., Shim, J., Jun, D., Lee, J., Kim, W. WILEY. 2022: S1215-S1216
  • MELD 3.0 PREDICTS WAITLIST MORTALITY RISK IN ADOLESCENT LIVER TRANSPLANT REGISTRANTS Kwong, A. J., Zhang, K., Ebel, N., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. WILEY. 2022: S17-S18
  • TIMELY ALBUMIN INFUSION MAY IMPROVE SURVIVAL AND LENGTH OF STAY IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS AND SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS: AN ANALYSIS OF REAL-WORLD EVIDENCE Ray Kim, W., Raghunathan, K., Martin, G. S., Viayna, E., Rajkumar, R., Lodaya, K. WILEY. 2022: S1142
  • ACCESS TO SUBSPECIALTY FOLLOW-UP FOR PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED WITH ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED LIVER DISEASE Kwong, A. J., Sheira, D., Kim, W. WILEY. 2022: S957
  • THE WAIST-TO-HIP RATIO ADDS LITTLE TO THE STEATOSIS-ASSOCIATED FIBROSIS ESTIMATOR (SAFE) SCORE IN PREDICTING SIGNIFICANT FIBROSIS AMONG PATIENTS WITH NAFLD Sripongpun, P., Charu, V., Kim, S. H., Kim, W. WILEY. 2022: S792-S793
  • ELEVATED SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AS A MARKER OF A DISTINCT PHENOTYPE OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE Sripongpun, P., Charu, V., Kwo, P., Goel, A., Torok, N. J., Kim, W. WILEY. 2022: S866
  • TIMELY ALBUMIN INFUSION MAY IMPROVE SURVIVAL AND LENGTH OF STAY IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS AND ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY Kim, W., Raghunathan, K., Martin, G. S., Viayna, E., Rajkumar, R., Lodaya, K. WILEY. 2022: S1139
  • CALIBRATION OF WAITLIST SURVIVAL PREDICTION BY MELD 3.0 IN THE PANDEMIC ERA Wu, W., Chung, N., Vidovszky, A., Mannalithara, A., Melcher, M., Charu, V., Kwong, A. J., Kim, W. WILEY. 2022: S76-S77
  • Clinical characteristics and outcomes in those with primary extrahepatic malignancy and malignant ascites. BMC gastroenterology Alshuwaykh, O., Cheung, A., Goel, A., Kwong, A., Dhanasekaran, R., Ghaziani, T. T., Ahmed, A., Daugherty, T., Dronamraju, D., Kumari, R., Nguyen, M., Kim, W. R., Kwo, P. Y. 2022; 22 (1): 410

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Malignancy-related ascites accounts for approximately 10% of causes of ascites. Our AIM was to characterize the ascites fluid and correlate clinical outcomes in those with extrahepatic malignancy and ascites.METHODS: 241 subjects with extrahepatic solid tumors and ascites were reviewed from 1/1/2000 to 12/31/2019, 119 without liver metastasis and 122 with liver metastasis.RESULTS: Ascites fluid consistent with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) was most common, 150/241 (62%), followed by fluid reflecting the presence of portal hypertension (PH), 69/241 (29%). 22/241 (9%) had low SAAG and low ascites fluid total protein, with evidence of PC on cytology and or imaging in 20/22. Lung cancer was the most common malignancy in subjects with ascites due to PC at 36/150 (24%), pancreatic cancer was the most common in subjects with ascites with features of PH at 16/69 (23%). Chemotherapy or immunotherapy alone was the most common management approach. Significantly higher 5-year, 3-year and 1-year mortality rate were noted in subjects with evidence of PC on cytology/imaging versus subjects with no evidence of PC, and in subjects with liver metastasis compared to subjects without liver metastasis. Subjects with pancreatic cancer and evidence of PC on cytology/imaging had higher 1 and 5-year mortality rates compared to subjects without PC.CONCLUSIONS: Ascites in solid tumor malignancy is most commonly due to PC. We also observed ascites fluid with characteristics of PH in 29% of subjects. Higher mortality rates in subjects with peritoneal carcinomatosis and liver metastasis were noted. These findings may help inform prognosis and treatment strategies.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/s12876-022-02487-4

    View details for PubMedID 36064324

  • Mortality in End Stage Liver Patients Above MELD 3.0 of 40. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Tarlow, B. D., Kim, W. R., Mannalithara, A., Kwo, P. Y., Bonham, C. A., Kwong, A. 2022

    Abstract

    Since implementation of the MELD score to determine waitlist priority in liver transplant (LT) in 2002, the score has been capped at 40. Recently, the MELD 3.0 score was proposed to improve upon MELD-Na. Here, we examine waitlist mortality and LT outcomes in patients with MELD 3.0 ≥40 to assess the potential impact of uncapping the score.Adult waitlist registrations for LT from January, 2016 to December, 2021 were identified in the registry data from the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. All MELD 3.0 scores were calculated at registration and thereafter. Waitlist mortality for up to 30 days was calculated as well as post-LT survival. There were 54,060 new waitlist registrations during the study period, of whom 2,820 (5.2%) had MELD 3.0 ≥40 at listing. The 30-day waitlist mortality was high in these patients; yet it increased further in proportion with MELD 3.0 up to a score of 55 with 30-day mortality of 58.3% for MELD 3.0 40-44 and 82.4% for ≥50. The multivariable hazard ratio was 1.13 for each point of MELD 3.0, adjusting for several variables including acute-on-chronic liver failure. The number of LT recipients with MELD 40 at transplant increased from 155 in 2002 to 752 in 2021. Post-transplant survival were comparable across MELD strata including MELD 35-39.MELD 3.0 scores beyond 40 are associated with increasing waitlist mortality without adversely affecting post-transplant outcome. Uncapping the MELD score in waitlist candidates may lead to greater survival benefit from LT.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.32770

    View details for PubMedID 36052665

  • Impact of Donor Liver Macrovesicular Steatosis on Deceased Donor Yield and Posttransplant Outcome. Transplantation Kwong, A. J., Kim, W. R., Lake, J., Stock, P. G., Wang, C. J., Wetmore, J. B., Melcher, M. L., Wey, A., Salkowski, N., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K. 2022

    Abstract

    The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) had not traditionally considered biopsy results in risk-adjustment models, yet biopsy results may influence outcomes and thus decisions regarding organ acceptance.Using SRTR data, which includes data on all donors, waitlisted candidates, and transplant recipients in the United States, we assessed (1) the impact of macrovesicular steatosis on deceased donor yield (defined as number of livers transplanted per donor) and 1-y posttransplant graft failure and (2) the effect of incorporating this variable into existing SRTR risk-adjustment models.There were 21 559 donors with any recovered organ and 17 801 liver transplant recipients included for analysis. Increasing levels of macrovesicular steatosis on donor liver biopsy predicted lower organ yield: ≥31% macrovesicular steatosis on liver biopsy was associated with 87% to 95% lower odds of utilization, with 55% of these livers being discarded. The hazard ratio for graft failure with these livers was 1.53, compared with those with no pretransplant liver biopsy and 0% to 10% steatosis. There was minimal change on organ procurement organization-specific deceased donor yield or program-specific posttransplant outcome assessments when macrovesicular steatosis was added to the risk-adjustment models.Donor livers with macrovesicular steatosis are disproportionately not transplanted relative to their risk for graft failure. To avoid undue risk aversion, SRTR now accounts for macrovesicular steatosis in the SRTR risk-adjustment models to help facilitate use of these higher-risk organs. Increased recognition of this variable may also encourage further efforts to standardize the reporting of liver biopsy results.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/TP.0000000000004291

    View details for PubMedID 36042548

  • Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus infection in those not meeting criteria for antiviral therapy. Hepatology communications Alshuwaykh, O., Daugherty, T., Cheung, A., Goel, A., Dhanasekaran, R., Ghaziani, T. T., Ahmed, A., Dronamraju, D., Kumari, R., Kwong, A., Nguyen, M., Kim, W. R., Kwo, P. Y. 2022

    Abstract

    Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to explore the incidence of HCC in a cohort of subjects with HBV and correlate with HBV treatment current guidance. We identified 2846 subjects with HBV over the study period. HCC was diagnosed in 386 of 2846 (14%) subjects; 209 of 386 (54%) were on nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy at time of HCC diagnosis, and 177 of 386 (46%) were not on NA therapy. Of the 177 subjects not on NAs who developed HCC during follow-up, 153 of 177 (86%) had cirrhosis. Within the 177 subjects not on NAs, 158 of 177 (89%) had undetectable HBV DNA, 10 of 177 (6%) had detectable HBV DNA < 2000 IU/L, and 9 of 177 (5%) had HBV DNA > 2000 IU/L. Of those with cirrhosis and undetectable HBV DNA, 115 of 141 had compensated cirrhosis, and 26 of 141 had decompensated cirrhosis. Significant predictors of HCC on time to event analysis included cirrhosis (hazard ratio [HR] 10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.8-17.5; p < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase level (HR 1.004, 95% CI 1.002-1.006; p < 0.001), age (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03-1.06; p < 0.001), (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.1; p 0.007), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8; p 0.02). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated the cumulative incidence of HCC in subjects with compensated cirrhosis receiving NA therapy was significantly lower compared to subjects with compensated cirrhosis outside current HBV treatment practice guidance (undetectable HBV DNA) (32% vs. 51%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Those with untreated compensated cirrhosis with undetectable HBV DNA who do not meet current guidance for treatment had higher rates of HCC than those with compensated cirrhosis and suppressed HBV DNA by NA therapy. This study highlights the need for earlier diagnosis and treatment of HBV.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep4.2064

    View details for PubMedID 36004713

  • Comparative risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving tenofovir- or entecavir-based regimens: a meta-analysis using individual patient data Choi, W., Yip, T., Wong, G., Kim, W., Yee, L., Brooks-Rooney, C., Curteis, T., Cant, H., Chen, C., Chen, C., Huang, Y., Jin, Y., Jun, D., Kim, J., Park, N., Peng, C., Shin, H., Shin, J., Yang, Y., Lim, Y. ELSEVIER. 2022: S870-S871
  • EARLY ALBUMIN INFUSION MAY REDUCE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU) COST IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS (SBP): A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Runken, M. C., Kim, W. R., Raghunathan, K., Martin, G. S., Viayna, E., Lodaya, K. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2022: S384
  • EARLY ALBUMIN INFUSION IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS (SBP) IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTIONS IN TOTAL HOSPITALIZATION COSTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Viayna, E., Kim, W. R., Raghunathan, K., Martin, G. S., Runken, M. C., Lodaya, K. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2022: S398
  • MELD 3.0 accurately predicts short term survival of patients with end-stage liver disease Vidovszky, A., Kim, W., Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A. ELSEVIER. 2022: S903
  • Impact of MELD 3.0 Versus MELD-Na in patients with renal dysfunction Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. ELSEVIER. 2022: S790
  • Impact of increasing MELD 3.0 beyond 40 on liver transplant outcomes Kim, W., Mannalithara, A., Tarlow, B., Kwong, A. ELSEVIER. 2022: S116-S118
  • Performance of the Steatosis-Associated Fibrosis Estimator (SAFE) to predict F2 fibrosis and higher in a cohort of South Korean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Charu, V., Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A., Yoon, E., Jun, D., Kim, W. ELSEVIER. 2022: S462
  • Impact of Pruritus on Quality of Life and Current Treatment Patterns in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Digestive diseases and sciences Mayo, M. J., Carey, E., Smith, H. T., Mospan, A. R., McLaughlin, M., Thompson, A., Morris, H. L., Sandefur, R., Kim, W. R., Bowlus, C., TARGET-PBC Investigators, Levy, C., Ankoma-Sey, V., Bernstein, D., Borg, B., Bowlus, C., Brown, R., Carey, E., Clark, V., Darling, J., Dranoff, J., Elbeshbeshy, H., Forman, L., Goel, A., Hanje, J., Harrison, S., Janardhan, S., Jesudoss, R., Kim, D., King, L., Landis, C., Levy, C., Lok, A., Lucey, M., Luketic, V., Manch, R., Mark, W., Mayo, M., Mena, E., Modi, A., Reddy, G., Reddy, K. R., Rochling, F., Rojter, S., Rubin, R., Russo, M., Shiffman, M., Silveira, M., Stanca, C., Thuluvath, P., Verna, E., Weiss, L. M. 2022

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) often suffer with pruritus. We describe the impact of pruritus on quality of life and how it is managed in a real-world cohort.METHODS: TARGET-PBC is a longitudinal observational cohort of patients with PBC across the USA. Data include information from medical records for three years prior to the date of consent up to 5years of follow-up. Enrolled patients were asked to complete patient-reported outcome surveys: PBC-40, 5-D itch, and the PROMIS fatigue survey. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare differences in symptoms between groups.RESULTS: A total of 211 patients with completed PRO surveys were included in the current study. PRO respondents were compared with non-respondents in the TARGET-PBC population and were broadly similar. Pruritus was reported in 170 patients (81%), with those reporting clinically significant pruritus (30%) scoring worse across each domain of the PBC-40 and 5-D itch, more frequently having cirrhosis, and having significantly greater levels of fatigue. Patients reporting clinically significant pruritus were more likely to receive treatment, but 33% had never received treatment (no itch=43.9%, mild itch=38.3%).CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of pruritus was high in this population, and those reporting clinically significant pruritus had a higher likelihood of having advanced disease and worse quality of life. However, this study found that pruritus in PBC is under-treated. This may be due in part to ineffectiveness of current treatments, poor tolerance, or the lack of FDA-approved medications for pruritus.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s10620-022-07581-x

    View details for PubMedID 35704252

  • "Beyond MELD" - Emerging strategies and technologies for improving mortality prediction, organ allocation and outcomes in liver transplantation. Journal of hepatology Ge, J., Kim, W. R., Lai, J. C., Kwong, A. J. 2022; 76 (6): 1318-1329

    Abstract

    In this review article, we discuss the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score and its dual purpose in general and transplant hepatology. As the landscape of liver disease and transplantation has evolved considerably since the advent of the MELD score, we summarise emerging concepts, methodologies, and technologies that may improve mortality prognostication in the future. Finally, we explore how these novel concepts and technologies may be incorporated into clinical practice.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.03.003

    View details for PubMedID 35589253

  • Prediction of Waitlist Mortality in Liver Transplant Candidates: Do Time-Varying Models Help? Kwong, A., Kim, W., Schladt, D., Wey, A., Snyder, J., Israni, A., Lake, J. WILEY. 2022: 830
  • Escalating Waitlist Mortality Above MELD 40: A Rationale to Uncap MELD 3.0? Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. WILEY. 2022: 827
  • Meld 3.0 for Liver Allocation: Results From the Liver Simulated Allocation Model. Kwong, A., Weaver, T., Schladt, D., Wey, A., Audette, K., Biggins, S., Snyder, J., Israni, A., Lake, J., Kim, W. WILEY. 2022: 418
  • The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease 3.0: An Update Without Proven Accuracy Reply GASTROENTEROLOGY Kwong, A., Kim, W. 2022; 162 (6): 1782-1783
  • Editorial: risk of hepatocellular carcinoma with tenofovir vs entecavir-A "knock-out" is yet to be delivered-Authors' reply. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics Kim, W. R., Telep, L. E., Chokkalingam, A. P. 2022; 55 (10): 1344-1345

    View details for DOI 10.1111/apt.16920

    View details for PubMedID 35472178

  • The steatosis-associated fibrosis estimator (SAFE) score: A tool to detect low-risk non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in primary care. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Sripongpun, P., Kim, W. R., Mannalithara, A., Charu, V., Vidovszky, A., Asch, S., Desai, M., Kim, S. H., Kwong, A. J. 2022

    Abstract

    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in primary care. Liver fibrosis stage 2 or higher (≥F2) increases future risk of morbidity and mortality. We developed and validated a score to aid in the initial assessment of liver fibrosis for NAFLD in primary care.Biopsy-proven NAFLD patients' data were extracted from the 'NASH CRN' observational study (n = 676). Using logistic regression and machine-learning methods, we constructed prediction models to distinguish ≥F2 from F0/1. The models were tested in participants in a trial ('FLINT', n = 280) and local NAFLD patients with magnetic resonance elastography data (n = 130). The final model was applied to examinees in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES, n = 11,953) to correlate with longterm mortality.A multivariable logistic regression model was selected as the Steatosis-Associated Fibrosis Estimator (SAFE) score, which consists of age, body mass index, diabetes, platelets, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and globulins (total serum protein minus albumin). The model yielded areas under receiver operating characteristic curves ≥0.80 in distinguishing F0/1 from ≥F2 in testing datasets, consistently higher than those of FIB-4 and NAFLD Fibrosis Scores. The negative predictive values in ruling out ≥F2 at SAFE of 0 were 88% and 92% in the two testing sets. In the NHANES III set, survival up to 25 years of subjects with SAFE <0 was comparable to that of those without steatosis (p = 0.34), while increasing SAFE scores correlated with shorter survival with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.54 (p < 0.01) for subjects with SAFE>100.The SAFE score, which uses widely available variables to estimate liver fibrosis in patients diagnosed with NAFLD, may be used in primary care to recognize low-risk NAFLD.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.32545

    View details for PubMedID 35477908

  • First-line therapies for hepatitis B in the United States: A 3-year prospective and multicenter real-world study after approval of tenofovir alefenamide. Hepatology communications Pan, C. Q., Afdhal, N. H., Ankoma-Sey, V., Bae, H., Curry, M. P., Dieterich, D., Frazier, L., Frick, A., Hann, H., Kim, W. R., Kwo, P., Milligan, S., Tong, M. J., Reddy, K. R. 2022

    Abstract

    Real-world data are limited on tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). We aimed to study TAF real-world outcomes with other first-line regimens for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We enrolled patients with CHB from 10 centers retrospectively and followed them for 36months prospectively. We analyzed switching patterns of antiviral therapy and treatment outcomes of TAF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and entecavir therapy. For efficacy and safety, we analyzed a subset of patients with complete data at 24months after switching to TAF or remaining on TDF or entecavir. Among 1037 enrollees, 889 patients were analyzed. The mean age was 52%, and 72% were hepatitis B e antigen-negative. After enrollment, shifts in therapies were mostly in reduced use of TDF from 63% to 30% due to switching to TAF. Clinical parameters were compared at enrollment or initiation to measures at 24months for patients remaining on TAF (187), TDF (229), or entecavir (181). At 24months, a significantly higher portion of patients on TAF achieved hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA ≤20IU/ml (93% vs. 86%; p=0.012) and normalized alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (66% vs. 56%; p=0.031) with stable estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs). However, a higher percentage of the patient with eGFR <60ml/mi/1.7m2 was observed in the TDF-treated group (9% vs. 4%; p=0.010). In patients who remained on entecavir or TDF for 24months, ALT and HBV-DNA results did not differ significantly from baseline. Treatment of CHB in the United States has significantly shifted from TDF to TAF. Our data suggest that switching from TDF or entecavir to TAF may result in increased frequency of ALT normalization and potential clearance of viremia at the 24-month time point.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep4.1964

    View details for PubMedID 35445803

  • Targeted Electronic Patient Portal Messaging Increases Hepatitis C Virus Screening in Primary Care: a Randomized Study. Journal of general internal medicine Halket, D., Dang, J., Phadke, A., Jayasekera, C., Kim, W. R., Kwo, P., Downing, L., Goel, A. 2022

    Abstract

    IMPORTANCE: Electronic health record (EHR) tools such as direct-to-patient messaging and automated lab orders are effective at improving uptake of preventive health measures. It is unknown if patient engagement in primary care impacts efficacy of such messaging.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether more engaged patients, defined as those who have an upcoming visit scheduled, are more likely to respond to a direct-to-patient message with an automated lab order for hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening.DESIGN: Randomized trial PARTICIPANTS: One thousand six hundred randomly selected Stanford Primary Care patients, 800 with an upcoming visit within 6 months and 800 without, born between 1945 and 1965 who were due for HCV screening. Each group was randomly divided into cohorts of 400 subjects each. Subjects were followed for 1 year.INTERVENTION: One 400 subject cohort in each group received a direct-to-patient message through the EHR portal with HCV antibody lab order.MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: The EHR was queried on a monthly basis for 6 months after the intervention to monitor which subjects completed HCV screening. For any subjects screened positive for HCV, follow-up through the cascade of HCV care was monitored, and if needed, scheduled by the study team.KEY RESULTS: Of 1600 subjects, 538 (34%) completed HCV screening. In the stratum without an upcoming appointment, 18% in the control group completed screening compared to 26% in intervention group (p<0.01). Similarly, in the stratum with an upcoming appointment, 34% in the control group completed screening compared to 58% in the intervention group (p<0.01).CONCLUSION: Direct-to-patient messaging coupled with automated lab orders improved HCV screening rates compared to standard of care, particularly in more engaged patients. Including this intervention in primary care can maximize screening with each visit, which is particularly valuable in times when physical throughput in the healthcare system may be low.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11606-022-07460-1

    View details for PubMedID 35230622

  • OPTN/SRTR 2020 Annual Data Report: Liver. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Kwong, A. J., Ebel, N. H., Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Schladt, D. P., Skeans, M. A., Foutz, J., Gauntt, K., Cafarella, M., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2022; 22 Suppl 2: 204-309

    Abstract

    This year was marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, which altered transplant program activity and affected waitlist and transplant outcomes. Still, 8906 liver transplants were performed, an all-time high, across 142 centers in the United States, and pretransplant as well as graft and patient survival metrics, continued to improve. Living donation activity decreased after several years of growth. As of June 30, 2020, 98989 liver transplant recipients were alive with a functioning graft, and in the context of increasing liver transplant volume, the size of both the adult and pediatric liver transplant waitlists have decreased. On February 4, 2020, shortly before the pandemic began, a new liver distribution policy based on acuity circles was implemented, replacing donor service area- and region-based boundaries. A policy change to direct pediatric livers to pediatric recipients led to an increase in deceased donor transplant rates and a decrease in pretransplant mortality rate among children, although the absolute number of pediatric transplants did not increase in 2020. Among adults, alcohol-associated liver disease became the predominant indication for liver transplant in 2020. After implementation of the National Liver Review Board and lower waitlist priority for most exception cases in 2019, fewer liver transplants were being performed via exception points, and the transplant rate between those with and without hepatocellular carcinoma has equalized. Women continue to experience higher pretransplant mortality and lower rates of liver transplant than men.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.16978

    View details for PubMedID 35266621

  • Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis B patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus entecavir in the United States. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics Kim, W. R., Telep, L. E., Jump, B., Lu, M., Ramroth, H., Flaherty, J., Gaggar, A., Chokkalingam, A. P., Gordon, S. 2022

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) are the first-line treatment agents for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). Recently, whether the degree to which the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may be reduced by ETV vs TDF has been debated. We compared the incidence of HCC among treatment-naive patients receiving TDF vs ETV in the United States.METHODS: From a large administrative medical claims database of commercially insured patients, we identified 166,933 adults with a diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B and a minimum of 12months of prior enrolment, of whom 3934 and 6127 initiated ETV and TDF respectively. Fine-Gray hazard regression models incorporating treatment propensity scores (PS) were used to estimate the risk of HCC incidence associated with TDF vs ETV; variables considered for adjustment included demographic characteristics, concomitant medication use and baseline comorbidities, as well as competing events including liver transplantation and medication changes.RESULTS: After PS weighting, the TDF and ETV groups were well-matched. During the follow-up, 90 patients developed HCC, including 50 receiving ETV and 40 receiving TDF, giving rise to crude incidence rates of 0.62 per 100 person-years (PY) and 0.30 per 100 PY respectively. In PS-weighted, multivariable analysis, TDF was associated with a subdistribution hazard ratio for HCC of 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38-0.89) compared to ETV. Results were similar when patients ≥40years and men and women were analysed separately.CONCLUSION: Among commercially insured, treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B in the United States, treatment with TDF was associated with significantly lower risk of HCC than ETV.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/apt.16786

    View details for PubMedID 35137422

  • Author response to "MELD 3.0: The Model for End-stage Liver Disease Updated for the Modern Era". Gastroenterology Kwong, A., Kim, W. R. 1800

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.01.017

    View details for PubMedID 35063443

  • Cirrhosis Quality Collaborative. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association Volk, M. L., Clarke, C., Asrani, S. K., Khaderi, S., Bansal, M. B., Tapper, E. B., Ho, C., Chung, R. T., Lake, J., Lim, N., Fortune, B. E., Kim, R., Dronamraju, D., Kanwal, F. 2022

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.01.043

    View details for PubMedID 35123089

  • CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH GREATER BASELINE SEVERITY OF ILLNESS EXPERIENCE HIGHER USE OF TIMELY ALBUMIN Kim, W., Raghunathan, K., Martin, G., Davis, E., Sindhwani, N., Blanchette, C., Telang, S., Lodaya, K. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2022: 225
  • TIMELY ALBUMIN INFUSION MAY IMPROVE SURVIVAL IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS: A US CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Kim, W., Raghunathan, K., Martin, G., Davis, E., Sindhwani, N., Blanchette, C., Telang, S., Lodaya, K. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2022: 224
  • TIMELY ALBUMIN INFUSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A SHORTER HOSPITALIZATION IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS Kim, W., Raghunathan, K., Martin, G., Davis, E., Sindhwani, N., Blanchette, C., Telang, S., Lodaya, K. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2022: 224
  • PREDICTORS OF ELEVATED LIVER TESTS DURING COVID-19 SHELTER IN PLACE IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS Alshuwaykh, O., Wong, R. J., Kim, W., Torok, N. J., Jiang, J., Kwo, P. WILEY. 2021: 334A
  • GALLSTONE DISEASE IN THE US: IS THERE AN IMPACT OF OBESITY AND ITS METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES? Ramphos, E., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. WILEY. 2021: 384A-385A
  • WAITLIST MORTALITY OF DECOMPENSATED PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS PATIENTS IN THE OBETICHOLIC ACID ERA Sedki, M., Kwong, A. J., Mannalithara, A., Goel, A., Kim, W. WILEY. 2021: 789A
  • HEIGHT AS OPPOSED TO GENDER FOR PREDICTING LIVER TRANSPLANT WAITLIST SURVIVAL IN THE CURRENT ERA Mannalithara, A., Kwong, A. J., Kim, W. WILEY. 2021: 846A-847A
  • NUMBER OF CHOLANGITIS EPISODES PREDICTS MORTALITY IN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS Kwong, A. J., Sedki, M., Goel, A., Kim, W. WILEY. 2021: 771A-772A
  • Predictors of Elevated Liver Tests During COVID-19 Shelter in Place in Those Without Known Liver Disease Alshuwaykh, O., Wong, R., Jiang, J., Torok, N., Kim, R. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2021: S557-S558
  • ACCESS TO SUBSPECIALTY CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED LIVER DISEASE Kwong, A. J., Kim, W. WILEY. 2021: 197A
  • Correcting the sex disparity in access to liver transplantation - Lest perfect be the enemy of better. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Kwong, A. J., Lai, J. C., Kim, W. R. 2021

    Abstract

    The implementation of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) as the backbone of liver allocation policy in the United States in 2002 has overall improved waitlist outcomes and standardized access to liver transplantation for patients with end-stage liver disease. However, women experience higher waitlist mortality and lower transplant rates compared to men, attributed in part to underestimation of renal dysfunction by the use of serum creatinine in MELD and MELD-Na.1-3 Alternative models have been proposed to reduce this gap, including replacement of serum creatinine with estimated glomerular filtration rate or granting additional MELD points to women, but what has been lacking in the literature has been quantification and comparison of the potential impact of these models on the sex disparity itself.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.16805

    View details for PubMedID 34403193

  • Incorporation of Donor Liver Macrovesicular Steatosis Into Srtr Risk Adjustment Models for Deceased Donor Yield and Post-Transplant Outcome Kwong, A., Wang, C., Wey, A., Salkowski, N., Snyder, J., Wetmore, J., Israni, A., Lake, J., Stock, P., Kim, W. WILEY. 2021: 344
  • Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites and hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Biggins, S. W., Angeli, P., Garcia-Tsao, G., Gines, P., Ling, S., Nadim, M. K., Wong, F., Kim, W. R. 2021

    Abstract

    This is a comprehensive guidance on the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in patients with chronic liver disease from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). It replaces the prior AASLD guideline on the same topic published in 2012 (1).

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.31884

    View details for PubMedID 33942342

  • Feasibility and Effectiveness of Norepinephrine Outside the Intensive Care Setting for Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society Kwong, A., Kim, W. R., Kwo, P. Y., Wang, U., Cheng, X. 2021

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Vasoconstrictors are the treatment of choice for hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), a potentially lethal complication of end-stage liver disease. We evaluate the real-life effectiveness of a sequential vasoconstrictor regimen of midodrine-octreotide followed by norepinephrine in a non-ICU setting in the United States, where terlipressin is not available.APPROACH & RESULTS: Adult patients diagnosed with HRS were treated with oral midodrine and subcutaneous octreotide in conjunction with albumin. The diagnosis of HRS and definitions of acute kidney injury were based on 2015 guidelines from the International Club of Ascites. A partial response was defined as regression of acute kidney injury (AKI) stage with reduction in serum creatinine to ≥0.3 mg/dL above baseline, whereas a full response was regression of AKI stage with return to a value within 0.3 mg/dL of baseline. In patients without partial or full response, norepinephrine was administered at a starting dose of 5 mcg/min, with a goal to achieve a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 10 mmHg above baseline. We assessed predictors of response and treatment outcomes. 61 patients received midodrine and octreotide for the treatment of HRS, with a 28% response rate. The median MELD-Na was 30 (IQR 24-35), with median MAP of 73 mmHg (IQR 67-79) at the start of treatment. Responders were more likely to have alcohol-related liver disease and lower ACLF grade. Of the non-responders, 20 then received norepinephrine, of whom 45% achieved full or partial response. Achieving MAP increase of ≥10 mmHg was associated with a greater probability of response. Patients who responded to norepinephrine experienced improved transplant-free survival at 90 days (88% v. 27%, p=0.02). Five of 20 patients experienced norepinephrine treatment-related adverse events, namely arrhythmias.CONCLUSION: Norepinephrine can be effectively used in a non-ICU setting as rescue therapy in patients who have not responded to midodrine and octreotide. Based on these data, we propose a practical stepwise algorithm for vasoconstrictor therapy to manage HRS in situations where terlipressin is not an option.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.26065

    View details for PubMedID 33837624

  • An Updated Assessment of Chronic Hepatitis B Prevalence Among Foreign-Born Persons Living in the United States. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Wong, R. J., Brosgart, C. L., Welch, S., Block, T., Chen, M., Cohen, C., Kim, W. R., Kowdley, K. V., Lok, A. S., Tsai, N., Ward, J., Wong, S. S., Gish, R. G. 2021

    Abstract

    While prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the United States (U.S.) includes 0.42 million (range 0.28-0.67) U.S.-born individuals, foreign-born (FB) persons contribute a substantially larger number to the burden of CHB in the United States. Over the past decade, patterns of U.S. immigration have changed and many countries have implemented hepatitis B virus prevention programs. This study aims to estimate the number of FB persons with CHB in the U.S. by country of origin, updating our 2011 study. We performed systematic searches for articles published in 2009-2019 reporting hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence in emigrants and in-country populations of 117 countries. Data meeting inclusion criteria were combined with data from our 2011 study to calculate pooled prevalence estimates for 99 countries using meta-analyses (total 2,800 surveys involving 112 million subjects). Combining country-specific CHB rate estimates with the number of FB in the U.S. in 2018, by country of origin from the U.S. Census Bureau, we estimate the number of FB with CHB in the U.S. in 2018 was 1.47 million (95% confidence interval: 1.21-1.73), substantially higher than previously reported. The weighted average CHB prevalence for all FB in the U.S. in 2018 was 3.07%. About 59% of FB with CHB in the U.S. in 2018 emigrated from Asia, 19% from the Americas, and 15% from Africa. Subgroup analyses found that for many countries, CHB rates are higher in males than females and have declined over the past three decades, but no consistent pattern is seen between emigrant and in-country rates. Conclusion: Including FB and U.S.-born persons, the total prevalence of CHB in the U.S. may be as high as 2.4 million.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.31782

    View details for PubMedID 33655536

  • Predictors of Outcomes of Patients Referred to a Transplant Center for Urgent Liver Transplantation Evaluation. Hepatology communications Alshuwaykh, O., Kwong, A., Goel, A., Cheung, A., Dhanasekaran, R., Ahmed, A., Daugherty, T., Dronamraju, D., Kumari, R., Kim, W. R., Nguyen, M. H., Esquivel, C. O., Concepcion, W., Melcher, M., Bonham, A., Pham, T., Gallo, A., Kwo, P. Y. 2021; 5 (3): 516-525

    Abstract

    Liver transplantation (LT) is definitive treatment for end-stage liver disease. This study evaluated factors predicting successful evaluation in patients transferred for urgent inpatient LT evaluation. Eighty-two patients with cirrhosis were transferred for urgent LT evaluation from January 2016 to December 2018. Alcohol-associated liver disease was the common etiology of liver disease (42/82). Of these 82 patients, 35 (43%) were declined for LT, 27 (33%) were wait-listed for LT, 5 (6%) improved, and 15 (18%) died. Psychosocial factors were the most common reasons for being declined for LT (49%). Predictors for listing and receiving LT on multivariate analysis included Hispanic race (odds ratio [OR], 1.89; P = 0.003), Asian race (OR, 1.52; P = 0.02), non-Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 1.49; P = 0.04), hyponatremia (OR, 1.38; P = 0.04), serum albumin (OR, 1.13; P = 0.01), and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)-Na (OR, 1.02; P = 0.003). Public insurance (i.e., Medicaid) was a predictor of not being listed for LT on multivariate analysis (OR, 0.77; P = 0.02). Excluding patients declined for psychosocial reasons, predictors of being declined for LT on multivariate analysis included Chronic Liver Failure Consortium (CLIF-C) score >51.5 (OR, 1.26; P = 0.03), acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) grade 3 (OR, 1.41; P = 0.01), hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) (OR, 1.38; P = 0.01), and respiratory failure (OR, 1.51; P = 0.01). Predictors of 3-month mortality included CLIF-C score >51.5 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.52; P = 0.04) and intensive care unit (HR, 8.25; P < 0.001). Conclusion: MELD-Na, albumin, hyponatremia, ACLF grade 3, HRS, respiratory failure, public insurance, Hispanic race, Asian race, and non-Hispanic ethnicity predicted liver transplant outcome. Lack of psychosocial support was a major reason for being declined for LT. The CLIF-C score predicted being declined for LT and mortality.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep4.1644

    View details for PubMedID 33681683

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7917272

  • Usefulness of Controlled Attenuation Parameter and Liver Stiffness Measurement for the Identification of Extended-criteria Donors and Risk-assessment in Liver Transplantation. Transplantation Duarte-Rojo, A., Heimbach, J. K., Borja-Cacho, D., Barone, G. W., Shaheen, M. F., Lamps, L. W., Graham, R. P., Tan, E. K., Concepcion, W., Kim, W. R. 2021

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) are noninvasive surrogates for hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, respectively, and could help identify extended criteria donors in liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to determine the accuracy of CAP/LSM in deceased donors along with post-LT changes.METHODS: Accuracy of preprocurement CAP/LSM to grade/stage steatosis/fibrosis was determined using liver biopsy as reference. Transplant outcomes, including primary nonfunction (PNF) and early allograft dysfunction (EAD), were recorded. Recipients underwent CAP/LSM as outpatients. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and regression models were constructed to analyze data.RESULTS: We prospectively evaluated 160 allografts (138 transplanted). Same-probe paired baseline/post-LT CAP was 231 dB/m (181-277) / 225 (187-261) (p=0.61), and LSM 7.6 kPa (6.3-10.8) / 5.9 (4.6-8.7) (p=0.002), respectively. CAP reading was affected by BMI and LSM by ALT, race and bilirubin. Although CAP did not correlate with steatosis from frozen sections (rho=0.08; p=0.47), it correlated with steatosis from permanent sections (rho=0.32; p<0.001) and with oil red O histomorphometry (rho=0.35, p=0.001). CAP identified moderate-to-severe steatosis with an AUROC curve of 0.79 (0.66-0.91), for a negative predictive value of 100% at a cutoff value of 230 dB/m. LSM correlated with fibrosis staging (rho=0.22, p=0.007) and it identified discarded allografts with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis. Patients with no to minimal fibrosis had an LSM of 7.6 (6-10.1) kPa.CONCLUSIONS: Our results are proof-of-concept of the utility of CAP/LSM during organ procurement. Establishing the precise role of these noninvasive tools in the organ allocation process mandates confirmatory studies.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/TP.0000000000003720

    View details for PubMedID 33675319

  • OPTN/SRTR 2019 Annual Data Report: Liver. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Kwong, A. J., Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Schladt, D. P., Skeans, M. A., Noreen, S. M., Foutz, J., Booker, S. E., Cafarella, M., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2021; 21 Suppl 2: 208–315

    Abstract

    This year was notable for changes to exception points determined by the geographic median allocation Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and implementation of the National Liver Review Board, which took place on May 14, 2019. The national acuity circle liver distribution policy was also implemented but reverted to donor service area- and region-based boundaries after 1 week. In 2019, growth continued in the number of new waiting list registrations (12,767) and transplants performed (8,896), including living-donor transplants (524). Compared with 2018, living-donor liver transplants increased 31%. Women continued to have a lower deceased-donor transplant rate and a higher pretransplant mortality rate than men. The median waiting time for candidates with a MELD of 15-34 decreased, while the number of transplants performed for patients with exception points decreased. These changes may have been related to the policy changes that took effect in May 2019, which increased waiting list priority for candidates without exception status. Hepatitis C continued to decline as an indication for liver transplant, as the proportion of liver transplant recipients with alcohol-related liver disease and clinical profiles consistent with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis increased. Graft and patient survival have improved despite changing recipient demographics including older age, higher MELD, and higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.16494

    View details for PubMedID 33595192

  • Predicting survival after liver transplant: A noble pursuit or a fool's errand? Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society Kwong, A. J., Kim, W. R. 2021

    Abstract

    Organ shortage continues to limit our ability to provide transplant to all in need of liver transplantation. The current urgency-based system is based on the laboratory MELD-Na score, which efficiently and effectively rank orders patients by their estimated risk for 90-day waitlist mortality, with a c-statistic of 0.88.1 MELD-Na is agnostic to factors such as age, etiology of liver disease, and co-morbidity, as well as one's expected post-transplant survival. Transplant centers are entrusted, according to the Final Rule, to ensure that candidates meet a minimal threshold of utility where liver transplant would benefit the patient.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.26057

    View details for PubMedID 33773023

  • Research methodologies to address clinical unmet needs and challenges in alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Singal, A. K., Kwo, P., Kwong, A., Liangpunsakul, S., Louvet, A., Mandrekar, P., McClain, C., Mellinger, J., Szabo, G., Terrault, N., Thursz, M., Winder, G. S., Kim, W. R., Shah, V. H. 2021

    Abstract

    Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is emerging worldwide as the leading cause of liver-related morbidity, mortality, and indication for liver transplantation. The ALD Special Interest Group and the Clinical Research Committee at the digital AASLD meeting in November 2020 held the scientific sessions to identify clinical unmet needs in ALD, and addressing these needs using clinical research methodologies. Of several research methodologies, the sessions were focused to a) study disease burden of ALD using large administrative databases, b) develop biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and estimation of disease prognosis, c) identify novel therapeutic targets for ALD and AH, d) derive accurate models to predict prognosis or post-transplant alcohol relapse as a basis for developing treatment algorithm and a uniform protocol on patient selection criteria for liver transplantation, and e) examine qualitative research methodologies in studying the barriers to implementation of multidisciplinary integrated care model by hepatology and addiction teams for the management of dual pathology of liver disease and of alcohol use disorder. Prospective multicenter studies are required to address many of these clinical unmet needs. Further, multidisciplinary care models are needed to improve long-term outcomes in patients with ALD.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.32143

    View details for PubMedID 34496071

  • MELD 3.0: The Model for End-stage Liver Disease Updated for the Modern Era. Gastroenterology Kim, W. R., Mannalithara, A., Heimbach, J. K., Kamath, P. S., Asrani, S. K., Biggins, S. W., Wood, N. L., Gentry, S. E., Kwong, A. J. 2021

    Abstract

    The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) has been established as a reliable indicator of short-term survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. The current version (MELDNa), consisting of INR and serum bilirubin, creatinine, and sodium, has been used to determine organ allocation priorities for liver transplantation in the United States (US). The objective was to optimize MELD further by taking into account additional variables and updating coefficients with contemporary data.All candidates registered on the liver transplant waitlist in the US national registry from Jan 2016 - Dec 2018 were included. Uni- and multivariable Cox models were developed to predict survival up to 90 days after waitlist registration. Model fit was tested using the concordance statistic and reclassification, and the liver simulated allocation model (LSAM) was used to estimate the impact of replacing MELDNa with the new model.The final multivariable model was characterized by (1) additional variables of female sex and serum albumin, (2) interactions between bilirubin and sodium and between albumin and creatinine, and (3) an upper bound for creatinine at 3.0mg/dL. The final model (MELD 3.0, henceforth), had better discrimination than MELDNa (concordance statistic 0.869 versus 0.862, p<0.01). Importantly, MELD 3.0 correctly reclassified a net of 8.8% of decedents to a higher MELD tier, affording them a meaningfully higher chance of transplant, particularly in women. In the LSAM analysis, MELD 3.0 resulted in fewer waitlist deaths compared to MELDNa (7,788 versus 7,850, p=0.02).MELD 3.0 affords more accurate mortality prediction in general than MELDNa and addresses determinants of waitlist outcomes including the sex disparity.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.050

    View details for PubMedID 34481845

  • Methodological Challenges in Meta-Analysis to Assess the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Across Chronic Hepatitis B Treatments. Journal of hepatology Choi, W. M., Yip, T. C., Lim, Y. S., Wong, G. L., Kim, W. R. 2021

    Abstract

    Despite several recent meta-analyses on the topic, the comparative risk of HCC in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients receiving entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) remains controversial. The controversy partly results from the arbitrary nature of significance levels leading to contradictory conclusions from very similar datasets. However, the use of observational data, which is prone to both within- and between-study heterogeneity of patient characteristics, also lends additional uncertainty. The asynchronous introduction of ETV and TDF in East Asia, where the majority of these studies have been conducted, further complicates analyses, as does the ensuing differences in follow-up time between ETV and TDF cohorts. Researchers conducting meta-analyses in this area must make many methodological decisions to mitigate bias but are ultimately limited to the methodologies of the included studies. It is therefore important for researchers, as well as the audience of published meta-analyses, to be aware of the quality of the observational studies and meta-analyses in terms of the patient characteristics, study design and statistical methodologies used. This review aims to help navigate the published meta-analyses on this topic and to provide researchers with recommendations for future work.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.017

    View details for PubMedID 34592365

  • Predictors of Outcomes of Patients Referred to a Transplant Center for Urgent Liver Transplantation Evaluation HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS Alshuwaykh, O., Kwong, A., Goel, A., Cheung, A., Dhanasekaran, R., Ahmed, A., Daugherty, T., Dronamraju, D., Kumari, R., Kim, W., Esquivel, C. O., Concepcion, W., Melcher, M., Bonham, A., Pham, T., Gallo, A., Kwo, P. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep4.1644

    View details for Web of Science ID 000602465100001

  • THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION SUBJECTS NOT MEETING CRITERIA FOR ANTIVIRAL THERAPY Alshuwaykh, O., Goel, A., Daugherty, T., Cheung, A., Kim, W., Kwong, A. J., Ahmed, A., Ghaziani, T., Torok, N. J., Nguyen, M. H., Dronamraju, D., Dhanasekaran, R., Kumari, R., Kwo, P. Y. WILEY. 2020: 472A–473A
  • HEPATITIS C SCREENING IN POST-BABY BOOMER GENERATION AMERICANS: ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL Sriponapun, P., Kim, W., Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Kwong, A. J., Goel, A., Kwo, P. Y. WILEY. 2020: 590A
  • MELD 3.0: AN UPDATED VERSION OF THE MODEL FOR END-STAGE LIVER DISEASE TO OPTIMIZE WAITLIST OUTCOMES IN THE MODERN ERA Kim, W., Mannalithara, A., Kamath, P. S., Heimbach, J., Asrani, S. K., Biggins, S. W., Kwong, A. J. WILEY. 2020: 824A
  • A MACHINE LEARNING MODEL TO SAFELY TRIAGE LOW-RISK NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS: THE STEATOSIS-ASSOCIATED FIBROSIS ESTIMATOR (SAFE) SCORE Sripongpun, P., Mannalithara, A., Kim, D., Kim, W. WILEY. 2020: 888A–889A
  • FEASIBILITY AND EFFICACY OF NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE NON-ICU SETTING FOR TREATMENT OF HEPATORENAL SYNDROME Kwong, A. J., Cheng, X., Kwo, P. Y., Wang, U., Kim, W. WILEY. 2020: 1106
  • THE PERVASIVE IMPACT OF PRURITUS ON QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS (PBC): REAL WORLD EXPERIENCE IN TARGET-PBC Carey, E. J., Smith, H., McLaughlin, M., Thompson, A., Mospan, A., Sandefur, R. A., Zink, R. C., Kim, W., Levy, C. WILEY. 2020: 766A–767A
  • EARLY ALBUMIN INFUSION LEADS TO LOWER HOSPITALIZATION COSTS IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS AND SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS: REAL EVIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES Kim, W., Raghunathan, K., Martin, G. S., Davis, E., Sindhwani, N., Telang, S., Lodaya, K. WILEY. 2020: 1120
  • OUTCOMES AFTER HOSPITALIZATION WITH ACUTE DECOMPENSATION DUE TO ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE Kwong, A. J., Goel, A., Daugherty, T., Kwo, P. Y., Kim, W. WILEY. 2020: 181A–182A
  • RISK OF INCIDENT HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) VIRUS-INFECTED PATIENTS TREATED WITH TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE (TDF) VERSUS ENTECAVIR (ETV): A US ADMINISTRATIVE CLAIMS ANALYSIS Kim, R., Telep, L., Lu, M., Ramroth, H., Flaherty, J., Gaggar, A., Chokkalingam, A., Chan, C., Gordon, S. BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. 2020: A73
  • Clinical Response to Treatment for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Patients With Cirrhosis John, N., Alshuwaykh, O., Goel, A., Ahmed, A., Cheung, A., Dronamraju, D., Kumari, R., Daugherty, T., Dhanasekaran, R., Kim, R. W., Nguyen, M. H., Kwo, P. Y. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2020: S587–S588
  • Characterizing Ascites in Subjects With Nonhepatic Solid Tumors Alshuwaykh, O., Cheung, A., Goel, A., Dhanasekaran, R., Ahmed, A., Dronamraju, D., Daugherty, T., Kim, R. W., Kumari, R., Torok, N., Ghaziani, T., Kwo, P. Y. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2020: S507
  • Building a better mousetrap: can MELD-Na be improved? Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A., Kwo, P., Kim, W. ELSEVIER. 2020: S689
  • Early albumin improves survival in cirrhotic patients on diuretic therapy who develop significant acute kidney injury: real-world evidence in the United States Kim, W., Raghunathan, K., Martin, G. S., Davis, E., Sindhwani, N., Telang, S., Lodaya, K. ELSEVIER. 2020: S770
  • Updated estimate for prevalence of chronic hepatitis B among foreign-born persons living in the United States by country of origin Wong, R., Brosgart, C., Welch, S., Block, T., Chen, M., Cohen, C., Kim, W., Kowdley, K., Lok, A., Tsai, N., Ward, J., Wong, S., Gish, R. G. ELSEVIER. 2020: S824
  • The FIB-8 score: validation of a model to screen patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease for significant fibrosis Sripongpun, P., Kim, D., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. ELSEVIER. 2020: S435-S436
  • Use of sofosbuvir based direct acting antiviral regimens is associated with reduced mortality in liver transplant candidates with hepatitis C Wang, J., Sexter, A., Kim, W., Israni, A. ELSEVIER. 2020: S343-S344
  • Longer-term experience with tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in HBV-infected patients; changes in EGFR, FIB4, ALT, and DNA suppression Reddy, R., Curry, M., Dieterich, D., Ankoma-Sey, V., Pan, C., Hann, H., Tong, M., Kim, W., Kwo, P., Frazier, L., Cox, K., Milligan, S., Afdhal, N. ELSEVIER. 2020: S881-S882
  • Differential tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) adoption in HBV-infected populations; assessment of care in US clinical practice Curry, M., Bae, H., Dieterich, D., Ankoma-Sey, V., Reddy, R., Pan, C., Hann, H., Tong, M., Kim, W., Kwo, P., Frazier, L., Cox, K., Milligan, S., Afdhal, N. ELSEVIER. 2020: S876
  • Barking up the wrong tree: why universal hepatitis C virus screening is not enough for its elimination in the US Sripongpun, P., Goel, A., Mannalithara, A., Kwo, P., Kim, W. ELSEVIER. 2020: S828-S829
  • Center variation in intention to treat survival among patients listed for liver transplant. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society Kwong, A. J., Flores, A., Saracino, G., Boutte, J., McKenna, G., Giuliano, T., Bahirwani, R., Wall, A., Kim, W. R., Klintmalm, G., Trotter, J. F., Asrani, S. K. 2020

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Currently liver transplant (LT) centers are evaluated by patient survival within 1 year after LT, but tight clustering of outcomes allow only a narrow window for evaluation of center variation for quality improvement. Alternate measures more relevant to patients and the transplant community are needed.APPROACH & RESULTS: We examined adults listed for LT in the United States, using data submitted to Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Intention to treat (ITT) survival was defined as survival within 1 year from listing, regardless of transplant. Mixed effects/frailty models were used to assess center variation in ITT survival. Between 1/2010 and 12/2016, there were 66,428 new listings at 113 centers. Overall, median 1-year ITT survival was 79.8% (IQR 76.1-83.4), while 1-year WL survival was 75.8% (IQR 71.2-79.4), and 1-year post-LT survival was 90.0% (IQR 87.9-91.8). Higher rates of ITT mortality were correlated with increased WL mortality (correlation, r=0.76), increased post-LT mortality (r=0.31), lower volume centers (r=-0.34), and lower transplant rate ratio (r=-0.25). Similar patterns were observed in the subgroup of WL candidates listed with MELD ≥25: median 1-year ITT survival was 65.2% (IQR 60.2-72.6), while 1-year post-LT survival was 87.5% (IQR 84.0-90.9), and 1-year WL survival was 36.6% (IQR 27.9-47.0). In mixed effects modeling, center was an independent predictor of ITT survival even after adjustment for age, sex, MELD, and sociodemographic variables. Center variation for ITT survival was larger compared to post-LT survival.CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of ITT outcome offers a complementary method to assess center performance. This is a first step toward understanding differences in program quality beyond patient and graft survival after LT.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.25852

    View details for PubMedID 32725923

  • Prevalence of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. The American journal of gastroenterology Lim, J. K., Nguyen, M. H., Kim, W. R., Gish, R., Perumalswami, P., Jacobson, I. M. 2020

    Abstract

    Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a major global health problem, affecting an estimated 257-291 million persons worldwide and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality because of clinical complications, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite existing resources for vaccination, screening, and treatment, the burden of chronic HBV remains significant within the United States (US). Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) have articulated formal hepatitis elimination plans, although an updated assessment of the epidemiology and prevalence of chronic HBV is needed to inform these initiatives. The Chronic Liver Disease Foundation (CLDF), a nonprofit 501(c)(3) educational organization dedicated to raising awareness of liver disease, partnered with a panel of leading US hepatologists to conduct an updated literature review to develop a contemporary HBV prevalence range estimate. Panel members researched and evaluated the peer-reviewed literature on HBV prevalence and, in May 2019, discussed their findings during a live HBV epidemiology workshop. The panel proposed an overall estimated prevalence for chronic HBV infection in the US of 1.59 million persons (range 1.25-2.49 million). This review provides a summary of the workshop findings and conclusions, which may serve to inform future initiatives focused on HBV screening and prevention in the US.

    View details for DOI 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000651

    View details for PubMedID 32483003

  • HEPATITIS B TREATMENT PATTERNS IN US CLINICAL CARE FOLLOWING TENOFOVIR ALAFENAMIDE (TAF) APPROVAL Curry, M., Bae, H., Dieterich, D., Ankoma-Sey, Reddy, R., Pan, C., Hann, H. W., Tong, M., Kim, W. R., Kwo, P., Frazier, L., Cox, K., Milligan, S., Afdhal, N. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2020: S169
  • Introducing the Smartphone App, EL-FIT (Exercise & Liver FITness), to Help Monitor and Prehabilitate Liver Transplant Candidates Duarte-Rojo, A., Bloomer, P. M., Rogers, R. J., Dunn, M. A., Tapper, E. B., Bataller, R., Hughes, C. B., Ferrando, A. A., Kim, W. R., Jakicic, J. M. WILEY. 2020: 514
  • National Trends in Locoregional Therapy among Liver Transplant (LT) Candidates with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in the United States Kwong, A., Kim, W., Yao, F., Mehta, N. WILEY. 2020: 490–91
  • Creating a Patient Website to Search for Transplant Centers: www. transplantcentersearch.org Schaffhausen, C. R., Chu, S., Bruin, M., Matas, A., Hertz, M., Martin, C., Lake, J., Kim, W., Biggins, S., Snyder, J. J., Kasiske, B. L., Israni, A. K. WILEY. 2020: 555
  • Exercise-Induced Hyperammonemia Does Not Precipitate Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Lin, F., Ferrando, A. A., Dennis, R. A., Dunn, M. A., Kim, W. R., Duarte-Rojo, A. 2020

    Abstract

    Moderate-to-vigorous exercise increases blood ammonia concentrations, potentially contributing to the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) often suffer from frailty or physical deconditioning as a result of sarcopenia, fluid overload/ascites, obesity and concomitant diseases. Exercise is therefore recommended for ESLD patients to reverse or halt progression of frailty/sarcopenia, as these conditions contribute to increased mortality.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.31148

    View details for PubMedID 31997375

  • Home-Based Physical Activity and Diet Intervention to Improve Physical Function in Advanced Liver Disease: A Randomized Pilot Trial. Digestive diseases and sciences Chen, H. W., Ferrando, A., White, M. G., Dennis, R. A., Xie, J., Pauly, M., Park, S., Bartter, T., Dunn, M. A., Ruiz-Margain, A., Kim, W. R., Duarte-Rojo, A. 2020

    Abstract

    INTRODUCTION: A decline in physical function is highly prevalent and a poor prognostic factor in cirrhosis. We assessed the benefits of a home-based physical activity program (HB-PAP) in patients with cirrhosis with a randomized pilot trial.METHODS: All participants received a personal activity tracker to monitor daily activities and were given 12g/day of an essential amino acid supplement. The HB-PAP intervention consisted of biweekly counseling sessions to increase physical activity for 12weeks. Six-minute walk test (6MWT) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) assessed changes in aerobic fitness. Different anthropometric measuring tools were used for skeletal muscle and adiposity assessment.RESULTS: Seventeen patients (60% male; 29% nonalcoholic steatohepatitis/cryptogenic, 29% hepatitis C, 24% alcohol, 18% other) were randomized, 9 to HB-PAP group. There were no significant differences in MELD-sodium between HB-PAP and controls at baseline or after the 12-week intervention. By the end of study, there was a significant between-group difference in daily step count favoring the active group (2627 [992-4262], p=0.001), with less sedentary patients in the active group (33-17% vs. 25-43%, p=0.003). The 6MWT improved in the HB-PAP group (423±26m vs. 482±35m), while the controls had a nonsignificant drop (418±26m vs. 327±74m) with a significant between-group difference. CPET did not change. Other than an improvement in psoas muscle index, there were no differences in anthropometry, or in quality of life.CONCLUSIONS: HB-PAP maintained physical performance and improved aerobic fitness according to 6MWT but not CPET, supporting the use of personal activity trackers to monitor/guide home-based prehabilitation programs in cirrhosis.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s10620-019-06034-2

    View details for PubMedID 31907774

  • Tool to aid patients in selecting a liver transplant center. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society Schaffhausen, C. R., Bruin, M. J., Chu, S. n., Fu, H. n., McKinney, W. T., Schladt, D. n., Snyder, J. J., Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Kasiske, B. L., Israni, A. K. 2020

    Abstract

    Variations in candidate and donor acceptance criteria may influence access and mortality for liver transplantation. We sought to understand how recipient and donor characteristics vary across centers and how patients interpret this information. This data was used to develop a tool to provide tailored information to candidates seeking a center (www.transplantcentersearch.org). We analyzed liver recipient data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients to determine how recipient and donor characteristics, e.g. age, Medicaid use, and human immunodeficiency virus status, vary across programs. Data included recipients and donors at each U.S. program between 1/1/2015 and 12/31/2017. The variation of recipient and donor characteristics was plotted, with centers stratified by total transplant volume and volume of each characteristic. A subset of characteristics was plotted over 3 years to show variation over time. We created mockups of potential reports displaying recipient characteristics alongside pre- and posttransplant outcomes and presented them at patient and family interviews and focus groups to solicit feedback. 39 individuals participated: 10 pilot interviews included candidates seeking liver transplant at the University of Minnesota (UMN); 5 focus groups included 13 UMN candidates, 6 UMN family members, and 10 national recipients. Transcripts were analyzed by 2 researchers using a thematic analysis. Several themes emerged: 1) Candidates experience gaps in existing education about center options. 2) Patients requested information about how selection criteria might impact access to transplant. 3) Information tailored to a candidate's medical characteristics can inform decisions. Characteristics shown on mockups varied across centers (p<0.01). Variation was widespread for small and large centers. Conclusion: Variation exists in recipient and donor characteristics across centers. Liver transplant patients provide positive feedback upon viewing patient-specific search tools.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.25715

    View details for PubMedID 31923342

  • OPTN/SRTR 2018 Annual Data Report: Kidney AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Hart, A., Smith, J. M., Skeans, M. A., Gustafson, S. K., Wilk, A. R., Castro, S., Robinson, A., Wainright, J. L., Snyder, J. J., Kasiske, B. L., Israni, A. K. 2020; 20: 340-426

    Abstract

    The new adult heart allocation policy was approved in 2016 and implemented in October 2018, so its effect was not yet evident in 2018 data. However, the more granular data being collected are anticipated to allow for improved analyses. In 2018, new listings continued to increase; 3883 new adult and 685 new pediatric candidates were added. In 2018, 3440 heart transplants were performed, an increase of 167 over 2017; 473 transplants occurred in pediatric recipients and 2967 in adult recipients. Short-term and long-term posttransplant mortality improved. Overall 1-year survival for adults who underwent heart transplant in 2011-2013 was 90.3%, 3-year survival was 84.7%, and 5-year survival was 79.6%. Mortality rates for pediatric recipients were 4.5% at 6 months and in 5.9% at 1 year posttransplant, 12.5% at 3 years for transplants in 2014-2015, 14.8% at 5 years for transplants in 2012-2013, and 29.8% at 10 years for transplants performed in 2008-2009.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.15672

    View details for Web of Science ID 000505300400003

    View details for PubMedID 31898418

  • Overview of Current and Emerging Treatments for Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Gastroenterology & hepatology Kim, W. R. 2020; 16 (2): 95-97

    View details for PubMedID 34035709

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC8132675

  • Cadence from physical activity trackers for monitoring of home-based exercise intensity in advanced liver disease. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society Chen, H. W., Ferrando, A. A., Dunn, M. A., Kim, W. R., Duarte-Rojo, A. n. 2020

    Abstract

    Frailty, a state of decreased physiologic reserve and increased vulnerability to stressors, is known to negatively impact the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis.(1) Moderate-intensity exercise has been recommended by American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) to promote physiologic adaptation in the general population,(2) however, its definition in end-stage liver disease (ESLD) has not been established. Cadence or per-minute steps has been proposed as a method to monitor exercise intensity and it can be obtained with personal activity trackers (PAT).(3) Although heart rate reserve (HRR) - percentage increase from resting to maximal heart rate (HR) - is recommended to identify moderate-intensity exercise,(2) it has not been evaluated in patients with ESLD, nor has it been compared with cadence. In this study, we aimed to test agreement between cadence, HRR, and a PAT-proprietary algorithm, and evaluate the optimal methods of measuring exercise intensity in ESLD patients as part of a home-based physical activity program (HB-PAP) randomized pilot trial.(4).

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.25745

    View details for PubMedID 32145132

  • OPTN/SRTR 2018 Annual Data Report: Hepatitis C. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Wang, J. H., Gustafson, S. K., Skeans, M. A., Lake, J. R., Kim, W. R., Kasiske, B. L., Israni, A. K., Hart, A. 2020; 20 Suppl s1: 542–68

    Abstract

    Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have fundamentally changed the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and reduced the discard rate of HCV-infected organs by offering a treatment option with a high likelihood of cure posttransplant. This has spurred increased interest in transplanting organs from HCV-positive donors into recipients both with and without HCV. In this chapter, we examine data from 2007 to 2018 to determine trends in HCV (+) donor transplants across various organ types. Since 2015, willingness to accept HCV (+) organs increased for candidates waitlisted for kidney, lung, heart, and pancreas transplant, but decreased for those listed for intestine transplant. For candidates listed for liver transplant, willingness to accept HCV (+) organs decreased from 2007 to 2017, but began increasing in 2017. Willingness to accept was not concentrated in a single US geographic area, and there was substantial variation among transplant programs and donation service areas. Numbers of anti-HCV (+) donor kidney, heart, lung, and liver transplants have increased considerably in the past few years. Short-term allograft survival for kidney and liver transplant recipients of anti-HCV (+) organs appears to be comparable to that for recipients of anti-HCV (-) organs in an unadjusted analysis. However, an unadjusted analysis indicates that long-term allograft survival may be worse. Kidney transplant between HCV-infected donors and uninfected recipients with posttransplant DAA treatment is an emerging area. Short-term data are promising, with similar 1-year allograft survival compared with HCV-uninfected donor to HCV-uninfected recipient kidney transplants in unadjusted analyses. However, long-term data are lacking and close monitoring in the future is warranted.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.15679

    View details for PubMedID 31898411

  • OPTN/SRTR 2018 Annual Data Report: Liver. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Kwong, A., Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Schladt, D. P., Skeans, M. A., Noreen, S. M., Foutz, J., Miller, E., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2020; 20 Suppl s1: 193–299

    Abstract

    Data on adult liver transplants performed in the US in 2018 are notable for (1) continued growth in numbers of new waitlist registrants (11,844) and transplants performed (8250); (2) continued increase in the transplant rate (54.5 per 100 waitlist-years); (3) a precipitous decline in waitlist registrations and transplants for hepatitis-C-related indications; (4) increases in waitlist registrants and recipients with alcoholic liver disease and with clinical profiles consistent with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; (5) increased use of hepatitis C virus antibody-positive donor livers; and (6) continued improvement in graft survival despite changing recipient characteristics such as older age and higher rates of obesity and diabetes. Variability in transplant rates remained by candidate race, hepatocellular carcinoma status, urgency status, and geography. The volume of pediatric liver transplants was relatively unchanged. The highest rate of pre-transplant mortality persisted for children aged younger than 1 year. Children underwent transplant at higher acuity than in the past, as evidenced by higher model for end-stage liver disease/pediatric end-stage liver disease scores and listings at status 1A and 1B at transplant. Despite higher illness severity scores at transplant, pediatric graft and patient survival posttransplant have improved over time.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.15674

    View details for PubMedID 31898413

  • Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Suppressed Viral Replication: Changes in Risk Over Time. Clinical liver disease Udompap, P. n., Kim, W. R. 2020; 15 (2): 85–90

    Abstract

    http://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-2-reading-udompap a video presentation of this article http://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-2-interview-udompap an interview with the author.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/cld.904

    View details for PubMedID 32226623

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7098665

  • Cost- Effectiveness of Avatrombopag for the Treatment of Thrombocytopenia in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease. ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR Mladsi, D. n., Barnett, C. n., Aggarwal, K. n., Vredenburg, M. n., Dieterich, D. n., Kim, R. n. 2020; 12: 515–26

    Abstract

    Thrombocytopenia is common in people with chronic liver disease, who frequently undergo invasive procedures. To minimize the risk of bleeding, prophylactic platelet transfusions have traditionally been used but carry many risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of avatrombopag compared with platelet transfusion and lusutrombopag as a treatment for thrombocytopenia in adult patients with chronic liver disease scheduled to undergo a medical procedure.A decision-tree model was developed from a US payer perspective to capture acute events observed in phase 3 global randomized controlled clinical trials and, to support exploratory analyses, potential longer-term complications resulting from a major bleed or thromboembolic event. Treatment costs were taken from publicly available data sources. The interventions were evaluated in the overall trial populations and in subpopulations with higher and lower baseline platelet counts. Results were presented as incremental cost per platelet transfusion avoided. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.In the overall population, avatrombopag reduced the need for platelet transfusions and produced cost-savings compared with platelet transfusion (80% fewer prophylactic platelet transfusions, $4250 lower costs) and lusutrombopag (42% fewer prophylactic platelet transfusions, $5819 lower costs). Similar results were seen in both the higher and lower platelet count subpopulations. The one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses found that the use of avatrombopag is cost-saving with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in quadrant IV (decreased costs, prophylactic platelet transfusions avoided).The use of avatrombopag is expected to be cost-saving while reducing the need for prophylactic platelet transfusions compared with platelet transfusion and lusutrombopag.

    View details for DOI 10.2147/CEOR.S262772

    View details for PubMedID 32982341

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7500829

  • Risk Scores for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B: A Promise for Precision Medicine. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Papatheodoridis, G. V., Voulgaris, T. n., Papatheodoridi, M. n., Kim, W. R. 2020

    Abstract

    In the past 10 years, there have been over a dozen risk scores to predict the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Many of the scores were derived in untreated CHB patients, while others were based on patients receiving antiviral therapy. In review of a total of 17 prediction scores, the variables included in these scores may be categorized into three groups: (1) liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, (2) hepatitis activities, and (3) host factors including comorbid conditions. HCC scores in untreated patients tended to include variables from all three categories, whereas of those derived in patients on therapy, few included variables representing hepatitis activities. Some variables which are well accepted as significant risk factors for HCC, such as family history, are not included in the majority of the scores. While the effects on HCC development of variables that represent hepatitic and inflammatory activities are relatively easily controlled by antiviral therapy, impact of fibrosis/cirrhosis as well as host and comorbidity factors are more difficult to modify. More work is needed for precision scores that comprehensively consider all of the relevant variables and provide individualized prediction which then may be applied to broad CHB populations. In the meantime, the existing scores are helpful for the clinician to counsel their patients of their risk of HCC, to determine candidacy for surveillance and to strategize to mitigate the risk of HCC by intervening in modifiable factors such as controlling viral/hepatitic activities and optimizing medical management of comorbidity.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.31440

    View details for PubMedID 32602980

  • Tenofovir Alafenamide Attenuates Effects of Diabetes and Body Mass on Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Activities in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association Sripongpun, P. n., Kim, W. R., Mannalithara, A. n., Kwong, A. n., Daugherty, T. n., Goel, A. n., Kwo, P. Y. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.11.047

    View details for PubMedID 33285291

  • Introducing EL-FIT (Exercise and Liver FITness): A Smartphone App to Prehabilitate and Monitor Liver Transplant Candidates. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society Duarte-Rojo, A. n., Bloomer, P. M., Rogers, R. J., Hassan, M. A., Dunn, M. A., Tevar, A. D., Vivis, S. L., Bataller, R. n., Hughes, C. B., Ferrando, A. A., Jakicic, J. M., Kim, W. R. 2020

    Abstract

    Preserved physical function is key for successful liver transplantation (LT); however, prehabilitation strategies are underdeveloped. We created a smartphone application (app), EL-FIT (Exercise and Liver FITness), to facilitate exercise training in end-stage liver disease (ESLD). In this feasibility study, we tested EL-FIT app usage and the accuracy of physical activity data transfer and obtained feedback from initial users. A total of 28 participants used the EL-FIT app and wore a physical activity tracker for 38 ± 12 days (age, 60 ± 8 years; 57% males; Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-sodium, 19 ± 5). There was fidelity in data transfer from the tracker to the EL-FIT app. Participants were sedentary (1957 [interquartile range, 873-4643] steps/day) at baseline. Level of training assigned by the EL-FIT app agreed with that from a physical therapist in 89% of cases. Participants interacted with all app features (videos, perceived exertion, and gamification/motivational features). We rearranged training data to generate heart rate-validated steps as a marker of performance and showed that 35% of the participants had significant increases in their physical performance. Participants emphasized their interest in having choices to better engage in exercise, and they appreciated the sense of community the EL-FIT app generated. We showed that patients with ESLD are able to use and interact with the EL-FIT app. This novel smartphone app has the potential of becoming an invaluable tool for home-based prehabilitation in LT candidates.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.25950

    View details for PubMedID 33232547

  • Reply to: "The decreasing predictive power of MELD in an era of changing etiology of liver disease". American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. R. 2019

    Abstract

    We read with interest the recent article by Godfrey et al.(1) regarding the predictive power of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), the score used for allocation of donor livers, over time. The authors report that the discriminative ability of MELD for the prediction of 90-day waitlist mortality, as measured by the concordance statistic (c-statistic), had declined from 0.80 in 2002 to 0.70in 2015 among new waitlist registrants. These values are inconsistent with previously published estimates.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.15733

    View details for PubMedID 31814299

  • UPDATES FROM THE 2018 OPTN/SRTR ANNUAL DATA REPORT Kwong, A. J., Kim, W., Lake, J. R., Smith, J., Skeans, M., Snyder, J., Israni, A. WILEY. 2019: 1500A–1501A
  • USE OF TRANSIENT ELASTOGRAPHY TO ASSESS ALLOGRAFT QUALITY IN DECEASED LIVER DONORS Duarte-Rojo, A., Heimbach, J., Barone, G. W., Shaheen, M., Lamps, L. W., Rondell, G. P., Tan, E., Concepcion, W., Borja-Cacho, D., Kim, W. WILEY. 2019: 1501A
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Avatrombopag for the Treatment of Thrombocytopenia in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease Allen, L. F., Aggarwal, K., Vredenburg, M., Barnett, C., Mladsi, D., Kim, R. AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY. 2019
  • THE ROLE OF LOCOREGIONAL THERAPY (LRT), POST LRT IMAGING, AND EXPLANT PATHOLOGY AS PREDICTORS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) RECURRENCE POST ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANT (OLT) Prabhakar, V., Dhanasekaran, R., Arjunan, V., Tulu, Z., Ahmed, A., Daugherty, T., Kumari, R., Patel, B., Kim, W., Goel, A., Esquivel, C. O., Concepcion, W., Melcher, M., Bonham, C., Gallo, A., Kwo, P. WILEY. 2019: 691A–692A
  • Real World Evidence Demonstrates a Difference in the Presenting Characteristics of Cirrhotic Patients Who Received Albumin Compared to Those Who Received Only Crystalloids Davis, E., Kim, W., Sindhwani, N. S., Telang, S., Runken, M., Lodaya, K., Raghunathan, K. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2019: S1612
  • Migration of Patients for Liver Transplantation and Waitlist Outcomes CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Kwong, A. J., Mannalithara, A., Heimbach, J., Prentice, M. A., Kim, W. 2019; 17 (11): 2347-+
  • MORTALITY RISK OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATIC DECOMPENSATION FROM PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS IN THE OBETICHOLIC ACID ERA Mannalithara, A., Kim, W., Sripongpun, P., Kwong, A. J., Goel, A. WILEY. 2019: 783A
  • ALBUMIN IS UNDERUTILIZED IN PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED WITH CIRRHOTIC COMPLICATIONS: REAL WORLD EVIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES Raghunathan, K., Sindhwani, N., Davis, E., Kim, W., Telang, S., Runken, M., Lodaya, K. WILEY. 2019: 383A
  • LONGER-TERM EXPERIENCE WITH TENOFOVIR ALAFENAMIDE (TAF) IN HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS; CHANGES IN EGFR, FIB4, ALT, AND DNA SUPPRESSION Reddy, K., Curry, M. P., Bae, H. S., Dieterich, D. T., Ankoma-Sey, V., Pan, C. Q., Hann, H. L., Tong, M. J., Kim, W., Kwo, P., Frazier, L., Cox, K., Milligan, S., Afdhal, N. H. WILEY. 2019: 309A
  • RISK OF INCIDENT HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HEPATITIS B-INFECTED PATIENTS TREATED WITH TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE VERSUS ENTECAVIR: A US ADMINISTRATIVE CLAIMS ANALYSIS Kim, W., Telep, L., Lu, M., Ramroth, H., Flaherty, J. F., Gaggar, A., Chokkalingam, A., Gordon, S. C. WILEY. 2019: 302A–303A
  • DIFFERENTIAL TENOFOVIR ALAFENAMIDE (TAF) ADOPTION IN HBV-INFECTED POPULATIONS; ASSESSMENT OF CARE IN US CLINICAL PRACTICE Curry, M. P., Bae, H. S., Dieterich, D. T., Ankoma-Sey, V., Reddy, K., Pan, C. Q., Hann, H. L., Tong, M. J., Kim, W., Kwo, P., Frazier, L., Cox, K., Milligan, S., Afdhal, N. H. WILEY. 2019: 308A–309A
  • BEYOND THE BIRTH COHORT: STRATEGIES FOR HEPATITIS C SCREENING FOR AMERICANS BORN AFTER 1965 Sripongpun, P., Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Kwong, A. J., Kim, W. WILEY. 2019: 348A–349A
  • FIB-8 SCORE: A MODEL INCORPORATING ADDITIONAL COMMON VARIABLES INTO THE FIB-4 SCORE AFFORDS BETTER PREDICTION OF SIGNIFICANT FIBROSIS IN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE Sripongpun, P., Mannalithara, A., Kim, D., Touros, A., Kim, W. WILEY. 2019: 1037A–1038A
  • Association between body size-metabolic phenotype and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and significant fibrosis. Journal of gastroenterology Kim, D., Kim, W., Joo, S. K., Han, J., Kim, J. H., Harrison, S. A., Younossi, Z. M., Ahmed, A. 2019

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Body size-metabolic phenotype may help predict whether or not individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) develop advanced liver disease. We studied the association of body size-metabolic phenotype with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and significant fibrosis.METHODS: Our cross-sectional study included 559 subjects (mean age of 53years; women 51%) with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Clinical, genetic, and histological characteristic features of NAFLD were evaluated. The metabolically unhealthy phenotype was defined by the presence of two or more metabolic components, while body size was categorized based on body mass index: obese (≥ 25kg/m2) or non-obese (< 25kg/m2). Body size-metabolic phenotypes were divided into four study groups: (1) non-obese metabolic syndrome (MS)-, (2) non-obese MS+, (3) obese MS-, and (4) obese MS+.RESULTS: Obese MS- and non-obese MS+groups demonstrated comparable levels of insulin resistance, adipose tissue insulin resistance indexes, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) areas. The VAT area was significantly higher in the obese MS+group versus obese MS- group. However, the VAT to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) ratio was highest in the non-obese MS+group. There was no difference in histology between the non-obese MS+, obese MS-, and obese MS+groups. Multivariate analyses adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and VAT/SAT areas demonstrated an independent and dose-dependent relationship between the body size-metabolic phenotype and NASH or significant fibrosis.CONCLUSION: The non-obese MS+group displayed similar degree of hepatic histological severity compared to their obese MS- counterparts. Metabolic milieu beyond obesity may play a pathogenic role in non-obese MS+individuals who develop NASH with significant hepatic fibrosis.CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT02206841.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s00535-019-01628-z

    View details for PubMedID 31535207

  • MELD-GRAIL-Na: Glomerular filtration rate and mortality on Liver-Transplant Waiting List. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Asrani, S. K., Jennings, L. W., Kim, W. R., Kamath, P., Levitsky, J., Nadim, M. K., Testa, G., Leise, M., Trotter, J. F., Klintmalm, G. 2019

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Among patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation, prediction of waitlist (WL) mortality is adjudicated by Model for End Stage liver disease-sodium (MELD-Na) score. Replacing serum creatinine (Scr) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the MELD-Na score may improve prediction of WL mortality, especially for women and highest disease severity.METHODS: We developed (2014) and validated (2015) a model incorporating eGFR using national data (n=17,095) to predict WL mortality. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) was estimated using GfR Assessment In Liver disease (GRAIL) developed amongst patients with cirrhosis (Asrani SK Hepatology.2018; www.bswh.md/grail).Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis models were utilized to compare predicted 90-day WL mortality between MELD-GRAIL-Na (re-estimated bilirubin, INR, sodium and GRAIL) vs. MELD-Na.RESULTS: Within 3 months, 27.8% were transplanted, 4.3% died on the WL and 4.7% were delisted for other reasons. GFR as estimated by GRAIL (HR 0.382, 95% CI 0.344-0.424) and the re-estimated model MELD-GRAIL-Na (HR 1.212, 95% CI 1.199-1.224) were significant predictors of mortality or being delisted on the WL within 3 months. MELD-GRAIL-Na was a better predictor of observed mortality at highest deciles of disease severity (≥27-40). For score ≥32 (observed mortality 0.68), predicted mortality was 0.67 (MELD-GRAIL-Na) and 0.51 (MELD-Na). For women score ≥32 (observed mortality 0.67), predicted mortality was 0.69 (MELD-GRAIL-Na) and 0.55 (MELD-Na). In 2015, use of MELD-GRAIL-Na as compared to MELD-Na resulted in reclassification of 16.7% (n=672) of patients on the WL.CONCLUSION: Incorporation of eGFR likely captures true GFR better than Scr, especially among women. Incorporation of MELD-GRAIL-Na instead of MELD-Na may impact outcomes for 12-17% awaiting transplant and affect organ allocation.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.30932

    View details for PubMedID 31523825

  • Trends in hospitalizations for chronic liver disease-related liver failure in the United States, 2005-2014 LIVER INTERNATIONAL Kim, D., Cholankeril, G., Li, A. A., Kim, W., Tighe, S. P., Hameed, B., Kwo, P. Y., Harrison, S. A., Younossi, Z. M., Ahmed, A. 2019; 39 (9): 1661–71

    View details for DOI 10.1111/liv.14135

    View details for Web of Science ID 000485292200008

  • The interaction of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and smoking on mortality among adults in the United States LIVER INTERNATIONAL Wijarnpreecha, K., Scribani, M., Kim, D., Kim, W. 2019; 39 (7): 1202–6

    View details for DOI 10.1111/liv.14058

    View details for Web of Science ID 000475387700005

  • CLINICAL PRACTICE EXPERIENCE WITH TENOFOVIR ALAFENAMIDE (TAF) FOR TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS B IN THE US Curry, M., Bae, H., Dieterich, D., Ankoma-Sey, Reddy, R., Pan, C., Hann, H. W., Tong, M., Kim, W. R., Kwo, P., Frazier, L., Milligan, S., Radtchenko, J., Afdhal, N. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S196
  • Association between body size-metabolic phenotype and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and significant fibrosis Kim, W., Kim, D., Harrison, S., Younossi, Z., Ahmed, A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2019: E300–E301
  • Primary biliary cholangitis-Autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome: Characteristics and response to obeticholic acid in TARGET-PBC, a diverse, large United States real-world cohort Mayo, M. J., Bowlus, C., Carey, E., Little, E., Deane, K., Zink, R., Sandefur, R., Kim, W., Levy, C. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2019: E403
  • Latent trajectory analysis of serum creatinine in patients with end stage liver disease: Predictors of pre- and post-transplant outcomes Kim, W., Asrani, S., Biggins, S., Sripongpun, P., Mannalithara, A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2019: E562–E563
  • Effectiveness and safety with tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) for hepatitis B in US clinical practice Curry, M., Bae, H., Dieterich, D., Ankoma-Sey, V., Reddy, R., Pan, C., Hann, H., Tong, M., Kim, W., Kwo, P., Frazier, L., Milligan, S., Spitz, K., Afdhal, N. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2019: E462
  • Change in lipids: Characteristics and response to obeticholic acid in TARGET-PBC, a diverse, large United States real-world cohort Levy, C., Mayo, M. J., Carey, E., Little, E., Kim, W., Deane, K., Zink, R., Sandefur, R., Bowlus, C. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2019: E400
  • Liver Circle-Based Allocation: LSAM Modeling Results. Schladt, D., Weaver, T., Pyke, J., Herreid, A., Thompson, B., Kasiske, B., Snyder, J., Kim, W., Lake, J., Israni, A., Heimbach, J. WILEY. 2019: 1001
  • Liver Transplant Centers Select Different Characteristics for Recipients and Deceased Donors: Implications for Patients When Choosing a Center. Schaffhausen, C. R., Bruin, M. J., Chu, S., Schladt, D., Chinnakotla, S., Lake, J. R., Kim, W., Biggins, S. W., Snyder, J. J., Kasiske, B. L., Israni, A. K. WILEY. 2019: 715
  • Liver Waitlist Dropout and Transplant Rates for Metropolitan vs. Non-Metropolitan Candidates. Schladt, D., Weaver, T., Pyke, J., Herreid, A., Thompson, B., Kasiske, B., Snyder, J., Kim, W., Lake, J., Israni, A. WILEY. 2019: 1040
  • A Randomized Pilot Trial of Home-Based Physical Activity Plus Dietary Intervention to Improve Physical Function in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease. Chen, H., Fernando, A. A., White, M. G., Pauly, M., Bartter, T., Dunn, M. A., Kim, W. R., Duarte-Rojo, A. WILEY. 2019: 717–18
  • Continuous Distribution: LSAM Simulation Study. Weaver, T., Salkowski, N., Snyder, J., Schladt, D., Pyke, J., Herreid, A., Thompson, B., Kim, W., Lake, J., Israni, A. WILEY. 2019: 377
  • Changing Trends in Etiology-Based and Ethnicity-Based Annual Mortality Rates of Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States HEPATOLOGY Kim, D., Li, A. A., Perumpail, B. J., Gadiparthi, C., Kim, W., Cholankeril, G., Glenn, J. S., Harrison, S. A., Younossi, Z. M., Ahmed, A. 2019; 69 (3): 1064–74

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.30161

    View details for Web of Science ID 000459816500013

  • A Model for Glomerular Filtration Rate Assessment in Liver Disease (GRAIL) in the Presence of Renal Dysfunction HEPATOLOGY Asrani, S. K., Jennings, L. W., Trotter, J. F., Levitsky, J., Nadim, M. K., Kim, W. R., Gonzalez, S. A., Fischbach, B., Bahirwani, R., Emmett, M., Klintmalm, G. 2019; 69 (3): 1219–30

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.30321

    View details for Web of Science ID 000459816500024

  • Impact of Sofosbuvir-Based Therapy on Liver Transplant Candidates with Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Pharmacotherapy Dellay, B., Sexter, A., Wang, J. H., Hess, G. P., Kim, W. R., Israni, A. K. 2019

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Sofosbuvir use in patients with decompensated cirrhosis may be associated with reduced liver transplant waitlist mortality and reduced need for transplant.METHODS: Data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients were linked with a national database of pharmacy claims. All adult patients on the liver transplant waiting list on January 1, 2014, or added to the list during 2014, with hepatitis C virus as reason for listing were identified (total n = 2009). A subgroup of 1093 unique patients had consistent pharmacy claim capture and observations. We compared patients who were and were not treated with all sofosbuvir-based regimens.RESULTS: During the study period, 154 patients received sofosbuvir-based regimens. These patients had lower model for end-stage liver disease scores and significantly longer waiting times. We found a trend toward significance for more sofosbuvir-treated than untreated patients being removed from the waiting list due to improved condition (4.54% vs. 3.19%, P = 0.03). In a propensity-score-adjusted analysis, sofosbuvir-treated patients were less likely to undergo transplant (HR 0.57; 95% CI 0.37-0.89; P = 0.01).CONCLUSION: During the study period reflecting early sofosbuvir use, few liver transplant candidates received sofosbuvir. Use was associated with lower incidence of transplant and a trend toward more waitlist removals due to improved condition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/phar.2237

    View details for PubMedID 30779203

  • A Comparison Between Community and Academic Practices in the USA in the Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Receiving Entecavir: Results of the ENUMERATE Study DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES Lee, H. M., Ahn, J., Kim, W., Lim, J. K., Nguyen, M., Pan, C. Q., Kim, D., Mannalithara, A., Te, H., Huy Trinh, Chu, D., Tram Tran, Woog, J., Lok, A. S. 2019; 64 (2): 358–66
  • OPTN/SRTR 2017 Annual Data Report: Liver. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Schladt, D. P., Skeans, M. A., Noreen, S. M., Robinson, A. M., Miller, E., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2019; 19 Suppl 2: 184–283

    Abstract

    Data on adult liver transplants performed in the US in 2017 are notable for (1) continued growth in numbers of new waitlist registrants (11,514) and of transplants performed (8,082); (2) continued increase in the transplant rate (51.5 per 100 waitlist-years); (3) a precipitous decrease in waitlist registrations and transplants for hepatitis C-related indications; (4) reciprocal increases in waitlist registrants and recipients with alcoholic liver disease and with clinical profiles consistent with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; and (5) continued improvement in graft survival despite changing recipient characteristics such as older age and higher rates of obesity. Variability in transplant rates remained by candidate race, presence of hepatocellular carcinoma, urgency status (status 1A versus model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score >35), and geography. More than half of all children listed for liver transplant in 2017 were aged younger than 5 years in 2017, and the highest rate of pretransplant mortality persisted for children aged younger than 1 year. Children underwent transplant at higher acuity than the past, as evidenced by higher MELD/pediatric end-stage liver disease scores and listings at status 1A and 1B. Higher acuity at transplant is likely due to lack of access to suitable donor organs, which has been compensated for by persistent trends toward use of partial or split liver grafts and ABO-incompatible grafts. Despite higher illness severity scores at transplant, pediatric graft and patient survival posttransplant have improved over time.

    View details for PubMedID 30811890

  • OPTN/SRTR 2017 Annual Data Report: Liver AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Schladt, D. P., Skeans, M. A., Noreen, S. M., Robinson, A. M., Miller, E., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2019; 19
  • The interaction of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and smoking on mortality among adults in the United States. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver Wijarnpreecha, K., Scribani, M., Kim, D., Kim, W. R. 2019

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disease in Western countries. Smoking and diabetes mellitus (DM) have been shown to increase mortality, however, whether NAFLD adds to the detrimental effect of smoking in DM and non-DM patients is unknown. We evaluated the possible interactive effect of NAFLD and smoking on mortality risk in a U.S. population-based sample.METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 11,205 participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. NAFLD was defined as ultrasonographic hepatic steatosis without evidence of other liver diseases. Proportional hazards regresionn modeling was used to test for the multiplicative interaction of NAFLD and smoking on overall mortality, controlling for DM.RESULTS: 36.5% of the participants had NAFLD of whom 21.1% were current smokers, while among non-NAFLD subjects, 26.2% reported current smoking. Smoking was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.23 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.87-2.65) among non-NAFLD subjects, and 2.31 (95% CI: 1.33-2.92, p<0.01) among NAFLD patients.In contrast, the HR for NAFLD was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.78-1.31, p=0.96) among smokers and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.87-1.10, p=0.73) among non-smokers. There was no evidence of interaction between NAFLD and smoking (HR=1.01, 95% CI: 0.74-1.38, p=0.94) in the combined model.CONCLUSION: We found that smoking increased mortality by two-fold among the U.S.POPULATION: Although the magnitude of the increase in mortality did not differ from that in non-NAFLD subjects, smoking represents a modifiable determinant of long-term outcomes in NAFLD patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for PubMedID 30697898

  • Diagnosis and Management of Primary Biliary Cholangitis AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Younossi, Z. M., Bernstein, D., Shiffman, M. L., Kwo, P., Kim, W., Kowdley, K. V., Jacobson, I. M. 2019; 114 (1): 48–63
  • Migration of Patients for Liver Transplantation and Waitlist Outcomes. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association Kwong, A. J., Mannalithara, A. n., Heimbach, J. n., Prentice, M. A., Kim, W. R. 2019

    Abstract

    Patients in need of liver transplantation may travel to improve their chance of receiving an organ. We evaluated factors to determine which transplant candidates travel to other regions to increase their chances of receiving a liver and effects of travel on waitlist outcomes.We performed a retrospective cohort study of all adult patients registered for primary deceased donor liver transplantation in the United States from January 2004 to December 2016. Zip code data were used to calculate the distance of travel from a patient's residence to centers at which they were on the waitlist or received a liver transplant. Distant listing and migration were defined as placement on a waitlist and receipt of liver transplantation, respectively, outside the home transplantation region and greater than 500 miles from the home zip code. We assessed the effect of distant listing on outcomes (death and liver transplantation) and predictors of distant listing or migration using multivariable analyses.There were 104,914 waitlist registrations during the study period; 2930 (2.8%) pursued listing at a distant center. Of waitlist registrants, 60,985 received liver transplants, of whom 1985 (3.3%) had migrated. In a multivariable competing risk analysis in which liver transplantation considered as a competing event, distant listing was associated with an 22% reduction in the risk of death within 1 year (subhazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.88). Distant listing and migration were associated with non-black race, non-Medicaid payer, residence in a higher income area, and education beyond high school.Placement on a liver transplant waitlist outside the home transplantation region is associated with reduced waitlist mortality and an increased probability of receiving a liver transplant. Geographic disparities in access to liver transplantation have disproportionate effects on patients who are minorities, have lower levels of education, or have public insurance.

    View details for PubMedID 31077826

  • Potential Benefits of Switching Liver Transplant Recipients to Tenofovir Alafenamide Prophylaxis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association Sripongpun, P. n., Mannalithara, A. n., Kwo, P. Y., Kim, W. R. 2019

    Abstract

    Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is the latest agent approved for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment. In its registrations trials, TAF demonstrated better renal safety and improvement in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF).1-3 However, data are scarce regarding these outcomes in liver transplantation (LTx) recipients.4 In this study, we determine effects of switching from other antivirals to TAF on ALT and renal function in LTx recipients.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.05.057

    View details for PubMedID 31271737

  • Defining a willingness-to-transplant threshold in an era of organ scarcity: Simultaneous liver-kidney transplant as a case example. Transplantation Cheng, X. S., Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. n., Tan, J. C., Chertow, G. M., Kim, W. R., Wall, A. E. 2019

    Abstract

    Organ scarcity continues in solid organ transplantation, such that the availability of organs limits the number of people able to benefit from transplantation. Medical advancements in managing end-stage organ disease have led to an increasing demand for multi-organ transplant, wherein a patient with multi-organ disease receives more than one organ from the same donor. Current allocation schemes give priority to multi-organ recipients over single-organ transplant recipients, which raises ethical questions regarding equity and utility.We use simultaneous liver-kidney (SLK) transplant, a type of multi-organ transplant, as a case study to examine the tension between equity and utility in multi-organ allocation. We adapt the health economics willingness-to-pay threshold to a solid organ transplant setting by coining a new metric: the willingness-to-transplant (WTT) threshold.We demonstrate how the WTT threshold can be used to evaluate different SLK allocation strategies by synthesizing utility and equity perspectives.We submit that this new framework enables us to distill the question of SLK allocation down to: what is the minimum amount of benefit we require from a deceased donor kidney to allocate it for a particular indication? Addressing the above question will prove helpful to devising a rational system of SLK allocation and is applicable to other transplant settings.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/TP.0000000000002788

    View details for PubMedID 31107820

  • Longitudinal trends in renal function in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving oral antiviral treatment ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Udompap, P., Kim, D., Ahmed, A., Kim, W. 2018; 48 (11-12): 1282–89

    View details for DOI 10.1111/apt.15020

    View details for Web of Science ID 000451550300010

  • Hemoglobin A1c Has Suboptimal Performance to Diagnose and Monitor Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Cirrhosis DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES Addepally, N. S., George, N., Martinez-Macias, R., Garcia-Saenz-de-Sicilia, M., Kim, W., Duarte-Rojo, A. 2018; 63 (12): 3498–3508

    Abstract

    Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is routinely used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in cirrhotic patients. Remarkably, HbA1c may be falsely low in such patients.We assessed the diagnostic and monitoring yield of HbA1c in cirrhotic patients with T2DM (DM-Cirr) and without T2DM (NoDM-Cirr).We conducted a composite study allocating 21 NoDM-Cirr into a cross-sectional module and 16 DM-Cirr plus 13 controls with T2DM only (DM-NoCirr) into a prospective cohort. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in NoDM-Cirr. DM-Cirr and DM-NoCirr were matched by sex, age, BMI, and T2DM treatment and studied with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Percent deviations from target, low/high blood glucose indexes (LBGI/HBGI) were calculated from CGM, as well as the average daily risk range (ADRR) as a marker of glucose variability.Overall, HbA1c and OGTT diagnostic yield agreed in 12 patients (57%, ρ = 0.45, p < 0.03). CGM captured 3463 glucose determinations in DM-Cirr and 4273 in DM-NoCirr (p = 0.42). Regression analysis showed an inferior association between HbA1c and CGM in DM-Cirr (R2 = 0.52), when compared to DM-NoCirr (R2 = 0.94), and fructosamine did not improve association for DM-Cirr (R2 = 0.31). Interestingly, cirrhosis and Child-Turcotte-Pugh class accounted for HbA1c variance (p < 0.05). Patients in DM-Cirr were less frequently within target glucose (70-180 mg/dL), but at higher risk for hyperglycemia (HBGI > 9) when compared to DM-NoCirr, and they also showed higher glucose variability (ADRR 13.9 ± 2.5 vs. 8.9 ± 1.8, respectively, p = 0.03).HbA1c inaccurately represents chronic glycemia in patients with cirrhosis, likely in relation to increased glucose variability.

    View details for PubMedID 30159733

  • Diagnosis and Management of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. The American journal of gastroenterology Younossi, Z. M., Bernstein, D., Shiffman, M. L., Kwo, P., Kim, W. R., Kowdley, K. V., Jacobson, I. M. 2018

    Abstract

    Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic, cholestatic, autoimmune disease with a variable progressive course. PBC can cause debilitating symptoms including fatigue and pruritus and, if left untreated, is associated with a high risk of cirrhosis and related complications, liver failure, and death. Recent changes to the PBC landscape include a name change, updated guidelines for diagnosis and treatment as well as new treatment options that have recently become available. Practicing clinicians face many unanswered questions when managing PBC. To assist these healthcare providers in managing patients with PBC, the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) Institute for Clinical Research & Education, in collaboration with the Chronic Liver Disease Foundation (CLDF), organized a panel of experts to evaluate and summarize the most current and relevant peer-reviewed literature regarding PBC. This, combined with the extensive experience and clinical expertise of this expert panel, led to the formation of this clinical guidance on the diagnosis and management of PBC.

    View details for PubMedID 30429590

  • Longitudinal trends in renal function in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving oral antiviral treatment. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics Udompap, P., Kim, D., Ahmed, A., Kim, W. R. 2018

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Long term renal safety of antiviral agents against hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been debated.AIM: To compare longitudinal trends of renal function among HBV mono-infected patients receiving entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and adefovir (ADV) in comparison to untreated subjects.METHODS: A retrospective cohort consisting of 815 patients with chronic HBV infection was constructed. Serial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was compared to the expected rate of age-dependent decline in eGFR, derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. Generalised estimating equations and linear mixed-effects models were used to compare trends in eGFR (in mL/min/1.73m2 as a "unit").RESULTS: In NHANES data (n=23051), each year of age was associated with a 0.86 unit decrease in eGFR in subjects without hypertension and 0.96 units with hypertension. The Stanford cohort consisted of patients who received ETV (n=207), TDF (n=191), ADV (n=46) or no therapy (n=371). After a median follow-up 4.0 (interquartile range: 1.9-6.5) years, there was no significant difference in the expected and observed rates of eGFR decline in untreated HBV patients. Patients receiving antiviral treatment experienced steeper reduction in renal function than expected. In the multivariable model, ETV was associated with eGFR loss at 1.81 units per year (P=0.06, compared to untreated patients). TDF- and ADV-treated patients experienced significantly higher rate of eGFR loss at 2.21 and 2.63 units per year, respectively (both P<0.01).CONCLUSION: In this longitudinal cohort study, HBV patients receiving antiviral therapy, particularly TDF and ADV, experienced more rapid loss in eGFR.

    View details for PubMedID 30370967

  • A model for Glomerular filtration Rate Assessment In Liver disease (GRAIL) in the presence of renal dysfunction. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Asrani, S. K., Jennings, L. W., Trotter, J. F., Levitsky, J., Nadim, M. K., Kim, W. R., Gonzalez, S. A., Fischbach, B., Bahirwani, R., Emmett, M., Klintmalm, G. 2018

    Abstract

    Estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with liver disease is suboptimal in presence of renal dysfunction. We developed a model for GFR Assessment In Liver disease (GRAIL) before and after liver transplantation (LT). GRAIL was derived using objective variables (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, age, gender, race, albumin) to estimate GFR based on timing of measurement relative to LT and degree of renal dysfunction. Measured GFR (mGFR) by iothalamate clearance (n=12,122, 1985-2015) at protocol time points before/after LT was used as reference. GRAIL was compared to Chronic Kidney DiseaseEpidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD-4, MDRD-6) equations for mGFR<30ml/min/1.73m2 . Prediction of development of chronic kidney disease (mGFR < 20ml/min/1.73m2 , initiation of chronic dialysis) and listing or receipt of kidney transplantation within 5 years was examined in internal cohort (n=785) and external validation (n=68,217, 2001-2015). GRAIL had less bias, was more accurate and precise as compared to CKD-EPI, MDRD-4 and MDRD-6 at time points before/after LT for low GFR. For mGFR<30ml/min/1.73m2 , the median difference (eGFR-mGFR) was GRAIL: 5.24 [9.65] ml/min/1.73m2 as compared to CKD-EPI: 8.70 [18.24]ml/min/1.73m2 , MDRD-4: 8.82 [17.38]ml/min/1.73m2 , and MDRD-6: 6.53[14.42] ml/min/1.73m2 . Prior to LT, GRAIL correctly classified 75% as having mGFR<30ml/min/1.73m2 vs. 36.1% (CKD-EPI), 36.1%(MDRD-4), and 52.8%(MDRD-6).(p<0.01) An eGFR<30ml/min/1.73m2 by GRAIL predicted development of CKD (26.9% vs. 4.6% CKD-EPI, 5.9% MDRD-4, and 10.5% MDRD-6) in center data and needing kidney after LT (48.3% vs. 22.0% CKD-EPI vs. 23.1% MDRD-4 vs. 48.3% MDRD-6, p<0.01) in national data within 5 years after LT. CONCLUSION: GRAIL may serve as an alternative model to estimate GFR amongst patients with liver disease before and after LT at low GFR. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for PubMedID 30338870

  • Risk Prediction Models for Graft Failure after Liver Transplantation: A Machine-Learning Approach Kwong, A. J., O'Connell, C., Kanzawa, M., Hufker, K., Lindsay, N., Kim, W. WILEY. 2018: 668A–669A
  • Early Adoption of Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) for Hepatitis B in US Clinical Practice; Real-World Evidence from the Trio Network Curry, M. P., Bae, H., Dieterich, D. T., Ankoma-Sey, V., Reddy, K., Pan, C. Q., Hann, H. L., Tong, M. J., Kim, W., Kwo, P., Reau, N., Frazier, L., Milligan, S., Afdhal, N. H. WILEY. 2018: 252A
  • Patient Reported Indicators of Health and Symptoms in US Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) Carey, E. J., Levy, C., Mayo, M. J., Bowlus, C. L., Deane, K., Sandefur, R. A., Laliberte, P., Zink, R. C., Kim, W. WILEY. 2018: 1107A–1108A
  • Treatment of Hepatitis B in the Us; Real-World Evidence from the Trio Network Bae, H., Curry, M. P., Dieterich, D. T., Ankoma-Sey, V., Reddy, K., Pan, C. Q., Hann, H. L., Tong, M. J., Kim, W., Kwo, P., Reau, N., Frazier, L., Milligan, S., Afdhal, N. H. WILEY. 2018: 264A–265A
  • Providing Liver Transplant Candidates with Patient-Friendly Reports about Transplant Programs Schaffhausen, C., Bruin, M., Chu, S., Matas, A., Lake, J. R., Kim, W., Biggins, S. W., Snyder, J., Kasiske, B., Israni, A. WILEY. 2018: 315A
  • Prediction of Mortality Risk in Decompensated Cirrhosis Due to Primary Biliary Cholangitis Kwong, A. J., Goel, A., Mannalithara, A., Iloeje, U., Feng, C., Kim, W. WILEY. 2018: 1098A–1099A
  • Refit and Validation of Peld Score Schladt, D., Wey, A., Herreid, A., Pyke, J., Weaver, T., Snyder, J., Israni, J., Kim, W., Lake, J. R. WILEY. 2018: 762A–763A
  • Reduced Access to Liver Transplantation in Women: Role of Height, MELD Exception Scores, and Renal Function Underestimation TRANSPLANTATION Allen, A. M., Heimbach, J. K., Larson, J. J., Mara, K. C., Kim, W., Kamath, P. S., Therneau, T. M. 2018; 102 (10): 1710–16
  • De Novo Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Liver Transplant Registrants in the Direct Acting Antiviral Era HEPATOLOGY Kwong, A. J., Kim, W., Flemming, J. A. 2018; 68 (4): 1288–97

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.30045

    View details for Web of Science ID 000446431700010

  • Natural History of Primary Biliary Cholangitis in the Ursodeoxycholic Acid Era: Role of Scoring Systems. Clinics in liver disease Goel, A., Kim, W. R. 2018; 22 (3): 563-578

    Abstract

    Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic disease that progresses to end-stage liver disease. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), the standard treatment for PBC for several decades, is associated with improved survival without liver transplantation. Approximately 40% of patients do not respond to UDCA. Because of disease variability, several prognostic models exist that incorporate various factors including biochemical response to UDCA. Useful for patient care and counseling as well as risk stratification for research and clinical trials, the role of these models in the pre-UDCA and UDCA eras is discussed.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cld.2018.03.007

    View details for PubMedID 30259853

  • Impact of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma on survival in patients with compensated cirrhosis HEPATOLOGY Yang, J., Mannalithara, A., Piscitello, A. J., Kisiel, J. B., Gores, G. J., Roberts, L. R., Kim, W. 2018; 68 (1): 78–88

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.29594

    View details for Web of Science ID 000437683600011

  • Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. Clinical liver disease Hyun Kim, B., Ray Kim, W. 2018; 12 (1): 1-4

    View details for DOI 10.1002/cld.732

    View details for PubMedID 30988901

  • Emerging Therapies Toward a Functional Cure for Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Gastroenterology & hepatology Kim, W. R. 2018; 14 (7): 439–42

    View details for PubMedID 30166962

  • Liver Stiffness Measurement, but Not Controlled Attenuation Parameter, is Increased in Deceased Liver Donors at the Time of Transplant Procurement. Duarte-Rojo, A., Barone, G., Borja-Cacho, D., Concepcion, W., Shaheen, M., Heimbach, J., Kim, W. WILEY. 2018: 406
  • Evaluating Displays of Program Waitlist Mortality on Public Search Results. Schaffhausen, C., Bruin, M., Chu, S., Matas, A., Lake, J., Kim, W., Biggins, S., Snyder, J., Kasiske, B., Israni, A. WILEY. 2018: 741–42
  • Race, Income, and Insurance Status Predict Migration for Liver Transplantation in the United States. Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. WILEY. 2018: 308–9
  • Providing Transplant Candidates with Guidance about Differences in Acceptance Criteria across Programs. Schaffhausen, C., Bruin, M., Chu, S., Matas, A., Lake, J., Kim, W., Biggins, S., Snyder, J., Kasiske, B., Israni, A. WILEY. 2018: 745
  • Calibration of Updated LSAM. Pyke, J., Weaver, T., Schladt, D., Salkowski, N., Wey, A., Lake, J., Kim, W., Gentry, S., Israni, A. WILEY. 2018: 577–78
  • Large Decrease in Liver Waiting List Dropout Rate for MELD > 14. Schladt, D., Pyke, J., Israni, A., Kim, W., Lake, J., Snyder, J. WILEY. 2018: 567–68
  • Providing Transplant Candidates with Patient-Specific Public Reports about Programs That Transplant Patients Like Them. Schaffhausen, C., Bruin, M., Chu, S., Matas, A., Lake, J., Kim, W., Biggins, S., Snyder, J., Kasiske, B., Israni, A. WILEY. 2018: 739
  • Accepting a DCD Liver May Improve Patient Survival Compared to Waiting for a Non-DCD Liver. Wey, A., Salkowski, N., Lake, J., Kim, W., Kasiske, B., Israni, A., Snyder, J. WILEY. 2018: 382
  • Is Percent Exception at Transplant a Driver of MELD Inflation? Schladt, D., Snyder, J., Israni, A., Kim, W., Lake, J. WILEY. 2018: 571
  • Performance of Donor Risk Index in the MELD era Kwong, A., Kim, W. R. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2018: 19
  • A Real-World Observational Cohort of Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis: TARGET-Primary Biliary Cholangitis Study Design and Rationale HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS Levy, C., Bowlus, C. L., Carey, E., Crawford, J. M., Deane, K., Mayo, M. J., Kim, W., Fried, M. W. 2018; 2 (5): 484–91

    Abstract

    Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a rare chronic cholestatic liver disease that may progress to biliary cirrhosis if left untreated. The first-line therapy for PBC is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Unfortunately, 1 of 3 patients does not respond to UDCA. These patients are at risk for developing clinical events, including cirrhosis, complications of portal hypertension, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplant, or death. Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved obeticholic acid to be used in certain patients with PBC. Off-label therapies are also used, and several other therapies are currently under evaluation. Real-world effectiveness of newly approved and off-label therapies remains unknown. TARGET-PBC is a 5-year, longitudinal, observational study of patients with PBC that will evaluate the effectiveness of clinical practice interventions and provide practical information unobtainable in registration trials. Enrollment will take place at both academic and community sites. In addition to consenting to medical records review, participants will be asked to provide an annual blood sample and complete patient reported outcome surveys at predetermined intervals. Any available liver biopsies will be digitally preserved. Conclusion: Key study outcomes will be the evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of PBC interventions and the assessment of disease progression under real-world conditions. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:484-491).

    View details for PubMedID 29761165

  • Comparing Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplant Strategies: A Modified Cost-Effectiveness Analysis TRANSPLANTATION Cheng, X. S., Kim, W., Tan, J. C., Chertow, G. M., Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. 2018; 102 (5): E219–E228
  • Avatrombopag decreases need for platelet transfusion in patients chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia undergoing medical procedures with low to high associated bleeding risks Reau, N. S., Sammy, S., Allen, L. F., Aggarwal, K., Vredenburg, M., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2018: S751
  • Distinct MELD trajectories in liver transplant candidates with hepatitis C and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2018: S715–S716
  • Survival benefits of direct-acting antiviral therapy in patients with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis Kim, W. R., Osinusi, A., Mannalithara, A., Schall, R. A., Brainard, D. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2018: S84
  • MELD dynamics predicts waitlist outcomes in patients awaiting liver transplantation Kim, B. H., Mannalithara, A., Kwong, A., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2018: S381–S382
  • Comparing Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplant Strategies: A Modified Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Transplantation Cheng, X. S., Kim, W. R., Tan, J. C., Chertow, G. M., Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. 2018

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: The proportion of patients with kidney failure at time of liver transplantation is at an historic high in the United States. The optimal timing of kidney transplantation with respect to the liver transplant is unknown.METHODS: We used a modified cost-effectiveness analysis to compare four strategies: the old system ("pre-OPTN"), the new Organ Procurement Transplant Network (OPTN) system since August 10, 2017 ("OPTN"), and two strategies which restrict simultaneous liver-kidney transplants ("safety net" and "stringent"). We measured "cost" by deployment of deceased donor kidneys (DDKs) to liver transplant recipients and effectiveness by life years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in liver transplant recipients. We validated our model against Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients data.RESULTS: The OPTN, safety net and stringent strategies were on the efficient frontier. By rank order, OPTN > safety net > stringent strategy in terms of LY, QALY and DDK deployment. The pre-OPTN system was dominated, or outperformed, by all alternative strategies. The incremental LY per DDK between the strategies ranged from 1.30 to 1.85. The incremental QALY per DDK ranged from 1.11 to 2.03.CONCLUSION: These estimates quantify the "organ"-effectiveness of various kidney allocation strategies for liver transplant candidates. The OPTN system will likely deliver better liver transplant outcomes at the expense of more frequent deployment of DDKs to liver transplant recipients.

    View details for PubMedID 29554056

  • Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome. Clinics in liver disease Kim, D., Touros, A., Kim, W. R. 2018; 22 (1): 133-140

    Abstract

    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are highly prevalent, affecting approximately one-third of the US population. The relationship between NAFLD and MS is complex and may be bidirectionally associated. NAFLD is strongly associated with MS, the components of which include abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. NAFLD associated with certain genetic factors such as the PNPLA3 G allele variant is not accompanied by insulin resistance and MS. Lifestyle modification, including diet and physical activity targeting visceral adiposity, remains the standard of care for patients with NAFLD and MS.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cld.2017.08.010

    View details for PubMedID 29128053

  • Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome Clinics in Liver Disease Kim, D., Touros, A., Kim, W. 2018; 22 (1): 133-140

    Abstract

    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are highly prevalent, affecting approximately one-third of the US population. The relationship between NAFLD and MS is complex and may be bidirectionally associated. NAFLD is strongly associated with MS, the components of which include abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. NAFLD associated with certain genetic factors such as the PNPLA3 G allele variant is not accompanied by insulin resistance and MS. Lifestyle modification, including diet and physical activity targeting visceral adiposity, remains the standard of care for patients with NAFLD and MS.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cld.2017.08.010

  • Natural History of Primary Biliary Cholangitis in the Ursodeoxycholic Acid Era: Role of Scoring Systems Clinics in Liver Disease Goel, A., Kim, W. R. 2018; 22 (3): 563-578
  • Exercise and physical activity for patients with end-stage liver disease: Improving functional status and sarcopenia while on the transplant waiting list LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Duarte-Rojo, A., Ruiz-Margain, A., Montano-Loza, A. J., Macias-Rodriguez, R. U., Ferrando, A., Kim, W. 2018; 24 (1): 122–39

    Abstract

    Sarcopenia and physical deconditioning are frequent complications in patients with cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease (ESLD). They are the end result of impaired dietary intake, chronic inflammation, altered macronutrient and micronutrient metabolism, and low physical activity. Frailty is the end result of prolonged sarcopenia and physical deconditioning. It severely affects a patient's functional status and presents in approximately 1 in 5 patients on the liver transplantation waiting list. Sarcopenia, poor physical fitness/cardiopulmonary endurance (CPE), and frailty are all associated with increased mortality in ESLD. Clinical trials addressing the usefulness of exercise in patients with cirrhosis have shown that it improves the metabolic syndrome, sarcopenia, CPE, health-related quality of life, and hepatic venous pressure gradient. Although evidence on the benefits of exercise on clinical outcomes derived from large clinical trials is still missing, based on existing literature from multiple medical subspecialties, we believe that an exercise program coupled to a tailored nutritional intervention benefits both cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal functions, ultimately translating into improved functional status, sense of well-being, and possibly less complications from portal hypertension. In conclusion, although supervised exercise training is the prevailing approach to manage ESLD patients, such intervention is not sustainable or feasible for most patients. Innovative home-based physical activity interventions may be able to effectively reach a larger number of patients. Liver Transplantation 24 122-139 2018 AASLD.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.24958

    View details for Web of Science ID 000418549800015

    View details for PubMedID 29024353

  • OPTN/SRTR 2016 Annual Data Report: Liver AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Schladt, D. P., Skeans, M. A., Harper, A. M., Wainright, J. L., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2018; 18: 172–253

    Abstract

    Data on adult liver transplants performed in the US in 2016 are no-table for (1) the largest total number of transplants performed (7841); (2) the shortest median waiting time in recent history (11.3 months); (3) continued reduction in waitlist registrations and transplants for hepatitis C-related indications; (4) increasing numbers of patients whose clinical profiles are consistent with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; and (5) equilibration of transplant rates in patients with and without hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the increase in the number of available organs, waitlist mortality remained an important concern. Graft survival rates continued to improve. In 2016, 723 new active candidates were added to the pediatric liver transplant waiting list, down from a peak of 826 in 2005. The number of prevalent candidates (on the list on December 31 of the given year) was stable, 408 active and 169 inactive. The number of pediatric living donor liver transplants decreased from a peak of 79 in 2015 to 62 in 2016, with most from donors closely related to the recipients. Graft survival continued to improve over the past decade among recipients of deceased donor and living donor livers.

    View details for PubMedID 29292603

  • A Comparison Between Community and Academic Practices in the USA in the Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Receiving Entecavir: Results of the ENUMERATE Study. Digestive diseases and sciences Lee, H. M., Ahn, J. n., Kim, W. R., Lim, J. K., Nguyen, M. n., Pan, C. Q., Kim, D. n., Mannalithara, A. n., Te, H. n., Trinh, H. n., Chu, D. n., Tran, T. n., Woog, J. n., Lok, A. S. 2018

    Abstract

    The management of chronic hepatitis B patients is not well characterized in real-world practice. We compared baseline characteristics of CHB patients on entecavir, the frequency of on-treatment monitoring, and the effectiveness of ETV treatment between academic and community practices.Treatment-naïve CHB patients ≥18 years old, treated with ETV for ≥12 months from 2005 to 2013, in 26 community and academic practices throughout the USA were retrospectively evaluated.Of 841 patients enrolled, 658 (65% male, 83% Asian, median age 47, 9% with cirrhosis) met inclusion criteria. Half of the patients (52%) were from community practices. A lower percentage of patients in community practices had cirrhosis or liver cancer (5 vs. 14%). Community practices more often treated patients with baseline ALT < 2 × ULN. Over a median follow-up of 4 years, community practices were more likely to discontinue ETV with less frequent laboratory monitoring compared to academic practices. The 5-year cumulative probability of ALT normalization was greater among patients treated in community practices (70 vs. 50%, p < 0.001), but the 5-year cumulative probability of undetectable HBV DNA was lower (45 vs. 70%, p < 0.001) than those treated in academic practices.Academic practices saw CHB patients with more advanced liver disease, more often followed AASLD guidelines, and monitored patients on ETV treatment more frequently than community practices. While patients in community practices were less likely to achieve undetectable HBV DNA and more likely to achieve ALT normalization, the rates of HBeAg loss and seroconversion as well as HBsAg loss were similar.

    View details for PubMedID 30238203

  • De Novo Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Liver Transplant Registrants in the Direct Acting Antiviral Era. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Kwong, A. J., Kim, W. R., Flemming, J. A. 2018

    Abstract

    The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatitis C (HCV) receiving direct acting antivirals (DAA) has been debated. This study aims to describe the incidence of HCC among patients listed for liver transplantation (LT) in the DAA era.Individuals with cirrhosis listed for LT from January 2003 to December 2015 were identified using the Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients database. Patients with HCC at listing or HCC exception within 180 days were excluded. Patients were divided into 3 eras based on listing date: Eras 1 (2003-2010), 2 (2011-2013), and 3 (2014-2015). Incidence rates of HCC were calculated by era and compared using incident rate ratios (IRR). The association between HCC and listing era was evaluated using Cox regression and competing risk analyses, the latter considering death and LT as competing events.Of 48,158 eligible waitlist registrants, 3,112 (6.5%) received HCC exceptions after a median of 493 days. In 20,039 individuals with HCV, the incidence of HCC was 49% higher in Era 3 vs. 1 (IRR 1.49, 95% CI 1.24-1.79). In multivariate analysis, those in Era 3 had a higher hazard of HCC compared to Era 1 (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.01-1.48). However, in multivariable competing risks analysis with death and LT considered as competing events for de novo HCC, era was no longer associated with HCC (sHR 0.83, 95% CI 0.69-1.00).In this large population-based cohort of LT registrants, the incidence of HCC among HCV patients has increased in the DAA era. Competing risks analysis suggests that this may be explained by changes in rates of LT and waitlist mortality in the HCV population during this time. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for PubMedID 29672886

  • Liver Simulated Allocation Modeling: Were the Predictions Accurate for Share 35? Transplantation Goel, A. n., Kim, W. R., Pyke, J. n., Schladt, D. P., Kasiske, B. L., Snyder, J. J., Lake, J. R., Israni, A. K. 2018

    Abstract

    The liver simulated allocation model (LSAM) can be used to study likely effects of liver transplant allocation policy changes on organ offers, acceptance, waitlist survival, and posttransplant survival. Implementation of Share 35 in June 2013 allowed for testing how well LSAM predicted actual changes.LSAM projections for 1 year of liver transplants before and after the Share 35 policy change were compared with observed data during the same period. Numbers of organs recovered, organ sharing, transplant rates, and waitlist mortality rates (per 100 waitlist years) were evaluated by LSAM and compared with observed data.Candidate, recipient, and donor characteristics in the LSAM cohorts were similar to those in the observed population before and after Share 35. LSAM correctly predicted more accepted organs and fewer discarded organs with Share 35. LSAM also predicted increased regional and national sharing, consistent with observed data, although the magnitude was overestimated. Transplant rates were correctly projected to increase and waitlist death rates to decrease.Although the absolute number of transplants was underestimated and waitlist deaths overestimated, the direction of change was consistent with observed data. LSAM correctly predicted change in discarded organs, regional and national sharing, waitlist mortality, and transplants after Share 35 implementation.

    View details for PubMedID 29309379

  • Survival Benefit of Direct Acting Antiviral Therapy in Patients with Decompensated Cirrhosis Kim, W., Mannalithara, A., Lee, H., Osinusi, A. O., Schall, R., Brainard, D. M. WILEY. 2017: 1270A–1271A
  • Decreasing Mortality and Disease Severity in Hepatitis C Patients Awaiting Liver Transplantation in the United States. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society Kwong, A., Kim, W. R., Mannalithara, A., Heo, N. Y., Udompap, P., Kim, D. 2017

    Abstract

    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been the leading indication for liver transplantation (LT) in the United States. Since 2013, interferon-free antiviral therapy has led to sustained virologic response in many LT candidates. We compared the waitlist mortality of HCV patients with that of patients with other chronic liver diseases.Data for primary LT candidates were obtained from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database. Adult waitlist registrants were divided into three cohorts: Cohort 1 included patients on the waitlist as of January 1, 2004; Cohort 2 as of January 1, 2009; and Cohort 3 as of January 1, 2014. The primary outcome was waitlist mortality, and the secondary outcome was the rate of change in Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate 12-month waitlist mortality.The cohorts included 7,627 LT candidates with HCV and 13,748 patients without HCV. Compared with Cohort 2, HCV patients in Cohort 3 had a 21% lower risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] 0.79, 95% CI 0.67-0.93). Among patients with non-HCV liver disease, no difference in mortality was seen between Cohorts 2 and 3 (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.86-1.09). Among HCV patients, the mean rate of change in MELD decreased from 2.35 per year for Cohort 2 to 1.90 per year for Cohort 3, compared to 1.90 and 1.66 in Cohorts 2 and 3, respectively, among non-HCV patients.In this population-based study, waitlist mortality and progression of disease severity decreased in recent HCV patients for whom direct-acting antiviral agents were available. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.24973

    View details for PubMedID 29125676

  • Impact of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma on survival in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Yang, J. D., Mannalithara, A., Piscitello, A. J., Kisiel, J. B., Gores, G. J., Roberts, L. R., Kim, W. R. 2017

    Abstract

    Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been recommended in patients with cirrhosis. In this study, we examined the extent to which the competing risk of hepatic decompensation influences the benefit of HCC surveillance by investigating the impact of availability of liver transplantation (LTx) and the rate of progression of hepatic decompensation on survival gain from HCC surveillance. A multistate Markov model was constructed simulating a cohort of 50-year-old patients with compensated cirrhosis. The primary outcome of interest was all-cause and HCC-specific mortality. The main input data included incidence of HCC, sensitivity of screening test, and mortality from hepatic decompensation. Treatment modalities modeled included LTx, resection, and radiofrequency ablation. In the base case scenario, LTx would be available to prevent death in a certain proportion of patients. In the absence of surveillance, 68.2% of the cohort members died within 15 years; of these decedents, 25.1% died from HCC and 43.6% died from hepatic decompensation. With surveillance, the median survival improved from 10.4 years to 11.2 years. The number of subjects under surveillance needed to reduce one all-cause and one HCC-specific death over 15 years was 28 and 18, respectively. In sensitivity analyses, incidence of HCC and progression of cirrhosis had the strongest effect on the benefit of surveillance, whereas LTx availability had a negligible effect.CONCLUSION: HCC surveillance decreases all-cause and tumor-specific mortality in patients with compensated cirrhosis regardless of LTx availability. In addition, incidence of HCC and sensitivity of surveillance test also had a substantial impact on the benefits of surveillance. (Hepatology 2017).

    View details for PubMedID 29023828

  • Rapidly Rising Burden of Portopulmonary Hypertension in the United States Rahim, U., Mannalithara, A., Kim, D., Zamanian, R., Kim, W. WILEY. 2017: 253A–254A
  • Is it necessary to screen for varices in cirrhotic patients who are receiving entecavir or tenofovir for chronic hepatitis B? Wong, V. W., Yip, T., Leung, J. C., Wong, J. C., Tse, Y., Kim, W., Chan, H., Wong, G. L. WILEY. 2017: 249A
  • HCC 6-Month Delay: Comparison of LSAM to Observed Schladt, D. P., Zeglin, J., Snyder, J., Israni, A., Kim, W., Lake, J. R. WILEY. 2017: 885A–886A
  • Sofosbuvir-based therapy is associated with higher incidence of de-registration for clinical improvement in hepatitis C patients awaiting liver transplantation: Analysis of SRTR-Symphony Database Kim, W., Dellay, B., Wang, J. H., Peng, Y., Sexter, A., Israni, A. WILEY. 2017: 872A–873A
  • Reduced Incidence of Kidney Waitlisting After Liver Transplantation in the Post-Share 35 Era Kwong, A. J., Mannalithara, A., Asrani, S. K., Biggins, S. W., Heimbach, J., Brandman, D., Abt, P. L., Kim, W. WILEY. 2017: 15A
  • Continued Increase in Incidence of De Novo Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Liver Transplant Registrants with Hepatitis C Virus Infection Kwong, A. J., Kim, W., Flemming, J. A. WILEY. 2017: 71A
  • A Prognostic Model for Liver Transplant Candidates with Hepatitis C - A Decision Aid for Antiviral Therapy Lee, H., Mannalithara, A., Asrani, S. K., Biggins, S. W., Heimbach, J., Brandman, D., Abt, P. L., Kwo, P. Y., Kim, W. WILEY. 2017: 548A–549A
  • Trajectory of Serum Creatinine in Liver Transplant Candidates Identifies Patients at High Risk of Mortality Kwong, A. J., Mannalithara, A., Biggins, S. W., Asrani, S. K., Brandman, D., Abt, P. L., Heimbach, J., Kim, W. WILEY. 2017: 947A
  • Race and Socioeconomic Status Predict Migration for Liver Transplantation in the United States Kwong, A. J., Mannalithara, A., Heimbach, J., Kim, W. WILEY. 2017: 306A–307A
  • Donor Age and Allograft Survival in Recipients with Hepatitis C Virus in the Direct-Acting Antiviral Era Kwong, A. J., Kim, N. G., Stoltz, D., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. WILEY. 2017: 886A–887A
  • Characteristics and Costs of NASH Advanced Fibrosis and Cirrhosis in Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Results of a US Real-World Cohort Study Sanyal, A. J., Bengtson, L., Shreay, S., Kim, W. WILEY. 2017: 1168A–1169A
  • Characteristics of US-Born Versus Foreign-Born Americans of African Descent With Chronic Hepatitis B AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY Hassan, M. A., Kim, W., Li, R., Smith, C. I., Fried, M. W., Sterling, R. K., Ghany, M. G., Wahed, A. S., Ganova-Raeva, L. M., Roberts, L. R., Lok, A. F., Hepatitis B Res Network 2017; 186 (3): 356–66

    Abstract

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is more common in African Americans than in white Americans. We compared the epidemiologic, clinical, and virological characteristics of US-born African Americans (USAAs) to those of foreign-born African Americans (FBAAs) with chronic hepatitis B. The adult cohort study of the Hepatitis B Research Network enrolls patients with HBV infection from 21 clinical sites in the United States and Canada. A total of 237 (15%) of the adult participants with chronic HBV infection that were enrolled from January 20, 2011, to October 2, 2013, were of African descent, including 57 USAAs and 180 FBAAs (76%). Compared with FBAAs, USAAs were older and more likely to have acquired HBV through sexual exposure, to be HBeAg-positive, to have higher HBV DNA levels, and to be infected with HBV genotype A2. FBAAs from West Africa were more likely to have elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (72% vs. 50%; P < 0.01) and higher HBV DNA levels (median, 3.2 log10 IU/mL vs. 2.8 log10 IU/mL; P = 0.03) compared with East African FBAAs. The predominant HBV genotype among West African FBAAs was E (67%), whereas genotypes A (78%) and D (16%) were common in East African FBAAs. Significant differences were found between USAAs and FBAAs, highlighting the need for tailored strategies for prevention and management of chronic HBV infection for African Americans.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/aje/kwx064

    View details for Web of Science ID 000406750700012

    View details for PubMedID 28525625

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5860424

  • Improved Post-Transplant Mortality After Share 35 for Liver Transplantation. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Kwong, A. J., Goel, A., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. R. 2017

    Abstract

    The Share 35 policy was implemented in June 2013 to improve equity in access to liver transplantation (LT) between patients with fulminant liver failure and those with cirrhosis and severe hepatic decompensation. The aim of this study was to assess post-LT outcomes after Share 35.Relevant donor, procurement, and recipient data were extracted from the OPTN/UNOS database. All adult deceased donor LT from January 1, 2010 to March 31, 2016 were included in the analysis. One-year patient survival before and after Share 35 was assessed by multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis, with adjustment for variables known to affect graft survival.Of 34,975 adult LT recipients, 16,472 (47.1%) were transplanted after the implementation of Share 35, of whom 4,599 (27.9%) had a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) ≥35. One-year patient survival improved from 83.9% to 88.4% after Share 35 (p<0.01) for patients with MELD ≥35. There was no significant impact on survival of patients with MELD <35 (p=0.69). Quality of donor organs, as measured by Donor Risk Index without the regional share component, improved for patients with MELD ≥35 (p<0.01) and worsened for patients with lower MELD (p<0.01). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, Share 35 was associated with improved one-year patient survival (hazard ratio 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.60-0.80) in recipients with MELD ≥35.Share 35 has had a positive impact on survival after transplantation in patients with MELD ≥35, without a reciprocal detriment in patients with lower acuity. This was in part a result of a more favorable donor-recipient matching. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.29301

    View details for PubMedID 28586179

  • Beneficial and harmful effects of nonselective beta blockade on acute kidney injury in liver transplant candidates. Liver transplantation Kim, S. G., Larson, J. J., Lee, J. S., Therneau, T. M., Kim, W. R. 2017; 23 (6): 733-740

    Abstract

    Nonselective beta-blockers (NSBBs) have played an important role in the prevention of portal hypertensive bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. However, recent studies have suggested that NSBBs may be harmful in some patients with end-stage liver disease. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the association between use of NSBB and the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). We conducted a nested case-control study in a cohort of liver transplant wait-list registrants. Each patient with AKI was matched to a control by the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Na score, age, serum creatinine, and follow-up duration. Out of a total of 2361 wait-list registrants, 205 patients developed AKI after a median follow-up duration of 18.2 months. When compared with matched controls, ascites (79.0% versus 51.7%) and non-Caucasian race (16.6% versus 7.8%) were more common among the cases. The frequency of NSBB use was higher among the cases than controls, albeit insignificantly (45.9% versus 37.1%; P = 0.08). In multivariate analyses, the impact of nonselective beta blockade on the development of AKI was dependent on the presence of ascites: nonselective beta blockade in patients with ascites significantly increased the risk of AKI (hazard ratio [HR], 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-6.95), whereas in patients without ascites, NSBB use reduced it (HR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06-0.60). Potential benefits and harms of a NSBB in terms of AKI depend on the presence of ascites in liver transplant candidates. NSBB therapy in patients with cirrhosis may need to be individualized. Liver Transplantation 23 733-740 2017 AASLD.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.24744

    View details for PubMedID 28187503

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5449204

  • Utility in Treating Kidney Failure in End-Stage Liver Disease With Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation TRANSPLANTATION Cheng, X. S., Stedman, M. R., Chertow, G. M., Kim, W. R., Tan, J. C. 2017; 101 (5): 1111-1119

    Abstract

    Simultaneous liver-kidney (SLK) transplantation plays an important role in treating kidney failure in patients with end-stage liver disease. It used 5% of deceased donor kidney transplanted in 2015. We evaluated the utility, defined as posttransplant kidney allograft lifespan, of this practice.Using data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, we compared outcomes for all SLK transplants between January 1, 1995, and December 3, 2014, to their donor-matched kidney used in kidney-alone (Ki) or simultaneous pancreas kidney (SPK) transplants. Primary outcome was kidney allograft lifespan, defined as the time free from death or allograft failure. Secondary outcomes included death and death-censored allograft failure. We adjusted all analyses for donor, transplant, and recipient factors.The adjusted 10-year mean kidney allograft lifespan was higher in Ki/SPK compared with SLK transplants by 0.99 years in the Model for End-stage Liver Disease era and 1.71 years in the pre-Model for End-stage Liver Disease era. Death was higher in SLK recipients relative to Ki/SPK recipients: 10-year cumulative incidences 0.36 (95% confident interval 0.33-0.38) versus 0.19 (95% confident interval 0.17-0.21).SLK transplantation exemplifies the trade-off between the principles of utility and medical urgency. With each SLK transplantation, about 1 year of allograft lifespan is traded so that sicker patients, that is, SLK transplant recipients, are afforded access to the organ. These data provide a basis against which benefits derived from urgency-based allocation can be measured.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/TP.0000000000001491

    View details for PubMedID 28437790

  • PERSPECTIVES IN CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Kim, D., Kim, W. R. 2017; 15 (4): 474-485

    Abstract

    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a group of conditions characterized by hepatic steatosis in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. NAFLD is seen commonly in patients with metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity, such as type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Evidently, however, not all obese subjects develop NAFLD and, more importantly, NAFLD can be found in nonobese individuals. Although NAFLD occurring in nonobese subjects has been reported in children and adults of all ethnicities, it appears to be recognized more frequently in Asians, even when strict ethnicity-specific body mass index criteria are used to define obesity. Studies based on liver biopsies suggest that the prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis does not differ significantly between nonobese NAFLD and NAFLD in obese patients. Visceral obesity as opposed to general obesity, high fructose and cholesterol intake, and genetic risk factors (eg, palatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3) may be associated with nonobese NAFLD. In general, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with increased mortality, primarily from cardiovascular causes, independent of other metabolic factors. Although data regarding the mortality impact of nonobese NAFLD are not as mature, it may be important to identify high-risk nonobese NAFLD patients and manage their metabolic profile. Currently, lifestyle modification to reduce visceral adiposity, including dietary changes and physical activity, remains the standard of care in patients with nonobese NAFLD.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.08.028

    View details for Web of Science ID 000397247000008

  • A Markov Model for Transplant & Renal Outcomes After Liver & Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplants. Cheng, X., Kim, W., Tan, J., Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. WILEY. 2017: 806
  • Reduction in Liver Transplant Wait-Listing in the Era of Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy HEPATOLOGY Flemming, J. A., Kim, W. R., Brosgart, C. L., Terrault, N. A. 2017; 65 (3): 804-812

    Abstract

    Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy, recently approved for patients with decompensated cirrhosis (DC) secondary to hepatitis C virus (HCV), is associated with improved hepatic function. We analyzed trends in liver transplant (LT) wait-listing (WL) to explore potential impact of effective medical therapy on WL registration. This is a cohort study using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database from 2003 to 2015. A total of 47,591 adults wait-listed for LT from HCV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were identified. LT indication was defined as DC if the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) at WL was ≥15 or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Era of listing was divided into interferon (IFN; 2003-2010), protease inhibitor (PI; 2011-2013), and direct-acting antiviral (DAA; 2014-2015). Annual standardized incidence rates of WL were analyzed using Poisson regression. Adjusted incidences of LT WL for DC in HCV patients decreased by 5% in the PI era (P = 0.004) and 32% in the DAA era (P < 0.001) compared to the IFN era. Listing for DC in HBV also decreased in the PI (-17%; P = 0.002) and DAA eras (-24%; P < 0.001). Conversely, WL for DC in NASH increased by 41% in the PI era (P < 0.001) and 81% in the DAA era (P < 0.001). WL for HCC in both the HCV and NASH populations increased in both the PI and DAA eras (P < 0.001 for all) whereas HCC WL in HBV remained stable (P > 0.05 for all).The rate of LT WL for HCV complicated by DC has decreased by over 30% in the era of DAA therapy. Further reductions in WL are anticipated with increased testing, linkage to care, and access to DAA therapy. (Hepatology 2017;65:804-812).

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.28923

    View details for Web of Science ID 000397301300007

    View details for PubMedID 28012259

  • Impact of direct-acting antiviral agents-induced SVR on the long-term burden of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C cirrhosis. Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Kim, D., Kim, W. AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. 2017
  • Long-term Patient and Graft Survival of Kidney Transplant Recipients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the United States. Transplantation Heo, N. Y., Mannalithara, A. n., Kim, D. n., Udompap, P. n., Tan, J. C., Kim, W. R. 2017

    Abstract

    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common among kidney transplant (KTx) recipients. However, the impact of HCV infection on long-term graft and recipient survival after KTx from the large-scale data remains to be determined.We used the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) database to identify all adults undergoing KTx in 2004-2006 in the United States. A propensity score (PS) was created to match each HCV-positive recipient with a HCV-negative control for unbiased comparisons. Survival analysis was conducted to evaluate recipient and death-censored graft survival.Out of 33,357 adult primary KTx recipients, 1470 (4.4%) were HCV-positive. 1,364 HCV-positive and -negative pairs were selected based on PS-matching. Based on the multivariable regression models, HCV is associated with a higher risk of death (hazard ratio [HR]=1.50, 95% confidence interval [95% CI=1.28-1.75) and graft failure (HR=1.26, 95% CI=1.08-1.47). Infection was a more common cause of death in HCV-positive patients than in HCV-negative recipients (HR=1.64, 95% CI=1.12-2.42). The incidence of death due to liver failure was 0.23% per year among HCV-positive recipients, whereas no HCV-negative recipients died from liver failure. Graft failure due to recurrent disease was higher in HCV-positive than in HCV-negative recipients (HR=2.00; 95% CI=1.06-3.78).HCV infection is associated with decreased long-term recipient and graft survival. Future studies are needed to examine whether recently available, safe and effective antiviral therapy improves the long-term clinical outcome in these patients.

    View details for PubMedID 28976413

  • Steatotic donor livers are increasingly used with minimal effect on graft survival Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2017: S41
  • Change in the trajectory of MELD scores in liver transplant candidates with hepatitis C in the direct acting antiviral era Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A., Kim, D., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2017: S267–S268
  • An alternative screening strategy for hepatitis C virus infection among americans not belonging in the baby boomer birth cohort Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Kwong, A. J., Kim, D., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2017: S414
  • Model for end stage liver disease score dynamics in patients awaiting liver transplantation and waitlist outcomes Mannalithara, A., Chan, J. L., Hagerty, D., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2017: S436–S437
  • Model for end stage liver disease score dynamics in NASH patients awaiting liver transplantation and waitlist outcomes Mannalithara, A., Chan, J. L., Hagerty, D., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2017: S436
  • Determinants of the future burden of hepatocellular carcinoma after eradication of hepatitis C virus among cirrhotic patients Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Kwong, A. J., Kim, D., Dhanasekaran, R., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2017: S702–S703
  • OPTN/SRTR 2015 Annual Data Report: Liver AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Skeans, M. A., Schladt, D. P., Edwards, E. B., Harper, A. M., Wainright, J. L., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2017; 17: 174–251

    Abstract

    Several notable developments in adult liver transplantation in the US occurred in 2015. The year saw the largest number of liver transplants to date, leading to reductions in median waiting time, in waitlist mortality for all model for end-stage liver disease categories, and in the number of candidates on the waiting list at the end of the year. Numbers of additions to the waiting list and of liver transplants performed in patients with hepatitis C virus infection decreased for the first time in recent years. However, other diagnoses, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic cirrhosis, became more prevalent. Despite large numbers of severely ill patients undergoing liver transplant, graft survival rates continued to improve. The number of new active candidates added to the pediatric liver transplant waiting list in 2015 was 689, down from a peak of 826 in 2005. The number of prevalent pediatric candidates (on the list on December 31 of the given year) continued to decline, to 373 active and 195 inactive candidates. The number of pediatric liver transplants peaked at 613 in 2008 and was 580 in 2015. The number of living donor pediatric liver transplants increased to its highest level, 79, in 2015; most were from donors closely related to the recipients. Pediatric graft survival rates continued to improve.

    View details for PubMedID 28052604

  • Short Sleep Duration Is Associated With Abnormal Serum Aminotransferase Activities and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association Kim, D. n., Kim, H. J., Kushida, C. A., Heo, N. Y., Ahmed, A. n., Kim, W. R. 2017

    View details for PubMedID 28882688

  • Decreasing Mortality and Disease Severity in Hepatitis C Patients Awaiting Liver Transplantation in the United States. Liver Transplantation Kwong, A., Kim, W., Mannalithara , A., Heo, N., Udompap, P., Kim, D. 2017

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.24973

  • Management of Renal Failure in End-Stage Liver Disease: A Critical Appraisal LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Cheng, X. S., Tan, J. C., Kim, W. R. 2016; 22 (12): 1710-1719

    Abstract

    Renal failure is a late consequence of end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Even with liver transplantation, pretransplant renal impairment remains a strong predictor of posttransplant mortality. This review seeks to summarize and critically appraise common therapies used in this setting, including pharmacologic agents, procedures (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, renal replacement therapy), and simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation. More experimental extracorporal modalities, eg, albumin dialysis or bioartificial livers, will not be discussed. A brief discussion on the definition and pathophysiologic underpinnings of renal failure in ESLD will be held at the beginning to lay the groundwork for the main section. Liver Transplantation 22 1710-1719 2016 AASLD.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.24609

    View details for Web of Science ID 000389079500011

    View details for PubMedID 27875032

  • Reduction in Liver Transplant Wait-Listing in the Era of Direct Acting Anti-Viral Therapy Flemming, J. A., Kim, W., Brosgart, C. L., Terrault, N. WILEY. 2016: 1133A
  • Diabetes Mellitus Heightens the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Except in Patients With Hepatitis C Cirrhosis AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Yang, J. D., Mohamed, H. A., Cvinar, J. L., Gores, G. J., Roberts, L. R., Kim, W. R. 2016; 111 (11): 1572-1580

    Abstract

    As most hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients have cirrhosis, the association between diabetes and HCC may be confounded by the fact that diabetes is common in patients with cirrhosis. The aim of this study is to investigate whether diabetes increases the risk of HCC in patients with cirrhosis and whether the etiology of liver disease modifies the association between diabetes and HCC.All liver cirrhosis patients who had repeated radiographic evaluation of the liver (that is, ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance image) at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 2006 and December 2011 were included. The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of diabetes on the risk of HCC.A total of 739 patients met the eligibility criteria, of whom 253 (34%) had diabetes. After a median follow-up of 38 months, 69 (9%) patients developed HCC. In patients without hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, diabetes was significantly associated with the risk of developing HCC (hazard ratio (HR)=2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.1-4.1), whereas in patients with HCV, there was no association (HR=0.8, 95% CI=0.4-1.8). When adjusted for covariates, the interaction between HCV and diabetes remained significant (HR for non-HCV=1.9, 95% CI=0.9-3.7; HR for HCV=0.6, 95% CI=0.2-1.3). Lack of association between diabetes and HCC was externally validated in 410 patients with HCV cirrhosis enrolled in the HALT-C trial.Diabetes increases the risk of HCC in patients with non-HCV cirrhosis. In HCV cirrhosis patients who already have very high risk, diabetes may not increase the risk any further.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ajg.2016.496

    View details for Web of Science ID 000394047300020

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6040826

  • Diabetes Mellitus Heightens the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Except in Patients With Hepatitis C Cirrhosis. The American journal of gastroenterology Yang, J. D., Mohamed, H. A., Cvinar, J. L., Gores, G. J., Roberts, L. R., Kim, W. R. 2016; 111 (11): 1573-1580

    Abstract

    As most hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients have cirrhosis, the association between diabetes and HCC may be confounded by the fact that diabetes is common in patients with cirrhosis. The aim of this study is to investigate whether diabetes increases the risk of HCC in patients with cirrhosis and whether the etiology of liver disease modifies the association between diabetes and HCC.All liver cirrhosis patients who had repeated radiographic evaluation of the liver (that is, ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance image) at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 2006 and December 2011 were included. The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of diabetes on the risk of HCC.A total of 739 patients met the eligibility criteria, of whom 253 (34%) had diabetes. After a median follow-up of 38 months, 69 (9%) patients developed HCC. In patients without hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, diabetes was significantly associated with the risk of developing HCC (hazard ratio (HR)=2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.1-4.1), whereas in patients with HCV, there was no association (HR=0.8, 95% CI=0.4-1.8). When adjusted for covariates, the interaction between HCV and diabetes remained significant (HR for non-HCV=1.9, 95% CI=0.9-3.7; HR for HCV=0.6, 95% CI=0.2-1.3). Lack of association between diabetes and HCC was externally validated in 410 patients with HCV cirrhosis enrolled in the HALT-C trial.Diabetes increases the risk of HCC in patients with non-HCV cirrhosis. In HCV cirrhosis patients who already have very high risk, diabetes may not increase the risk any further.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ajg.2016.330

    View details for PubMedID 27527741

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6040826

  • Time trends in the health care burden and mortality of acute on chronic liver failure in the United States. Hepatology Allen, A. M., Kim, W. R., Moriarty, J. P., Shah, N. D., Larson, J. J., Kamath, P. S. 2016

    Abstract

    Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is associated with multisystem organ failure and poor prognosis in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. We aimed to determine time trends in the epidemiology, economic burden, and mortality of ACLF in the United States. The National Inpatient Sample database was queried between 2001 and 2011. ACLF was defined as two or more extrahepatic organ failures in patients with cirrhosis. The primary outcomes were trends in hospitalizations, hospital costs, and inpatient mortality. The number of hospitalizations for cirrhosis in the United States nearly doubled from 371,000 in 2001 to 659,000 in 2011. The prevalence of ACLF among those hospitalizations increased from 1.5% (n = 5,400) to 5% (n = 32,300). The inpatient costs increased 2-fold for cirrhosis ($4.8 billion to $9.8 billion) and 5-fold ($320 million to $1.7 billion) for ACLF. In 2011, the cost per hospitalization for ACLF was 3.5-fold higher than that for cirrhosis ($53,570 versus $15,193). The in-hospital fatality rates decreased from 65% to 50% for ACLF and from 10% to 7% for cirrhosis. The organ failure trends in ACLF showed an increasing proportion of cardiovascular and cerebral and decreasing proportion of respiratory and renal failure. Age, male sex, and the number and types of organ failure were predictors of death in ACLF.Cirrhosis and ACLF represent a substantial and increasing health and economic burden in the United States; these data highlight an urgent need for research on pathophysiological mechanisms and effective therapy as well as for education of health care providers of its importance in the care of patients with cirrhosis. (Hepatology 2016;64:2165-2172).

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.28812

    View details for PubMedID 27696493

  • Predicting Outcomes on the Liver Transplant Waiting List in the United States: Accounting for Large Regional Variation in Organ Availability and Priority Allocation Points. Transplantation Hart, A., Schladt, D. P., Zeglin, J., Pyke, J., Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Roberts, J. P., Hirose, R., Mulligan, D. C., Kasiske, B. L., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K. 2016; 100 (10): 2153-2159

    Abstract

    The probability of liver transplant and death on the waiting list in the United States varies greatly by donation service area (DSA) due to geographic differences in availability of organs and allocation of priority points, making it difficult for providers to predict likely outcomes after listing. We aimed to develop an online calculator to report outcomes by region and patient characteristics.Using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database, we included all prevalent US adults aged 18 years or older waitlisted for liver transplant, examined on 24 days at least 30 days apart over a 2-year period. Outcomes were determined at intervals of 30 to 365 days. Outcomes are reported by transplant program, DSA, region, and the nation for comparison, and can be shown by allocation or by laboratory model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (6-14, 15-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-40), age, and blood type.Outcomes varied greatly by DSA; for candidates with allocation MELD 25-29, the 25th and 75th percentiles of liver transplant probability were 30% and 67%, respectively, at 90 days. Corresponding percentiles for death or becoming too sick to undergo transplant were 5% and 9%. Outcomes also varied greatly for candidates with and without MELD exception points.The waitlist outcome calculator highlights ongoing disparities in access to liver transplant and may assist providers in understanding and counseling their patients about likely outcomes on the waiting list.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/TP.0000000000001384

    View details for PubMedID 27490411

  • The Use of HCV Positive Donors in HCV Negative Liver Transplant Recipients Cholankeril, G., Perumpail, R. B., Hu, M., Aggarwal, A., Liu, A., Kwong, A. J., Dhanasekaran, R., Bonham, C. A., Gonzalez, S. A., Kim, W., Esquivel, C. O., Ahmed, A. WILEY. 2016: 807A
  • Impact of Antiviral Nucleotide Analogues on Age-Dependent Decline in Renal Function Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Kim, D., Kim, W. WILEY. 2016: 925A–926A
  • Is cirrhosis reversible in patients with hepatitis C and decompensated liver disease? Explant histology in patients with sustained virologic response Kwong, A., Kim, W., Higgins, J. WILEY. 2016: 395A
  • Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Non-obese: Insights from the PIVENS and FLINT Trials Kim, D., Mannalithara, A., Udompap, P., Kim, W. WILEY. 2016: 537A
  • Decreasing Mortality in Hepatitis C Patients Awaiting Liver Transplantation in the Direct Acting Antiviral Era Kim, D., Kwong, A., Mannalithara, A., Heo, N., Udompap, P., Kim, W. WILEY. 2016: 29A
  • Predictors of Waitlist Outcomes in Candidates with Primary Biliary Cholangitis awaiting Liver Transplantation Cholankeril, G., Perumpail, R. B., Wong, R. J., Yoo, E. R., Hu, M., Jayasekera, C. R., Saab, S., Kim, W., Harrison, S. A., Ahmed, A. WILEY. 2016: 109A
  • The Effect of Gastric Acid Suppression on Ledipasivir-Sofosbuvir Effectiveness in Chronic Hepatitis C Infection Swanner, A., Kumari, R., Garcia, G., Daugherty, T., Nguyen, M. H., Ahmed, A., Kim, W., Lutchman, G. A. WILEY. 2016: 947A
  • Evolving Demographic Trends in Liver Transplant Waitlist for Primary Biliary Cholangitis Cholankeril, G., Perumpail, R. B., Yoo, E. R., Hu, M., Kim, W., Ahmed, A. WILEY. 2016: 203A–204A
  • Lower Observed Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Treated With Entecavir: Results of the ENUMERATE Study AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Ahn, J., Lim, J. K., Lee, H. M., Lok, A. S., Mindie Nguyen, M., Pan, C. Q., Mannalithara, A., Te, H., Reddy, K. R., Huy Trinh, H., Chu, D., Tram Tran, T., Lau, D., Leduc, T., Min, A., Loc Trong Le, L. T., Bae, H., Sang Van Tran, S. V., Do, S., Hann, H. L., Wong, C., Han, S., Pillai, A., Park, J. S., Tong, M., Scaglione, S., Woog, J., Kim, W. R. 2016; 111 (9): 1297-1304
  • Lower Observed Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Treated With Entecavir: Results of the ENUMERATE Study. American journal of gastroenterology Ahn, J., Lim, J. K., Lee, H. M., Lok, A. S., Nguyen, M., Pan, C. Q., Mannalithara, A., Te, H., Reddy, K. R., Trinh, H., Chu, D., Tran, T., Lau, D., Leduc, T., Min, A., Trong Le, L., Bae, H., Van Tran, S., Do, S., Hann, H. L., Wong, C., Han, S., Pillai, A., Park, J. S., Tong, M., Scaglione, S., Woog, J., Kim, W. R. 2016; 111 (9): 1297-1304

    Abstract

    Data from the United States are lacking regarding the impact of entecavir (ETV) on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our aim is to determine whether treatment with ETV is associated with a reduced HCC risk by calculating the expected HCC incidence based on the Risk Estimation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B (REACH-B) model and comparing it with the observed HCC incidence.The incidence of HCC in US patients treated with ETV between 2005 and 2013 in a retrospective cohort was obtained. The predicted HCC incidence was calculated using the REACH-B model. The standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated as a ratio of observed over predicted HCC cases.Of 841 patients, 646 (65% male, 84% Asian, median age 47 years, 36% hepatitis B e antigen positive, 9.4% with cirrhosis) met the inclusion criteria. Over a median follow-up of 4 years, 17 (2.6%) cases of HCC were diagnosed, including 8 out of 61 (13.1%) patients with cirrhosis and 9 out of 585 (1.5%) without cirrhosis. Compared with those without HCC, the 17 patients with HCC were older at 53 years vs. 47 years and more likely to have cirrhosis at 47.1% vs. 8.4%. Among patients without cirrhosis, the observed HCC incidence was significantly lower than predicted by the fourth year (SIR, 0.37; 95% confidence interval: 0.166-0.82). A sensitivity analysis that comprised all patients, including those with cirrhosis, showed that at the maximum follow-up time of 8.2 years, a significantly lower than predicted HCC incidence was noted with an SIR of 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.35-0.905).Based on the REACH-B model, long-term ETV therapy was associated with a lower than predicted HCC incidence. However, the risk of HCC persisted, and careful HCC surveillance remains warranted despite the anti-viral treatment.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ajg.2016.257

    View details for PubMedID 27325221

  • Protecting the Kidney in Liver Transplant Candidates: Practice-Based Recommendations From the American Society of Transplantation Liver and Intestine Community of Practice AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION O'Leary, J. G., Levitsky, J., Wong, F., Nadim, M. K., Charlton, M., Kim, W. R. 2016; 16 (9): 2516-2531

    Abstract

    Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common in patients awaiting liver transplantation, and both have a marked impact on the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of liver transplant recipients. Consequently, we reviewed the epidemiology of AKI and CKD in patients with end-stage liver disease, highlighted strategies to prevent and manage AKI, evaluated the changing liver transplant waiting list's impact on kidney function, delineated important considerations in simultaneous liver-kidney transplant selection, and projected possible future transplant policy changes and outcomes. This review was assembled by experts in the field and endorsed by the American Society of Transplantation Liver and Intestinal Community of Practice and Board of Directors and provides practice-based recommendations for preservation of kidney function in patients with end-stage liver disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.13790

    View details for Web of Science ID 000383774700007

    View details for PubMedID 26990924

  • Nonobese Fatty Liver Disease. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology Kim, D., Kim, W. R. 2016

    Abstract

    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a group of conditions characterized by hepatic steatosis in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. NAFLD is seen commonly in patients with metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity, such as type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Evidently, however, not all obese subjects develop NAFLD and, more importantly, NAFLD can be found in nonobese individuals. Although NAFLD occurring in nonobese subjects has been reported in children and adults of all ethnicities, it appears to be recognized more frequently in Asians, even when strict ethnicity-specific body mass index criteria are used to define obesity. Studies based on liver biopsies suggest that the prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis does not differ significantly between nonobese NAFLD and NAFLD in obese patients. Visceral obesity as opposed to general obesity, high fructose and cholesterol intake, and genetic risk factors (eg, palatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3) may be associated with nonobese NAFLD. In general, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with increased mortality, primarily from cardiovascular causes, independent of other metabolic factors. Although data regarding the mortality impact of nonobese NAFLD are not as mature, it may be important to identify high-risk nonobese NAFLD patients and manage their metabolic profile. Currently, lifestyle modification to reduce visceral adiposity, including dietary changes and physical activity, remains the standard of care in patients with nonobese NAFLD.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.08.028

    View details for PubMedID 27581063

  • Potential Efficacy of Pegylated Interferon-alpha and a Nucleos(t)ide Analogue as Combination Therapy for HBeAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B GUT AND LIVER Wi, C., Kim, W. R., Gross, J. B., Stadheim, L. M., Poterucha, J. J. 2016; 10 (4): 611-616

    Abstract

    Despite the potent suppression of the hepatitis B virus with modern antiviral agents, only a minority of HBeAg-positive patients achieve hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion. We aimed to explore the potential efficacy of combination therapy consisting of pegylated interferon (p-IFN) and an oral antiviral agent in patients with HBeAgpositive chronic hepatitis B.The treatment protocol consisted of p-IFN-α-2a at 180 μg/wk for 48 weeks, with either entecavir or tenofovir added 8 weeks after the initiation of p-IFN and continued for at least 6 months after HBe seroconversion was achieved.To date, 10 patients have been treated under the protocol (eight adults, mean age 36±8 years; two adolescents, aged 12 and 16 years). All eight adult patients experienced loss of HBeAg at a mean of 72.3±66.9 weeks, including six patients who also developed anti-HBe and one patient who had HBs seroconversion. Although both adolescents remain on therapy, one adolescent had HBs seroconversion without HBe seroconversion. A total of nine of our 10 patients experienced a favorable serological transition.The combination of p-IFN and a modern oral antiviral agent may be more effective than monotherapy with either class of agent in the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients.

    View details for DOI 10.5009/gnl14256

    View details for Web of Science ID 000379989900023

    View details for PubMedID 26190580

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4933423

  • Impact of Proximity MELD/PELD Points on Liver Redistricting Scenarios. Gentry, S., Pyke, J., Schladt, D., Zeglin, J., Kim, W., Lake, J., Hirose, R., Mulligan, D., Israni, A. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2016: 358–59
  • Utility in Treating Renal Failure in End-Stage Liver Disease with Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation. Cheng, X., Stedman, M., Kim, W., Tan, J. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2016: 232–33
  • Increasing prevalence of cirrhosis among U.S. adults aware or unaware of their chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of hepatology Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Heo, N., Kim, D., Kim, W. R. 2016; 64 (5): 1027-1032

    Abstract

    Cirrhosis from hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. We determine the prevalence of cirrhosis among HCV-infected American adults including those unaware of their infection.Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, we identified participants aged⩾20 years with detectable serum HCV RNA. The prevalence of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis was determined for Eras 1 (1988-94), 2 (1999-2006) and 3 (2007-12) by using FIB-4 > 3.25 and APRI > 2.0, respectively.Out of 52,644 NHANES examinees, 49,429 were tested for HCV, of whom 725 met the inclusion criteria (positive HCV RNA with available data for FIB-4 and APRI). Based on APRI, 6.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]:2.2-11.0) of HCV-infected adults in Era 1, 7.6% (95%CI:3.4-11.8) in Era 2 and 17.0% (95%CI:8.0-26.0) in Era 3 had cirrhosis. In the multivariable regression analysis, this era effect was attributable to increasing age (odds ratio [OR]:1.04, 95%CI:1.02-1.07), diabetes (OR:2.33, 95%CI:1.01-5.40) and obesity (OR:2.96, 95%CI:1.15-7.57). Cirrhosis was as common among respondents who were unaware of their infection as those who were aware (both 11%). Results were identical when FIB-4 was used.Among HCV-infected American adults, the proportion with cirrhosis has increased rapidly. Cirrhosis prevalence remains high in individuals unaware of their HCV infection. These data highlight the urgency for HCV screening regardless of symptoms, systematic assessment for liver fibrosis in those with HCV infection and institution of antivirals to prevent advanced liver disease.Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of cirrhosis, creatingalarge public health burden. Based on the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey sample, we found the proportion of patients with cirrhosis among Americans with HCV infection increased from 6.6% to 17.0% over the past two decades. Patients who wereunaware of their infection was just as likely to have cirrhosis as those who knew about their infection,which highlights the need for screening and treatment for HCV at the population level.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.009

    View details for PubMedID 26809112

  • Epidemiology and Healthcare Burden of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure SEMINARS IN LIVER DISEASE Allen, A. M., Kim, W. R. 2016; 36 (2): 123-126

    Abstract

    Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, a common end result of viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and the emerging epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are a significant source of morbidity and premature mortality globally. Acute clinical deterioration of chronic liver disease exemplifies the pinnacle of healthcare burden due to the intensive medical needs and high mortality risk. Although a uniformly accepted definition for epidemiological studies is lacking, acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is increasingly recognized as an important source of disease burden. At least in the United States, hospitalizations for ACLF have increased several fold in the last decade and have a high fatality rate. Acute-on-chronic liver failure incurs extremely high costs, exceeding the yearly costs of inpatient management of other common medical conditions. Although further epidemiological data are needed to better understand the true impact and future trends of ACLF, these data point to the urgency in the clinical investigation for ACLF and the deployment of healthcare resources for timely and effective interventions in affected patients.

    View details for DOI 10.1055/s-0036-1583201

    View details for Web of Science ID 000375823100004

    View details for PubMedID 27172353

  • Evaluation of APRI and FIB-4 scoring systems for non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B patients JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Berge, T., Asselah, T., Flisiak, R., Fung, S., Gordon, S. C., Janssens, H. L., Lampertico, P., Lau, D., Bornstein, J. D., Schall, R. E., Dinh, P., Yee, L. J., Martins, E. B., Lim, S. G., Loomba, R., Petersen, J., Buti, M., Marcellin, P. 2016; 64 (4): 773-780

    Abstract

    While the gold standard in the assessment of liver fibrosis remains liver biopsy, non-invasive methods have been increasingly used for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study aimed to evaluate the performance of two commonly used non-invasive scoring systems (aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis index based on four factors (FIB-4)) to predict fibrosis stage in CHB patients.Demographic, histologic and clinical laboratory data from two trials investigating tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in CHB were analyzed. Predicted fibrosis stage, based on established scales and cut-off values for APRI and FIB-4 scores, was compared with Ishak scores obtained from liver biopsy at baseline and at 240week follow-up.In the 575 patients with a baseline liver biopsy, APRI and FIB-4 scores correlated with Ishak stage (p<0.01); however extensive overlap in the distribution of both scores across Ishak stages prevented accurate determination of fibrosis. The majority (81-89%) of patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis were missed by the scores. Similarly, 71% patients without fibrosis were misclassified as having clinically significant fibrosis. APRI and FIB-4 scores at week 240 tended to be low and underestimate fibrosis stage in the patients with liver biopsies after 240weeks of therapy. APRI or FIB-4 reduction did not correlate with fibrosis regression after 240weeks of antiviral therapy.APRI and FIB-4 scores are not suitable for use in clinical practice in CHB patients for assessment of hepatic fibrosis according to Ishak stage, especially in gauging improvements in liver fibrosis following therapy.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.012

    View details for Web of Science ID 000372681900006

  • Evaluation of APRI and FIB-4 scoring systems for non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B patients. Journal of hepatology Kim, W. R., Berg, T., Asselah, T., Flisiak, R., Fung, S., Gordon, S. C., Janssen, H. l., Lampertico, P., Lau, D., Bornstein, J. D., Schall, R. E., Dinh, P., Yee, L. J., Martins, E. B., Lim, S. G., Loomba, R., Petersen, J., Buti, M., Marcellin, P. 2016; 64 (4): 773-780

    Abstract

    While the gold standard in the assessment of liver fibrosis remains liver biopsy, non-invasive methods have been increasingly used for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study aimed to evaluate the performance of two commonly used non-invasive scoring systems (aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis index based on four factors (FIB-4)) to predict fibrosis stage in CHB patients.Demographic, histologic and clinical laboratory data from two trials investigating tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in CHB were analyzed. Predicted fibrosis stage, based on established scales and cut-off values for APRI and FIB-4 scores, was compared with Ishak scores obtained from liver biopsy at baseline and at 240week follow-up.In the 575 patients with a baseline liver biopsy, APRI and FIB-4 scores correlated with Ishak stage (p<0.01); however extensive overlap in the distribution of both scores across Ishak stages prevented accurate determination of fibrosis. The majority (81-89%) of patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis were missed by the scores. Similarly, 71% patients without fibrosis were misclassified as having clinically significant fibrosis. APRI and FIB-4 scores at week 240 tended to be low and underestimate fibrosis stage in the patients with liver biopsies after 240weeks of therapy. APRI or FIB-4 reduction did not correlate with fibrosis regression after 240weeks of antiviral therapy.APRI and FIB-4 scores are not suitable for use in clinical practice in CHB patients for assessment of hepatic fibrosis according to Ishak stage, especially in gauging improvements in liver fibrosis following therapy.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.012

    View details for PubMedID 26626497

  • Hepatitis B Virus-Specific and Global T-Cell Dysfunction in Chronic Hepatitis B GASTROENTEROLOGY Park, J., Wong, D. K., Wahed, A. S., Lee, W. M., Feld, J. J., Terrault, N., Khalili, M., Sterling, R. K., Kowdley, K. V., Bzowej, N., Lau, D. T., Kim, W. R., Smith, C., Carithers, R. L., Torrey, K. W., Keith, J. W., Levine, D. L., Traum, D., Ho, S., Valiga, M. E., Johnson, G. S., Doo, E., Lok, A. S., Chang, K. 2016; 150 (3): 684-?

    Abstract

    T cells play a critical role in viral infection. We examined whether T-cell effector and regulatory responses can define clinical stages of chronic hepatitis B (CHB).We enrolled 200 adults with CHB who participated in the National Institutes of Health-supported Hepatitis B Research Network from 2011 through 2013 and 20 uninfected individuals (controls). Peripheral blood lymphocytes from these subjects were analyzed for T-cell responses (proliferation and production of interferon gamma and interleukin 10) to overlapping hepatitis B virus (HBV) peptides (preS, S, preC, core, and reverse transcriptase), influenza matrix peptides, and lipopolysaccharide. T-cell expression of regulatory markers FOXP3, programmed death-1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 was examined by flow cytometry. Immune measures were compared with clinical parameters, including physician-defined immune-active, immune-tolerant, or inactive CHB phenotypes, in a blinded fashion.Compared with controls, patients with CHB had weak T-cell proliferative, interferon gamma, and interleukin 10 responses to HBV, with increased frequency of circulating FOXP3(+)CD127(-) regulatory T cells and CD4(+) T-cell expression of programmed death-1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4. T-cell measures did not clearly distinguish between clinical CHB phenotypes, although the HBV core-specific T-cell response was weaker in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)(+) than HBeAg(-) patients (percent responders: 3% vs 23%; P = .00008). Although in vitro blockade of programmed death-1 or cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 increased T-cell responses to HBV, the effect was weaker in HBeAg(+) than HBeAg(-) patients. Furthermore, T-cell responses to influenza and lipopolysaccharide were weaker in CHB patients than controls.HBV persists with virus-specific and global T-cell dysfunction mediated by multiple regulatory mechanisms, including circulating HBeAg, but without distinct T-cell-based immune signatures for clinical phenotypes. These findings suggest additional T-cell-independent or regulatory mechanisms of CHB pathogenesis that warrant further investigation.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.050

    View details for Web of Science ID 000370648100029

    View details for PubMedID 26684441

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4766024

  • The Epidemiology of Liver Diseases Unique to Pregnancy in a US Community: A Population-Based Study CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Allen, A. M., Kim, W. R., Larson, J. J., Rosedahl, J. K., Yawn, B. P., McKeon, K., Hay, J. E. 2016; 14 (2): 287-?

    Abstract

    Little is known in the United States about the epidemiology of liver diseases that develop only during (are unique to) pregnancy. We investigated the incidence of liver diseases unique to pregnancy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, and long-term maternal and fetal outcomes.We identified 247 women with liver diseases unique to pregnancy from 1996 through 2010 using the Rochester Epidemiology Project database. The crude incidence rate was calculated by the number of liver disease cases divided by 35,101 pregnancies.Of pregnant women with liver diseases, 134 had preeclampsia with liver dysfunction, 72 had hemolysis-associated increased levels of liver enzymes and low-platelet (HELLP) syndrome, 26 had intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, 14 had hyperemesis gravidarum with abnormal liver enzymes, and 1 had acute fatty liver of pregnancy. The crude incidence of liver diseases unique to pregnancy was 0.77%. Outcomes were worse among women with HELLP or preeclampsia than the other disorders--of women with HELLP, 70% had a premature delivery, 4% had abruptio placentae, 3% had acute kidney injury, and 3% had infant death. Of women with preeclampsia, 56.0% had a premature delivery, 4% had abruptio placentae, 3% had acute kidney injury, and 0.7% had infant death. After 7 median years of follow-up (range, 0-18 years), 14% of the women developed recurrent liver disease unique to pregnancy; the proportions were highest in women with initial hyperemesis gravidarum (36%) or intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (35%). Women with preeclampsia were more likely to develop subsequent hepatobiliary diseases.We found the incidence of liver disease unique to pregnancy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, to be lower than that reported from Europe or US tertiary referral centers. Maternal and fetal outcomes in Olmsted County were better than those reported from other studies, but fetal mortality was still high (0.7%-3.0%). Women with preeclampsia or HELLP are at higher risk for peripartum complications and subsequent development of comorbidities.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.08.022

    View details for Web of Science ID 000370376300023

    View details for PubMedID 26305066

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4718803

  • Entecavir safety and effectiveness in a national cohort of treatment-naive chronic hepatitis B patients in the US - the ENUMERATE study ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Ahn, J., Lee, H. M., Lim, J. K., Pan, C. Q., Nguyen, M. H., Kim, W. R., Mannalithara, A., Trinh, H., Chu, D., Tran, T., Min, A., Do, S., Te, H., Reddy, K. R., Lok, A. S. 2016; 43 (1): 134-144

    Abstract

    Entecavir (ETV) has been shown to be safe and efficacious in randomised controlled trials in highly selected patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.To determine the safety and effectiveness of ETV in 'real-world' HBV patients in the United States (US).Treatment-naïve HBV patients ≥18 years old who received ETV for ≥12 months between 2005 and 2013 were included in a retrospective, cohort study. Rates of ALT normalisation, undetectable HBV DNA, HBeAg and HBsAg loss/seroconversion, adverse events (AE) and clinical outcomes were evaluated.Of 841 patients, 658 [65% male, 83% Asian; median age 47 years] met the inclusion criteria. 36% were HBeAg+ and 9.3% cirrhotic. 89% had abnormal ALT. Baseline median HBV DNA was 5.8 log 10 IU/mL. Median duration of ETV treatment was 4 years. Rates of ALT normalisation at 1, 3 and 5 years were 37.2%, 48.7% and 56.2% in HBeAg+ and 39.6%, 46.8% and 55.6% in HBeAg- patients. HBV DNA was undetectable at 1, 3 and 5 years in 34.6%, 64.7% and 84.6% in HBeAg+ patients, and 81.9%, 90.3% and 96.2% in HBeAg patients. Five-year cumulative probability of HBeAg loss and seroconversion was 46% and 33.7% and HBsAg loss was 4.6%. ETV was discontinued due to adverse events in 1.2% of patients. Hepatic decompensation occurred in 0.8%, liver cancer in 2.7% and death in 0.6%.Entecavir treatment was safe in a large cohort of US patients, but ALT normalisation and hepatitis B virus DNA suppression rates were lower than previously reported in clinical trials.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/apt.13440

    View details for Web of Science ID 000368188100013

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4926997

  • LIVER AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Skeans, M. A., Schladt, D. P., Edwards, E. B., Harper, A. M., Wainright, J. L., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2016; 16: 69–98

    Abstract

    The median waiting time for patients with MELD ≥ 35 decreased from 18 days in 2012 to 9 days in 2014, after implementation of the Share 35 policy in June 2013. Similarly, mortality among candidates listed with MELD ≥ 35 decreased from 366 per 100 waitlist years in 2012 to 315 in 2014. The number of new active candidates added to the pediatric liver transplant waiting list in 2014 was 655, down from a peak of 826 in 2005. The number of prevalent candidates (on the list on December 31 of the given year) continued to decline, 401 active and 173 inactive. The number of deceased donor pediatric liver transplants peaked at 542 in 2008 and was 478 in 2014. The number of living donor liver pediatric transplants was 52 in 2014; most were from donors closely related to the recipients. Graft survival continued to improve among pediatric recipients of deceased donor and living donor livers.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.13668

    View details for Web of Science ID 000368036900005

    View details for PubMedID 26755264

  • A POTENTIAL ROLE OF SEX HORMONES IN THE PROGRESSION OF END STAGE LIVER DISEASE Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Kim, D., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2016: S281–S282
  • IMPACT OF CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE TREATMENT ON NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA Kim, D., Mannalithara, A., Udompap, P., Kushida, C., Kim, W. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2016: S479–S480
  • Current and Future Burden of Chronic Nonmalignant Liver Disease. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology Udompap, P., Kim, D., Kim, W. R. 2015; 13 (12): 2031-2041

    Abstract

    Disease burden is an important indicator of the state of health of a population. It can be measured as the frequency (eg, incidence and prevalence) of a condition or its effects including fatal and non-fatal health loss from disease (eg, disability-adjusted life years) as well as the financial costs (eg, direct healthcare costs and indirect healthcare expenditures related to lost income because of premature death). Accurate disease burden information is essential for policy-making such as prioritization of health interventions and allocation of resources. Chronic liver disease (CLD) causes substantial health and economic burden in the United States, where nearly 2 million deaths annually are attributable to CLD. In the recent past, overall mortality rate of CLD has been increasing. Viral hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease are thought to be the most common etiologies of chronic liver diseases. More recently, the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is rapidly increasing, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis has become a leading indication for liver transplantation. In this article, we assemble available data on the burden of CLD in the United States, focusing on nonmalignant complications, whereas the impact on mortality and healthcare expenses of hepatocellular carcinoma, an important consequence of CLD, is discussed elsewhere.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.08.015

    View details for PubMedID 26291665

  • Diabetes and prediabetes in patients with hepatitis B residing in North America HEPATOLOGY Khalili, M., Lombardero, M., Chung, R. T., Terrault, N. A., Ghany, M. G., Kim, W. R., Lau, D., Lisker-Melman, M., Sanyal, A., Lok, A. S. 2015; 62 (5): 1364-1374

    Abstract

    Diabetes is associated with liver disease progression and increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk, but factors associated with diabetes in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in North America are unknown. We aimed to determine factors predictive of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in a large HBV-infected multiethnic cohort. Adults with chronic HBV not receiving antiviral therapy were enrolled from 21 centers in North America. Diabetes was defined by history/medication use or fasting glucose≥126 mg/dL and IFG as fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL. Of 882 patients included, 47.2% were female, 71.3% Asian, 83.7% foreign born, median age was 44 years, and median body mass index BMI 24.3 kg/m2. In this cohort, 26.0% were hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) positive, 43.9% had HBV DNA≥20,000 IU/mL, and 26.7% alanine aminotransferase (ALT)≥2× upper limit of normal (≥40 U/L women, ≥60 U/L men). Overall, 12.5% had diabetes and 7.8% IFG. The combined prevalence of diabetes or IFG was highest among blacks (36.7%) and those either born in the United States/Canada or foreign born with migration>20 years ago (25.5%). Obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 2.13), hyperlipidemia (OR, 4.13), hypertension (OR, 3.67), high ALT level (OR, 1.86), and family history of diabetes (OR, 3.43) were associated with diabetes. Factors associated with IFG were obesity (OR, 4.13) and hypertension (OR, 3.27), but also HBeAg positivity (OR, 0.39). Recent migration was negatively associated with diabetes among non-Asians (OR, 0.30).Diabetes is more prevalent in HBV-infected North American adults than the general population and is associated with known metabolic risk factors and liver damage, as determined by ALT levels. Among the foreign born, longer duration of North America residence predicted diabetes risk in non-Asians. These results highlight the opportunities for interventions to prevent diabetes especially among at-risk ethnic groups with HBV.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.28110

    View details for PubMedID 26390278

  • Korean Version of a Model to Estimate Survival in Ambulatory Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (K-MESIAH) PLOS ONE Nam, B., Park, J., Jeong, S., Lee, S. S., Yu, A., Kim, B. H., Kim, W. R. 2015; 10 (10)

    Abstract

    A model to estimate survival in ambulatory hepatocellular carcinoma patients (MESIAH) is useful for estimating patient prognosis but needs improvement for Korean patients, most of whom have a hepatitis B virus. We aimed to modify the MESIAH for better prognostication through enhancing calibration for Korean patient population (K-MESIAH).Utilizing a cohort of 1,969 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients from the National Cancer Center of Korea between 2004 and 2009, a survival prediction model was developed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The model's performance was evaluated using C-statistical and χ2-statistical analyses. External validation was performed using an independent cohort of 328 patients from the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.To develop the K-MESIAH, etiology was added to the original risk factors (age, Model for Endstage Liver Disease, albumin, size of the largest nodule, number of tumor nodules, vascular invasion, metastasis, and alpha fetoprotein) in the MESIAH. From the internal validation study, the C-statistics and χ2-statistics for one-, three-, and five-years of survival were 0.83 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.82-0.85), 49.07; 0.81 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.79-0.82), 28.95; and 0.80 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.79-0.81), 20.93, respectively. The K-MESIAH also showed a high prediction ability for the external validation cohort.A survival prediction model for Korean HCC patients was developed and validated to have a high level of performance. This K-MESIAH may be more useful in clinical practice and personalized care in a hepatitis B virus endemic area.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0138374

    View details for PubMedID 26488298

  • Impact of Long-Term Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate on Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B CANCER Kim, W. R., Loomba, R., Berg, T., Schall, R. E., Yee, L. J., Dinh, P. V., Flaherty, J. F., Martins, E. B., Therneau, T. M., Jacobson, I., Fung, S., Gurel, S., Buti, M., Marcellin, P. 2015; 121 (20): 3631-3638

    Abstract

    Efficacy trials have shown that antiviral therapy improves the outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, prospective data regarding the effect of antiviral therapy on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially among patients without cirrhosis, are limited. The authors examined the impact of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) on the incidence of HCC using a validated prediction model.The incidence of HCC in patients treated with TDF was obtained in the pivotal TDF registration studies after 384 weeks of follow-up. The predicted risk of HCC in individual patients was calculated using the Risk Estimation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B (REACH-B) model, which estimates HCC incidence for up to 10 years based on age, sex, alanine aminotransferase level, hepatitis B e antigen status, and HBV-DNA. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated comparing the observed and predicted numbers of HCC cases in the study cohort.Among 634 patients with evaluable baseline biopsies, 152 had cirrhosis (Ishak fibrosis score of 5 or 6) and 482 did not. During the 384 weeks of study, 14 cases of HCC were reported, with 4 occurring within the first year. The incidence of HCC was 0.37% per year in the study as a whole (0.28% among patients without cirrhosis and 0.65% among patients with cirrhosis). Among patients without cirrhosis, the observed incidence of HCC was significantly lower than predicted (SIR, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.199-0.795). The last HCC case in a patient with cirrhosis occurred around week 192 with an SIR of 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.231-1.144) reported at week 384.Based on the REACH-B risk calculator, long-term therapy with TDF was associated with a reduced incidence of HCC among patients without cirrhosis who met treatment criteria.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.29537

    View details for Web of Science ID 000363262700011

  • Impact of long-term tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Cancer Kim, W. R., Loomba, R., Berg, T., Aguilar Schall, R. E., Yee, L. J., Dinh, P. V., Flaherty, J. F., Martins, E. B., Therneau, T. M., Jacobson, I., Fung, S., Gurel, S., Buti, M., Marcellin, P. 2015; 121 (20): 3631-8

    Abstract

    Efficacy trials have shown that antiviral therapy improves the outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, prospective data regarding the effect of antiviral therapy on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially among patients without cirrhosis, are limited. The authors examined the impact of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) on the incidence of HCC using a validated prediction model.The incidence of HCC in patients treated with TDF was obtained in the pivotal TDF registration studies after 384 weeks of follow-up. The predicted risk of HCC in individual patients was calculated using the Risk Estimation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B (REACH-B) model, which estimates HCC incidence for up to 10 years based on age, sex, alanine aminotransferase level, hepatitis B e antigen status, and HBV-DNA. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated comparing the observed and predicted numbers of HCC cases in the study cohort.Among 634 patients with evaluable baseline biopsies, 152 had cirrhosis (Ishak fibrosis score of 5 or 6) and 482 did not. During the 384 weeks of study, 14 cases of HCC were reported, with 4 occurring within the first year. The incidence of HCC was 0.37% per year in the study as a whole (0.28% among patients without cirrhosis and 0.65% among patients with cirrhosis). Among patients without cirrhosis, the observed incidence of HCC was significantly lower than predicted (SIR, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.199-0.795). The last HCC case in a patient with cirrhosis occurred around week 192 with an SIR of 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.231-1.144) reported at week 384.Based on the REACH-B risk calculator, long-term therapy with TDF was associated with a reduced incidence of HCC among patients without cirrhosis who met treatment criteria.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.29537

    View details for PubMedID 26177866

  • Reduced Survival in Elderly Liver Transplant Recipients: How Old is Too Old? Heo, N., Mannalithara, A., Udompap, P., Kim, D., Concepcion, W., Esquivel, C. O., Kim, W. WILEY. 2015: 807A
  • IFN and/or RBV-Free Therapy (Rx) with Simeprevir plus Sofosbuvir (SMV plus SOF) was Well-Tolerated and Effective for Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 1 (CHC-1) Including Post-Liver Transplant (LT) and Decompensated Non-Liver Transplant (Non-LT) Patients: A Single-Center Experience Lutchman, G. A., Nguyen, N. H., Chang, C. Y., Ahmed, A., Daugherty, T., Garcia, G., Kumari, R., Kim, W., Gupta, S., Doshi, D., Nguyen, M. H. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 797A–798A
  • Healthcare Utilization Related to Hepatitis C: It Is More Than the Virus Kim, W., Reau, N., Shiffman, M., Cournand, H., Hassanein, T. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 2015: S886–S887
  • Could Share 35 disadvantage women? Allen, A. M., Heimbach, J., Larson, J. J., Kim, W., Kamath, P. S., Therneau, T. M. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 210A–211A
  • Clinical Epidemiology of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis based on a Large US Laboratory Database: Incidence and Trends in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Kim, W., Mayne, T. J., Marmon, T., Shapiro, D., Lindor, K. D. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 245A
  • Increasing Prevalence of Cirrhosis among US Adults with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Results from NHANES 1988-1994 and 1999-2012 Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Heo, N., Kim, D., Kim, W. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 253A
  • Etiology-Specific Effect of Diabetes on the Risk of HCC in Patients with Cirrhosis Yang, J., Mohammed, H., Gores, G. J., Roberts, L. R., Kim, W. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 419A
  • Heat Mapping Incident PBC Patients in a Large US Laboratory Sample Lindor, K. D., Mayne, T. J., Swanson, H., Shapiro, D., Kim, W. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 481A–482A
  • Characteristics of Incident PBC Patients in a Large US Laboratory Sample Lindor, K. D., Mayne, T. J., Swanson, H., Shapiro, D., Kim, W. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 489A
  • Policy Implications of Disproportionate Burden of Hepatitis C Care for Medicaid Compared to Commercial Payers Kim, W., Reau, N., Shiffman, M. L., Cournand, H., Hassanein, T. I. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 1092A–1093A
  • Short Sleep Duration is associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in US Adults Kim, D., Kim, H., Allen, A. M., Ahmed, A., Heo, N., Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 1258A
  • Reduced Survival in Elderly Liver Transplant Recipients: How Old is Too Old? Heo, N., Mannalithara, A., Udompap, P., Kim, D., Concepcion, W., Esquivel, C. O., Kim, W. WILEY. 2015: 807A
  • Similar Tolerability and Effectiveness with SMV plus SOF Therapy in Asians and Non-Asians with Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 1 (CHC-1) but Anemia and Fatigue were Common with SOF plus RBV in Both Groups Chang, C. Y., Nguyen, N. H., Zhao, C., Lutchman, G. A., Ahmed, A., Daugherty, T., Garcia, G., Kumari, R., Kim, W., Trinh, H. N., Vu, V. D., Ku, W., Nguyen, M. T., Huynh, A., Nguyen, M. H. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 794A
  • Serum Cystatin Cas an Indicator of Renal Function and Mortality in Liver Transplant Recipients TRANSPLANTATION Allen, A. M., Kim, W. R., Larson, J. J., Colby, C., Therneau, T. M., Rule, A. D. 2015; 99 (7): 1431-1435

    Abstract

    Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important comorbidity after liver transplantation (LT); however, reliable tools with which to evaluate these patients are limited. In this work, we examine the extent to which the addition of serum cystatin C improves glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation and mortality prediction, in comparison to various GFR-estimating equations.The GFR was measured in LT recipients by iothalamate clearance. Concurrent serum cystatin C was assayed in banked serum samples. Performance of GFR-estimating equations with and without cystatin C, including the modification of diet in renal disease and CKD-epidemiology collaboration formulas was assessed. The proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to determine the association between serum cystatin C and mortality.A total of 586 iothalamate results were obtained in 401 patients after a mean of 4 years after LT. When compared to measured GFR, the formula with both creatinine and cystatin C, namely, CKD-epidemiology cr-cys, outperformed those with either marker alone. Performance of creatinine-based models was similar to one another. Serum cystatin C, by itself or as a part of an estimated GFR, was a significant predictor of mortality.Serum cystatin C has an important role in enhancing accuracy of GFR estimation and predicting mortality in LT recipients.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/TP.0000000000000552

    View details for Web of Science ID 000369083200026

    View details for PubMedID 25654627

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4551433

  • Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites (vol 62, pg 968, 2015) JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY Angeli, P., Gines, P., Wong, F., Bernardi, M., Boyer, T. D., Gerbes, A., Moreau, R., Jalan, R., Sarin, S. K., Piano, S., Moore, K., Lee, S. S., Durand, F., Salerno, F., Caraceni, P., Kim, W., Arroyo, V., Garcia-Tsao, G. 2015; 63 (1): 290
  • Delayed Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Exception Score Improves Disparity in Access to Liver Transplant in the United States HEPATOLOGY Heimbach, J. K., Hirose, R., Stock, P. G., Schladt, D. P., Xiong, H., Liu, J., Olthoff, K. M., Harper, A., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L., Kim, W. R. 2015; 61 (5): 1643-1650

    Abstract

    The current system granting liver transplant candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) additional Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) points is controversial due to geographic disparity and uncertainty regarding optimal prioritization of candidates. The current national policy assigns a MELD exception score of 22 immediately upon listing of eligible patients with HCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of delays in granting these exception points on transplant rates for HCC and non-HCC patients. We used Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data and liver simulated allocation modeling software and modeled (1) a 3-month delay before granting a MELD exception score of 25, (2) a 6-month delay before granting a score of 28, and (3) a 9-month delay before granting a score of 29. Of all candidates waitlisted between January 1 and December 31, 2010 (n = 28,053), 2773 (9.9%) had an HCC MELD exception. For HCC candidates, transplant rates would be 108.7, 65.0, 44.2, and 33.6 per 100 person-years for the current policy and for 3-, 6-, and 9-month delays, respectively. Corresponding rates would be 30.1, 32.5, 33.9, and 34.8 for non-HCC candidates.A delay of 6-9 months would eliminate the geographic variability in the discrepancy between HCC and non-HCC transplant rates under current policy and may allow for more equal access to transplant for all candidates.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.27704

    View details for Web of Science ID 000353233500023

    View details for PubMedID 25644186

  • Long-term Patient and Graft Survival After Kidney Transplantation in Recipients With Hepatitis C Virus Infection Heo, N., Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015
  • Age-Dependent Decline in Glomerular Filtration Rate: A US Population-Based Study Udompap, P., Heo, N., Mannalithara, A., Kim, W. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015
  • Evaluating Outcomes in Multi-Organ Liver Transplant Recipients Snyder, J., Salkowski, N., Zaun, D., Thompson, B., Zeglin, J., Schladt, D., Lake, J., Kim, W., Israni, A., Kasiske, B. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015
  • Historical Comparison of Projected and Observed Liver Transplants Pyke, J., Schladt, D., Kim, W., Leppke, S., Lake, J., Gentry, S., Segev, D., Israni, A., Snyder, J. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015
  • A glass half full: Implications of screening for hepatitis C virus in the era of highly effective antiviral therapy. Hepatology Lutchman, G., Kim, W. R. 2015; 61 (5): 1455-1458

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.27718

    View details for PubMedID 25614010

  • Low Level of Hepatitis B Virus Screening Among Patients Receiving Chemotherapy CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Wi, C., Loo, N. M., Larson, J. J., Moynihan, T. J., Madde, N. R., Grendahl, D. C., Alberts, S. R., Kim, W. R. 2015; 13 (5): 970-975

    Abstract

    Chemotherapy of patients with inactive hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to viral reactivation and hepatitis flares. We investigated the proportion of patients screened for HBV infection before chemotherapy over time and the outcomes of screened patients.In a retrospective study, we collected data from a pharmacy database on patients who underwent cytotoxic chemotherapy for solid or hematologic malignancies at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 2006, through September 30, 2011. Laboratory data were collected from electronic medical records. Screening was identified based on tests for hepatitis B surface antigen, for any reason at any time before chemotherapy.Of 8005 patients undergoing chemotherapy, 1279 (16%) were screened for HBV infection before chemotherapy, including 668 of 1805 patients with hematologic malignancies (37%). The proportion of patients screened for HBV increased from 14.3% in 2006 to 2008 to 17.7% in 2009 to 2011 (P < .01). This trend was attributed mostly to an increase in the proportion of patients with hematologic malignancies, from 32.7% in 2006 to 2008 to 40.6% in 2009 to 2011 (P < .01). Of 13 patients who tested positive for HBV, 5 did not receive prophylactic antiviral therapy; HBV infection was reactivated in 2 of these patients. None of the 8 patients who received an antiviral agent before chemotherapy experienced HBV reactivation. Of 58 unscreened patients who had increases in their alanine aminotransferase level (>300 U/L), only 1 patient appeared to have an undiagnosed HBV infection.Only a small percentage of patients receiving chemotherapy are screened for HBV infection. However, a larger proportion of patients was screened during 2009 to 2011 than during 2006 to 2008, especially patients with hematologic malignancies. Strategies are needed to ensure that patients receiving chemotherapy are protected from the consequences of undiagnosed HBV infection.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.10.032

    View details for Web of Science ID 000353069000028

    View details for PubMedID 25460017

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4547834

  • Sofosbuvir and simeprevir combination therapy in the setting of liver transplantation and hemodialysis TRANSPLANT INFECTIOUS DISEASE Perumpail, R. B., Wong, R. J., Ha, L. D., Pham, E. A., Wang, U., Luong, H., Kumari, R., Daugherty, T. J., Higgins, J. P., Younossi, Z. M., Kim, W. R., Glenn, J. S., Ahmed, A. 2015; 17 (2): 275-278

    Abstract

    We report safety, tolerability, and 12-week sustained virologic response with half-standard dose sofosbuvir and standard-dose simeprevir combination therapy in a hepatitis C virus genotype 1a-infected liver transplant recipient on hemodialysis - uncharted territory for sofosbuvir-based therapy. The patient was a non-responder to prior treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. Sofosbuvir efficacy was maintained despite pill-splitting and administration of half-standard dose, 200 mg per day. No drug-drug interactions were noted with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Laboratory tests remained stable or improved during therapy. Our observation, if reproduced in a larger study, may lead to significant improvement in clinical outcomes and cost savings in this patient population.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/tid.12348

    View details for Web of Science ID 000352219400013

    View details for PubMedID 25641426

  • Reply to: "Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and NAFLD: Time for awareness and screening'' JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY Allen, A. M., Kim, W., Heimbach, J. K., Rule, A. D. 2015; 62 (4): 984–85

    View details for PubMedID 25529624

  • HCC RISK SCORES: APPLICATION OF THE CU-HCC, GAG-HCC AND PAGE-B SCORES TO CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) PATIENTS TREATED WITH TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE (TDF) Kim, W. R., Loomba, R., Berg, T., Schall, R., Yee, L., Dinh, P., Flaherty, J. F., Martins, E. B., Jacobson, I., Fung, S., Gurel, S., Buti, M., Marcellin, P. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2015: S561
  • THE IMPACT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME ON ALT LEVELS AMONG THE LARGE MULTIETHNIC COHORT OF NORTH AMERICAN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION ENROLLED IN THE HEPATITIS B RESEARCH NETWORK (HBRN) Khalili, M., Lombardero, M., Feld, J., Shuhart, M., Chung, R., Terrault, N., Kowdley, K., Lisker-Melman, M., Ghany, M., Kim, W. R., Sanyal, A., Lok, A., HBRN ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2015: S729–S730
  • ADVANCED FIBROSIS IS COMMON IN INDIVIDUALS WHOSE HEPATITIS C HAS NOT BEEN DIAGNOSED: RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY 2001-2012 Udompap, P., Mannalithara, A., Heo, N., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2015: S253–S254
  • Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. Journal of hepatology Angeli, P., Ginès, P., Wong, F., Bernardi, M., Boyer, T. D., Gerbes, A., Moreau, R., Jalan, R., Sarin, S. K., Piano, S., Moore, K., Lee, S. S., Durand, F., Salerno, F., Caraceni, P., Kim, W. R., Arroyo, V., Garcia-Tsao, G. 2015; 62 (4): 968-74

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.029

    View details for PubMedID 25638527

  • LOWER RISK OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS TREATED WITH ENTECAVIR: A REACH-B ANALYSIS OF THE ENUMERATE STUDY Ahn, J., Nguyen, M., Lee, H., Lim, J., Pan, C., Te, H., Tran, T., Trinh, H. N., Lau, D., Chu, D., Min, A., Leduc, T., Pillai, A., Bae, H., Do, S., Mannalithara, A., Lok, A. S., Kim, W. R., ENUMERATE Investigators Asian Hlth ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2015: S562
  • KOREAN VERSION OF A MODEL TO ESTIMATE SURVIVAL IN AMBULATORY PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (K-MESIAH) Nam, B. H., Park, J., Jeong, S., Lee, S. S., Yu, A., Kim, B. H., Kim, W. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2015: S441
  • Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites GUT Angeli, P., Gines, P., Wong, F., Bernardi, M., Boyer, T. D., Gerbes, A., Moreau, R., Jalan, R., Sarin, S. K., Piano, S., Moore, K., Lee, S. S., Durand, F., Salerno, F., Caraceni, P., Kim, W., Arroyo, V., Garcia-Tsao, G. 2015; 64 (4): 531–37

    View details for PubMedID 25631669

  • Characteristics of Adults in the Hepatitis B Research Network in North America Reflect Their Country of Origin and Hepatitis B Virus Genotype CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Ghany, M. G., Perrillo, R., Li, R., Belle, S. H., Janssen, H. l., Terrault, N. A., Shuhart, M. C., Lau, D. T., Kim, W. R., Fried, M. W., Sterling, R. K., Di Bisceglie, A. M., Han, S. B., Ganova-Raeva, L. M., Chang, K., Lok, A. S. 2015; 13 (1): 183-192

    Abstract

    Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide; populations that migrate to the United States and Canada might be affected disproportionately. The Hepatitis B Research Network (HBRN) is a cooperative network of investigators from the United States and Canada, created to facilitate clinical, therapeutic, and translational research in adults and children with hepatitis B. We describe the structure of the network and baseline characteristics of adults with hepatitis B enrolled in the network.The HBRN collected data on the clinical characteristics of 1625 adults with chronic HBV infection who are not receiving antiviral therapy from 21 clinical centers in North America.Half of the subjects in the HBRN are men, and the median age is 42 years; 72% are Asian, 15% are black, and 11% are white; with 82% born outside of North America. The most common HBV genotype was B (39%); 74% of subjects were negative for the hepatitis B e antigen. The median serum level of HBV DNA when the study began was 3.6 log10 IU/mL; 68% of male subjects and 67% of female subjects had alanine aminotransferase levels higher than the normal range.The HBRN cohort is used to address important clinical and therapeutic questions for North Americans infected with chronic HBV and to guide health policies on HBV prevention and management in North America.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.06.028

    View details for PubMedID 25010003

  • Reply to: "Chronic kidney disease after liver transplantation'' JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY Allen, A. M., Kim, W., Therneau, T. M., Larson, J. J., Heimbach, J. K., Rule, A. D. 2015; 62 (1): 244–45

    View details for PubMedID 25278355

  • OPTN/SRTR 2013 Annual Data Report: liver AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Smith, J. M., Skeans, M. A., Schladt, D. P., Edwards, E. B., Harper, A. M., Wainright, J. L., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2015; 15

    Abstract

    During 2013, 10,479 adult candidates were added to the liver transplant waiting list, compared with 10,185 in 2012; 5921 liver transplants were performed, and 211 of the transplanted organs were from living donors. As of December 31, 2013, 15,027 candidates were registered on the waiting list, including 12,407 in active status. The most significant change in allocation policy affecting liver waitlist trends in 2013 was the Share 35 policy, whereby organs from an entire region are available to candidates with model for end-stage liver disease scores of 35 or higher. Median waiting time for such candidates decreased dramatically, from 14.0 months in 2012 to 1.4 months in 2013, but the effect on waitlist mortality is unknown. The number of new active pediatric candidates added to the liver transplant waiting list increased to 693 in 2013. Transplant rates were highest for candidates aged younger than 1 year (275.6 per 100 waitlist years) and lowest for candidates aged 11 to 17 years (97.0 per 100 waitlist years). Five-year graft survival was 71.7% for recipients aged younger than 1 year, 74.9% for ages 1 to 5 years, 78.9% ages 6 to 10 years, and 77.4% for ages 11 to 17 years.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.13197

    View details for Web of Science ID 000364450400005

    View details for PubMedID 25626341

  • Risk Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Cirrhosis: The ADRESS-HCC Risk Model CANCER Flemming, J. A., Yang, J. D., Vittinghoff, E., Kim, W. R., Terrault, N. A. 2014; 120 (22): 3485-3493

    Abstract

    All patients with cirrhosis are at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This risk is not uniform because other patient-related factors influence the risk of HCC. The objective of the current study was to develop an HCC risk prediction model to estimate the 1-year probability of HCC to assist with patient counseling.Between 2002 and 2011, a cohort of 34,932 patients with cirrhosis was identified from a national liver transplantation waitlist database from the United States. Cox proportional hazards regression methods were used to develop and validate a risk prediction model for incident HCC. In the validation cohort, discrimination and calibration of the model was examined. External validation was conducted using patients with cirrhosis who were enrolled in the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term Treatment against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) study.HCC developed in 1960 patients (5.6%) during a median follow-up of 1.3 years (interquartile range, 0.47 years-2.83 years). Six baseline clinical variables, including age, diabetes, race, etiology of cirrhosis, sex, and severity (ADRESS) of liver dysfunction were independently associated with HCC and were used to develop the ADRESS-HCC risk model. C-indices in the derivation and internal validation cohorts were 0.704 and 0.691, respectively. In the validation cohort, the predicted cumulative incidence of HCC by the ADRESS-HCC model closely matched the observed data. In patients with cirrhosis in the HALT-C cohort, the model stratified patients correctly according to the risk of developing HCC within 5 years.The ADRESS-HCC risk model is a useful tool for predicting the 1-year risk of HCC among patients with cirrhosis.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.28832

    View details for Web of Science ID 000344650900010

    View details for PubMedID 25042049

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4553222

  • Coffee: a panacea or snake oil for the liver? Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology Kumari, R., Kim, W. R. 2014; 12 (9): 1569-1571

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.015

    View details for PubMedID 24768813

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4142094

  • Chronic kidney disease and associated mortality after liver transplantation - A time-dependent analysis using measured glomerular filtration rate JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY Allen, A. M., Kim, W. R., Therneau, T. M., Larson, J. J., Heimbach, J. K., Rule, A. D. 2014; 61 (2): 286-292

    Abstract

    The accuracy of creatinine-based estimated GFR (eGFR) in assessing the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated mortality after liver transplantation (LTx) is unknown. Using measured GFR (mGFR) by iothalamate clearance, we determined the prevalence of the entire spectrum of renal dysfunction and the impact of CKD on mortality after LTx.A database that prospectively tracks all LTx recipients at this academic transplant program from 1985 to 2012 was queried to identify all adult primary LTx recipients. Our post-LTx protocol incorporates GFR measurement by iothalamate clearance at regular intervals. A multistate model was used to assess the prevalence of CKD, kidney transplant, and death after LTx. Time-dependent Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of mGFR and eGFR changes on survival.A total of 1211 transplant recipients were included. At the time of LTx, the median age was 54 years, 60% were male and 86% were Caucasian. At 25 years after LTx, 54% of patients died, 9% underwent kidney transplantation, whereas 7%, 21%, and 18% had mGFR >60, 59-30, and <30 ml/min/1.73 m(2) respectively. The risk of death increased when mGFR decreased below 30 ml/min/1.73 m(2): HR = 2.67 (95% CI = 1.80-3.96) for GFR = 29-15 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and HR = 5.47 (95% CI = 3.10-9.65) for GFR <15 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Compared to mGFR, eGFR underestimated mortality risk in LTx recipients with an eGFR of 30-90 ml/min/1.73 m(2).An overwhelming majority of LTx recipients develop CKD. The risk of death increases exponentially when GFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Creatinine-based eGFR underestimates the mortality risk in a large proportion of patients.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.034

    View details for Web of Science ID 000339775700017

    View details for PubMedID 24713190

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4160310

  • Validation of a model to estimate survival in ambulatory patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-centre cohort study LIVER INTERNATIONAL Kim, B. H., Park, J., Nam, B., Kwak, H. W., Kim, W. R. 2014; 34 (7): E317-E323

    Abstract

    Survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is determined by hepatic function and tumour extent. Recently, a new Model to Estimate Survival in Ambulatory HCC patients (MESIAH) was proposed to predict overall survival in ambulatory HCC patients. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic performance of the MESIAH score in an independent cohort of HCC patients.A cohort of 1969 patients newly diagnosed with HCC at the National Cancer Center, Korea between January 2004 and December 2009 was used for validation of the MESIAH score. The model's performance was assessed using C-statistics, the likelihood ratio (LR) χ2 value and Akaike information criterion (AIC).Patients in the cohort had a median age of 56 years and 83.2% were men. Hepatitis B virus infection was present in 74.6 and 81.6% had a Child-Pugh class A. The median overall survival was 21.4 months. The MESIAH score had a higher degree of discrimination, with a C-statistic of 0.792 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.782-0.803], when compared with the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system [0.665 (95% CI, 0.653-0.678), P<0.001]. The LR χ2 value and the AIC of MESIAH were also better than those of BCLC, Cancer of the Liver Italian Program, Japan Integrated Scoring and Tokyo score. The observed survival in the cohort closely matched that predicted by the MESIAH score.The new prognostication model MESIAH accurately estimated the overall survival of Korean HCC patients and may be useful in future research as well as individual patient care.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/liv.12519

    View details for Web of Science ID 000339723900017

    View details for PubMedID 24606128

  • Toward an Improved Definition of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure GASTROENTEROLOGY Jalan, R., Yurdaydin, C., Bajaj, J. S., Acharya, S. K., Arroyo, V., Lin, H., Gines, P., Kim, W., Kamath, P. S., World Gastroenterology Org Working 2014; 147 (1): 4–10

    View details for PubMedID 24853409

  • Effect of the Pretransplant Serum Sodium Concentration on Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Leise, M. D., Yun, B. C., Larson, J. J., Benson, J. T., Yang, J. D., Therneau, T. M., Rosen, C. B., Heimbach, J. K., Biggins, S. W., Kim, W. R. 2014; 20 (6): 687-697

    Abstract

    Hyponatremia is associated with an increased risk of mortality on the liver transplantation (LT) waiting list. Although the incorporation of the serum sodium (Na) level into the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score may reduce wait-list mortality, concerns remain about a potential association between pre-LT hyponatremia and decreased post-LT survival. Furthermore, the relationship between pre-LT hypernatremia and post-LT survival remains unexplored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the entire spectrum of pre-LT serum Na levels on post-LT outcomes. We identified 19,537 patients from 2003 to 2010 for whom serum Na levels immediately before LT were available. The patients were divided into 3 groups [hyponatremic (Na ≤ 130 mEq/L), normonatremic (Na = 131-145 mEq/L), and hypernatremic (Na > 145 mEq/L)], and their post-LT outcomes were compared. There was no difference in in-hospital mortality or 90-day survival between patients with hyponatremia and patients with normonatremia. A fraction of the patients (2.4%) had hypernatremia, which was associated with increased in-hospital mortality (11.2% versus 4.2%, P < 0.001) and diminished 90-day survival (86.4% versus 94.0.%, P < 0.001). After adjustments for important clinical variables, the association of pre-LT hypernatremia with posttransplant mortality remained significant with a hazard ratio of 1.13 for each unit increase in the Na level > 145 mEq/L (P < 0.001). The duration of the hospitalization after LT was significantly longer for hypernatremic patients (P < 0.001). In conclusion, hyponatremia per se does not affect post-LT survival. Pre-LT hypernatremia is a highly significant risk factor for post-LT mortality.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.23860

    View details for Web of Science ID 000340191200009

    View details for PubMedID 24616214

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4128788

  • Tall, Male, and What Else? Disparities in Liver Transplantation Based On Gender and Height Allen, A., Kim, W., Larson, J., Heimbach, J., Therneau, T. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: 725
  • Center Variation in Graft Failure Rates Is Larger for Simultaneous Liver Kidney Transplantation Than Liver Transplantation Alone. Asrani, S. K., Saracino, G., Trotter, J., Nadim, M., Kim, W., Jennings, L., Klintmalm, G. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: S278
  • Comparative Effectiveness of Telaprevir-Based Triple Therapy in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS Al-Bawardy, B., Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Gross, J. B., Charlton, M. R., Larson, J. J., Colby, C. L., Canterbury, K., Warner, J., Therneau, T. M. 2014; 89 (5): 595-601

    Abstract

    To examine the effectiveness and tolerability of triple therapy with pegylated interferon (p-IFN), ribavirin (RBV), and telaprevir in patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving treatment in an academic practice setting and in a more clinically diverse population compared with patients receiving treatment in phase 3 trials.A prospective database of all patients with viral hepatitis undergoing antiviral therapy from January 1, 2006, to July 1, 2012, was queried to identify treatment-naive and -experienced patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving dual and triple therapies. On-treatment response categories included rapid virologic response, extended rapid virologic response, early virologic response, and sustained virologic response. These patients were compared with matched controls, namely, patients who underwent dual therapy with p-IFN and RBV. Matching was performed for age, cirrhosis status, and prior treatment.There were 55 patients who received triple therapy and met the eligibility criteria, consisting of treatment-naive (n=35) and -experienced patients (n=20: those with relapse, 9; those with nonresponse, 9; and those who terminated the treatment early, 2). Rapid virologic response was achieved in 41% of the patients, extended rapid virologic response in 41%, and early virologic response in 75%. Sustained virologic response was observed in 51% (18/35) of treatment-naive patients, 67% (6/9) of the patients with prior nonresponse, and 56% (5/9) of those with prior relapse. Corresponding results after dual therapy were 37% (23/62), 11% (2/18), and 27% (3/11), respectively. The mean decrease in the hemoglobin level at weeks 4, 8, and 24 of triple therapy was 2.8, 3.8, and 3.2 mg/dL compared with 2.4, 2.6, and 2.4 mg/dL with dual therapy (to convert mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply values by 0.0259).Telaprevir-based triple therapy in clinical practice is considerably more effective than dual therapy with p-IFN and RBV despite the significant degree of anemia that complicated therapy, requiring RBV dose reduction and erythropoietin support.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.024

    View details for Web of Science ID 000335560400006

    View details for PubMedID 24661475

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4160303

  • Survival of Recipients of Livers From Donation After Circulatory Death Who Are Relisted and Undergo Retransplant for Graft Failure AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Allen, A. M., Kim, W. R., Xiong, H., Liu, J., Stock, P. G., Lake, J. R., Chinnakotla, S., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2014; 14 (5): 1120-1128

    Abstract

    Use of grafts from donation after circulatory death (DCD) as a strategy to increase the pool of transplantable livers has been limited due to poorer recipient outcomes compared with donation after brain death (DBD). We examined outcomes of recipients of failed DCD grafts who were selected for relisting with regard to waitlist mortality and patient and graft survival after retransplant. From the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database, we identified 1820 adults who underwent first deceased donor liver transplant January 1, 2004 to June 30, 2011, and were relisted due to graft failure; 12.7% were DCD recipients. Compared with DBD recipients, DCD recipients had better waitlist survival (90-day mortality: 8%, DCD recipients; 14-21%, DBD recipients). Of 950 retransplant patients, 14.5% were prior DCD recipients. Graft survival after second liver transplant was similar for prior DCD (28% graft failure within 1 year) and DBD recipients (30%). Patient survival was slightly better for prior DCD (25% death within 1 year) than DBD recipients (28%). Despite higher overall graft failure and morbidity rates, survival of prior DCD recipients who were selected for relisting and retransplant was not worse than survival of DBD recipients.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.12700

    View details for Web of Science ID 000334404900017

    View details for PubMedID 24731165

  • LIVER DISEASES UNIQUE TO PREGNANCY - A POPULATION-BASED STUDY Allen, A. M., Kim, W. R., Rosedahl, J. K., Yawn, B. P., Hay, J. E. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2014: S510
  • PREDICTION OF ALT FLARES IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY FROM THE NIDDK HEPATITIS B RESEARCH NETWORK (HBRN) Brahmania, M., Brouwer, W. P., Perrillo, R., Kim, W. R., Wong, D., Feld, J., Janssen, H., Hepatitis B Res Network ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2014: S283
  • APRI AND FIB-4 VS HISTOLOGY IN CHB PATIENTS IN TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE (TDF) CLINICAL TRIALS Kim, W. R., Berg, T., Asselah, T., Flisiak, R., Fung, S., Gordon, S., Janssen, H. A., Lampertico, P., Lau, D., Bornstein, J. D., Schall, R. A., Dinh, P., Yee, L. J., Martins, E. B., Lim, S. G., Loomba, R., Petersen, J., Buti, M., Marcellin, P. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2014: S288–S289
  • The impact of hepatitis C burden: an evidence-based approach ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Younossi, Z. M., Kanwal, F., Saab, S., Brown, K. A., El-Serag, H. B., Kim, W. R., Ahmed, A., Kugelmas, M., Gordon, S. C. 2014; 39 (5): 518-531

    Abstract

    Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been considered a major cause of mortality, morbidity and resource utilisation in the US. In addition, HCV is the main cause of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) in the US. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of HCV, including new recommendations pertaining to screening for HCV by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and newer treatment regimens with high efficacy, short duration and the potential for interferon-free therapies, have energised the health care practitioners regarding HCV management.To assess the full impact of HCV burden on clinical, economic and patient-reported outcomes.An expert panel was convened to assess the full impact of HCV burden on a number of important outcomes using an evidence-based approach predicated on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. The literature was summarised, graded using an evidence-based approach and presented during the workshop. Workshop presentations were intended to review recent, relevant evidence-based literature and provide graded summary statements pertaining to HCV burden on topics including the relationships between HCV and the development of important outcomes.The associations of HCV with cirrhosis, HCC, liver-related mortality, type 2 diabetes mellitus, rheumatological diseases and quality of life impairments are supported by strong evidence. Also, there is strong evidence that sustained viral eradication of HCV can improve important outcomes such as mortality and quality of life.The current evidence suggests that HCV has been associated with tremendous clinical, economic and quality of life burden.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/apt.12625

    View details for Web of Science ID 000330564900007

    View details for PubMedID 24461160

  • Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy in the Hospital MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS Leise, M. D., Poterucha, J. J., Kamath, P. S., Kim, W. R. 2014; 89 (2): 241-253

    Abstract

    Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) develops in up to 50% of patients with cirrhosis and is a feature of decompensated cirrhosis. With the goal of reviewing the evidence for treatment and prevention of overt hepatic encephalopathy, pubmed was searched using search terms hepatic encephalopathy AND treatment, limited to human studies from January 1, 2003, through December 1, 2013, and supplemented by key references. The inpatient incidence of HE is approximately 23,000 annually, and management of these patients is common for internists and subspecialists. Treatment of the hospitalized patient with HE has changed in recent years. Treatment entails 2 phases: induction and maintenance of remission. Most cases of significant HE are precipitated by infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, medications, or other culprits. All patients should be evaluated for secondary triggers of HE, and treatment should be initiated with a nonabsorbable disaccharide (ie, lactulose) in most patients. Rifaximin (off label) can be added in patients not responding to lactulose. Neomycin is a less preferred alternative to rifaximin owing to its adverse effect profile. Other therapies, including zinc, L-ornithine-L-aspartate, and branched-chain amino acids, can be considered for patients not responding to disaccharides and nonabsorbable antibiotics. Large portosystemic shunts may be embolized in patients with medically refractory recurrent or severe HE with otherwise well-compensated cirrhosis. Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System is now available for patients with severe HE who do not respond to medical therapy. It is critically important that patients hospitalized with significant HE continue maintenance therapy at the time of dismissal to prevent further episodes. Patients with a first-time episode of HE can be administered lactulose, and careful instructions should be provided to patients and caregivers about dose titration to achieve 3 bowel movements daily. Patients with recurrent HE episodes despite lactulose use benefit from the addition of rifaximin, which decreases the frequency of recurrent HE episodes and related hospitalizations. Last, patients and their families should be counseled about the risk of motor vehicle accidents, which require mandatory reporting to the Department of Motor Vehicles in some states.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.009

    View details for Web of Science ID 000330581500018

    View details for PubMedID 24411831

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4128786

  • Continuation of metformin use after a diagnosis of cirrhosis significantly improves survival of patients with diabetes. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Zhang, X. n., Harmsen, W. S., Mettler, T. A., Kim, W. R., Roberts, R. O., Therneau, T. M., Roberts, L. R., Chaiteerakij, R. n. 2014

    Abstract

    The risks and benefits of metformin use in patients with cirrhosis with diabetes are debated. Although data on a protective effect of metformin against liver cancer development have been reported, metformin is frequently discontinued once cirrhosis is diagnosed because of concerns about an increased risk of adverse effects of metformin in patients with liver impairment. This study investigated whether continuation of metformin after cirrhosis diagnosis improves survival of patients with diabetes. Diabetic patients diagnosed with cirrhosis between 2000 and 2010 who were on metformin at the time of cirrhosis diagnosis were identified (n = 250). Data were retrospectively abstracted from the medical record. Survival of patients who continued versus discontinued metformin after cirrhosis diagnosis was compared using the log-rank test. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using Cox's proportional hazards analysis. Overall, 172 patients continued metformin whereas 78 discontinued metformin. Patients who continued metformin had a significantly longer median survival than those who discontinued metformin (11.8 vs. 5.6 years overall, P < 0.0001; 11.8 vs. 6.0 years for Child A patients, P = 0.006; and 7.7 vs. 3.5 years for Child B/C patients, P = 0.04, respectively). After adjusting for other variables, continuation of metformin remained an independent predictor of better survival, with an HR of 0.43 (95% CI: 0.24-0.78; P = 0.005). No patients developed metformin-associated lactic acidosis during follow-up. Conclusion: Continuation of metformin after cirrhosis diagnosis reduced the risk of death by 57%. Metformin should therefore be continued in diabetic patients with cirrhosis if there is no specific contraindication. (Hepatology 2014).

    View details for PubMedID 24798175

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4218882

  • Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in the United States GI EPIDEMIOLOGY: DISEASES AND CLINICAL METHODOLOGY, 2ND EDITION Asrani, S. K., Kim, W., Talley, N. J., Locke, G. R., Moayyedi, P., West, J., Ford, A. C., Saito, Y. A. 2014: 322-331
  • Safety and Effectiveness of Sofosbuvir (SOF) in Combination with Simeprevir (SIM) or Ribavirin (RBV) for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Recurrence after Liver Transplant (LT) Lutchman, G. A., Nguyen, N. H., Hsiao, T. I., Vu, V. D., Chen, V., Ahmed, A., Daugherty, T., Garcia, G., Kumari, R., Kim, W., Nguyen, M. H. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: 670A
  • Striking differences in wait-listing trends between patients with viral hepatitis B and C: implications of effective anti-viral therapy Flemming, J. A., Kim, W., Brosgart, C., Terrault, N. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: 208A
  • The effect of long-term use of non-selective beta-blocker on the development of acute kidney injury in patients with liver cirrhosis Kim, S., Kim, W., Larson, J. J., Kremers, W. K., Kamath, P. S. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: 277A–278A
  • Serum Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (sLOXL2) Levels Correlate with Ishak Fibrosis Score and Decrease with Treatment with Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) Kim, W., Loomba, R., Lal, P., Schall, R., Johnson, A. D., Bornstein, J. D., Subramanian, M., McHutchison, J. G., Harrison, S. A., Sanyal, A. J. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: 416A–417A
  • The Economic Burden and Mortality of Patients with Acute on Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) in the United States Allen, A. M., Kim, W., Moriarty, J. P., Shah, N., Kamath, P. S. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: 485A
  • Entecavir Safety and Effectiveness in a National Cohort of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in the United States - the ENUMERATE study Ahn, J., Lee, H., Lim, J. K., Pan, C. Q., Nguyen, M. H., Kim, W., Trinh, H. N., Tran, T. T., Chu, D., Min, A., Do, S. T., Woog, J., Mannalithara, A., Lok, A. S. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: 1100A
  • Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a National Cohort of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients on Long Term Entecavir Treatment- the ENUMERATE study Ahn, J., Lim, J. K., Lee, H., Pan, C. Q., Nguyen, M. H., Trinh, H. N., Tran, T. T., Chu, D., Min, A., Do, S. T., Woog, J., Mannalithara, A., Lok, A. S., Kim, W. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: 1099A
  • OPTN/SRTR 2012 Annual Data Report: liver AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Smith, J. M., Skeans, M. A., Schladt, D. P., Schnitzler, M. A., Edwards, E. B., Harper, A. M., Wainright, J. L., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2014; 14: 69–96

    Abstract

    Liver transplant in the us remains a successful life-saving procedure for patients with irreversible liver disease. In 2012, 6256 adult liver transplants were performed, and more than 65,000 people were living with a transplanted liver. The number of adults who registered on the liver transplant waiting list decreased for the first time since 2002; 10,143 candidates were added, compared with 10,359 in 2011. However, the median waiting time for active wait-listed adult candidates increased, as did the number of candidates removed from the list because they were too sick to undergo transplant. The overall deceased donor transplant rate decreased to 42.3 per 100 patient-years, and varied geographically from 18.9 to 228.0 per 100 patient-years. Graft survival continues to improve, especially for donation after circulatory death livers. The number of new active pediatric candidates added to the waiting list also decreased. Almost 75% of pediatric candidates listed in 2009 underwent transplant within 3 years; the 2012 rate of deceased donor transplants among active pediatric wait-listed candidates was 136 per 100 patient-years. Graft survival for deceased donor pediatric transplants was 92.8% at 30 days. Medicare paid for some or all of the care for more than 30% of liver transplants in 2010.

    View details for PubMedID 24373168

  • Efficacy and Safety of Treatment of Hepatitis C in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Allen, A. M., Kim, W. R., Larson, J., Loftus, E. V. 2013; 11 (12): 1655-U321

    Abstract

    There is uncertainty about the efficacy and safety of treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD can become exacerbated during treatment with interferon (IFN), and serious adverse events, such as pancytopenia or hepatotoxicity, can be compounded by drug interactions. We investigated the risk of exacerbation of IBD during HCV therapy and the rate of adverse effects of concomitant therapy for HCV and IBD. We also evaluated the efficacy of HCV treatment in the IBD population.We conducted a retrospective review of all patients who underwent IFN-based treatment for HCV at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota from 2001 to 2012. Exacerbation of IBD was evaluated by clinical, endoscopic, and histologic parameters during antiviral therapy and the ensuing 12 months. Hematologic toxicity was assessed by levels of all 3 cell lineages at baseline and during therapy. Efficacy of antiviral treatment was assessed by serum levels of HCV RNA until 24 weeks after completion of therapy. We also conducted a detailed MEDLINE database search and reviewed the literature on this topic.We identified 15 subjects with concomitant IBD (8 with ulcerative colitis and 7 with Crohn's disease). Only 1 patient experienced exacerbation of the disease during therapy; symptoms were controlled with mesalamine enemas. Another patient developed a flare shortly after completing antiviral therapy; symptoms returned spontaneously to baseline 2 weeks later. All subjects experienced an anticipated degree of pancytopenia while on IFN-based therapy. The rate of sustained virologic response was 67%. A concise review of available literature regarding the safety and efficacy of HCV treatment in IBD patients is also presented; although limited, the published data appear to support the safety of treatment with IFN in patients whose IBD is under control.In conjunction with data from the literature, our findings indicate that the efficacy and safety of HCV therapy with IFN and ribavirin for patients with IBD are comparable to those of subjects without IBD.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.014

    View details for Web of Science ID 000327484800028

    View details for PubMedID 23891915

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3846435

  • An ALTer Ego of Serum ALT: Is It More Than a Marker of Liver Inflammation? GASTROENTEROLOGY Kim, D., Kim, W. R. 2013; 145 (6): 1191-1193

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.040

    View details for Web of Science ID 000327537600014

    View details for PubMedID 24176872

  • Risk Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Cirrhosis: The ADRESS-HCC Risk Model 64th Annual Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American-Association-for-the-Study-of-Liver-Diseases Flemming, J. A., Vittinghoff, E., Kim, W. R., Terrault, N. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2013: 1219A–1220A
  • Impact of the center on graft failure after liver transplantation LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Asrani, S. K., Kim, W. R., Edwards, E. B., Larson, J. J., Thabut, G., Kremers, W. K., Therneau, T. M., Heimbach, J. 2013; 19 (9): 957-964

    Abstract

    The hospital at which liver transplantation (LT) is performed has a substantial impact on post-LT outcomes. Center-specific outcome data are closely monitored not only by the centers themselves but also by patients and government regulatory agencies. However, the true magnitude of this center effect, apart from the effects of the region and donor service area (DSA) as well as recipient and donor determinants of graft survival, has not been examined. We analyzed data submitted to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network for all adult (age ≥ 18 years) primary LT recipients (2005-2008). Using a mixed effects, proportional hazards regression analysis, we modeled graft failure within 1 year after LT on the basis of center (de-identified), region, DSA, and donor and recipient characteristics. At 115 unique centers, 14,654 recipients underwent transplantation. Rates of graft loss within a year varied from 5.9% for the lowest quartile of centers to 20.2% for the highest quartile. Gauged by a comparison of the 75th and 25th percentiles of the data, the magnitude of the center effect on graft survival (1.49-fold change) was similar to that of the recipient Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score (1.47) and the donor risk index (DRI; 1.45). The center effect was similar across the DRI and MELD score quartiles and was not associated with a center's annual LT volume. After stratification by region and DSA, the magnitude of the center effect, though decreased, remained significant and substantial (1.30-fold interquartile difference). In conclusion, the LT center is a significant predictor of graft failure that is independent of region and DSA as well as donor and recipient characteristics.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.23685

    View details for Web of Science ID 000323654800004

    View details for PubMedID 23784730

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4130473

  • Advanced Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Noninvasive Assessment with MR Elastography RADIOLOGY Kim, D., Kim, W. R., Talwalkar, J. A., Kim, H. J., Ehman, R. L. 2013; 268 (2): 411-419

    Abstract

    To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) elastography as a method to help diagnose clinically substantial fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and, by using MR elastography as a reference standard, to compare various laboratory marker panels in the identification of patients with NAFLD and advanced fibrosis.This retrospective study was institutional review board approved and HIPAA complaint. Informed consent was waived. This study was conducted in patients with NAFLD, who were identified by imaging characteristics consistent with steatosis in a prospective database that tracks all MR elastographic examinations. Six laboratory-based models of fibrosis were compared with MR elastographic results as well as fibrosis stage from liver biopsy results. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of each data set were compared.Among 325 patients with NAFLD with MR elastographic data, there were 142 patients who underwent liver biopsy within 1 year of MR elastography. When comparing MR elastography results with liver biopsy results, the best cutoff for advanced fibrosis (stage F3-F4, 46 [32.4%] of 142) was 4.15 kPa (AUROC = 0.954, sensitivity = 0.85, specificity = 0.929). This cutoff value identified 104 patients with advanced fibrosis (32.0% of 325 patients). The FIB-4 score (AUROC = 0.827) and NAFLD fibrosis score (AUROC = 0.821) had the best diagnostic accuracy for advanced fibrosis, with high negative predictive values (NAFLD fibrosis score = 0.90 and FIB-4 score = 0.899).MR elastography is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting advanced fibrosis in NAFLD. Of the laboratory-based methods, the NAFLD fibrosis and FIB-4 scores can most reliably detect advanced fibrosis.

    View details for DOI 10.1148/radiol.13121193

    View details for Web of Science ID 000322116000015

    View details for PubMedID 23564711

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3721049

  • Underestimation of Liver-Related Mortality in the United States GASTROENTEROLOGY Asrani, S. K., Larson, J. J., Yawn, B., Therneau, T. M., Kim, W. R. 2013; 145 (2): 375-?

    Abstract

    According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is the 12(th) leading cause of death in the United States. However, this single descriptor might not adequately enumerate all deaths from liver disease. The aim of our study was to update data on liver mortality in the United States.Mortality data were obtained from the Rochester Epidemiology Project (1999-2008) and the National Death Registry (1979-2008). Liver-specific mortality values were calculated. In contrast to the narrow NCHS definition, updated liver-related causes of death included other specific liver diagnoses (eg, hepatorenal syndrome), viral hepatitis, and hepatobiliary cancers.The Rochester Epidemiology Project database contained information on 261 liver-related deaths, with an age- and sex-adjusted death rate of 27.0/100,000 persons (95% confidence interval: 23.7-30.3). Of these, only 71 deaths (27.2%) would have been captured by the NCHS definition. Of cases for which viral hepatitis or hepatobiliary cancer was the cause of death, 96.9% and 94.3% had liver-related immediate causes of death, respectively. In analysis of data from the National Death registry (2008), use of the updated definition increased liver mortality by >2-fold (from 11.7 to 25.7 deaths/100,000, respectively). Using NCHS definitions, liver-related deaths decreased from 18.9/100,000 in 1979 to 11.7/100,000 in 2008-a reduction of 38%. However, using the updated estimate, liver-related deaths were essentially unchanged from 1979 (25.8/100,000) to 2008 (25.7/100,000). Mortality burden was systematically underestimated among non-whites and persons of Hispanic ethnicity.Based on analyses of the Rochester Epidemiology Project and National Death databases, liver-related mortality has been underestimated during the past 2 decades in the United States.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.005

    View details for Web of Science ID 000322630600027

    View details for PubMedID 23583430

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3890240

  • Hepatitis B Screening and Vaccination Practices in Asian American Primary Care GUT AND LIVER Chu, D., Yang, J. D., Lok, A. S., Tram Tran, T., Martins, E. B., Fagan, E., Rousseau, F., Kim, W. R. 2013; 7 (4): 450-457

    Abstract

    Screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recommended in populations with anticipated prevalence ≥2%. This study surveyed HBV screening and vaccination practices of Asian American primary care providers (PCPs).Approximately 15,000 PCPs with Asian surnames in the New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Houston, and Chicago areas were invited to participate in a web-based survey. Asian American PCPs with ≥25% Asian patients in their practice were eligible.Of 430 (2.9%) survey respondents, 217 completed the survey. Greater than 50% followed ≥200 Asian patients. Although 95% of PCPs claimed to have screened patients for HBV, 41% estimated that ≤25% of their adult Asian patients had ever been screened, and 50% did not routinely screen all Asian patients. In a multivariable analysis, the proportion of Asian patients in the practice, provider geographic origin and the number of liver cancers diagnosed in the preceding 12 months were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of screening for HBV. Over 80% of respondents reported that ≤50% of their adult Asian patients had received the HBV vaccine.Screening and vaccination for HBV in Asian American patients is inadequate. Measures to improve HBV knowledge and care by primary-care physicians are critically needed.

    View details for DOI 10.5009/gnl.2013.7.4.450

    View details for Web of Science ID 000322057500011

    View details for PubMedID 23898386

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3724034

  • In the Eye of the B-holder: Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis B HEPATOLOGY Pungpapong, S., Kim, W. 2013; 58 (1): 6-8

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.26356

    View details for Web of Science ID 000330179300003

    View details for PubMedID 23460468

  • The Impact of Timing and Prioritization on the Cost-Effectiveness of Birth Cohort Testing and Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus in the United States HEPATOLOGY McEwan, P., Ward, T., Yuan, Y., Kim, R., L'Italien, G. 2013; 58 (1): 54-64

    Abstract

    Recent United States guidelines recommend one-time birth cohort testing for hepatitis C infection in persons born between 1945 and 1965; this represents a major public health policy undertaking. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of treatment timing and prioritization on predicted cost-effectiveness. The MONARCH hepatitis C lifetime simulation model was used in conjunction with a testing and treatment decision tree to estimate the cost-effectiveness of birth cohort versus risk-based testing incorporating information on age, fibrosis stage and treatment timing. The study used a 1945-1965 birth cohort and included disease progression, testing and treatment-related parameters. Scenario analysis was used to evaluate the impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence, treatment eligibility, age, fibrosis stage and timing of treatment initiation on total costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), HCV-related complications and cost-effectiveness. The cost-effectiveness of birth cohort versus risk-based testing was $28,602. Assuming 91% of the population is tested, at least 278,000 people need to be treated for birth cohort testing to maintain cost-effectiveness. Prioritizing treatment toward those with more advanced fibrosis is associated with a decrease in total cost of $7.5 billion and 59,035 fewer HCV-related complications. Total QALYs and complications avoided are maximized when treatment initiation occurs as soon as possible after testing.This study confirms that birth cohort testing is, on average, cost-effective. However, this remains true only when enough tested and HCV-positive subjects are treated to generate sufficient cost offsets and QALY gains. Given the practical and financial challenges associated with implementing birth cohort testing, the greatest return on investment is obtained when eligible patients are treated immediately and those with more advanced disease are prioritized.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.26304

    View details for Web of Science ID 000330179300011

    View details for PubMedID 23389841

  • Excellent quality of life after liver transplantation for patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma who have undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiation LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Murad, S. D., Heimbach, J. K., Gores, G. J., Rosen, C. B., Benson, J. T., Kim, W. R. 2013; 19 (5): 521-528

    Abstract

    Patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by liver transplantation (LT) have excellent survival. However, little is known about their quality of life (QOL). We assessed the QOL of these patients and compared it to the QOL of patients who underwent transplantation for other liver diseases. From 1993 to 2010, 129 CCA patients underwent LT, and 93 (72%) were alive as of November 2010. All recipients were sent a previously validated QOL questionnaire composed of disease-specific QOL metrics (liver disease symptoms, Karnofsky score, health perception, and index of well-being) and generic QOL metrics [Short Form 36 (SF-36) and European Quality of Life (EuroQol)]. These recipients were compared to 110 transplant recipients with other liver diseases (excluding hepatitis C). Among the recipients with CCA, the response rate was 85% (n = 79). Patients with CCA did significantly better on liver disease symptoms (3.3 versus 3.2, P = 0.05), the Karnofsky score (90.8 versus 86.6, P = 0.03), the SF-36 Physical Functioning domain (52.0 versus 46.3, P < 0.001), and the EuroQol Mobility category (10% versus 33%, P = 0.001), and they rated their overall health better in comparison with non-CCA patients (85.9 versus 80.7, P = 0.02). CCA patients scored consistently higher on all other domains, albeit without significant differences. The observed differences in QOL remained unchanged when adjustments were made for demographic factors, including the level of education. In conclusion, patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by LT for perihilar CCA reported excellent QOL that was equal to or better than that of recipients with other liver diseases. These results are important in light of the continued debate about the feasibility of this aggressive treatment in patients with perihilar CCA.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.23630

    View details for Web of Science ID 000318240400007

    View details for PubMedID 23447435

  • Association between noninvasive fibrosis markers and mortality among adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States HEPATOLOGY Kim, D., Kim, W. R., Kim, H. J., Therneau, T. M. 2013; 57 (4): 1357-1365

    Abstract

    The clinical and public health significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not well established. We investigated the long-term effect of NAFLD on mortality. This analysis utilized the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 1988-1994 and subsequent follow-up data for mortality through December 31, 2006. NAFLD was defined by ultrasonographic detection of hepatic steatosis in the absence of other known liver diseases. The presence and severity of hepatic fibrosis in subjects with NAFLD was determined by the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), and FIB-4 score. Of 11,154 participants, 34.0% had NAFLD--the majority (71.7%) had NFS consistent with lack of significant fibrosis (NFS <-1.455), whereas 3.2% had a score indicative of advanced fibrosis (NFS >0.676). After a median follow-up of 14.5 years, NAFLD was not associated with higher mortality (age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93-1.19). In contrast, there was a progressive increase in mortality with advancing fibrosis scores. Compared to subjects without fibrosis, those with a high probability of advanced fibrosis had a 69% increase in mortality (for NFS: HR, 1.69, 95% CI: 1.09-2.63; for APRI: HR, 1.85, 95% CI: 1.02-3.37; for FIB-4: HR, 1.66, 95% CI: 0.98-2.82) after adjustment for other known predictors of mortality. These increases in mortality were almost entirely from cardiovascular causes (for NFS: HR, 3.46, 95% CI: 1.91-6.25; for APRI: HR, 2.53, 95% CI: 1.33-4.83; for FIB-4: HR, 2.68, 95% CI: 1.44-4.99).Ultrasonography-diagnosed NAFLD is not associated with increased mortality. However, advanced fibrosis, as determined by noninvasive fibrosis marker panels, is a significant predictor of mortality, mainly from cardiovascular causes, independent of other known factors.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.26156

    View details for Web of Science ID 000317363600010

    View details for PubMedID 23175136

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3622816

  • Predicting clinical outcomes with elastography in primary biliary cirrhosis: one step closer? Gastroenterology Singh, S., Kim, W. R., Talwalkar, J. A. 2013; 144 (4): 851-852

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.024

    View details for PubMedID 23462134

  • Risk Factors for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Association Between Metformin Use and Reduced Cancer Risk HEPATOLOGY Chaiteerakij, R., Yang, J. D., Harmsen, W. S., Slettedahl, S. W., Mettler, T. A., Fredericksen, Z. S., Kim, W. R., Gores, G. J., Roberts, R. O., Olson, J. E., Therneau, T. M., Roberts, L. R. 2013; 57 (2): 648-655

    Abstract

    The associations between diabetes, smoking, obesity, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) risk remain inconclusive. Metformin is purportedly associated with a reduced risk for various cancers. This case-control study evaluated risk factors for ICC and explored the effects of metformin on ICC risk in a clinic/hospital-based cohort. ICC patients observed at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) between January 2000 and May 2010 were identified. Age, sex, ethnicity, and residential area-matched controls were selected from among Mayo Clinic Biobank participants. The associations between potential factors and ICC risk were determined. Six hundred and twelve cases and 594 controls were identified. Factors associated with increased ICC risk included biliary tract diseases (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 81.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.2-598.8; P < 0.001), cirrhosis (AOR, 8.0; 95% CI: 1.8-36.5; P = 0.007), diabetes (AOR, 3.6; 95% CI: 2.3-5.5; P < 0.001), and smoking (AOR, 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3-2.1; P < 0.001). Compared to diabetic patients not treated with metformin, the odds ratio (OR) for ICC for diabetic patients treated with metformin was significantly decreased (OR, 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.9; P = 0.04). Obesity and metabolic syndrome were not associated with ICC.This study confirmed diabetes and smoking as independent risk factors for ICC. A novel finding was that treatment with metformin was significantly associated with a 60% reduction in ICC risk in diabetic patients.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.26092

    View details for Web of Science ID 000315643400024

    View details for PubMedID 23055147

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3565026

  • Assessing the cost utility of response-guided therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 in the UK using the MONARCH model. Applied health economics and health policy McEwan, P., Kim, R., Yuan, Y. 2013; 11 (1): 53-63

    Abstract

    European guidelines advocate the measurement of on-treatment hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in order to determine optimal therapy duration (response-guided therapy [RGT]) in patients with rapid virological response (RVR) or delayed virological response (DVR). Treatment response is highly dependent upon the extent of liver fibrosis yet there is little evidence quantifying the cost effectiveness of RGT particularly conditional upon fibrosis stage.This study describes an economic model designed to assess the costs and benefits of RGT compared with standard duration of therapy (SDT) in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 patients.A Markov cohort simulation model with lifetime perspective was developed to undertake a cost utility analysis of RGT in the UK. Patients entered the model at Metavir disease stages F0-F4, and progressed through these stages via age and duration of HCV infection-dependent transition probabilities. Treated patients were partitioned according to virological response and shortened or extended duration of therapy was applied following European guidelines.For all patients, SDT and RGT was associated with an increase of 2.14 and 2.20 QALYs and £2,374 and £2,270 costs, respectively, compared with no treatment. Overall, RGT was a dominant scenario being associated with a lower risk of complications, increased QALYs (0.08) and cost saving (£101). RGT across fibrosis stages was either highly cost effective or dominant; in all cases RGT was associated with an increase in QALYs, driven by a reduction in complications in DVR subjects and reduced exposure to treatment disutility in RVR subjects; costs were lower in F1 and F2 fibrosis stages. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000 per QALY, overall RGT across fibrosis stages F2-F4 were associated with the highest probability of being cost effective. At this threshold, the probability of reduced/extended therapy in RVR/DVR patients being cost effective is 0.35 and 0.88, respectively.This analysis suggests that the treatment of HCV genotype 1 patients in fibrosis stage F2 has the greatest potential for maximizing health benefit and cost saving within an RGT protocol. Predicting those patients most likely to respond to treatments is important from both a clinical and cost perspective and the tailoring of treatment duration with the current standard of care is likely to remain a priority for payers with budgetary constraints.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s40258-012-0002-0

    View details for PubMedID 23329380

  • OPTN/SRTR 2011 Annual Data Report: Liver AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Stock, P. G., Smith, J. M., Heimbach, J. K., Skeans, M. A., Edwards, E. B., Harper, A. M., Snyder, J. J., Israni, A. K., Kasiske, B. L. 2013; 13: 73-102

    Abstract

    The current liver allocation system, introduced in 2002, decreased the importance of waiting time for allocation priorities; the number of active wait-listed candidates and median waiting times were immediately reduced. However, the total number of adult wait-listed candidates has increased since 2002, and median waiting time has increased since 2006. Pretransplant mortality rates have been stable, but the number of candidates withdrawn from the list as being too sick to undergo transplant nearly doubled between 2009 and 2011. Deceased donation rates have remained stable, with an increasing proportion of expanded criteria donors. Living donation has decreased over the past 10 years. Transplant outcomes remain robust, with continuously improving graft survival rates for deceased donor, living donor, and donation after circulatory death livers. Numbers of new and prevalent pediatric candidates on the waiting list have decreased. Pediatric pretransplant mortality has decreased, most dramatically for candidates aged less than 1 year. The transplant rate has increased since 2002, and is highest in candidates aged less than 1 year. Graft survival continues to improve for pediatric recipients of deceased donor and living donor livers. Incidence of acute rejections increases with time after transplant. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder remains an important concern in pediatric recipients.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.12021

    View details for Web of Science ID 000312303600005

    View details for PubMedID 23237697

  • Current limits and future challenges in the management of renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis: report from the International Club of Ascites LIVER INTERNATIONAL Angeli, P., Sanyal, A., Moller, S., Alessandria, C., Gadano, A., Kim, R., Sarin, S. K., Bernardi, M., Int Club Ascites 2013; 33 (1): 16-23

    Abstract

    Advanced cirrhosis is often complicated by a multi organ failure syndrome which involves many different organs besides the liver. The high morbidity and mortality secondary to this clinical setting is often related to renal dysfunction, either alone or, more frequently, in combination with other organ dysfunction. A clear definition of renal dysfunction, an accurate differential diagnostic process of its different phenotypes as well as of full understanding of its pathophysiological mechanisms are crucial to the development of strategies for the management of this complication. This article is based either on the more recent knowledge on renal dysfunction in advanced cirrhosis or current opinions among the members of the International Club of Ascites (ICA) on the management of this complication, obtained through a survey and discussed during the EASL-ICA Joint Meeting in Berlin in March 2011. It reviews critically our current knowledge and it outlines future perspectives, on the management of renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02807.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000312302800005

    View details for PubMedID 22507181

  • Kidney, Pancreas and Liver Allocation and Distribution in the United States AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Smith, J. M., Biggins, S. W., Haselby, D. G., Kim, W. R., Wedd, J., Lamb, K., Thompson, B., Segev, D. L., Gustafson, S., Kandaswamy, R., Stock, P. G., Matas, A. J., Samana, C. J., Sleeman, E. F., Stewart, D., Harper, A., Edwards, E., Snyder, J. J., Kasiske, B. L., Israni, A. K. 2012; 12 (12): 3191-3212

    Abstract

    Kidney transplant and liver transplant are the treatments of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease and end-stage liver disease, respectively. Pancreas transplant is most commonly performed along with kidney transplant in diabetic end-stage renal disease patients. Despite a steady increase in the numbers of kidney and liver transplants performed each year in the United States, a significant shortage of kidneys and livers available for transplant remains. Organ allocation is the process the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) uses to determine which candidates are offered which deceased donor organs. OPTN is charged with ensuring the effectiveness, efficiency and equity of organ sharing in the national system of organ allocation. The policy has changed incrementally over time in efforts to optimize allocation to meet these often competing goals. This review describes the history, current status and future direction of policies regarding the allocation of abdominal organs for transplant, namely the kidney, liver and pancreas, in the United States.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04259.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000311854800007

    View details for PubMedID 23157207

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3565841

  • Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation Summit: Current State and Future Directions AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Nadim, M. K., Sung, R. S., Davis, C. L., Andreoni, K. A., Biggins, S. W., Danovitch, G. M., Feng, S., Friedewald, J. J., Hong, J. C., Kellum, J. A., Kim, W. R., Lake, J. R., Melton, L. B., Pomfret, E. A., Saab, S., Genyk, Y. S. 2012; 12 (11): 2901-2908

    Abstract

    Although previous consensus recommendations have helped define patients who would benefit from simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (SLK), there is a current need to reassess published guidelines for SLK because of continuing increase in proportion of liver transplant candidates with renal dysfunction and ongoing donor organ shortage. The purpose of this consensus meeting was to critically evaluate published and registry data regarding patient and renal outcomes following liver transplantation alone or SLK in liver transplant recipients with renal dysfunction. Modifications to the current guidelines for SLK and a research agenda were proposed.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04190.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000310478600008

    View details for PubMedID 22822723

  • Isoform-specific alanine aminotransferase measurement can distinguish hepatic from extrahepatic injury in humans INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE Rafter, I., Graberg, T., Kotronen, A., Strommer, L., Mattson, C., Kim, R. W., Ehrenborg, E., Andersson, H. B., Yki-Jarvinen, H., Schuppe-Koistinen, I., Ekblom, B., Cotgreave, I., Glinghammar, B. 2012; 30 (5): 1241-1249

    Abstract

    Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is used as a clinical marker to detect hepatic damage and hepatoxicity. Two isoforms of ALT have been identified, ALT1 and ALT2, which have identical enzymatic capacities and are detected simultaneously in human serum/plasma using classical clinical chemical assays. Differences exist in the expression patterns of the ALT1 and ALT2 proteins in different organs which suggest that changes in the proportion of ALT1 and ALT2 in plasma may arise and reflect damage to different human organs. However, this has not been previously studied due to the lack of a selective methodology that can quantify both ALT1 and ALT2 isoforms in the total ALT activity normally measured in clinical samples. To the best of our knowledge, our current study reveals for the first time, that under 3 different conditions of liver damage (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis C and during liver surgery) the leakage of ALT1 activity into plasma greatly exceeds that of ALT2, and that the measurement of ALT1 during liver damage is equal to the measurement of total ALT activity. By contrast, during skeletal muscle injury, induced in volunteers by physical exertion, the leakage of ALT2 exceeds that of ALT1 and the proportion of circulating ALT isoforms changes accordingly. The ALT isoform changes occurring in plasma reflect previously demonstrated relative contents of ALT1 and ALT2 activities in human liver and skeletal muscle. These data suggest that assessing the percentage contribution of ALT1 and ALT2 activities to total ALT activity in plasma may distinguish hepatic from extrahepatic injury using the same standard analytical platform.

    View details for DOI 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1106

    View details for Web of Science ID 000310651500036

    View details for PubMedID 22922605

  • Hepatitis B Screening in a US Academic Primary Care Practice ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE Loo, N. M., Kim, W., Larson, J. J., Wieland, M. L., Chaudhry, R. 2012; 172 (19): 1517-1519
  • Predictors of pretransplant dropout and posttransplant recurrence in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma HEPATOLOGY Murad, S. D., Kim, W. R., Therneau, T., Gores, G. J., Rosen, C. B., Martenson, J. A., Alberts, S. R., Heimbach, J. K. 2012; 56 (3): 972-981

    Abstract

    We have previously reported excellent outcomes with liver transplantation for selected patients with early-stage perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Our aim was to identify predictors of dropout before transplantation and predictors of cancer recurrence after transplantation. We reviewed all patients with unresectable perihilar CCA treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation in anticipation for transplantation between 1993 and 2010. Predictors were identified by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of clinical variables. In total, 199 patients were enrolled, of whom 62 dropped out and 131 underwent transplantation at our institution, with six undergoing transplantation elsewhere. Predictors of dropout were carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) ≥ 500 U/mL (hazard ratio [HR] 2.3; P = 0.04), mass ≥ 3 cm (HR 2.1; P = 0.05), malignant brushing or biopsy (HR 3.6; P = 0.001), and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score ≥ 20 (HR 3.5; P = 0.02). Posttransplant, recurrence-free 5-year survival was 68%. Predictors of recurrence were elevated CA 19-9 (HR 1.8; P = 0.01), portal vein encasement (HR 3.3; P = 0.007), and residual tumor on explant (HR 9.8; P < 0.001). Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), age, history of cholecystectomy, and waiting time were not independent predictors.Outcome following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and liver transplantation for perihilar CCA is excellent. Risk of dropout is related to patient and tumor characteristics and this can be used to guide patient counseling before enrollment. Recurrence risk is mostly associated with presence of residual cancer on explant. Patients with PSC do not have an independent survival advantage over de novo patients, but present with more favorable tumor characteristics.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.25629

    View details for Web of Science ID 000308046700021

    View details for PubMedID 22290335

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3830980

  • Biliary Tract Cancers in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-2008 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Yang, J. D., Kim, B., Sanderson, S. O., St Sauver, J., Yawn, B. P., Larson, J. J., Therneau, T. M., Roberts, L. R., Gores, G. J., Kim, W. R. 2012; 107 (8): 1256-1262

    Abstract

    The epidemiology of biliary tract cancers has changed in the United States in the past several decades. The aim of this study is to evaluate biliary tract cancers with regard to the incidence rates, etiology, treatment, and survival in Olmsted County between 1976 and 2008.Community residents over 20 years of age with a newly diagnosed biliary tract cancers were identified using the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Clinical information, including tumor stage, treatment, and survival status was abstracted from the medical records. The incidence rate was calculated considering the entire population of Olmsted County to be at risk and adjusted by age and sex according to US Census 2000 population. Temporal trends of patient survival with biliary tract cancers were assessed.A total of 116 subjects met the study criteria. The age-sex-adjusted incidence rate of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) increased from 0.3 to 2.1 (P=0.02) but one of gall bladder (GB) cancer decreased from 4.0 to 2.2 (P=0.04) per 100,000 person-years between 1976 and 2008 (P<0.01). Overall incidence rates of remaining biliary tract cancers have not changed. Overall 59% of patients presented with stage 3 or 4 cancers and a median survival was 6.3 months. Survival in patients with biliary tract cancer has minimally improved from median survival of 4.2-7.7 months between 1976 and 2008 (P=0.05).In Olmsted County, the incidence of ICC and GB cancer has increased and decreased, respectively. The prognosis remains poor in community residents diagnosed with biliary tract cancers.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ajg.2012.173

    View details for Web of Science ID 000308061800018

    View details for PubMedID 22751468

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3654834

  • Model to estimate survival in ambulatory patients with hepatocellular carcinoma HEPATOLOGY Yang, J. D., Kim, W. R., Park, K. W., Chaiteerakij, R., Kim, B., Sanderson, S. O., Larson, J. J., Pedersen, R. A., Therneau, T. M., Gores, G. J., Roberts, L. R., Park, J. 2012; 56 (2): 614-621

    Abstract

    Survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is determined by the extent of the tumor and the underlying liver function. We aimed to develop a survival model for HCC based on objective parameters including the Model for Endstage Liver Disease (MELD) as a gauge of liver dysfunction. This analysis is based on 477 patients with HCC seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1994 and 2008 (derivation cohort) and 904 patients at the Korean National Cancer Center between 2000 and 2003 (validation cohort). Multivariate proportional hazards models and corresponding risk score were created based on baseline demographic, clinical, and tumor characteristics. Internal and external validation of the model was performed. Discrimination and calibration of this new model were compared against existing models including Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP), and Japan Integrated Staging (JIS) scores. The majority of the patients had viral hepatitis as the underlying liver disease (100% in the derivation cohort and 85% in the validation cohort). The survival model incorporated MELD, age, number of tumor nodules, size of the largest nodule, vascular invasion, metastasis, serum albumin, and alpha-fetoprotein. In cross-validation, the coefficients remained largely unchanged between iterations. Observed survival in the validation cohort matched closely with what was predicted by the model. The concordance (c)-statistic for this model (0.77) was superior to that for BCLC (0.71), CLIP (0.70), or JIS (0.70). The score was able to further classify patient survival within each stage of the BCLC classification.A new model to predict survival of HCC patients based on objective parameters provides refined prognostication and supplements the BCLC classification.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.25680

    View details for Web of Science ID 000306804500025

    View details for PubMedID 22370914

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3564594

  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with coronary artery calcification HEPATOLOGY Kim, D., Choi, S., Park, E. H., Lee, W., Kang, J. H., Kim, W., Kim, Y. J., Yoon, J., Jeong, S. H., Lee, D. H., Lee, H., Larson, J., Therneau, T. M., Kim, W. R. 2012; 56 (2): 605-613

    Abstract

    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to risk factors of coronary artery disease, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which are closely linked with visceral adiposity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether NAFLD was associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC), which is used as a surrogate marker for coronary atherosclerosis independent of computed tomography (CT)-measured visceral adiposity. Out of 5,648 subjects who visited one of our health screening centers between 2003 and 2008, we enrolled 4,023 subjects (mean age, 56.9 ± 9.4 years; 60.7% males) without known liver disease or a history of ischemic heart disease. CAC score was evaluated using the Agatston method. On univariate analysis, the presence of CAC (score >0) was significantly associated with age, sex, body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and NAFLD. Increasing CAC scores (0, <10, 10-100, ≥ 100) were associated with higher prevalence of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR], 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61-2.10; P<0.001). Multivariable ordinal regression analysis was adjusted for traditional risk factors, and CT-measured visceral adipose tissue area in a subgroup of subjects showed that the increased CAC scores were significantly associated with the presence of NAFLD (OR, 1.28, 95% CI, 1.04-1.59; P = 0.023) independent of visceral adiposity.Patients with NAFLD are at increased risk for coronary atherosclerosis independent of classical coronary risk factors, including visceral adiposity. These data suggest that NAFLD might be an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.25593

    View details for Web of Science ID 000306804500024

    View details for PubMedID 22271511

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3830979

  • Efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation, followed by liver transplantation, for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma at 12 US centers. Gastroenterology Darwish Murad, S., Kim, W. R., Harnois, D. M., Douglas, D. D., Burton, J., Kulik, L. M., Botha, J. F., Mezrich, J. D., Chapman, W. C., Schwartz, J. J., Hong, J. C., Emond, J. C., Jeon, H., Rosen, C. B., Gores, G. J., Heimbach, J. K. 2012; 143 (1): 88-98 e3

    Abstract

    Excellent single-center outcomes of neoadjuvant chemoradiation and liver transplantation for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma caused the United Network of Organ Sharing to offer a standardized model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) exception for this disease. We analyzed data from multiple centers to determine the effectiveness of this treatment and the appropriateness of the MELD exception.We collected and analyzed data from 12 large-volume transplant centers in the United States. These centers met the inclusion criteria of treating 3 or more patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma using neoadjuvant therapy, followed by liver transplantation, from 1993 to 2010 (n = 287 total patients). Center-specific protocols and medical charts were reviewed on-site.The patients completed external radiation (99%), brachytherapy (75%), radiosensitizing therapy (98%), and/or maintenance chemotherapy (65%). Seventy-one patients dropped out before liver transplantation (rate, 11.5% in 3 months). Intent-to-treat survival rates were 68% and 53%, 2 and 5 years after therapy, respectively; post-transplant, recurrence-free survival rates were 78% and 65%, respectively. Patients outside the United Network of Organ Sharing criteria (those with tumor mass >3 cm, transperitoneal tumor biopsy, or metastatic disease) or with a prior malignancy had significantly shorter survival times (P < .001). There were no differences in outcomes among patients based on differences in surgical staging or brachytherapy. Although most patients came from 1 center (n = 193), the other 11 centers had similar survival times after therapy.Patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma who were treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed up by liver transplantation at 12 US centers had a 65% rate of recurrence-free survival after 5 years, showing this therapy to be highly effective. An 11.5% drop-out rate after 3.5 months of therapy indicates the appropriateness of the MELD exception. Rigorous selection is important for the continued success of this treatment.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.008

    View details for PubMedID 22504095

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3846443

  • Efficacy of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation, Followed by Liver Transplantation, for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma at 12 US Centers GASTROENTEROLOGY Murad, S. D., Kim, W. R., Harnois, D. M., Douglas, D. D., Burton, J., Kulik, L. M., Botha, J. F., Mezrich, J. D., Chapman, W. C., Schwartz, J. J., Hong, J. C., Emond, J. C., Jeon, H., Rosen, C. B., Gores, G. J., Heimbach, J. K. 2012; 143 (1): 88-U610

    Abstract

    Excellent single-center outcomes of neoadjuvant chemoradiation and liver transplantation for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma caused the United Network of Organ Sharing to offer a standardized model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) exception for this disease. We analyzed data from multiple centers to determine the effectiveness of this treatment and the appropriateness of the MELD exception.We collected and analyzed data from 12 large-volume transplant centers in the United States. These centers met the inclusion criteria of treating 3 or more patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma using neoadjuvant therapy, followed by liver transplantation, from 1993 to 2010 (n = 287 total patients). Center-specific protocols and medical charts were reviewed on-site.The patients completed external radiation (99%), brachytherapy (75%), radiosensitizing therapy (98%), and/or maintenance chemotherapy (65%). Seventy-one patients dropped out before liver transplantation (rate, 11.5% in 3 months). Intent-to-treat survival rates were 68% and 53%, 2 and 5 years after therapy, respectively; post-transplant, recurrence-free survival rates were 78% and 65%, respectively. Patients outside the United Network of Organ Sharing criteria (those with tumor mass >3 cm, transperitoneal tumor biopsy, or metastatic disease) or with a prior malignancy had significantly shorter survival times (P < .001). There were no differences in outcomes among patients based on differences in surgical staging or brachytherapy. Although most patients came from 1 center (n = 193), the other 11 centers had similar survival times after therapy.Patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma who were treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed up by liver transplantation at 12 US centers had a 65% rate of recurrence-free survival after 5 years, showing this therapy to be highly effective. An 11.5% drop-out rate after 3.5 months of therapy indicates the appropriateness of the MELD exception. Rigorous selection is important for the continued success of this treatment.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.008

    View details for Web of Science ID 000305781500032

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3846443

  • Hospitalization for Underage Drinkers in the United States JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH Kim, J. Y., Asrani, S. K., Shah, N. D., Kim, W. R., Schneekloth, T. D. 2012; 50 (6): 648-650

    Abstract

    Underage drinking is common in the United States. This article presents nationally representative data on hospitalizations for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in youth.Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, discharge records of individuals between 15 and 20 years diagnosed with AUD were identified. Incidence rates of these hospitalizations were calculated based on population estimates from the US Census Bureau.In 2008, there were 699,506 nonobstetric discharges in 15- to 20-year-olds, of which 39,619 (5.6%) had an AUD diagnosis with or without an injury diagnosis. The overall annual incidence of AUD hospitalization was 18.3 per 10,000 boys and 12.3 per 10,000 girls. Native American boys in the Midwest had the highest incidence (101 per 10,000), and Asian/Pacific Islander girls in the South had the lowest (2 per 10,000). The estimated total charges for these hospitalizations were $755 million in 2008.Hospitalization care for underage drinking is common, especially in certain race and in certain geographic regions and is associated with a substantial health care expenditure.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.10.250

    View details for Web of Science ID 000304668600019

    View details for PubMedID 22626495

  • Evaluation of Elevated Liver Enzymes CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE Lee, T. H., Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J. 2012; 16 (2): 183-?

    Abstract

    Liver enzymes, including aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase, are some of the most commonly ordered blood tests in a physician's practice. These enzymes have been valuable in screening for liver disease, as well as in diagnosing and monitoring patients with acute and chronic hepatobiliary disorders. Patients with predominantly aminotransferase elevations are thought to have acute or chronic hepatitis from a variety of causes. In patients with predominantly alkaline phosphatase elevations, imaging evaluation is undertaken upfront to exclude large bile duct disorders and infiltrative/mass lesions. A liver biopsy may be reserved for patients for whom these less invasive investigations are unfruitful.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cld.2012.03.006

    View details for Web of Science ID 000304572400002

    View details for PubMedID 22541694

  • Development of organ-specific donor risk indices LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Akkina, S. K., Asrani, S. K., Peng, Y., Stock, P., Kim, W. R., Israni, A. K. 2012; 18 (4): 395-404

    Abstract

    Because of the shortage of deceased donor organs, transplant centers accept organs from marginal deceased donors, including older donors. Organ-specific donor risk indices have been developed to predict graft survival with various combinations of donor and recipient characteristics. Here we review the kidney donor risk index (KDRI) and the liver donor risk index (LDRI) and compare and contrast their strengths, limitations, and potential uses. The KDRI has a potential role in developing new kidney allocation algorithms. The LDRI allows a greater appreciation of the importance of donor factors, particularly for hepatitis C virus-positive recipients; as the donor risk index increases, the rates of allograft and patient survival among these recipients decrease disproportionately. The use of livers with high donor risk indices is associated with increased hospital costs that are independent of recipient risk factors, and the transplantation of livers with high donor risk indices into patients with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores < 15 is associated with lower allograft survival; the use of the LDRI has limited this practice. Significant regional variations in donor quality, as measured by the LDRI, remain in the United States. We also review other potential indices for liver transplantation, including donor-recipient matching and the retransplant donor risk index. Although substantial progress has been made in developing donor risk indices to objectively assess donor variables that affect transplant outcomes, continued efforts are warranted to improve these indices to enhance organ allocation policies and optimize allograft survival.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.23398

    View details for Web of Science ID 000302148400006

    View details for PubMedID 22287036

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3332103

  • Ultrasound-based transient elastography for the detection of hepatic fibrosis in patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Adebajo, C. O., Talwalkar, J. A., Poterucha, J. J., Kim, W., Charlton, M. R. 2012; 18 (3): 323–31

    Abstract

    Ultrasound-based transient elastography (TE) is a promising noninvasive alternative to liver biopsy for the detection of hepatic fibrosis due to recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) after liver transplantation (LT). However, its overall test performance in various settings remains unknown. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis of studies comparing ultrasound-based TE to liver biopsy for the detection of hepatic fibrosis due to a recurrent HCV infection after LT. Electronic and manual bibliographic searches (including scientific abstracts) were performed to identify potential studies. A meta-analysis was conducted to generate pooled estimates of the sensitivity values, specificity values, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratios of individual studies. The extent of the heterogeneity and the reasons for it were assessed. Six fully published studies were identified for analysis. Five studies that evaluated significant fibrosis were identified. Among these studies, the pooled estimates were 83% for sensitivity [95% confidence interval (CI) = 77%-88%], 83% for specificity (95% CI = 77%-88%), 4.95 for the positive likelihood ratio (95% CI = 3.4-7.2), 0.17 for the negative likelihood ratio (95% CI = 0.09-0.35), and 30.5 for the diagnostic odds ratio (95% CI = 12.8-72.4). For the 5 studies that assessed cirrhosis, the pooled estimates were 98% for sensitivity (95% CI = 90%-100%), 84% for specificity (95% CI = 80%-88%), 7 for the positive likelihood ratio (95% CI = 2.8-17.3), 0.06 for the negative likelihood ratio (95% CI = 0.02-0.19), and 130 for the diagnostic odds ratio (95% CI = 36.5-462.1). A diagnostic threshold (or cutoff value) bias was identified as an important cause of heterogeneity for the pooled results of both patient groups. In conclusion, ultrasound-based TE has excellent diagnostic accuracy for identifying cirrhosis due to a recurrent HCV infection after LT. The detection of significant fibrosis is more accurate for these patients versus patients whose native liver is chronically infected with HCV.

    View details for PubMedID 22140010

  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with coronary artery calcification Hepatology Kim, D., Choi, S., Park, E., Lee, W., Kang, J., Kim, W., Kim, Y., Yoon, J., Jeong, S., Lee, D., Lee, H., Larson, J., Therneau, T., Kim, W. 2012; 56 (2): 605-613
  • Report on a single-topic conference on "Chronic viral hepatitis--strategies to improve effectiveness of screening and treatment". Hepatology Ward, J. W., Lok, A. S., Thomas, D. L., El-Serag, H. B., Kim, W. R. 2012; 55 (1): 307-315

    Abstract

    The 2010 Institute of Medicine report on "Hepatitis and Liver Cancer" indicated that lack of knowledge and awareness about chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) infections and insufficient understanding about the extent and seriousness of this public health problem impeded current efforts to prevent and control hepatitis B and C. A single-topic conference was held in June 2011 to discuss strategies to improve the effectiveness of screening, care referral, and clinical management of chronic HBV and HCV infections with the ultimate goal of reducing morbidity and mortality from these infections. Various models that have been shown to improve hepatitis screening and effectiveness of hepatitis treatment in the community, including rural settings and populations that have traditionally been excluded due to comorbidities, were presented. Recent advances in laboratory testing, medical management, and new antiviral therapies will not decrease the burden of viral hepatitis if persons at risk for or who are living with viral hepatitis are not aware of the risks, have not been diagnosed, or have no access to care. Systematic changes in our health care delivery system and enhanced coordination of prevention and care services with partnerships between public health leaders and clinicians through education of the public and health care providers and linkage of infected persons with care and treatment services can increase the success of preventing viral hepatitis and the effectiveness of hepatitis treatment in the real world. Implementation of these changes is feasible and will require policy changes, coordination among government agencies, and collaboration between government agencies, health care providers, community organizations, and advocacy groups.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.24797

    View details for PubMedID 22105599

  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-2008 MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS Yang, J. D., Kim, B., Sanderson, S. O., St Sauver, J. L., Yawn, B. P., Pedersen, R. A., Larson, J. J., Therneau, T. M., Roberts, L. R., Kim, W. R. 2012; 87 (1): 9-16

    Abstract

    To analyze longitudinal trends in the incidence, etiology, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in community residents in Olmsted County, Minnesota, and their survival.Olmsted County residents 20 years or older with HCC newly diagnosed from January 1, 1976, through December 31, 2008, were identified using a community-wide medical record linkage system (Rochester Epidemiology Project). The incidence rate of HCC was calculated by age and sex according to the 2000 US Census population. Temporal trends of HCC etiology, treatment, and patient survival were assessed.The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate for HCC in Olmsted County was 3.5 per 100,000 person-years for the first era (1976-1990), 3.8 per 100,000 for the second era (1991-2000), and 6.9 per 100,000 for the third era (2001-2008). Alcohol use was the most common risk factor in the first and second eras and chronic hepatitis C virus in the third. The proportion attributed to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was small (5/47 [10.6%] in the third era). Because the proportion of patients receiving curative treatment increased over time, survival also improved, with a median survival time of 3, 6, and 9 months in the first, second, and third eras, respectively (P=.01).In this midwestern US community, the incidence of HCC has increased, primarily due to hepatitis C virus. Although there was a demonstrable improvement in the outcome of HCC in community residents over time, the overall prognosis remains poor.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.07.001

    View details for Web of Science ID 000299667300003

    View details for PubMedID 22212963

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3538386

  • Surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Cirrhosis CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Yang, J. D., Kim, W. R. 2012; 10 (1): 16-21

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2011.06.004

    View details for Web of Science ID 000298812400011

    View details for PubMedID 21699816

  • Structural Frameworks and Key Model Parameters in Cost-Effectiveness Analyses for Current and Future Treatments of Chronic Hepatitis C VALUE IN HEALTH Townsend, R., McEwan, P., Kim, R., Yuan, Y. 2011; 14 (8): 1068-1077

    Abstract

    Published economic evaluations have reported available treatments for chronic hepatitis C to be cost-effective as part of the current approach to disease management, but as standards of care evolve, their approach to modeling should be reconsidered. This study aimed to review structural frameworks and key model parameters as reported in current economic evaluations for treatments for chronic hepatitis C, and model the impact of variability across parameters on results.A systematic review of studies published from 2000 to 2011 was performed. Studies were retrieved from five electronic databases using relevant search strategies. Model structures, disease progression rates, utilities, and costs were extracted from included studies, and were qualitatively reviewed and incorporated into a cost-utility model.Thirty-four studies were appropriate for data extraction. A common pathway of six disease states was identified. In some studies the early disease stages and/or the decompensated cirrhosis state were further subdivided. Large variability in values used for disease progression rates, utilities, and costs were identified. When incorporated into a model, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) varied: in the least favorable scenario, peginterferon plus ribavirin was dominated by interferon plus ribavirin; and in the most favorable scenario, peginterferon plus ribavirin dominated interferon plus ribavirin ($8,544 per quality-adjusted life year [QALY]; costs are given in 2008 US dollar amounts). Using mean values the ICER was $15,198 per QALY.Current models use a simplistic structure resulting from the lack of available data reflecting patient heterogeneity. Key model parameters are currently based on a small number of studies and the variability across these values can affect the interpretation of results.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jval.2011.06.006

    View details for Web of Science ID 000299081900013

    View details for PubMedID 22152176

  • Model for End-Stage Liver Disease: End of the First Decade CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE Asrani, S. K., Kim, W. R. 2011; 15 (4): 685-?

    Abstract

    The Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score is the basis for allocation of liver allografts for transplantation in the United States. The MELD score, as an objective scale of disease severity, is also used in the management of patients with chronic liver disease in the nontransplant setting. Several models have been proposed to improve the MELD score. The authors believe that the MELD score is, by design, continually evolving and lends itself to continued refinement and improvement to serve as a metric to optimize organ allocation in the future.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cld.2011.08.009

    View details for Web of Science ID 000297379100002

    View details for PubMedID 22032523

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3564596

  • Drug therapy: Telaprevir HEPATOLOGY Leise, M. D., Kim, W. R., Canterbury, K. M., Poterucha, J. J. 2011; 54 (4): 1463-1469

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.24660

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295577200038

    View details for PubMedID 21898509

  • Factors That Affect Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Effects of Surveillance CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Yang, J. D., Harmsen, W. S., Slettedahl, S. W., Chaiteerakij, R., Enders, F. T., Therneau, T. M., Orsini, L., Kim, W. R., Roberts, L. R. 2011; 9 (7): 617-U141

    Abstract

    The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States is increasing. Surveillance may affect the stage at diagnosis and consequently the treatment options available for HCC. We evaluated risk factors for HCC, the proportion of cases detected via surveillance, tumor characteristics, treatment approaches, and overall patient survival in a referral center cohort.The study included all patients diagnosed with HCC at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, from 2007 to 2009 (n = 460). Clinical information was retrospectively abstracted from the medical record.Hepatitis C virus (HCV, 36%), alcohol use (29%), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD, 13%) were the most common risk factors for HCC. HCV was present in 56% of patients younger than 60. NAFLD was present in 19% of patients older than 60. HCC was detected during surveillance in 31% of patients. Patients with worse liver function were more likely to be on surveillance. Transarterial chemoembolization, surgical resection, and liver transplantation were the most common treatment approaches for HCC. Patients diagnosed with HCC during surveillance had less advanced disease, were more likely to be eligible for potentially curative treatments, and had increased survival times (P < .001).At a major US referral center, the predominant HCC etiologies were HCV, alcohol use, and NAFLD. HCCs were detected during surveillance in the minority of patients. HCCs detected during surveillance were of less advanced stage, and patients were more likely to receive treatment that prolonged their survival.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2011.03.027

    View details for Web of Science ID 000292467900023

    View details for PubMedID 21459158

  • A Revised Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Optimizes Prediction of Mortality Among Patients Awaiting Liver Transplantation GASTROENTEROLOGY Leise, M. D., Kim, W. R., Kremers, W. K., Larson, J. J., Benson, J. T., Therneau, T. M. 2011; 140 (7): 1952-1960

    Abstract

    The Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) was originally developed based on data from patients who underwent the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure. An updated MELD based on data from patients awaiting liver transplantation should improve mortality prediction and allocation efficiency.Wait-list data from adult primary liver transplantation candidates from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network were divided into a model derivation set (2005-2006; n=14,214) and validation set (2007-2008; n=13,945). Cox regression analysis was used to derive and validate an optimized model that updated coefficients and upper and lower bounds for MELD components and included serum levels of sodium. Main outcomes measure was ability to predict 90-day mortality of patients on the liver transplantation wait list.Optimized MELD score updated coefficients and implemented new upper and lower bounds for creatinine (0.8 and 3.0 mg/dL, respectively) and international normalized ratio (1 and 3, respectively). Serum sodium concentrations significantly predicted mortality, even after adjusting for the updated MELD model. The final model, based on updated fit of the 4 variables (ie, bilirubin, creatinine, international normalized ratio, and sodium) had a modest yet statistically significant gain in discrimination (concordance: 0.878 vs 0.865; P<.01) in the validation dataset. Utilization of the new score could affect up to 12% of patients (based on changed score for 459 of 3981 transplants in the validation set).Modification of MELD score to update coefficients, change upper and lower bounds, and incorporate serum sodium levels improved wait-list mortality prediction and should increase efficiency of allocation of donated livers.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.017

    View details for Web of Science ID 000291388200029

    View details for PubMedID 21334338

  • Born to be wild or just confused? Genetic predisposition to hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology Duarte-Rojo, A., Kamath, P. S., Kim, W. R. 2011; 140 (7): 2137-2138

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.018

    View details for PubMedID 21521639

  • Many Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Increased Serum Levels of Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Do Not Have Cholangiocarcinoma CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Sinakos, E., Saenger, A. K., Keach, J., Kim, W. R., Lindor, K. D. 2011; 9 (5): 434-U1433

    Abstract

    Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have an increased incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is the main serum marker used to diagnose CCA, although increased levels of CA 19-9 are also associated with other hepatic complications. We evaluated the long-term outcomes in patients with PSC and significant increases in levels of CA 19-9.We analyzed data from all Mayo Clinic patients with PSC and serum levels of CA 19-9 greater than 129 U/mL from 2000-2010 (n = 73). We reviewed patients' records for CCA diagnosis, other malignancies, recurrent bacterial cholangitis, and persistent cholestasis.Thirty-seven percent of patients reviewed had no evidence of CCA after a median follow-up time of 30 months. The initial levels of CA 19-9 from patients without CCA were significantly lower than those from patients with CCA (286 vs 895 U/mL, P < .0001). At the start of the study, patients without CCA were more likely to have cirrhosis, compared with patients with CCA (48% vs 24%, P = .03), and lower levels of bilirubin (2 vs 6.8 mg/dL, P = .003), compared with patients with CCA. No factors known to affect CA 19-9 levels were identified in 33% of patients without CCA; endoscopic treatment and recurrent bacterial cholangitis were associated with levels of CA 19-9 in 26% and 22% of these patients, respectively.Thirty-seven percent of patients with PSC who have serum levels of CA 19-9 greater than 129 U/mL do not have CCA. Additional studies should be performed to determine the outcomes of these patients.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2011.02.007

    View details for Web of Science ID 000290657200020

    View details for PubMedID 21334457

  • Anti-CD25 antibodies (daclizumab) as renal sparing immunosuppression after liver transplantation: authors' reply ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Kim, W. R., Asrani, S. K. 2011; 33 (5): 616-617
  • Cirrhosis Is Present in Most Patients With Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Yang, J. D., Kim, W. R., Coelho, R., Mettler, T. A., Benson, J. T., Sanderson, S. O., Therneau, T. M., Kim, B., Roberts, L. R. 2011; 9 (1): 64-70

    Abstract

    There are few data available about the prevalence or effects of cirrhosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from viral hepatitis. We compared patients with HCC and hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections to determine the proportions of cirrhosis in each group, virologic and tumor characteristics, and overall survival.This analysis included patients with HBV (n = 64) or HCV (n = 118) infection who were diagnosed with HCC at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota from 1994-2008; groups were matched for age and sex. The diagnosis of cirrhosis was based on histology and, if histologic information was insufficient or unavailable, clinical indicators that included ascites or varices, thrombocytopenia or splenomegaly, and radiographic configuration of cirrhosis. Virologic characteristics, tumor stage, and patient survival were also assessed.The prevalence of histologic cirrhosis was 88% among patients with HBV infection and 93% among those with HCV infection (P = .46). When the most inclusive criteria for cirrhosis were applied, cirrhosis was present in 94% of patients with HBV and 97% with HCV (P = .24). Among HCV patients, 5.2% were negative for HCV RNA after antiviral treatment; 63.4% of HBV patients had HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL with or without treatment. Patients with HBV tended to have less surveillance and more advanced stages of HCC, without differences in survival from those with HCV infection (P = .75).Most patients with HCC and chronic viral hepatitis had evidence of cirrhosis, including those with HBV infection and those without active viral replication.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.08.019

    View details for Web of Science ID 000285980600019

    View details for PubMedID 20831903

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3951426

  • Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Nephropathy NEPHRON CLINICAL PRACTICE Elewa, U., Sandri, A. M., Kim, W. R., Fervenza, F. C. 2011; 119 (1): C41-C49

    Abstract

    Epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and development of proteinuria in some patients (most commonly children), with a predominance for male gender and histological findings of membranous nephropathy on renal biopsy. The presence of immune complexes in the kidney suggests an immune complex basis for the disease, but a direct relation between HBV and membranous nephropathy (or other types of glomerular diseases) remains to be proven. Clearance of HBV antigens, either spontaneous or following antiviral treatments results in improvement in proteinuria. Thus, prompt recognition and specific antiviral treatment are critical in managing patients with HBV and renal involvement. The present review focuses on treatment of HBV with special emphasis given to antiviral therapies, its complications, and dosing in patients with HBV-associated kidney disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1159/000324652

    View details for Web of Science ID 000291753000008

    View details for PubMedID 21677438

  • The impact of hepatitis C on labor force participation, absenteeism, presenteeism and non-work activities. Journal of medical economics DiBonaventura, M. D., Wagner, J., Yuan, Y., L'Italien, G., Langley, P., Ray Kim, W. 2011; 14 (2): 253-261

    Abstract

    Between 2.7 and 3.9 million people are currently infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the United States. Although many studies have investigated the impact of HCV on direct healthcare costs, few studies have estimated the indirect costs associated with the virus using a nationally-representative dataset.Using data from the 2009 United States (US) National Health and Wellness Survey, patients who reported a hepatitis C diagnosis (n = 695) were compared to controls on labor force participation, productivity loss, and activity impairment after adjusting for demographics, health risk behaviors, and comorbidities. All analyses applied sampling weights to project to the population.Patients with HCV were significantly less likely to be in the labor force than controls and reported significantly higher levels of absenteeism (4.88 vs. 3.03%), presenteeism (16.69 vs. 13.50%), overall work impairment (19.40 vs.15.35%), and activity impairment (25.01 vs. 21.78%). A propensity score matching methodology replicated many of these findings.While much of the work on HCV has focused on direct costs, our results suggest indirect costs should not be ignored when quantifying the societal burden of HCV. To our knowledge, this is the first study which has utilized a large, nationally-representative data source for identifying the impact of HCV on labor force participation and work and activity impairment using both a propensity-score matching and a regression modeling framework.All data were patient-reported (including HCV diagnosis and work productivity), which could have introduced some subjective biases.

    View details for DOI 10.3111/13696998.2011.566294

    View details for PubMedID 21385147

  • Utility of Serum YKL-40 as a Tumor-Specific Marker of Hepatobiliary Malignancies GUT AND LIVER Yang, J. D., Kim, E., Pedersen, R. A., Kim, W. R., Pungpapong, S., Roberts, L. R. 2010; 4 (4): 537-542

    Abstract

    Serum YKL-40 has been linked to several human cancers. We investigated the potential role of serum YKL-40 as a marker of hepatobiliary malignancies.Archived serum samples of patients undergoing liver transplantation evaluation at the Mayo Clinic Rochester were used to measure YKL-40 levels. Patients were divided into three groups: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and end-stage liver disease (ESLD) without malignancies. The Model for ESLD (MELD) score was used to quantify the severity of liver disease.The median serum YKL-40 level was highest in the ESLD group at 296 ng/mL, compared to 259 ng/mL in the HCC group and 80 ng/mL in the CCA group (p<0.01). There was a significant correlation between the MELD score and serum YKL-40 level (r=0.50, p<0.01). In a multivariate analysis, there was no significant difference in serum YKL-40 level between ESLD and HCC. CCA was associated with lower YKL-40 levels, a finding that was attributable to a lower prevalence of cirrhosis.The serum YKL-40 level has little utility as a cross-sectional screening tool for hepatobiliary malignancies, namely HCC and CCA. The role of YKL-40 as a surveillance marker in the follow-up of individual patients remains to be determined.

    View details for DOI 10.5009/gnl.2010.4.4.537

    View details for Web of Science ID 000285445100014

    View details for PubMedID 21253305

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3021612

  • Impact of MELD on Waitlist Outcome of Retransplant Candidates AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Kim, H. J., Larson, J. J., Lim, Y. S., Kim, W. R., Pedersen, R. A., Therneau, T. M., Rosen, C. B. 2010; 10 (12): 2652-2657

    Abstract

    Under the current allocation system for liver transplantation (LTx), primary and retransplantation (ReTx) are treated identically. The aims of this study were (1) to compare the risk of death between ReTx and primary LTx candidates at a given MELD score and (2) to gauge the impact of the MELD-based allocation system on the waitlist outcome of ReTx candidates. Based on data of all waitlist registrants in the United States between 2000 and 2006, unique adult patients with chronic liver disease were identified and followed forward to determine mortality within six months of registration. There were a total of 45,943 patients waitlisted for primary LTx and 2081 registered for ReTx. In the MELD era (n = 30,175), MELD was significantly higher among ReTx candidates than primary LTx candidates (median, 21 vs. 15). Within a range of MELD scores where most transplantation took place, mortality was comparable between ReTx and primary candidates after adjusting for MELD. The probability for LTx increased significantly following implementation of the MELD-based allocation in both types of candidates. We conclude that by and large, primary and ReTx candidates fare equitably under the current MELD-based allocation system, which has contributed to a significant increase in the probability of LTx.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03315.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000284698400016

    View details for PubMedID 21070603

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4547838

  • Use of Sirolimus in Liver Transplant Recipients with Renal Insufficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis HEPATOLOGY Asrani, S. K., Leise, M. D., West, C. P., Murad, M. H., Pedersen, R. A., Erwin, P. J., Tian, J., Wiesner, R. H., Kim, W. R. 2010; 52 (4): 1360-1370

    Abstract

    Sirolimus is used in patients with renal insufficiency after liver transplantation (LT) and especially in those with calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-associated nephrotoxicity. We conducted a systematic review of all randomized controlled trials and observational studies to test the hypothesis that the use of sirolimus is associated with an improvement in renal function at 1 year in LT recipients with renal insufficiency [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/minute or creatinine level ≥ 1.5 mg/dL]. We performed a search of all major databases, conference proceedings, and relevant journals through December 2009 and contacted content experts, corresponding authors, and the pharmaceutical manufacturer. A random effects model was used to determine the pooled estimate of the change in renal function and pooled risk estimates of adverse events that may be associated with sirolimus-based therapy at 1 year. Eleven studies (three randomized controlled trials and eight observational studies) met the final inclusion criteria. A nonsignificant improvement of 3.38 mL/minute [95% confidence interval (CI) = -2.93 to 9.69] was observed in methodologically sound observational studies and controlled trials reporting the primary outcome. In controlled trials, baseline GFR >50 mL/min sirolimus use was associated with an improvement of 10.35 mL/minute (95% CI = 3.98-16.77) in GFR or creatinine clearance. Sirolimus was not significantly associated with death [relative risk (RR) = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.66-1.88] or graft failure (RR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.45-1.41), although reporting was incomplete. It was associated with a statistically significant risk of infection (RR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.14-5.36), rash (RR = 7.57, 95% CI = 1.75-32.70), ulcers (RR = 7.44, 95% CI = 2.03-27.28), and discontinuation of therapy (RR = 3.61, 95% CI = 1.32-9.89).Conversion to sirolimus from CNIs is associated with a nonsignificant improvement in renal function in LT recipients with renal insufficiency, although the results are limited by heterogeneity, a risk of bias, and a lack of standardized reporting.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.23835

    View details for Web of Science ID 000282613000023

    View details for PubMedID 20815021

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4130484

  • Rifaximin in hepatic encephalopathy: is an ounce of prevention worth a pretty penny? Gastroenterology Leise, M. D., Kim, W. R. 2010; 139 (4): 1416-1418

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.033

    View details for PubMedID 20736020

  • Daclizumab induction therapy in liver transplant recipients with renal insufficiency ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Asrani, S. K., Kim, W. R., Pedersen, R. A., Charlton, M. R., Kremers, W. K., Therneau, T. M., Rosen, C. B., Dean, P. G. 2010; 32 (6): 776-786

    Abstract

    The role of interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor antibodies to avoid the nephrotoxic effects of calcineurin inhibitors in the early post-liver transplant (LT) period is not well defined.To examine the use of daclizumab induction in LT recipients with renal insufficiency.Between 2002 and 2005, 62 patients (median pre-LT creatinine 2.4 mg/dL, IQR 1.9-3.7) received daclizumab induction with tacrolimus being administered when serum creatinine was <2.0 mg/dL. A concurrent comparison group (n = 221, 2002-2005) received tacrolimus-based immunosuppression without daclizumab (median pre-LT creatinine 1.1 mg/dL, IQR 0.9-1.4). A second historical comparison group (n = 103, 1995-2005) not receiving daclizumab was matched to the daclizumab patients by pre-LT serum creatinine (2.2 mg/dL, IQR 1.8-3.1). All patients received mycophenolate mofetil and steroids.Serum creatinine improved in the daclizumab group (-1.0 mg/dL, IQR -2.2 to -0.4) and worsened in the concurrent comparison group (+0.2 mg/dL, IQR 0-0.5) from pre-LT to 4 months. However, there was no difference when daclizumab group was compared with the historical comparison group matched on pre-LT creatinine (median change: -0.8 mg/dL vs. -0.7 mg/dL). Daclizumab induction was not associated with improvement in renal function at 4 months (P = 0.34) after adjusting for pre-LT creatinine, age, gender, hepatitis C status and simultaneous liver kidney transplantation.The incremental benefit offered by induction therapy with IL-2 receptor antibodies to preserve renal function is questionable.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04408.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000280972200008

    View details for PubMedID 20659283

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3606263

  • Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Variation Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease After Liver Transplant MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS Bambha, K., Kim, W. R., Rosen, C. B., Pedersen, R. A., Rys, C., Kolbert, C. P., Cunningham, J. M., Therneau, T. M. 2010; 85 (9): 814-820

    Abstract

    To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD), a prevalent comorbidity, after liver transplant (LT).This study consists of a cohort of adult (> or =18 years) primary-LT recipients who had normal renal function before LT and who survived 1 year or more after LT at a high-volume US LT program between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2000. Patients with adequate renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate, > or =40 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) during follow-up; n=308) and patients with incident CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate, <40 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) after LT; n=92) were identified. To investigate the association of 6 candidate genes with post-LT CKD, we selected SNPs that have been associated with renal function in the literature. Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for potential confounding variables.The variant allele (298Asp) of the Glu298Asp SNP in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) was significantly associated with CKD after LT (P=.05; adjusted for multiple comparisons). The 5-year incidence of CKD was 70% among patients homozygous for the NOS3 variant allele (298Asp) compared with 42% among those not homozygous for the NOS3 variant allele. Specifically, homozygosity for the NOS3 variant allele conferred a 2.5-fold increased risk of developing CKD after LT (P=.005, adjusted for confounding variables).Homozygosity for the variant allele of NOS3 (298Asp) is associated with CKD after LT and may be useful for identifying recipients at higher risk of post-LT CKD.

    View details for DOI 10.4065/mcp.2010.0013

    View details for Web of Science ID 000281387500006

    View details for PubMedID 20810793

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2931617

  • Race and Receipt of Liver Transplantation: Location Matters LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Asrani, S. K., Kim, W., Kamath, P. S. 2010; 16 (9): 1009-1012

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.22123

    View details for Web of Science ID 000281622000001

    View details for PubMedID 20818737

  • Impact of Depressive Symptoms and Their Treatment on Completing Antiviral Treatment in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C JOURNAL OF CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY Liu, S. S., Schneekloth, T. D., Talwalkar, J. A., Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Charlton, M. R., Wiesner, R. H., Gross, J. B. 2010; 44 (8): E178-E185

    Abstract

    Interferon-induced depression affects 20% to 40% of patients treated for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of our study was to examine the influence of antidepressant treatment and whether this improves the likelihood of completing therapy.One hundred randomly selected patients with chronic HCV undergoing antiviral therapy at a single center were identified. Patients were categorized as Group 1 (no depressive symptoms during treatment), Group 2 (depressive symptoms without antidepressant therapy), Group 3 (preexisting or prophylactic antidepressants before therapy), and Group 4 (on-demand antidepressant therapy for depressive symptoms).Mean age was 49 years with 72% men. Genotype 1 infection was noted in 65% of patients, and the mean pretreatment HCV RNA level was 1,419,919 IU. Patients without earlier depression receiving on-demand therapy (Group 4) had a significantly higher rate of antiviral treatment completion compared with Group 3 (92% vs. 52%; P=0.01). Patients in groups 1 and 4 with no baseline history of depression had similar treatment completion rates. No significant relationship between the use of antidepressant therapy, SVR or premature cessation of therapy was observed.Preexisting depression was associated with lower antiviral treatment completion rates despite the use of prophylactic antidepressant therapy. In patients without preexisting depression, however, on-demand antidepressant therapy for depressive symptoms was strongly associated with the highest treatment completion rates in the cohort. Antidepressant therapy for new or worsening depressive symptoms independent of baseline depression status did not affect the probability of achieving SVR or stopping treatment prematurely.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181dc250f

    View details for Web of Science ID 000281115300023

    View details for PubMedID 20495464

  • Alcoholic Liver Disease-Related Mortality in the United States: 1980-2003 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Paula, H., Asrani, S. K., Boetticher, N. C., Pedersen, R., Shah, V. H., Kim, W. R. 2010; 105 (8): 1782-1787

    Abstract

    Data on temporal changes in alcoholic liver disease (ALD)-related mortality in the United States are lacking. This longitudinal assessment is important, given the divergent data on trends in worldwide ALD-related mortality, concerns for underestimation of mortality attributed to ALD in previous investigations, and shifting attention to hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related mortality.We analyzed mortality data compiled in the multiple cause-of-death public-use data file from the National Vital Statistics System from 1980 to 2003 using categorization by both International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 systems. The main outcome measure was age- and sex-adjusted death rates attributable to ALD, HCV, or both (ALD/HCV) listed as immediate or underlying cause of death.A total of 287,365 deaths were observed over the 24-year period. Age- and sex- adjusted incidence rates of ALD-related deaths decreased from 6.9/100,000 persons in 1980 to 4.4/100,000 persons by 2003. After introduction of HCV diagnostic testing, HCV-related liver mortality increased to 2.9/100,000 persons by 2003. Death rates for subjects with concomitant ALD/HCV rose to 0.2/100,000 persons by 1999 and then remained unchanged through 2003. Age-specific mortality related to ALD was highest in the ages of 45-64 years. Between 1980 and 2003, the age- and sex-adjusted ALD-related mortality (per 100,000 persons) decreased from 6.3 to 4.5 among Caucasians, 11.6 to 4.1 among African Americans, and 8.0 to 3.7 among the "other" race group.Despite a decline in ALD-related mortality, the proportion of alcohol-related liver deaths is still considerably large and comparable in scope to that of HCV.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ajg.2010.46

    View details for Web of Science ID 000280656800011

    View details for PubMedID 20179691

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2916935

  • Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Comparative Effectiveness in Liver Disease HEPATOLOGY El-Serag, H. B., Talwalkar, J., Kim, W. 2010; 52 (2): 403-407

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.23819

    View details for Web of Science ID 000280513900001

    View details for PubMedID 20683939

  • Donor Race Does Not Predict Graft Failure After Liver Transplantation GASTROENTEROLOGY Asrani, S. K., Lim, Y., Therneau, T. M., Pedersen, R. A., Heimbach, J., Kim, W. R. 2010; 138 (7): 2341-2347

    Abstract

    Donor race has been proposed to predict graft failure after liver transplantation. We evaluated the extent to which the center where the transplantation surgery was performed and other potential confounding factors might account for the observed association between donor race and graft failure.We analyzed data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (January 2003-December 2005) for adult patients undergoing primary liver transplantation in the United States. We examined the association between graft failure and the donor races of African American (AA), Caucasian, Asian/Pacific Islander (API), or those classified as other.Of 10,874 livers that were donated for transplantation, 7631 came from Caucasians, 1579 from AAs, 243 from APIs, and 1421 from others. After 36 months of follow-up evaluation, 2687 grafts failed. Without any adjustments, AA donors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.24), API donors (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.12-1.77), and other donors (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04-1.29) were associated with graft failure. After stratification by center and adjustments for age, height, and hepatitis B core antibody status of donors as well as serum creatinine and hepatitis C status of recipients, donor race was no longer statistically significant for AA (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.95-1.20) and API (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.89-1.49) donors. However, livers donated from members of other race still had an increased risk of graft failure (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.35), although the effect was not uniform across donor-recipient pairs.Donor race is not a uniform predictor of graft failure and should not be construed as an indicator of donor quality.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.02.008

    View details for Web of Science ID 000278136900026

    View details for PubMedID 20176028

  • Organ allocation for chronic liver disease: model for end-stage liver disease and beyond CURRENT OPINION IN GASTROENTEROLOGY Asrani, S. K., Kim, W. R. 2010; 26 (3): 209-213

    Abstract

    Implementation of the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score has led to a reduction in waiting list registration and waitlist mortality. Prognostic models have been proposed to either refine or improve the current MELD-based liver allocation.The model for end-stage liver disease - sodium (MELDNa) incorporates serum sodium and has been shown to improve the predictive accuracy of the MELD score. However, laboratory variation and manipulation of serum sodium is a concern. Organ allocation in the United Kingdom is now based on a model that includes serum sodium. An updated MELD score is associated with a lower relative weight for serum creatinine coefficient and a higher relative weight for bilirubin coefficient, although the contribution of reweighting coefficients as compared with addition of variables is unclear. The D-MELD, the arithmetic product of donor age and preoperative MELD, proposes donor-recipient matching; however, inappropriate transplantation of high-risk donors is a concern. Finally, the net benefit model ranks patients according to the net survival benefit that they would derive from the transplant. However, complex statistical models are required and unmeasured characteristics may unduly affect the model.Despite their limitations, efforts to improve the current MELD-based organ allocation are encouraging.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32833867d8

    View details for Web of Science ID 000277380200004

    View details for PubMedID 20224394

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2919807

  • Serum sodium, renal function, and survival of patients with end-stage liver disease JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY Lim, Y., Larson, T. S., Benson, J. T., Kamath, P. S., Kremers, W. K., Therneau, T. M., Kim, W. R. 2010; 52 (4): 523-528

    Abstract

    Serum creatinine, a component of the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), is an important prognostic indicator in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). In addition, serum sodium has recently been recognized as an important predictor of mortality in patients with ESLD. We investigate the role of serum creatinine and sodium, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as determinants of survival in patients with ESLD.A prospective database was utilized to identify all adults listed for primary liver transplantation (LTx) at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, between 1990 and 1999. GFR was measured by iothalamate clearance.Among 837 patients listed for LTx, 660 had complete data including measured GFR. There was a significant association between GFR and survival after adjustment for MELD, with a linear rise in the risk of death as GFR decreased between 60 and 20ml/min/1.73m(2). Multivariable models showed that GFR is superior to creatinine in predicting mortality - a model consisting of total bilirubin (hazard ratio (HR)=2.17, p<0.01), INR (HR=3.26, p<0.01) and GFR (HR=0.42, p<0.01) was superior to MELD (chi-square 65.6 vs. 59.4, c-statistic 0.792 vs. 0.780). Serum sodium did not contribute to survival prediction when accurately measured GFR data were available.Serum concentrations of creatinine and sodium in patients with end-stage liver disease reflect a reduction in renal function, the underlying event that decreases survival.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000277544700011

    View details for PubMedID 20185195

  • Reports from today's health care environment on the implementation of screening, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE Kim, W. R., Valdiserri, R. O., Wright, L. N., Manos, M. M., Do, S. T. 2010; 59 (4): S43-S49

    View details for Web of Science ID 000293086300007

    View details for PubMedID 20398590

  • Transforming the current infrastructure for combating HBV and HCV infections JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE Kim, W. R., Ward, J. W., Cheever, L. W., Dan, C., Dee, L., Zola, J. 2010; 59 (4): S65-S70

    View details for Web of Science ID 000293086300010

    View details for PubMedID 20398593

  • Humanistic and economic impacts of hepatitis C infection in the United States. Journal of medical economics DiBonaventura, M. D., Wagner, J., Yuan, Y., L'Italien, G., Langley, P., Ray Kim, W. 2010; 13 (4): 709-718

    Abstract

    Prior research examining the effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthcare costs is flawed because non-patient controls were not adequately comparable to HCV patients. The current study uses a propensity score matching methodology to address the following research question: is the presence of diagnosed hepatitis C (HCV) associated with poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and greater healthcare resource use?Using data from the 2009 US National Health and Wellness Survey, patients who reported a HCV diagnosis (n = 695) were compared to propensity-matched controls (n = 695) on measures of HRQoL and healthcare resource use. All analyses applied sampling weights to project to the US population.HCV patients reported significantly lower levels of HRQoL relative to the matched-control group, including the physical component score (39.6 vs. 42.7, p < 0.0001) and health utilities (0.63 vs. 0.66, p < 0.0001). The number of emergency room visits (0.59 vs. 0.44, p < 0.05) and physician visits (7.7 vs. 5.9, p < 0.05) in the past 6 months were significantly higher for the HCV group relative to matched controls.The results of this study suggest that HCV represents a substantial burden on patients by having a significant and clinically-relevant impact on key dimensions of HRQoL as well as on utilization of healthcare resources, the latter of which would result in increased direct medical costs.Due to limitations of the internet survey approach (e.g., inability to confirm HCV diagnosis), future research is needed to confirm these findings.

    View details for DOI 10.3111/13696998.2010.535576

    View details for PubMedID 21091098

  • Trends in Waiting List Registration for Liver Transplantation for Viral Hepatitis in the United States GASTROENTEROLOGY Kim, W. R., Terrault, N. A., Pedersen, R. A., Therneau, T. M., Edwards, E., Hindman, A. A., Brosgart, C. L. 2009; 137 (5): 1680-1686

    Abstract

    In the last decade, significant progress has been made in the treatment of liver disease associated with chronic hepatitis, especially in patients infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). To investigate whether the population-wide application of antiviral therapies has impacted liver transplant waiting list registration, we analyzed longitudinal trends in waiting list registration for patients with hepatitis B and C and those with nonviral liver disease.This study represented a retrospective analysis of registry data containing all US liver transplant centers. All adult, primary liver transplantation candidates registered to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network between 1985 and 2006 were included in the analysis. Standardized incidence rates were calculated for waiting list registration for liver transplantation by underlying disease (HBV and HCV infection and other) and by indication for transplantation (fulminant liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC], and end-stage liver disease [ESLD]).Of 113,927 unique waiting list registrants, 4793 (4.2%) had HBV, and 40,923 (35.9%) had HCV infections; the remaining 68,211 (59.9%) had neither. The incidence of waiting list registration for ESLD and fulminant liver disease decreased, whereas that for HCC increased. The decrease in ESLD registration was most pronounced, and the increase in HCC was least dramatic among registrants with hepatitis B. The decrease in registration for ESLD secondary to HCV infection was also significantly larger than that for ESLD patients with nonviral etiologies.The pattern of liver transplantation waiting list registration among patients with hepatitis B suggests that the widespread application of oral antiviral therapy for HBV contributed to the decreased incidence of decompensated liver disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.047

    View details for Web of Science ID 000271500700025

    View details for PubMedID 19632234

  • Hepatitis C Nonresponders: Re-treat or Retreat? HEPATOLOGY Leise, M., Kim, W. R. 2009; 50 (4): 1307-1309

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.23263

    View details for Web of Science ID 000270455800037

    View details for PubMedID 19790226

  • Survival Benefit of Liver Transplantation: One Size Fits All or Fits None? HEPATOLOGY Asrani, S. K., Kim, W., Heimbach, J. K. 2009; 50 (2): 352-354

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.23127

    View details for Web of Science ID 000268619400004

    View details for PubMedID 19642161

  • Increased Prevalence and Mortality in Undiagnosed Celiac Disease GASTROENTEROLOGY Rubio-tapia, A., Kyle, R. A., Kaplan, E. L., Johnson, D. R., Page, W., Erdtmann, F., Brantner, T. L., Kim, W. R., Phelps, T. K., Lahr, B. D., Zinsmeister, A. R., Melton, L. J., Murray, J. A. 2009; 137 (1): 88-93

    Abstract

    The historical prevalence and long-term outcome of undiagnosed celiac disease (CD) are unknown. We investigated the long-term outcome of undiagnosed CD and whether the prevalence of undiagnosed CD has changed during the past 50 years.This study included 9133 healthy young adults at Warren Air Force Base (sera were collected between 1948 and 1954) and 12,768 gender-matched subjects from 2 recent cohorts from Olmsted County, Minnesota, with either similar years of birth (n = 5558) or age at sampling (n = 7210) to that of the Air Force cohort. Sera were tested for tissue transglutaminase and, if abnormal, for endomysial antibodies. Survival was measured during a follow-up period of 45 years in the Air Force cohort. The prevalence of undiagnosed CD between the Air Force cohort and recent cohorts was compared.Of 9133 persons from the Air Force cohort, 14 (0.2%) had undiagnosed CD. In this cohort, during 45 years of follow-up, all-cause mortality was greater in persons with undiagnosed CD than among those who were seronegative (hazard ratio = 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-7.5; P < .001). Undiagnosed CD was found in 68 (0.9%) persons with similar age at sampling and 46 (0.8%) persons with similar years of birth. The rate of undiagnosed CD was 4.5-fold and 4-fold greater in the recent cohorts, respectively, than in the Air Force cohort (both P < or = .0001).During 45 years of follow-up, undiagnosed CD was associated with a nearly 4-fold increased risk of death. The prevalence of undiagnosed CD seems to have increased dramatically in the United States during the past 50 years.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.059

    View details for Web of Science ID 000267410100018

    View details for PubMedID 19362553

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2704247

  • Hyponatremia in Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Accomplice or Innocent Bystander? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Yun, B., Kim, W. 2009; 104 (6): 1390-1391

    Abstract

    Hyponatremia, a common complication inpatients with advanced liver disease and impaired free water clearance, has been shown to be an important predictor of short-term mortality. Hepatic encephalopathy, also a late complication of end-stage liver disease, has been associated with low-grade cerebral edema as a result of swelling of astrocytes. Guevara et al. hypothesized that hyponatremia and the resultant depletion of organic osmolytes (e.g.,myo-inositol) from brain cells contribute to brain edema, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Using a multivariable analysis, they demonstrated that hyponatremia increased the risk of hepatic encephalopathy more than eightfold, after adjustment for serum bilirubin and creatinine concentrations and previous history of encephalopathy. Their magnetic resonance spectroscopy data correlated low brain concentrations of myoinositol with hepatic encephalopathy. As both hyponatremia and encephalopathy occur in patients with advanced liver disease, it has been difficult to implicate hyponatremia independently in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Guevara's data do suggest that hyponatremia is more likely an accomplice than an innocent bystander.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ajg.2009.287

    View details for Web of Science ID 000266906900016

    View details for PubMedID 19455127

  • Impact of Pretransplant Hyponatremia on Outcome Following Liver Transplantation HEPATOLOGY Yun, B. C., Kim, W. R., Benson, J. T., Biggins, S. W., Therneau, T. M., Kremers, W. K., Rosen, C. B., Klintmalm, G. B. 2009; 49 (5): 1610-1615

    Abstract

    Hyponatremia is associated with reduced survival in patients with cirrhosis awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). However, data are sparse regarding the impact of hyponatremia on outcome following OLT. We investigated the effect of hyponatremia at the time of OLT on mortality and morbidity following the procedure. The study included 2,175 primary OLT recipients between 1990 and 2000. Serum sodium concentrations obtained immediately prior to OLT were correlated with subsequent survival using proportional hazards analysis. Morbidity associated with hyponatremia was assessed, including length of hospitalization, length of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and occurrence of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). Out of 2,175 subjects, 1,495 (68.7%) had normal serum sodium (>135 mEq/L) at OLT, whereas mild hyponatremia (125-134 mEq/L) was present in 615 (28.3%) and severe hyponatremia (<125 mEq/L) in 65 (3.0%). Serum sodium had no impact on survival up to 90 days after OLT (multivariate hazard ratio = 1.00, P = 0.99). Patients with severe hyponatremia tended to have a longer stay in the ICU (median = 4.5 days) and hospital (17.0 days) compared to normonatremic recipients (median ICU stay = 3.0 days, hospital stay = 14.0 days; P = 0.02 and 0.08, respectively). There were 10 subjects that developed CPM, with an overall incidence of 0.5%. Although infrequent, the incidence of CPM did correlate with serum sodium levels (P < 0.01).Pre-OLT serum sodium does not have a statistically significant impact on survival following OLT. The incidence of CPM correlates with hyponatremia, although its overall incidence is low. Incorporation of serum sodium in organ allocation may not adversely affect the overall post-OLT outcome.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.22846

    View details for Web of Science ID 000265668500024

    View details for PubMedID 19402063

  • Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in the United States HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R. 2009; 49 (5): S28-S34

    Abstract

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains an important cause of acute and chronic liver disease globally and in the United States. An encouraging trend is that the incidence of acute hepatitis B in the United States declined as much as 80% between 1987 and 2004, attributable to effective vaccination programs as well as universal precautions in needle use and in healthcare in general. Although encouraging, these decreases in acute infections have not translated into diminished prevalence or burden of chronic HBV infection. The prevalence for HBV in the United States has been estimated to be approximately 0.4%. However, these estimates have been based on surveys conducted in samples in which population groups with high prevalence of HBV infection, namely foreign-born minorities, were underrepresented. Voluntary screening data indicate prevalence in excess of 15% in some of these groups. Recent immigration trends suggest a substantial increase in the number of Americans with chronic HBV infection. This trend is reflected in the health and economic burden associated with HBV infection. The number of outpatient visits and hospitalizations for a HBV-related diagnosis increased several-fold during the 1990s. Similarly, the total charges for hospitalizations have been estimated to have increased from $357 million in 1990 to $1.5 billion in 2003. Most recent data indicate that death and liver transplant waitlist registration for HBV-related liver disease, which had been increasing, have now reached a plateau or started to decline. This encouraging trend might be attributable to recent advances in treatment for HBV infection; however, to the extent that the number of Americans living with chronic HBV is growing, careful clinical monitoring and continued epidemiologic surveillance remain important.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.22975

    View details for Web of Science ID 000265668700005

    View details for PubMedID 19399791

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3290915

  • The International Normalized Ratio of Prothrombin Time in the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score: A Reliable Measure CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE Kamath, P. S. 2009; 13 (1): 63-?

    Abstract

    The Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) has been demonstrated to be an excellent predictor of survival in patients who have end-stage liver disease. It is derived from the international normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time, serum creatinine, and serum total bilirubin. The major use of the MELD score is to prioritize allocation of organs for liver transplant among patients who have chronic liver disease. Virtually every study that has looked at the MELD score as a predictor of survival has demonstrated that the MELD score using the INR with international sensitivity index calibrated for patients on warfarin has a 'c' statistic of approximately 0.8, indicating excellent discrimination.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cld.2008.09.001

    View details for Web of Science ID 000265488400008

    View details for PubMedID 19150310

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3290919

  • The Clip Score: Is it time to be clipped away? LIVER INTERNATIONAL Ray Kim, W. 2009; 29 (1): 2-3
  • The Global Impact of Hepatic Fibrosis and End-Stage Liver Disease CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE Lim, Y., Kim, W. R. 2008; 12 (4): 733-?

    Abstract

    Hepatic fibrosis is an integral part in the progression of chronic liver disease, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Globally, alcohol consumption, hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) have been the main causes of cirrhosis. More recently, the increasing prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome has resulted in increasing incidence of cirrhosis secondary to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), especially in developed countries. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Moreover, the burden of chronic liver disease is projected to increase, due in part to the increasing prevalence of end-stage liver disease and HCC secondary to NAFLD and HCV.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cld.2008.07.007

    View details for Web of Science ID 000265488300002

    View details for PubMedID 18984463

  • Hyponatremia and mortality among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Kim, W. R., Biggins, S. W., Kremers, W. K., Wiesner, R. H., Kamath, P. S., Benson, J. T., Edwards, E., Therneau, T. M. 2008; 359 (10): 1018-1026

    Abstract

    Under the current liver-transplantation policy, donor organs are offered to patients with the highest risk of death.Using data derived from all adult candidates for primary liver transplantation who were registered with the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network in 2005 and 2006, we developed and validated a multivariable survival model to predict mortality at 90 days after registration. The predictor variable was the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score with and without the addition of the serum sodium concentration. The MELD score (on a scale of 6 to 40, with higher values indicating more severe disease) is calculated on the basis of the serum bilirubin and creatinine concentrations and the international normalized ratio for the prothrombin time.In 2005, there were 6769 registrants, including 1781 who underwent liver transplantation and 422 who died within 90 days after registration on the waiting list. Both the MELD score and the serum sodium concentration were significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio for death, 1.21 per MELD point and 1.05 per 1-unit decrease in the serum sodium concentration for values between 125 and 140 mmol per liter; P<0.001 for both variables). Furthermore, a significant interaction was found between the MELD score and the serum sodium concentration, indicating that the effect of the serum sodium concentration was greater in patients with a low MELD score. When applied to the data from 2006, when 477 patients died within 3 months after registration on the waiting list, the combination of the MELD score and the serum sodium concentration was considerably higher than the MELD score alone in 32 patients who died (7%). Thus, assignment of priority according to the MELD score combined with the serum sodium concentration might have resulted in transplantation and prevented death.This population-wide study shows that the MELD score and the serum sodium concentration are important predictors of survival among candidates for liver transplantation.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000258852500006

    View details for PubMedID 18768945

  • Benefits of "The Benefit Model" in liver transplantation HEPATOLOGY Kim, W., Kremers, W. K. 2008; 48 (3): 697-698

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.22497

    View details for Web of Science ID 000258942100001

    View details for PubMedID 18752329

  • Clinical implications of short-term variability in liver function test results. Gastroenterology Kim, W. R. 2008; 135 (3): 1010

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.07.040

    View details for PubMedID 18691585

  • Predictors of early re-bleeding and mortality after acute variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis GUT Bambha, K., Kim, W. R., Pedersen, R., Bida, J. P., Kremers, W. K., Kamath, P. S. 2008; 57 (6): 814-820

    Abstract

    Risk factors for mortality and re-bleeding following acute variceal haemorrhage (AVH) are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for 6-week mortality, and re-bleeding within 5 days in patients with cirrhosis and AVH.Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to determine risk factors among 256 patients with AVH entered into a randomised, prospective trial.Thirty-five patients (14%) died within 6 weeks of AVH; 14 deaths (40%) occurred within 5 days. Only the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) transfused in the first 24 h were associated with 6-week mortality univariately (HR 1.11, p < 0.001; HR 1.22, p < 0.001) and bivariately (HR MELD = 1.10, p < 0.001; HR per unit of PRBCs transfused = 1.15, p = 0.005). Re-bleeding within 5 days occurred in 37 patients (15%); MELD score (p = 0.01) and a clot on a varix (p = 0.05) predicted re-bleeding. Patients with a MELD score > or = 18; both MELD score > or = 18 and > or = 4 units of PRBCs transfused; both MELD score > or = 18 and active bleeding at index endoscopy; and variceal re-bleeding had increased risk of death 6 weeks post-AVH (HR = 7.4, p < 0.001; 11.3, p < 0.001; 9.9, p < 0.001; 10.2, p < 0.001 respectively).Patients with AVH and MELD score > or = 18, requiring > or = 4 units of PRBCs within the first 24 h or with active bleeding at endoscopy are at increased risk of dying within 6 weeks. MELD score > or = 18 is also a strong predictor of variceal re-bleeding within the first 5 days.

    View details for DOI 10.1136/gut.2007.137489

    View details for Web of Science ID 000255802900021

    View details for PubMedID 18250126

  • Serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as an indicator of health and disease HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Flamm, S. L., Di Bisceglie, A. M., Bodenheimer, H. C. 2008; 47 (4): 1363-1370

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.22109

    View details for Web of Science ID 000254637100028

    View details for PubMedID 18366115

  • Mortality attributable to cholestatic liver disease in the United States HEPATOLOGY Mendes, F. D., Kim, W. R., Pedersen, R., Therneau, T., Lindor, K. D. 2008; 47 (4): 1241-1247

    Abstract

    In the past 2 decades, important advances have been made in the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases, including primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Whether these new therapies have had demonstrable impact on mortality on a population-wide scale has not been evaluated. This study describes the age-specific and sex-specific mortality rates from PBC and PSC in the United States between 1980 and 1998, based on the Multiple Cause of Death files. Age-specific and sex- specific mortality rates from PBC and PSC were calculated. The multivariable Poisson model was used to evaluate temporal changes in mortality rates. In 1998, the total age-adjusted and sex-adjusted PBC-related mortality rate was 0.24 per 100,000, and the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted PSC-related mortality rate was 0.23 per 100,000. During the observation period, PBC-related mortality significantly decreased over time in women younger than 65 years, and in men of all age groups, whereas in older women this number increased over time. PSC-related mortality remained essentially stable, except in men 65 years of age or older.Since the early 1980s, significant changes in mortality from PBC have occurred. The most noticeable change was an increase in the age of death, which indicates prolongation of survival. These changes may be attributable to liver transplantation or ursodeoxycholic acid. In contrast, mortality from PSC remained largely unchanged, highlighting the need for more effective therapeutic strategies.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000254637100016

    View details for PubMedID 18318437

  • Serum aminotransferase activity and mortality risk in a United States community HEPATOLOGY Lee, T. H., Kim, W. R., Benson, J. T., Therneau, T. M., Melton, L. J. 2008; 47 (3): 880-887

    Abstract

    Serum aminotransferase [such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] is commonly used as an indicator of liver disease. The aim of the study was to determine the degree to which aminotransferase results are associated with increased mortality at the population level. All adult residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who had a health care encounter at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, in 1995 were identified and their AST or ALT results extracted from a laboratory database. These subjects were followed forward from January 1995 to April 2006 and their survival determined. To exclude patients with abnormal results because of a terminal illness, deaths within the first 2 years were excluded. The main outcome measure was survival. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated, based on Minnesota White death rates. During 1995, AST was measured at least once in 18,401 community residents, of whom 2,350 (13%) had results greater than the upper limit of normal (ULN). Of 6,823 subjects who had their ALT measured, 911 (13%) had results higher than ULN. Abnormal AST was associated with a significantly increased SMR (1.32 for 1-2x ULN and 1.78 for >2x ULN). SMR was also higher for abnormal ALT (SMR = 1.21 for 1-2x ULN and 1.51 for >2x ULN). In contrast, normal AST or ALT was associated with a risk of death lower than expected (SMR 0.95 for AST, 0.61 for ALT).Serum levels of AST and ALT obtained in a routine medical care setting are associated with future mortality in community residents.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.22090

    View details for Web of Science ID 000253698900014

    View details for PubMedID 18302294

  • Mortality in patients with hepatitis C. Gastroenterology Pungpapong, S., Kim, W. R. 2008; 134 (2): 635-637

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.12.039

    View details for PubMedID 18242232

  • Hepatic vein pressure gradient > 10 mm Hg: Prognostic or reflective? GASTROENTEROLOGY Kim, W., Kamath, P. S. 2008; 134 (2): 641

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.12.003

    View details for Web of Science ID 000253032900036

    View details for PubMedID 18242236

  • Survival after liver transplantation: is racial disparity inevitable? HEPATOLOGY Lee, T. H., Shah, N., Pedersen, R. A., Kremers, W. K., Rosen, C. B., Klintmalm, G. B., Kim, W. R. 2007; 46 (5): 1491-1497

    Abstract

    Previous analyses have reported that minority patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) have poorer survival than Caucasian recipients. The reason for this disparity is unclear. We examined whether racial differences in survival exist at select academic OLT centers. OLT recipients from 4 academic centers were prospectively enrolled in 2 multicenter databases. Data including demographics, liver disease diagnosis, and post-OLT follow-up were obtained for 2823 (135 African, 2448 Caucasian, and 240 other race) adult patients undergoing primary OLT between 1985 and 2000. The survival of patients and grafts after OLT was compared across race. The Kaplan-Meier estimates for 1-year recipient survival were 90.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 86.0-95.9] for African Americans, 86.5% (95% CI: 85.1-87.9) for Caucasians, and 84.4% (95% CI: 79.8-89.2) for other races. The 5-year recipient survival probability was 69.2% (95% CI: 60.1-79.7) for African Americans, 72.2% (95% CI: 70.1-74.4) for Caucasians, and 67.5% (95% CI: 60.5-75.3) for other races. The 10-year recipient survival probability for African Americans was 54.4% (95% CI: 41.1-72.1), for Caucasians 50.7% (95% CI: 46.4-55.3), and for other races 55.7% (95% CI: 41.5-74.8). There was no difference in patient survival (P = 0.162) or graft survival (P = 0.582) among racial groups. A multivariable proportional hazards model confirmed the absence of an association between race and post-OLT survival after adjustments for age, gender, total bilirubin, creatinine, prothrombin time, and diagnosis.These data demonstrate that as a proof of principle, minority OLT recipients should not necessarily expect an OLT outcome inferior to that of Caucasians.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.21830

    View details for Web of Science ID 000250701200023

    View details for PubMedID 17929234

  • Hepatic encephalopathy as a predictor of survival in patients with end-stage liver disease LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Stewart, C. A., Malinchoc, M., Kim, W. R., Kamath, P. S. 2007; 13 (10): 1366-1371

    Abstract

    Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is an important component of hepatic decompensation, which reduces survival in patients with cirrhosis. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score has been used to predict survival of patients with cirrhosis. The aims of this study were to determine whether HE is a predictor of survival of patients with cirrhosis and to examine the degree to which HE may add to the survival prediction of MELD. Patients with end-stage liver disease whose data were included in 2 databases were included in the analysis: 223 patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) insertion, and 271 patients hospitalized with hepatic decompensation. In univariate analysis, HE grade 3 or higher was associated with a 3.7-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.9-7.3, P<0.01) increase in the risk of death in the TIPS patients and HE grade 2 or higher was associated 3.9-fold increase (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.6-5.7, P<0.01) in hospitalized patients. As expected, MELD and Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores (with and without HE included) were also markedly associated with survival. When HE (grade 2 or higher) and MELD were considered together, HE remained strongly statistically significant in the hospitalized patients (hazard ratio=2.6, 95% CI, 1.7-3.8, P<0.01). The effect became smaller in the TIPS patients (hazard ratio=1.1; 95% CI, 0.7-1.6, P=0.76). In conclusion, this retrospective study demonstrates that HE is an important event in the natural history of cirrhosis that affects subsequent survival of patients. HE may provide additional prognostic information independent of MELD, which warrants prospective validation.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.21129

    View details for Web of Science ID 000250104400005

    View details for PubMedID 17520742

  • Natural history of hepatitis B virus infection: An update for clinicians MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS Pungpapong, S., Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J. 2007; 82 (8): 967-975

    Abstract

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common viral pathogen that causes a substantial health burden worldwide. Significant progress has been made in the past few decades in understanding the natural history of HBV infection. A dynamic balance between viral replication and host immune response is pivotal to the pathogenesis of liver disease. In immunocompetent adults, most HBV infections spontaneously resolve, whereas in most neonates and infants they become chronic. Those with chronic HBV may present in 1 of 4 phases of infection: (1) in a state of immune tolerance, (2) with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)positive chronic hepatitis, (3) as an inactive hepatitis B surface antigen carrier, or (4) with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis. Of these, HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis may progress to cirrhosis and its long-term sequelae including hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several prognostic factors, such as serum HBV DNA concentrations, HBeAg status, serum aminotransferases, and certain HBV genotypes, have been identified to predict long-term outcome. These data emphasize the importance of monitoring all patients with chronic HBV infection to identify candidates for and select optimal timing of antiviral treatment, to recognize those at risk of complications, and to implement surveillance for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000248661700010

    View details for PubMedID 17673066

  • Can the model for end-stage liver disease be used to predict the prognosis in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome? LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Murad, S. D., Kim, W. R., de Groen, P. C., Kamath, P. S., Malinchoc, M., Valla, D., Janssen, H. l. 2007; 13 (6): 867-874

    Abstract

    The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) is a widely accepted and objective scoring system for end-stage liver disease (ESLD) but has never been evaluated for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). We investigated whether MELD can be used to predict survival in patients with BCS. Patients with BCS (n = 237) were obtained from a large international study. Patients with ESLD (n = 281) were used to compare the discriminative ability of MELD in BCS versus other chronic liver diseases. MELD and the Rotterdam BCS index, a recently developed prognostic index for BCS, were calculated with standard equations. Receiver operating characteristic curves and concordance statistics (c-statistics) were used to assess the models' ability to predict 1-year survival. The median MELD score was 12.5 (range = -7.4 to 43.4) for BCS and 11.3 (-3.0 to 49.5) for ESLD (P = 0.12). The c-statistic of MELD in BCS was 0.695 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.59-0.80], in contrast to 0.848 (95% CI = 0.80-0.90) in ESLD. Survival was significantly poorer in ESLD than in BCS (P < 0.001). The c-statistic of the Rotterdam BCS index was 0.760 (95% CI = 0.67-0.85). The correlation between MELD and the Rotterdam BCS index was 0.61, and most of the discrepancy existed in BCS patients with a high prevalence of ascites and encephalopathy and preserved liver function. The addition of ascites and encephalopathy to MELD improved the c-statistic to 0.751 (95% CI = 0.65-0.85). In conclusion, MELD showed a suboptimal discriminative ability to predict survival in BCS. This was explained by the highly variable degree of liver dysfunction and hence clinical outcome in BCS in contrast to ESLD.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.21171

    View details for Web of Science ID 000246982200016

    View details for PubMedID 17539007

  • Risk factors for mortality after surgery in patients with cirrhosis GASTROENTEROLOGY Teh, S. H., Nagorney, D. M., Stevens, S. R., Offord, K. P., Therneau, T. M., Plevak, D. J., Talwalkar, J. A., Kim, W. R., Kamath, P. S. 2007; 132 (4): 1261-1269

    Abstract

    Current methods of predicting risk of postoperative mortality in patients with cirrhosis are suboptimal. The utility of the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) in predicting mortality after surgery other than liver transplantation is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for postoperative mortality in patients with cirrhosis.Patients with cirrhosis (N = 772) who underwent major digestive (n = 586), orthopedic (n = 107), or cardiovascular (n = 79) surgery were studied. Control groups of patients with cirrhosis included 303 undergoing minor surgical procedures and 562 ambulatory patients. Univariate and multivariable proportional hazards analyses were used to determine the relationship between risk factors and mortality.Patients undergoing major surgery were at increased risk for mortality up to 90 days postoperatively. By multivariable analysis, only MELD score, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, and age predicted mortality at 30 and 90 days, 1 year, and long-term, independently of type or year of surgery. Emergency surgery was the only independent predictor of duration of hospitalization postoperatively. Thirty-day mortality ranged from 5.7% (MELD score, <8) to more than 50% (MELD score, >20). The relationship between MELD score and mortality persisted throughout the 20-year postoperative period.MELD score, age, and American Society of Anesthesiologists class can quantify the risk of mortality postoperatively in patients with cirrhosis, independently of the procedure performed. These factors can be used in determining operative mortality risk and whether elective surgical procedures can be delayed until after liver transplantation.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.040

    View details for Web of Science ID 000246020900014

    View details for PubMedID 17408652

  • The Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) HEPATOLOGY Kamath, P. S., Kim, W. R. 2007; 45 (3): 797-805

    Abstract

    The Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) was initially created to predict survival in patients with complications of portal hypertension undergoing elective placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. The MELD which uses only objective variables was validated subsequently as an accurate predictor of survival among different populations of patients with advanced liver disease. The major use of the MELD score has been in allocation of organs for liver transplantation. However, the MELD score has also been shown to predict survival in patients with cirrhosis who have infections, variceal bleeding, as well as in patients with fulminant hepatic failure and alcoholic hepatitis. MELD may be used in selection of patients for surgery other than liver transplantation and in determining optimal treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who are not candidates for liver transplantation. Despite the many advantages of the MELD score, there are approximately 15%-20% of patients whose survival cannot be accurately predicted by the MELD score. It is possible that the addition of variables that are better determinants of liver and renal function may improve the predictive accuracy of the model. Efforts at further refinement and validation of the MELD score will continue.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.21563

    View details for Web of Science ID 000244794600027

    View details for PubMedID 17326206

  • Hepatitis B and C GI EPIDEMIOLOGY Kim, W., Talley, N. J., Locke, G. R., Saito, Y. A. 2007: 254-260
  • Is coffee or tea good for your liver? NATURE CLINICAL PRACTICE GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R. 2006; 3 (9): 482-483

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ncpgasthep0558

    View details for Web of Science ID 000240214800003

    View details for PubMedID 16951661

  • Evidence-based incorporation of serum sodium concentration into MELD GASTROENTEROLOGY Biggins, S. W., Kim, W. R., Terrault, N. A., Saab, S., Balan, V., Schiano, T., Benson, J., Therneau, T., Kremers, W., Wiesner, R., Kamath, P., Klintmalm, G. 2006; 130 (6): 1652-1660

    Abstract

    Serum sodium (Na) concentrations have been suggested as a useful predictor of mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation.We evaluated methods to incorporate Na into model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), using a prospective, multicenter database specifically created for validation and refinement of MELD. Adult, primary liver transplant candidates with end-stage liver disease were enrolled.Complete data were available in 753 patients, in whom the median MELD score was 10.8 and sodium was 137 mEq/L. Low Na (<130 mEq/L) was present in 8% of patients, of whom 90% had ascites. During the study period, 67 patients (9%) died, 243 (32%) underwent transplantation, 73 (10%) were withdrawn, and 370 were still waiting. MELD score and Na, at listing, were significant (both, P < .01) predictors of death within 6 months. After adjustment for MELD score and center, there was a linear increase in the risk of death as Na decreased between 135 and 120 mEq/L. A new score to incorporate Na into MELD was developed: "MELD-Na" = MELD + 1.59 (135 - Na) with maximum and minimum Na of 135 and 120 mEq/L, respectively. In this cohort, "MELD-Na" scores of 20, 30, and 40 were associated with 6%, 16%, and 37% of risk of death within 6 months of listing, respectively. If this new score were used to allocate grafts, it would affect 27% of the transplant recipients.We demonstrate an evidence-based method to incorporate Na into MELD, which provides more accurate survival prediction than MELD alone.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.02.010

    View details for Web of Science ID 000237686700016

    View details for PubMedID 16697729

  • Deaths on the liver transplant waiting list: An analysis of competing risks HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Therneau, T. M., Benson, J. T., Kremers, W. K., Rosen, C. B., Gores, G. J., Dickson, E. R. 2006; 43 (2): 345-351

    Abstract

    The usual method of estimating survival probabilities, namely the Kaplan-Meier method, is suboptimal in the analysis of deaths on the transplant waiting list. Death, transplantation, and withdrawal from list must all be considered. In this analysis, we applied the competing risk analysis method, which allows evaluating these end points individually and simultaneously, to compare the risk of waiting list death across era, blood types, liver disease diagnosis, and severity (Model for End-stage Liver Disease; MELD). Of 861 patients registered on the waiting list at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1990 and 1999, 657 (76%) patients underwent transplantation, 82 (10%) died while waiting, 41 (5%) withdrew from the list, and 81 (9%) patients were still waiting as of February 2002. The risk of death at 3 years was 10% by the competing risk analysis. During the study period, the median time to transplantation increased from 45 to 517 days. In univariate analyses, there was no significant difference in the risk of death by era of listing (P = .25) or blood type (P = .31), whereas the risk of death was significantly higher in patients with alcohol-induced liver disease and those with higher MELD score (P < .01). A multivariable analysis showed that after adjusting for MELD, blood type, and diagnosis, patients listed in the latter era had higher mortality. In conclusion, the competing risk analysis method is useful in estimating the risk of death among patients awaiting liver transplantation.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/bep.21025

    View details for Web of Science ID 000235112900016

    View details for PubMedID 16440361

  • Predictive models in portal hypertension Garcia-Tsao, G., D'Amico, G., Abraldes, J. G., Schepis, F., Merli, M., Kim, W., Christensen, E., DeFranchis, R. BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL. 2006: 47-102
  • Hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: Model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score predicts perioperative mortality JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY Teh, S. H., Christein, J., Donohue, J., QUE, F., Kendrick, M., Farnell, M., Cha, S., Kamath, P., Kim, R., Nagorney, D. M. 2005; 9 (9): 1207-1215

    Abstract

    Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis is generally recommended for patients with Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Class A liver disease and early tumor stage. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) has been shown to accurately predict survival in patients with cirrhosis, but whether MELD is useful for selection of patients with cirrhosis for hepatic resection is unknown. We examined whether MELD was predictive of perioperative mortality and correlated MELD with other potential clinicopathologic factors to overall survival in patients with cirrhosis undergoing hepatic resection for HCC. A retrospective chart review was undertaken of patients with HCC and cirrhosis undergoing hepatic resection between 1993 and 2003. Eighty-two patients (62 men, 20 women; mean age, 62 years) were identified. Forty-five patients had MELD score > or =9 (range, 9-15) and CTP score ranged from 5 to 9 points. Fifty-nine patients underwent minor (<3 segments) hepatic resections (MELD < or =8, n = 29; MELD > or =9, n = 30) and 23 underwent major (> or =3 segments) hepatic resections (MELD < or =8, n = 8; MELD > or =9, n = 15). Perioperative mortality rate was 16%. MELD score < or =8 was associated with no perioperative mortality versus 29% for patients with an MELD score > or =9 (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that MELD score > or =9 (P < 0.01), clinical tumor symptoms (P < 0.01), and ASA score (P = 0.046) are independent predictors of perioperative mortality. Multivariate analysis showed MELD > or =9 (P < 0.01), tumor size >5 cm (P < 0.01), high tumor grade (P = 0.03), and absence of tumor capsule (P < 0.01) as independent predictors of decreased long-term survival. MELD score was a strong predictor of both perioperative mortality and long-term survival in patients with cirrhosis undergoing hepatic resection for HCC. In patients with cirrhosis, hepatic resection (minor or major) for HCC is recommended if the MELD score is < or =8. In patients with MELD score > or =9, other treatment modalities should be considered.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.gassur.2005.09.008

    View details for Web of Science ID 000234336100003

    View details for PubMedID 16332475

  • Mortality and hospital utilization for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States GASTROENTEROLOGY Kim, W. R., Gores, G. J., Benson, J. T., Therneau, T. M., Melton, L. J. 2005; 129 (2): 486-493

    Abstract

    The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been increasing in the United States. Although resource-intensive treatment modalities have been increasingly applied, these patients still have poor survival. We examined 2 nationally representative databases, the Multiple Cause of Death file and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, to examine trends in mortality and hospital service utilization related to HCC.In both databases, a priori criteria were used to identify cases of HCC. All other available diagnostic fields were examined to characterize coexistent liver disease. Age-, sex-, and race-specific mortality from HCC was calculated, and temporal changes in mortality rates were evaluated using the multivariable Poisson model. Hospital service utilization was estimated based on length of stay, total hospitalization charges, and principal procedures.The age-, sex-, and race-specific mortality from HCC increased from 1.54 to 2.58 per 100,000 per year between 1980 and 1998. Male sex, African and Asian race, and increasing age were also associated with higher mortality. The estimated total charge for HCC hospitalizations nationwide increased from 241 million US dollars in 1988 to 509 million US dollars in 2000 after inflation adjustment. Commonly employed procedures in 2000 included angiography/embolization, resection, local ablative therapy, and liver transplantation.In the recent past, mortality and hospital service utilization related to HCC increased substantially. Closer epidemiologic surveillance to understand causation of HCC at the population level and to help implement primary and secondary prevention is urgently warranted.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.05.001

    View details for Web of Science ID 000231070600012

    View details for PubMedID 16083705

  • Employment and health insurance in long-term liver transplant recipients AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Rongey, C., Bambha, K., Vanness, D., Pedersen, R. A., Malinchoc, M., Therneau, T. M., Dickson, E. R., Kim, W. R. 2005; 5 (8): 1901-1908

    Abstract

    This study was conducted to examine factors affecting health insurance and employment status in long-term liver transplant (OLT) recipients. All adult primary OLT recipients surviving at least 1 year were surveyed using existing questionnaires. Out of 217 eligible recipients, 186 (86%) responded. The median age of respondents was 55 years with a median survival after OLT of 3.4 years. The majority (98%) of respondents had health insurance coverage. Thirty-four (18%) reported having lost and/or having been denied health insurance since OLT, and 63 (34%) switched health insurance since OLT. Of the 179 that reported employment status, 98 (55%) were employed, including homemakers and students, while 39 (22%) were retired and 42 (24%) unemployed. The majority (76%) of those unemployed cited poor health as the reason for unemployment, followed by 5 (12%) who feared loss of disability or Medicaid benefits. Fourteen reported to have been denied or terminated from employment because of their transplant. In the regression analysis, employment prior to transplantation (odds ratio (OR)=5.1), age less than 57 (OR=5.1), physical function score>52.4 (OR=3.6) and general health score>33.3 (OR=7.6) were significantly associated with employment. These data may help identify high-risk pre-OLT patients for intervention measures such as work rehabilitation.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1600.6143.2005.00961.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000230291500016

    View details for PubMedID 15996237

  • The use of decision analytic models to inform clinical decision making in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinics in liver disease Kim, W. R. 2005; 9 (2): 225-234

    Abstract

    Decision analysis helps evaluate competing strategies under conditions of uncertainty in a wide variety of clinical settings. Despite some limitations, decision trees and Markov models remain essential tools for medical decision analysts. These techniques allow comparison of competing management strategies in a quantitative fashion. Sensitivity analysis is an important feature of decision analytic models that identify important factors that affect the outcome of decisions under considerations. Judiciously used, decision analytic models allow a quantitative evaluation of existing data as they relate to strategies ranging from optimizing clinical management at the patient level to allocating health care resources at the societal level.

    View details for PubMedID 15831270

  • MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis HEPATOLOGY Dunn, W., Jamil, L. H., Brown, L. S., Wiesner, R. H., Kim, W. R., Menon, K. V., Malinchoc, M., Kamath, P. S., Shah, V. 2005; 41 (2): 353-358

    Abstract

    Assessing severity of disease in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is useful for predicting mortality, guiding treatment decisions, and stratifying patients for therapeutic trials. The traditional disease-specific prognostic model used for this purpose is the Maddrey discriminant function (DF). The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) is a more recently developed scoring system that has been validated as an independent predictor of patient survival in candidates for liver transplantation. The aim of the present study was to examine the ability of MELD to predict mortality in patients with AH. A retrospective cohort study of 73 patients diagnosed with AH between 1995 and 2001 was performed at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. MELD was the only independent predictor of mortality in patients with AH. MELD was comparable to DF in predicting 30-day mortality (c-statistic and 95% CI: 0.83 [0.71-0.96] and 0.74 [0.62-0.87] for MELD and DF, respectively, not significant) and 90-day mortality (c-statistic and 95% CI: 0.86 [0.77-0.96] and 0.83 [0.74-0.92] for MELD and DF, respectively, not significant). A MELD score of 21 had a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 75% in predicting 90-day mortality in AH. In conclusion, MELD is useful for predicting 30-day and 90-day mortality in patients with AH and maintains some practical and statistical advantages over DF in predicting mortality rate in these patients. MELD is a useful clinical tool for gauging mortality and guiding treatment decisions in patients with AH, particularly those complicated by ascites and/or encephalopathy.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.20503

    View details for Web of Science ID 000226637900017

    View details for PubMedID 15660383

  • Predicting survival among patients listed for liver transplantation: An assessment of serial MELD measurements AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Bambha, K., Kim, W. R., Kremers, W. K., Therneau, T. M., Kamath, P. S., Wiesner, R., Rosen, C. B., Thostenson, J., Benson, J. T., Dickson, E. R. 2004; 4 (11): 1798-1804

    Abstract

    We examined whether consideration of repeated model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) measurements for patients listed for liver transplantation improves predictive value beyond current MELD alone. Clinical data were extracted for all adult primary liver transplantation candidates from our institution who were listed with the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) between 1990 and 1999. Serum creatinine, bilirubin, and international normalized ratio (INR) were obtained from an institutional laboratory database. Cox models were constructed using current MELD, change in MELD (Delta), and number of MELD scores to predict survival on the waiting list. Eight hundred and sixty-one patients met inclusion criteria, 639 underwent transplantation, and 80 died while waiting. A one-unit increment in current MELD imparted significant hazard ratios ranging from 1.12 to 1.19 in all models. Delta MELD was predictive of mortality univariately, but less predictive when current MELD was included, and not predictive when considered with both current and number of MELD scores. Overall, current MELD is the single most important determinant of mortality risk on the waiting list. Delta MELD is predictive of death only within 4 d of the event; however, part of this correlates with the dying process itself, thus limiting Delta MELD's utility in survival prediction models.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00550.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000224435000015

    View details for PubMedID 15476479

  • The impact of competing risks on the observed rate of chronic hepatitis C progression GASTROENTEROLOGY Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Benson, J. T., Therneau, T. M. 2004; 127 (3): 749-755

    Abstract

    In previous studies about the natural history of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), age at the time of infection correlated with the rate at which hepatic fibrosis progresses. The presence of a competing risk, namely higher mortality from natural causes, may contribute to this observation. A simulation experiment was conducted to measure the magnitude of the effect of competing risks on the observed rate of fibrosis progression of CHC.A computer-based probabilistic model was created in which fibrosis of CHC progressed from stage 0 to 4 (cirrhosis) in 20-year-old and 50-year-old male and female cohorts. The rate of fibrosis progression was randomly assigned to each simulated individual from a distribution common to all age- and sex-specific cohorts. The cohorts also experienced mortality from natural causes according to the 2000 census data.The observed median time to reach cirrhosis for the 50-year-old cohorts was 20.4 +/- 0.2 years compared with 29.7 +/- 0.2 for the 20-year-old cohorts ( P < 0.01). The median time to reach cirrhosis in men was 24.2 +/- 0.6 years compared with 25.9 +/- 0.6 in women ( P = 0.01). Overall, the observed rate of progression was slowest among young women. Similarly, accelerating mortality from natural causes, simulating the impact of comorbid conditions that shorten survival, reduced the observed time to reach cirrhosis.Even if the underlying rate of fibrosis progression in CHC was held constant, the time to reach cirrhosis will be observed to be substantially shorter in subjects with a higher competing mortality.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.06.052

    View details for Web of Science ID 000223834500012

    View details for PubMedID 15362031

  • Outcome of liver transplantation for hepatitis B in the United States LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Kremers, W. K., Ishitani, M. B., Dickson, E. R. 2004; 10 (8): 968-974

    Abstract

    Important innovations, such as hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and lamivudine, have been introduced to the care of patients undergoing liver transplantation (OLT) for viral hepatitis B (HBV) (over the last 15 years). We analyzed survival of OLT recipients with HBV in the United States to examine the effect of these innovations. A retrospective analysis was conducted based on data collected prospectively by the United Network for Organ Sharing in all adult (older than 18) patients undergoing primary OLT in the United States between 1987 and 2002. OLT recipients with HBV were identified by the principal diagnosis of acute or chronic HBV or positive results on HBV markers. Patients were divided into Era 1 (1987-1991), Era 2 (1992-1996), and Era 3 (1997-2002). Era 1 consisted of 6,708 patients (675 with HBV), Era 2 consisted of 13,995 patients (1,005 with HBV), and Era 3 consisted of 20,730 patients (1,723 with HBV). More recent patients were older and had less advanced liver disease and shorter ischemic time. The survival of patients with HBV was significantly better for Era 2 than for Era 1 (P <.01) and for Era 3 than for Era 2 (P <.01). There was no difference in survival between patients with HBV and all other diagnoses for Era 3 (P =.14). In the multivariable analysis, the effect of these eras persisted when other variables such as recipient and donor age, warm ischemic time, pre-OLT disease severity, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were taken into account. Unlike previous reports, fulminant disease and Asian race had no effect on patient survival. In conclusion, these data underscore the effectiveness of therapeutic innovations that have occurred in the past two decades and indicate timely and widespread adoption of these measures by transplant centers nationwide.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/lt.20217

    View details for Web of Science ID 000223274300003

    View details for PubMedID 15390321

  • Cost-effectiveness analysis and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios: uses and pitfalls EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Bambha, K., Kim, W. R. 2004; 16 (6): 519-526

    Abstract

    Cost-effectiveness analysis is a formal method of comparing alternative medical interventions with regard to their resource utilization (costs) and outcomes (effectiveness). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is an informative measure generated from such an analysis and represents the ratio of the difference in cost between two medical interventions to the difference in outcomes between the two interventions. Thus, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio summarizes the additional cost per unit of health benefit gained in switching from one medical intervention to another. Although incremental cost-effectiveness ratios have limitations, when used in the proper context, these ratios serve as one of the important tools needed to help guide decisions about allocating scarce resources across competing medical programmes.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/01.meg.000010834341221.46

    View details for Web of Science ID 000221874300003

    View details for PubMedID 15167152

  • A glossary of economic terms EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Chiba, N., Gralnek, I. M., Moayyedi, P., Provenzale, D., Inadomi, J. M., Willan, A. R., Briggs, A. H., Kim, W. R. 2004; 16 (6): 563-565
  • Measurement of ionizing radiation using carbon nanotube field effect transistor 46th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physicists-in-Medicine Tang, X., Yang, Y., Kim, W., Wang, Q., Xing, L., Dai, H. AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS. 2004: 1839–39
  • Primary biliary cirrhosis: an infectious disease caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae? JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY Abdulkarim, A. S., Petrovic, L. M., Kim, W. R., Angulo, P., Lloyd, R. V., Lindor, K. D. 2004; 40 (3): 380-384

    Abstract

    The etiology and pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) remain elusive. Both an infectious etiology and molecular mimicry have been implicated. The aim is to study the prevalence of Chlamydial antigens and RNA in the liver tissue of patients with PBC.We compared the prevalence of Chlamydial antigen and RNA in 25 explants with PBC who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation with 105 explanted livers from other chronic liver disease. We also studied 14 liver biopsies from patients with early stages of PBC. Donor livers were also studied.In all 39 patients with PBC, Chlamydia pneumoniae antigens were present but not Chlamydia trachomatis, and only 9/105 (8.5%) of patients in the other categories were positive (P<0.01) for C. pneumoniae. Eight explanted PBC livers were tested for C. pneumoniae 16S RNA by in situ hybridization and were positive.The presence of C. pneumoniae antigen and RNA in liver tissue of patients with PBC suggests that C. pneumoniae antigen may trigger an immune response based on molecular mimicry.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.11.033

    View details for Web of Science ID 000220270300003

    View details for PubMedID 15123349

  • Management of patients with hepatitis C in a community population: Diagnosis, discussions, and decisions to treat ANNALS OF FAMILY MEDICINE Rocca, L. G., Yawn, B. P., Wollan, P., Kim, W. R. 2004; 2 (2): 116-124

    Abstract

    Chronic hepatitis C, a treatable condition caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), can be found in almost all primary care and community practices. The rate of hepatitis C treatment is low, however. This study explores the frequency of hepatitis C treatment, documented discussions of treatment consideration, and the reasons treatment may not be offered in a community population.This study is a retrospective medical record review of care provided to all patients in Olmsted County, Minn, who had a confirmed diagnosis of hepatitis C. Using all records from all health care providers in Olmsted County, the rates of documented discussions regarding hepatitis C treatment and the treatment rates by specialty of diagnosing physician were assessed. In addition, comorbidities listed as reasons not to treat and or comorbid conditions in patients without a documented treatment discussion were assessed.Of the 366 patients with hepatitis C, 62% were men. Hepatitis C was more commonly diagnosed by generalist physicians (41% of cases). Treatment discussions were documented for 77% of patients with hepatitis C diagnosed by either a generalist or a gastrointestinal specialist (gastroenterologist or hepatologist) compared with 46% of patients with hepatitis C diagnosed by other physicians. Generalists' patients were more likely to have documented contraindications to treatment and were only one half as likely to receive hepatitis C treatment compared with patients with hepatitis C diagnosed by gastrointestinal specialists (16% vs 33%). Documented attempts to treat or reassess after resolution of potentially reversible contraindications to hepatitis C therapy were infrequent.In this community population, hepatitis C treatment was discussed with the majority of patients with a diagnosis of hepatitis C; however, the actual treatment rate was low. Many opportunities exist for treating more patients for HCV infection, particularly those found during emergency care and chemical dependency treatment. In addition, generalists' recognition and treatment of potentially reversible contraindications to hepatitis C therapy could greatly increase the number of treatment candidates.

    View details for DOI 10.1370/afm.62

    View details for Web of Science ID 000225714700005

    View details for PubMedID 15083850

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1466643

  • MELD score as a predictor of pretransplant and posttransplant survival in OPTN/UNOS Status 1 patients HEPATOLOGY Kremers, W. K., van Ijperen, M., Kim, W. R., Freeman, R. B., Harper, A. M., Kamath, P. S., Wiesner, R. H. 2004; 39 (3): 764-769

    Abstract

    The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score is predictive of survival and is used to prioritize patients with chronic liver disease patients for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The aims of this study are (1) to assess the ability of MELD score at listing to predict pretransplant and posttransplant survival for nonchronic liver disease patients listed with the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/ United Network for Organ Sharing (OPTN/UNOS) as Status 1; and (2) to compare survival associated with 4 diagnostic groups within the Status 1 designation. The study population consisted of adult patients listed for OLT at Status 1 in the UNOS national database between November 1, 1999 and March 14, 2002 (N = 720). Events within 30 days of listing were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methodology. Patients meeting criteria for fulminant hepatic failure without acetaminophen toxicity (FHF-NA, n = 312) had the poorest survival probability while awaiting OLT; this was negatively correlated with MELD score (P =.0001). These patients experienced the greatest survival benefit associated with OLT, with an estimated improvement of survival from about 58% to 91% (P <.0001). Patients listed for primary nonfunction within 7 days of OLT (n = 268) did not show mortality to be related to MELD score (P =.41) and did not show a significant association between survival and OLT (P =.68). In conclusion, liver allocation within the Status 1 designation may need to be further stratified by diagnosis, and MELD score may be useful for prioritizing FHF-NA candidates.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.20083

    View details for Web of Science ID 000220427900023

    View details for PubMedID 14999695

  • Changing epidemiology of hepatitis B in a US community HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Benson, J. T., Therneau, T. M., Torgerson, H. A., Yawn, B. P., Melton, L. J. 2004; 39 (3): 811-816

    Abstract

    Despite a reduction in newly acquired hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections since the mid-1980s, HBV remains an important cause of liver disease in the U.S. We report the prevalence of chronic HBV infection in a U.S. community and describe demographic and clinical characteristics. The Rochester Epidemiology Project records healthcare encounters of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. For all cases with a potential diagnosis of hepatitis B in this database, complete medical records were reviewed to identify subjects who met the inclusion criteria, i.e., a clinician diagnosis of chronic HBV infection and a laboratory record of positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). There were 191 residents with chronic HBV infection in the community, consisting of 53% Asian, 29% African, 13% Caucasian, and 5% other or unknown race. The overall age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of HBV in this community was 0.15% in 2000. The race-specific prevalence was highest among Asians (2.1%), followed by African Americans (1.9%). The prevalence among Caucasians was 0.02%. Overall, 86% were born outside the U.S., 98% of whom were non-Caucasian. A total of 131 residents were tested for HBV replicative status, of whom 27% had viral replication. Of those tested for aminotransferases (n = 184), 28% had an abnormal value at least once. In a multivariable regression analysis, replicative status was the most influential (odds ratio [OR] = 5.98, P <.01) factor associated with abnormal aminotransferase values, followed by male gender (OR = 3.69) and age greater than 40 years (OR = 2.32 per decade). In conclusion, in this Midwestern community, chronic HBV infection was predominantly seen in immigrants from endemic parts of the world.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hep.20098

    View details for Web of Science ID 000220427900029

    View details for PubMedID 14999701

  • Liver transplantation is effective, but is it cost-effective? LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Bambha, K., Kim, W. R. 2003; 9 (12): 1308-1311

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.lts.2003.09.025

    View details for Web of Science ID 000186910900010

    View details for PubMedID 14625831

  • Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis in a United States community GASTROENTEROLOGY Bambha, K., Kim, W. R., Talwalkar, J., Torgerson, H., Benson, J. T., Therneau, T. M., Loftus, E. V., Yawn, B. P., Dickson, E. R., Melton, L. J. 2003; 125 (5): 1364-1369

    Abstract

    The epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in the United States is unknown. We report the incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of PSC in Olmsted County, Minnesota.Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a medical records linkage system in Olmsted County, Minnesota, we identified county residents with PSC, and the diagnosis was confirmed according to clinical, biochemical, radiographic, and histologic criteria.Twenty-two patients met diagnostic criteria for PSC in 1976-2000. The age-adjusted (to 2000 U.S. whites) incidence of PSC in men was 1.25 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 0.70 to 2.06) compared with 0.54 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 0.22 to 1.12) in women. The prevalence of PSC in 2000 was 20.9 per 100,000 men (95% CI, 9.5 to 32.4) and only 6.3 per 100,000 women (95% CI, 0.1 to 12.5). Seventy-three percent of cases had inflammatory bowel disease, the majority with ulcerative colitis. Survival among PSC patients was significantly less than expected for the Minnesota white population of similar age and gender (P < 0.001).These data represent the first population-based estimates of the incidence and prevalence of PSC in the United States. The incidence and prevalence of PSC were approximately one third of those previously described for primary biliary cirrhosis in the same population. Our data suggest that the prevalence of PSC in the United States, with its attendant medical burdens, is significantly greater than previously estimated.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/S0016-5085(03)01356-8

    View details for Web of Science ID 000186621500013

    View details for PubMedID 14598252

  • Effect of minimal listing criteria on waiting list registration for liver transplantation: A process-outcome analysis 51st Annual Meeting of the American-Association-for-the-Study-of-Liver-Diseases Talwalkar, J. A., Kim, W. R., Rosen, C. B., Kamath, P. S., Wiesner, R. H. MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS. 2003: 431–35

    Abstract

    To determine the level of association between minimal listing criteria (MLC) recognition and outcomes associated with waiting list registration for liver transplantation (LT).A total of 147 patients and 201 patients were identified as first-time referrals for LT evaluation between January 1, 1997, and November 30, 1997 (cohort A), and December 1,1997, and December 31, 1998 (cohort B), respectively. Relevant demographic and clinical information was abstracted from medical records. Minimal listing criteria were defined as a Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score of 7 or higher.Patient age, sex, hepatic disease etiology, and mean CTP scores were similar between cohorts A and B. However, the proportion of registered patients in cohort B with CTP scores of 7 or higher increased significantly after formal MLC recognition (96% vs 82% for cohort A; P=.001). In cohort A, waiting list registration was based on patient age, male sex, nonalcohol-related hepatic disease, and a CTP score of 7 or higher in the absence of formal MLC. The rate of first-time patient referral was also increased in cohort B vs cohort A after formal MLC recognition (80% vs 69%, respectively; P=.002) despite similar clinical characteristics. Although the number of patients with a CTP score of 10 or higher was greater in cohort B vs cohort A, the proportion of patients with advanced end-stage liver disease was similar (29% vs 26%, respectively; P=.72).The explicit recognition of MLC was strongly associated with improvements in appropriate waiting list registration for LT.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000181946600005

    View details for PubMedID 12683695

  • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic outpatients with cirrhotic ascites HEPATOLOGY Evans, L. T., Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Kamath, P. S. 2003; 37 (4): 897-901

    Abstract

    The prevalence and natural history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic patients with ascites secondary to cirrhosis is unknown. From a prospectively recorded database, we reviewed the clinical and laboratory features of all outpatients with cirrhotic ascites undergoing paracentesis between July 1994 and December 2000. The prevalence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the population of 427 cirrhotic outpatients as defined by neutrocytic ascites (absolute neutrophil count >or=250 cells/mm(3)) was 3.5%. Of the 15 patients with neutrocytic ascites, 6 were culture positive (1.4%) and 9 culture negative (2.1%). Eight other patients (1.9%) had bacterascites. The organisms cultured from ascitic fluid in these asymptomatic patients with culture positive neutrocytic ascites and bacterascites were predominantly gram positive. No patient developed hepatorenal syndrome, and 1-year survival of 67% was better than historical data from hospitalized patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Moreover, patients who did not receive antibiotics for neutrocytic ascites fared no worse than patients who did receive antibiotics. In conclusion, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in outpatients with cirrhotic ascites is less frequent, occurs in patients with less advanced liver disease, and may have a better outcome than its counterpart in hospitalized patients. In addition, the organisms cultured from ascitic fluid in outpatients are predominantly gram positive. A reassessment of diagnostic criteria for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in outpatients may be required.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/jhep.2003.50119

    View details for Web of Science ID 000182004600024

    View details for PubMedID 12668984

  • Pretransplantation disease severity and posttransplantation outcome LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R. 2003; 9 (2): 124-125

    View details for DOI 10.1053/jlts.2003.50030

    View details for Web of Science ID 000180698200003

    View details for PubMedID 12548504

  • Is the change in MELD score a better indicator of mortality than baseline MELD score? LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Kamath, P. S., Kim, W. R. 2003; 9 (1): 19-21

    View details for DOI 10.1053/jlts.2003.50031

    View details for Web of Science ID 000180240900003

    View details for PubMedID 12514768

  • The burden of hepatitis C in the United States HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R. 2002; 36 (5): S30-S34

    Abstract

    According to the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 3.9 million of the U.S. civilian population have been infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), of whom 2.7 million (74%) have chronic infection. Hepatitis C virus infection is most common among non-Caucasian men, ages 30 to 49 years. Moreover, the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in groups not represented in the NHANES sample, such as the homeless or incarcerated, may be as high as 40%. The age-adjusted death rate for non-A, non-B viral hepatitis increased from 0.4 to 1.8 deaths per 100,000 persons per year between 1982 and 1999. In 1999, the first year hepatitis C was reported separately, there were 3,759 deaths attributed to HCV, although this is likely an underestimate. There was a 5-fold increase in the annual number of patients with HCV who underwent liver transplantation between 1990 and 2000. Currently, more than one third of liver transplant candidates have HCV. Inpatient care of HCV-related liver disease has also been increasing. In 1998, an estimated 140,000 discharges listed an HCV-related diagnosis, accounting for 2% of discharges from non-federal acute care hospitals in the United States. The total direct health care cost associated with HCV is estimated to have exceeded $1 billion in 1998. Future projections predict a 4-fold increase between 1990 and 2015 in persons at risk of chronic liver disease (i.e., those with infection for 20 years or longer), suggesting a continued rise in the burden of HCV in the United States in the foreseeable future.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/jhep.2002.36791

    View details for Web of Science ID 000179039000004

    View details for PubMedID 12407574

  • Global epidemiology and burden of hepatitis C MICROBES AND INFECTION Kim, W. R. 2002; 4 (12): 1219-1225

    Abstract

    Despite rapid progress in our knowledge of hepatitis C virology and pathogenesis, little is known about the current and future burden of this infection throughout the world. Prevalence and population-based studies have suggested that complications of the liver disease associated with chronic hepatitis C infection may potentially require substantial health care resources and generate very high costs for medical systems in the United States, Europe and worldwide. Careful understanding and assessment of hepatitis C health and economic burdens are likely to guide better programs for the management of infected individuals and the prevention of complications.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000179410300004

    View details for PubMedID 12467763

  • Rising burden of Hepatitis B in the United States should 'the other' virus be forgotten?. Kim, W. R., Ishitani, M. R., Dickson, E. R. W B SAUNDERS CO. 2002: 222A
  • Motion - The available treatments for hepatitis C are cost effective: Arguments against the motion CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Kim, W. R. 2002; 16 (10): 710-715

    Abstract

    Hepatitis C is a prevalent infection in North America. However, the natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the general population is not fully understood. Available cohort-based studies suggest that only a relative minority of patients develop significant liver disease, such as cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Other studies, mostly conducted based on referral patients with established disease, portray much more serious consequences of HCV infection. Although a substantial improvement has been made in the treatment for HCV, the overall impact of antiviral therapy in altering the natural course of HCV infection remains uncertain. Therapeutic trials involve narrow selection criteria that would exclude the majority of hepatitis C patients in the community, and are conducted in ideal settings that may not be generalizable to the average practice setting. Demographic groups that are at high risk of developing severe liver disease include older male patients who consume alcohol. In contrast, antiviral therapy is more effective in young and female patients and those who do not drink alcohol. Thus, patients who appear to be successfully treated may not be those for whom clearance of the virus would be beneficial. Cost-effectiveness studies published to date have not been able to fully address the complex and heterogeneous matrix of the factors that influence the natural history of HCV infection and treatment response. In summary, there is a significant degree of uncertainty about many assumptions that are necessary in creating computer models to estimate the cost-effectiveness of HCV therapy. When interpreting the results of cost effectiveness analyses regarding the treatment of HCV infection, it is important to be aware of the underlying assumptions that are incorporated in the model and the data on which they are based. Given these limitations, vis- -vis the expense, toxicity and yet limited effectiveness of the currently available antiviral agents, one should not blindly accept a conclusion that treatment for hepatitis C is cost effective.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000179108300010

    View details for PubMedID 12420033

  • Bayesian estimation, simulation and uncertainty analysis: the cost-effectiveness of ganciclovir prophylaxis in liver transplantation HEALTH ECONOMICS Vanness, D. J., Kim, W. R. 2002; 11 (6): 551-566

    Abstract

    This paper demonstrates the usefulness of combining simulation with Bayesian estimation methods in analysis of cost-effectiveness data collected alongside a clinical trial. Specifically, we use Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to estimate a system of generalized linear models relating costs and outcomes to a disease process affected by treatment under alternative therapies. The MCMC draws are used as parameters in simulations which yield inference about the relative cost-effectiveness of the novel therapy under a variety of scenarios. Total parametric uncertainty is assessed directly by examining the joint distribution of simulated average incremental cost and effectiveness. The approach allows flexibility in assessing treatment in various counterfactual premises and quantifies the global effect of parametric uncertainty on a decision-maker's confidence in adopting one therapy over the other.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/hec.739

    View details for Web of Science ID 000178279200008

    View details for PubMedID 12203757

  • Medical and economic impact of autoimmune hepatitis. Clinics in liver disease Talwalkar, J. A., Kim, W. R. 2002; 6 (3): 649-667

    Abstract

    AIH is a chronic liver disease that has been associated with hepatic failure and death in the absence of liver transplantation. As a result, AIH imparts significant medical and economic burdens on affected patients and health care delivery systems, respectively. The use of accepted methodologies for outcomes and health services research has identified emerging information on the epidemiology and natural history, HRQoL, and resource utilization for similar autoimmune chronic liver diseases such as PBC and PSC. Similar efforts are needed in AIH, and they are supported on the basis of existing data which suggest similar levels of disease burden compared to PBC and PSC. As a result, the ability to plan for disease management strategies in AIH that require the allocation of scarce resources will be feasible.

    View details for PubMedID 12362573

  • Burden of liver disease in the United States: Summary of a workshop HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Brown, R. S., Terrault, N. A., El-Serag, H. 2002; 36 (1): 227-242

    View details for DOI 10.1053/jhep.2002.34734

    View details for Web of Science ID 000176534300028

    View details for PubMedID 12085369

  • Development and maintenance of a community-based hepatitis C registry AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MANAGED CARE Yawn, B. P., Gazzuola, L., Wollan, P. C., Kim, W. R. 2002; 8 (3): 253-261

    Abstract

    To develop a model for community-population- or health system-based registries of all patients with diagnosed hepatitis C, to facilitate clinical care and epidemiologic studies.Geographically defined, population-based cohort study.Registry subjects were identified using January 1, 1990, to December 31, 1999, data from the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP), which lists all diagnoses for Olmsted County residents recorded by clinicians during visits to Olmsted County medical providers. We supplemented diagnostic data with information from laboratory databases that record all hepatitis C testing in Olmsted County. All diagnoses based on the REP and laboratory databases were confirmed by medical record review. Proposed data elements to be included in a hepatitis C registry were identified and defined, and data collection methodology was tested.A total of 355 subjects (62% male) were identified in the total community population of 130,000. Both the diagnostic summary database (n = 309, 87%) and the laboratory database (n = 46, 133%) were important in the identification of subjects for the registry. Nine additional subjects with diagnostic or laboratory evidence of hepatitis C refused the legislatively mandated (Minnesota statute) medical records research authorization and could not be included in the registry. Most desired data elements were available in the medical records.Both medical visit diagnostic summaries (administrative or billing data) and laboratory databases are required to identify subjects with physician-based diagnoses of hepatitis C. Few patients refused the authorization required for inclusion in a research registry.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000174505400005

    View details for PubMedID 11915975

  • Diagnosis and 10-year follow-up of a community-based hepatitis C cohort JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE Yawn, B. P., Wollan, P., Gazzuola, L., Kim, W. R. 2002; 51 (2): 135-140

    Abstract

    To determine the health care follow-up and treatment associated with physician-diagnosed hepatitis C (HCV) in a community-based population.We conducted a retrospective medical record review using records from all providers in Olmsted County, Minnesota.The study incorporated all Olmsted County residents with physician-diagnosed hepatitis C from 1990 through 1999.We assessed demographic and health status information as well as health services use in subjects with physician-diagnosed HCV.Physicians diagnosed hepatitis C in 355 subjects (219 men [62%], 136 women [38%]), mean age 43 years, in the 10-year period studied. About half of diagnoses (45%, n = 159) were confirmed with polymerase chain reaction or liver biopsies. Identified risk factors included IV drug use (50%), multiple sex partners (36%), and blood transfusion (30%). Follow-up assessment with aspartate aminotransferase/amino alanine transferase (AST/ALT) tests occurred in about half (49%) of subjects, while 202 subjects (60%) were referred for gastrointestinal (GI) specialist evaluation and 49 patients (14% of all, 25% of those referred to a GI specialist) had specific treatment for hepatitis C. Although well over half of patients (60%) had possible contraindications to HCV treatment, including heavy alcohol use, few were referred for chemical dependency therapy.In this community, follow-up and treatment related to HCV were limited. Attention to prevention of disease-accelerating co- infections was only modest. Referral or documented recommendations for treatment of alcoholism or heavy chronic alcohol ingestion were minimal.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000173776900006

    View details for PubMedID 11978211

  • Is it time for mass screening for hepatitis C? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J. 2001; 111 (8): 667–68
  • Determinants of death on liver transplant waiting list: Waiting time, blood group or MELD? Kim, W. R., Kremers, W. K., Malinchoc, M., Rosen, C. B., Dickson, E. R. W B SAUNDERS CO. 2001: 204A
  • Prediction of liver transplant outcome based on pretransplant disease severity: Is there anything better than MELD? Wiesner, R. H., Kim, W. R., Malinchoc, M., Kamath, P. S., Kremers, W. K., Weinstein, J. S., Klintmalm, G. B., Krom, R. A. W B SAUNDERS CO. 2001: 235A
  • Treatment of hepatitis C cirrhosis using pegylated interferon: Money well spent?. Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J. W B SAUNDERS CO. 2001: 327A
  • MELD and PELD: Application of survival models to liver allocation LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Wiesner, R. H., McDiarmid, S. V., Kamath, P. S., Edwards, E. B., Malinchoc, M., Kremers, W. K., Krom, R. A., Kim, W. R. 2001; 7 (7): 567-580

    View details for DOI 10.1053/jlts.2001.25879

    View details for Web of Science ID 000169879600002

    View details for PubMedID 11460223

  • A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease HEPATOLOGY Kamath, P. S., Wiesner, R. H., Malinchoc, M., Kremers, W., Therneau, T. M., Kosberg, C. L., D'Amico, G., Dickson, E. R., Kim, W. R. 2001; 33 (2): 464-470

    Abstract

    A recent mandate emphasizes severity of liver disease to determine priorities in allocating organs for liver transplantation and necessitates a disease severity index based on generalizable, verifiable, and easily obtained variables. The aim of the study was to examine the generalizability of a model previously created to estimate survival of patients undergoing the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure in patient groups with a broader range of disease severity and etiology. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) consists of serum bilirubin and creatinine levels, International Normalized Ratio (INR) for prothrombin time, and etiology of liver disease. The model's validity was tested in 4 independent data sets, including (1) patients hospitalized for hepatic decompensation (referred to as "hospitalized" patients), (2) ambulatory patients with noncholestatic cirrhosis, (3) patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and (4) unselected patients from the 1980s with cirrhosis (referred to as "historical" patients). In these patients, the model's ability to classify patients according to their risk of death was examined using the concordance (c)-statistic. The MELD scale performed well in predicting death within 3 months with a c-statistic of (1) 0.87 for hospitalized patients, (2) 0.80 for noncholestatic ambulatory patients, (3) 0.87 for PBC patients, and (4) 0.78 for historical cirrhotic patients. Individual complications of portal hypertension had minimal impact on the model's prediction (range of improvement in c-statistic: <.01 for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and variceal hemorrhage to ascites: 0.01-0.03). The MELD scale is a reliable measure of mortality risk in patients with end-stage liver disease and suitable for use as a disease severity index to determine organ allocation priorities.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000166705800019

    View details for PubMedID 11172350

  • Outcome of hospital care of liver disease associated with hepatitis C in the United States HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Gross, J. B., Poterucha, J. J., Locke, G. R., Dickson, E. R. 2001; 33 (1): 201-206

    Abstract

    We describe mortality and resource utilization for inpatient care of hepatitis C (HCV) in comparison to alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) in the United States and identify factors that affect outcomes. The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database, a national inpatient sample was used to identify hospitalization records with diagnoses related to liver disease from HCV and ALD. Outcome of hospitalizations was analyzed in terms of in-hospital deaths and health care resource utilization. For 1995, we estimate that there were 26,700 hospitalizations and 2,600 deaths in acute, nonfederal hospitals in the United States for liver diseases caused by HCV. Total charges for these hospitalizations were $514 million. In comparison, ALD was associated with 101,200 hospitalizations, 13,400 deaths, and $1.8 billion in charges. Simultaneous HCV and alcohol abuse was associated with younger ages at the time of hospitalization and death compared with HCV or ALD alone. In a logistic regression analysis, alcohol abuse (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.5) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 4.0-4.9) were associated with an increased risk of death among those with HCV. Liver transplantation and patient death were associated with the largest increase in hospitalization charges. Major complications of cirrhosis, such as variceal bleeding, encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome, and sociodemographic factors, such as race and health insurance, were also significantly associated with the risk of death and hospitalization charges, which were similar in HCV and ALD. This study provides new estimates regarding the public health impact of HCV, for use in health policy decisions and cost-effectiveness analyses of preventive and therapeutic interventions.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000166101000025

    View details for PubMedID 11124837

  • Epidemiology and natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis in a US community GASTROENTEROLOGY Kim, W. R., Lindor, K. D., Locke, G. R., Therneau, T. M., Homburger, H. A., Batts, K. P., Yawn, B. P., Petz, J. L., Melton, L. J., Dickson, E. R. 2000; 119 (6): 1631-1636

    Abstract

    The epidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has not been studied systematically in the United States. We report the incidence and prevalence of this condition in the general population. We also examined the validity of the Mayo natural history model for PBC among these unselected patients from the community.The Rochester Epidemiology Project entails a computerized index of diagnoses from the health care encounters of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. For potential cases identified using this database, the complete (inpatient and outpatient) medical records were reviewed to verify the diagnosis and extract information necessary for the application of the Mayo model. We estimated the incidence and prevalence of PBC in this population and compared the actual survival of patients with PBC in the community with the survival predicted for PBC patients by the Mayo natural history model.The age-adjusted (to 1990 U.S. whites) incidence of PBC per 100,000 person-years for years 1975-1995 was 4.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1-5.9) for women, 0.7 (95% CI, 0.1-1.3) for men, and 2.7 (95% CI, 1.9-3.5) overall. The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence per 100,000 persons as of 1995 was 65.4 (95% CI, 43.0-87.9) for women, 12.1 (95% CI, 1.1-23.1) for men, and 40.2 (95% CI, 27.2-53.1) overall. The Mayo natural history model accurately predicted the actual survival of these patients.This first description of the epidemiology of PBC in the United States indicates that its incidence and prevalence in this country are among the highest reported. Outcomes among these unselected patients from a community population further validated the Mayo natural history model of PBC.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/gast.2000.20197

    View details for Web of Science ID 000165833800026

    View details for PubMedID 11113084

  • Reliability and validity of the NIDDK-QA instrument in the assessment of quality of life in ambulatory patients with cholestatic liver disease HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Lindor, K. D., Malinchoc, M., Petz, J. L., Jorgensen, R., Dickson, E. R. 2000; 32 (5): 924-929

    Abstract

    The NIDDK-QA instrument, developed and widely used in liver transplant recipients, assesses quality of life (QOL) in four domains, including liver disease symptoms, physical function, health satisfaction, and overall well-being. We investigated whether the instrument may be used as a disease-specific instrument in ambulatory patients with cholestatic liver disease. The NIDDK-QA instrument was administered in 96 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) seen at the Mayo Clinic. The SF-36, a well-established generic instrument, was also administered. Standard measures for test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant and concurrent validity were examined. All patients were ambulatory with mostly normal levels of serum bilirubin and albumin concentrations. The reliability of the NIDDK-QA, as measured by test-retest correlation (Pearson coefficients: 0.82-0.99, P <.01) and by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.87-0.94) exceeded conventional acceptability criteria. The correlation between domain scores of the NIDDK-QA and SF-36 was clear and logical in that the physical function domain of NIDDK-QA strongly correlated with the physical component summary score of SF-36 (r = 0.86, P <.01). The overall well-being domain of the NIDDK-QA was closely associated with the mental summary score of SF-36 (r = 0.69, P <.01). Among PBC patients, there was a modest yet significant correlation between the Mayo risk score and overall well-being (r = -0.26, P =.03). In the assessment of QOL in patients with cholestatic liver disease, NIDDK-QA is found reliable and valid. These data, combined with our previous study, demonstrate its applicability in a wide spectrum of disease severity, ranging from early, ambulatory-phase disease to decompensated cirrhosis necessitating liver transplantation.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/jhep.2000.19067

    View details for Web of Science ID 000090061000006

    View details for PubMedID 11050040

  • Quality of life instruments for liver transplant recipients: Too many choices? LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R. 2000; 6 (6): 784-785

    View details for DOI 10.1053/jlts.2000.19026

    View details for Web of Science ID 000165370800018

    View details for PubMedID 11084069

  • Predicting clinical and economic outcomes after liver transplantation using the Mayo primary sclerosing cholangitis model and Child-Pugh score LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Talwalkar, J. A., Seaberg, E., Kim, W. R., Wiesner, R. H. 2000; 6 (6): 753-758

    Abstract

    Issues in the selection and timing of liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) remain controversial. Although the Child-Pugh classification (CP) score and Mayo PSC model have similar abilities to estimate pretransplantation survival, a comparison of these 2 scores in predicting survival after liver transplantation has not been conducted. The aim of this study is to compare the Mayo PSC model and CP score in predicting patient survival and related economic outcomes after liver transplantation. Data from 128 patients with PSC, identified from the NIDDK database, were used to calculate patient-specific Mayo PSC and CP scores before transplantation. Levels reflecting a poor outcome were defined a priori. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and regression methods (Cox proportional hazards and linear regression models) were used to assess the relationship between these 2 scores and 5 post liver transplantation outcome measures. CP score was found to be a significantly (P <.05) better predictor of death 4 months or less after liver transplantation than: (a) length of hospital stay >21 days (or death before discharge) and (b) resource utilization >200,000 units (measured by area under the ROC curve). The Cox model identified statistically significant (P <.05) associations between CP score and each outcome after adjusting for the Mayo PSC risk score. Similar results were not observed for the Mayo PSC model when adjusted for CP score. Among patients with PSC undergoing liver transplantation, CP score was a better overall predictor of both survival and economic resource utilization compared with the Mayo PSC model.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000165370800012

    View details for PubMedID 11084063

  • A revised natural history model for primary sclerosing cholangitis MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS Kim, W. R., Therneau, T. M., Wiesner, R. H., Poterucha, J. J., Benson, J. T., Malinchoc, M., LaRusso, N. F., Lindor, K. D., Dickson, E. R. 2000; 75 (7): 688-694

    Abstract

    To describe a natural history model for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) that is based on routine clinical findings and test results and eliminates the need for liver biopsy.Using the Cox proportional hazards analysis, we created a survival model based on 405 patients with PSC from 5 clinical centers. Independent validation of the model was undertaken by applying it to 124 patients who were not included in the model creation.Based on the multivariate analysis of 405 patients, a risk score was defined by the following formula: R = 0.03 (age [y]) + 0.54 loge (bilirubin [mg/dL]) + 0.54 loge (aspartate aminotransferase [U/L]) + 1.24 (variceal bleeding [0/1]) - 0.84 (albumin [g/dL]). The risk score was used to obtain survival estimates up to 4 years of follow-up. Application of this model to an independent group of 124 patients showed good correlation between estimated and actual survival.A new model to estimate patient survival in PSC includes more reproducible variables (age, bilirubin, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and history of variceal bleeding), has accuracy comparable to previous models, and obviates the need for a liver biopsy.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000088050900004

    View details for PubMedID 10907383

  • Accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in the assessment of pulmonary hypertension in liver transplant candidates LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Krowka, M. J., Plevak, D. J., Lee, J., Rettke, S. R., Frantz, R. P., Wiesner, R. H. 2000; 6 (4): 453-458

    Abstract

    Pulmonary hypertension has been associated with poor outcome after liver transplantation. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in detecting significant pulmonary hypertension. Seventy-four potential liver transplant candidates underwent Doppler echocardiography in which the systolic right ventricular pressure (RVsys) was used to estimate the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAsys). Group 1 included 39 consecutive patients with RVsys >/=50 mm Hg who underwent elective right heart catheterization. Group 2 consisted of 35 patients with RVsys <50 mm Hg in whom pulmonary artery pressures were measured at the beginning of the transplantation procedure. The accuracy of the estimates by Doppler echocardiography was assessed against measurements made by direct catheterization. Patients in groups 1 and 2 were comparable in their demographic and liver disease characteristics. There was a strong correlation between RVsys by Doppler echocardiography and PAsys by right heart catheterization (r =.78, P <.01). Of the 39 patients in group 1, 29 (72%) had at least moderate pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure [MPAP] >/=35 mm Hg), including 12 (30%) with severe pulmonary hypertension (MPAP >/=50 mm Hg). Only 1 of the group 2 patients had MPAP >/=35 mm Hg. Thus, in the diagnosis of moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension, the sensitivity of echocardiography was 97% and specificity was 77%. Doppler echocardiography is an accurate screening test to detect moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension. We advise that liver transplant candidates with RVsys >/=50 mm Hg undergo right heart catheterization to fully characterize pulmonary hemodynamics.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000088523100011

    View details for PubMedID 10915168

  • Adaptation of the Mayo primary biliary cirrhosis natural history model for application in liver transplant candidates LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Wiesner, R. H., Poterucha, J. J., Therneau, T. M., Benson, J. T., Krom, R. A., Dickson, E. R. 2000; 6 (4): 489-494

    Abstract

    The Mayo natural history model has been used widely as a tool to estimate prognosis in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), particularly liver transplant candidates. We present an abbreviated model in which a tabular method is used to approximate the risk score, which may be incorporated in the minimal listing criteria for liver transplant candidates. Data used in the development and validation of the original Mayo model were derived from 418 patients with well-characterized PBC. To construct an abbreviated risk score in a format similar to that of Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, 1 to 3 cut-off criteria were determined for each variable, namely age (0 point for <38, 1 for 38 to 62 and 2 for >/=63 years), bilirubin (0 point for <1, 1 for 1 to 1.7, 2 for 1.7 to 6.4, and 3 for >6.4 mg/dL), albumin (0 point for >4.1, 1 for 2.8 to 4.1, and 2 for <2.8 g/dL), prothrombin time (1 point for normal and 2 for prolonged) and edema (0 point for absent and 1 for present). The intervals between these criteria were chosen in a way to enable a meaningful classification of patients according to their risk for death. This score is highly correlated with the original risk score (r = 0.93; P <.01). The Kaplan-Meier estimate at 1 year was 90.6% in patients with a score of 6. The abbreviated risk score is a convenient method to quickly estimate the risk score in patients with PBC. An abbreviated score of 6 may be consistent with the current minimal listing criteria in liver transplant candidates.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000088523100016

    View details for PubMedID 10915173

  • Particle weakening in superplastic SiC/2124 Al composites at high temperature ACTA MATERIALIA Kim, W. J., Sherby, O. D. 2000; 48 (8): 1763-1774
  • Variant forms of cholestatic diseases involving small bile ducts in adults AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Kim, W. R., Ludwig, J., Lindor, K. D. 2000; 95 (5): 1130-1138

    Abstract

    Cholestasis may result from diverse etiologies. We review chronic cholestatic disorders involving small intrahepatic bile ducts in the adult ambulatory care setting. Specifically, we discuss variant forms of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) as well as other conditions that may present diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties.We conducted a MEDLINE search of the literature (1981-1997) and reviewed the experiences at the Mayo Clinic. All articles were selected that discussed antimitochondrial antibody (AMA)-negative PBC, small-duct PSC (formerly pericholangitis), and idiopathic adulthood ductopenia.The most common chronic cholestatic liver diseases affecting adults are PBC and PSC. Patients without the hallmarks of either syndrome are diagnosed according to their clinical and histological characteristics. Autoimmune cholangitis is diagnosed if clinical and histological features are compatible with PBC but autoantibodies other than AMA are present. Isolated small duct PSC is diagnosed if patients have inflammatory bowel disease, biopsy features compatible with PSC, but a normal cholangiogram. If ductopenia (absence of interlobular bile ducts in small portal tracts) is found histologically in the absence of PSC, inflammatory bowel disease, and other specific cholestatic syndromes such as drug reaction or sarcoidosis, the most likely diagnosis is idiopathic adulthood ductopenia.Based on these definitions, an algorithm for diagnosis and therapy in patients with laboratory evidence of chronic cholestasis may be constructed, pending results of further investigations into the etiopathogenesis of these syndromes.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000086853300006

    View details for PubMedID 10811317

  • The economic impact of cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Badley, A. D., Wiesner, R. H., Porayko, M. K., Seaberg, E. C., Keating, M. R., Evans, R. W., Dickson, E. R., Krom, R. A., Paya, C. V. 2000; 69 (3): 357-361

    Abstract

    We studied the economic impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and its effective reduction with antiviral prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients.Analysis of institutional charge data accumulated during a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing oral acyclovir 800 mg four times daily for 120 days (ACV) and intravenous ganciclovir 5 mg/kg every 12 h for 14 days followed by ACV for 106 days (GCV) was performed.Liver transplant recipients who developed CMV disease had significantly higher charges (median: $148,300) than those who developed asymptomatic CMV infection ($119,600) or experienced no CMV infection ($114,100) (P<0.01). A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that CMV disease is associated with a 49% increase in charges, independent of other factors influencing increased hospitalization charges. In CMV-seronegative patients who received a CMV-seropositive donor organ, GCV prophylaxis was associated with a significant reduction in charges, as compared to ACV prophylaxis ($113,900 vs. $153,300, respectively; P=0.02).CMV disease is an independent risk factor for increased resource utilization associated with liver transplantation. The use of an effective prophylactic antiviral regimen provides savings in health care resources, particularly in patients at high risk for developing CMV disease.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000085521100008

    View details for PubMedID 10706042

  • Timing of liver transplantation SEMINARS IN LIVER DISEASE Kim, W. R., Dickson, E. R. 2000; 20 (4): 451-464

    Abstract

    Under the current environment of liver transplantation, there are several factors to be considered in the timing of liver transplantation. These include expected patient survival with and without liver transplantation, patient's morbidity and quality of life before and after liver transplantation and overall resource utilization. Statistical models have been developed for patients with chronic liver disease, particularly of cholestatic variety. By applying these models in patients being considered for liver transplantation, a window of optimal timing of liver transplantation may be defined in such way that the survival gain is maximized and perioperative mortality minimized. Likewise, a number of pretransplant morbidity indicators such as Child-Pugh score, UNOS status, and renal insufficiency have been found to have a profound influence on post-transplant morbidity, thus resource utilization. An increasing number of investigators have measured and documented a dramatic improvement in the quality of life of patients before and after liver transplantation. As the waiting time and uncertainty of the outcome of liver transplantation increase, consideration of these factors may be useful for physicians evaluating transplant candidates to make best-informed decisions in the selection of candidates and timing for liver transplantation.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000166399100005

    View details for PubMedID 11200415

  • Hepatic retransplantation in cholestatic liver disease: Impact of the interval to retransplantation on survival and resource utilization HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Wiesner, R. H., Poterucha, J. J., Therneau, T. M., Malinchoc, M., Benson, J. T., Crippin, J. S., Klintmalm, G. B., Rakela, J., Starzl, T. E., Krom, R. A., Evans, R. W., Dickson, E. R. 1999; 30 (2): 395-400

    Abstract

    The aim of our study was to quantitatively assess the impact of hepatic retransplantation on patient and graft survival and resource utilization. We studied patients undergoing hepatic retransplantation among 447 transplant recipients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) at 3 transplantation centers. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used for survival analysis. Measures of resource utilization included the duration of hospitalization, length of stay in the intensive care unit, and the duration of transplantation surgery. Forty-six (10.3%) patients received 2 or more grafts during the follow-up period (median, 2.8 years). Patients who underwent retransplantation had a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of death compared with those without retransplantation (P <.01). Retransplantation after an interval of greater than 30 days from the primary graft was associated with a 6.7-fold increase in the risk of death (P <.01). The survival following retransplantations performed 30 days or earlier was similar to primary transplantations. Resource utilization was higher in patients who underwent multiple consecutive transplantations, even after adjustment for the number of grafts during the hospitalization. Among cholestatic liver disease patients, poor survival following hepatic retransplantation is attributed to late retransplantations, namely those performed more than 30 days after the initial transplantation. While efforts must be made to improve the outcome following retransplantation, a more critical evaluation may be warranted for late retransplantation candidates.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000081711500007

    View details for PubMedID 10421646

  • The relative role of the Child-Pugh classification and the Mayo natural history model in the assessment of survival in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Wiesner, R. H., LaRusso, N. F., Lindor, K. D., Petz, J., Therneau, T. M., Malinchoc, M., Dickson, E. R. 1999; 29 (6): 1643-1648

    Abstract

    The Child-Pugh classification is a simple, convenient prognostic measure in patients with liver cirrhosis. We investigated the relative role of the Child-Pugh classification and the Mayo model in the assessment of survival in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Of the 173 patients described in the original Mayo PSC natural history model, 147 patients had sufficient information in the medical record to allow computation of the Child-Pugh score. We used our most recent modification of the Mayo model to compute the risk score, based on patient's age, serum levels of bilirubin, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase and history of variceal bleeding. Using the risk score (R), patients were divided into the low- (R < 0), intermediate- (0 /= 2) groups. Kaplan-Meier estimates and proportional hazards analysis were used to evaluate the two prognostic models. Although there was a statistically significant correlation between the Child-Pugh and Mayo risk scores, two-thirds of the patients had a Child-Pugh score of 5 or 6 and a relatively wide range of risk scores (-1.1-4.3). The probability of survival for 7 years in patients in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups was 92%, 74%, and 40% for Child-Pugh class A (n = 96) and 100%, 62%, and 28% for Child-Pugh class B patients (n = 44), respectively. There were only a small number (n = 7) of Child-Pugh class C patients. In our age-adjusted multivariate analysis, each unit increase in the Mayo risk score was associated with a 2.5-fold increase in the risk of death (95% confidence interval: 1.8-3.4, P <.01), whereas Child-Pugh classification had no significant impact on survival (Child-Pugh B vs. A: risk ratio = 1.1 [95% confidence interval: 0.6-2.0]; Child-Pugh C versus A: risk ratio = 0.6 [95% confidence interval: 0. 2-1.8]). In contrast to the Child-Pugh classification, which was developed for advanced liver cirrhosis, the Mayo model provides valid survival information, particularly in patients early in the course of PSC.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000080531400004

    View details for PubMedID 10347102

  • The clinical significance of simultaneous infection with hepatitis G virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Brandhagen, D. J., Gross, J. B., Poterucha, J. J., Charlton, M. R., Detmer, J., Kolberg, J., Gossard, A. A., Batts, K. P., Kim, W. R., Germer, J. J., Wiesner, R. H., Persing, D. H. 1999; 94 (4): 1000-1005

    Abstract

    Hepatitis G virus (HGV) is a recently discovered member of the flavivirus family that has been associated with acute and chronic hepatitis. HGV infection has been reported to coexist in 10-20% of patients with chronic hepatitis C. The significance of simultaneous infection with HGV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains to be clarified, as do the effects on HGV of therapeutic interventions such as interferon treatment or liver transplantation.1) to examine the frequency of HGV infection in the settings of liver transplantation and interferon therapy for hepatitis C; and 2) to compare HGV RNA levels before and after liver transplantation or interferon treatment.Pre-treatment sera were available in 65 patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon; pretransplant sera were available in 49 patients transplanted for end stage liver disease associated with chronic hepatitis C. Information collected included age, sex, risk factors for hepatitis, concurrent liver disease, patient and allograft survival, biochemical response to interferon, histological activity index, and degree of fibrosis/cirrhosis. HCV genotyping was performed by sequencing the NS-5 region. HGV quantitation was performed using a research-based branched DNA (bDNA) assay with a set of probes directed at the 5' untranslated region.HGV was detected in 10 of 49 patients (20%) before transplant and in 13 of 65 patients (20%) treated with interferon. There was a female predominance among HGV-positive compared with HGV-negative transplant patients (80% vs 20%; p < 0.01), but such a difference was not observed in the interferon-treated group. Hepatic iron concentration was lower in hepatic explants from patients who were HGV-positive than in those who were HGV-negative (318 +/- 145 microg/g dry weight vs 1497 +/- 2202 microg/g dry weight; p = 0.02). HCV exposure after 1980 was more common in the HGV-positive patients than in those who were HGV-negative for the entire study population (10 of 20 [50%] vs 16 of 66 [24%]; p = 0.03), as well as for the nontransplant subgroup (8 of 12 [67%] vs 12 of 39 [31%]; p = 0.03). HGV RNA levels declined at 1 yr after transplant in seven of eight patients. Among nine patients tested during or after interferon treatment, HGV RNA levels declined from pretreatment levels in all and disappeared in three.Among patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with either interferon or liver transplantation, the frequency of coinfection with HGV is about 20%. HGV may be a more recent virus in the US than HCV. Coinfection with HGV does not appear to affect the likelihood of response to interferon in patients with hepatitis C. Finally, HGV RNA levels appear to decline after both liver transplantation and interferon therapy, suggesting possible suppression by increased HCV replication in the former case, and a possible drug treatment effect in the latter.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000079505700034

    View details for PubMedID 10201473

  • Quality of life before and after liver transplantation for cholestatic liver disease HEPATOLOGY Gross, C. R., Malinchoc, M., Kim, W. R., Evans, R. W., Wiesner, R. H., Petz, J. L., Crippin, J. S., Klintmalm, G. B., Levy, M. F., Ricci, P., Therneau, T. M., Dickson, E. R. 1999; 29 (2): 356-364

    Abstract

    Liver transplantation (LT) is an established therapy for patients with end-stage primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). In this report, we describe the health status and quality of life (QOL) in patients with these cholestatic liver diseases before and after LT. A QOL questionnaire was completed by 157 adult patients with PBC or PSC before and 1 year after liver transplantation at the Mayo Clinic or Baylor University Medical Center. This questionnaire measured four aspects of QOL, including symptoms; physical, social, and emotional functioning; health perceptions; and overall QOL. Changes in these QOL parameters before and after LT were described, and regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between clinical and QOL factors. There were no differences in QOL parameters between patients with PBC and PSC. QOL following transplantation was substantially better than before transplantation. This was observed in all four aspects of QOL. The degree of improvement as measured by effect size (difference in mean scores divided by the pretransplantation standard deviation) was 0.53 for symptoms (P <.01), 1.16 for function (P <.01), 2.37 for health satisfaction (P <.01), and 1.16 for overall QOL (P <.01). Patients' overall QOL before transplantation was significantly related to subjective and objective health status indicators and clinical factors such as ascites and renal dysfunction. QOL at 1-year follow-up, however, could not be adequately predicted by the pretransplantation subjective health status and clinical factors. Patients with end-stage cholestatic disease undergoing LT experience substantial improvement in all aspects of QOL addressed in this study. The patients' QOL 1 year after LT could not be predicted by pretransplantation variables used in this study.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000078333900007

    View details for PubMedID 9918910

  • Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis in the 90's: Patient survival and resource utilization. Kim, W. R., Wiesner, K. H., Therneau, T. M., Malinchoc, M., Krom, R. A., Evans, R. W., Dickson, E. R., Crippin, J. S., Klintmalm, G. B., Rakela, J., Starzl, T. E. W B SAUNDERS CO. 1998: 389A
  • Cost-effectiveness of interferon/ribavirin treatment among nonresponders to initial interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Dickson, E. R., Gross, J. B. W B SAUNDERS CO. 1998: 231A
  • Moderate to severe portopulmonary hypertension: Important correlates with Doppler echocardiography in liver transplant candidates. Kim, W. R., Krowka, M. J., Plevak, D. J., Lee, J. H., Rettke, Frantz, R. F., Wiesner, R. H. W B SAUNDERS CO. 1998: 352A
  • Optimal timing of liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Wiesner, R. H., Therneau, T. M., Poterucha, J. J., Porayko, M. K., Evans, R. W., Klintmalm, G. B., Crippin, J. S., Krom, R. A., Dickson, E. R. 1998; 28 (1): 33-38

    Abstract

    In 1989, we reported on the efficacy of liver transplantation in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) by demonstrating that the actual patient survival following transplantation was significantly better than without transplantation as predicted by a mathematical survival model ("Mayo natural history model"). Our aim in this investigation was to determine an optimal time to perform liver transplantation in PBC. One hundred forty-three patients with PBC undergoing liver transplantation were followed prospectively. Disease severity was measured immediately before transplantation by a summary score ("risk score") used in the Mayo natural history model, namely age, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, and the presence or absence of edema. Proportional hazards analyses were performed assessing patient survival following transplantation. The influence of disease severity immediately pretransplantation on resource utilization for liver transplantation was assessed. Compared with our report in 1989, liver transplantation was performed at an earlier stage of disease (e.g., median risk score: 7.5 vs. 8.3; P < .01). Following transplantation, patient survival probabilities at 1, 2, and 5 years were 93%, 90%, and 88%, respectively. In the proportional hazards analysis, the risk of death following transplantation remained low until reaching a risk score of 7.8. In contrast, risk scores greater than 7.8 were associated with a progressively increased mortality. Resource utilization measured by the days in the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital and the requirement for intraoperative blood transfusions was significantly greater in recipients who had higher risk scores before transplantation. Our data suggest that an optimal timing for liver transplantation, as determined by patient survival and resource utilization, appears to be at a risk score around 7.8 in patients with PBC.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000074467800006

    View details for PubMedID 9657093

  • Predictive models of natural history in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clinics in liver disease Kim, W. R., Dickson, E. R. 1998; 2 (2): 313-?

    Abstract

    Primary biliary cirrhosis is a slow, progressive disease. Although many years may elapse before asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis patients begin experiencing symptoms of liver disease, their overall survival is significantly lower than the normal population. The Mayo natural history model has been developed to depict patient survival in the absence of effective therapeutic intervention. Although there are a number of caveats in applying this model, it has been validated using external data sets and established as an accepted tool for clinical or research purposes. Furthermore, recent data suggest that the Mayo natural history model continues to provide useful, predictive information in the presence of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, which has been shown to lower the serum bilirubin to the natural history model for patient survival. In addition to the natural history model for patient survival, mathematical models have been developed to describe histologic progression and development of esophageal varices.

    View details for PubMedID 15560035

  • Economic analysis of interferon/ribaviran treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C who relapse following initial interferon therapy Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Dickson, E. R., Gross, J. B. W B SAUNDERS CO. 1998: A1274
  • The Mayo risk score increases rapidly in the terminal phase of primary sclerosing cholangitis Kim, W. R., Lindor, K. D., Poterucha, J. J., Benson, J. T., Therneau, T. M., Dickson, E. R. W B SAUNDERS CO. 1998: A1274
  • Does open access to colonoscopy affect its diagnostic yield? Kim, W. R., Locke, G. R., Evans, R. W., Zinsmeister, A. R., Gostout, C. J. W B SAUNDERS CO. 1998: A22–A23
  • Cost-effectiveness of 6 and 12 months of interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Hermans, J. E., Therneau, T. M., Dickson, E. R., Evans, R. W., Gross, J. B. 1997; 127 (10): 866-?

    Abstract

    Interferon-alpha is effective in only a small number of patients with chronic hepatitis C, although prolonged treatment may increase the response rate. There is concern that the expense of interferon-alpha therapy may not be justified by the low response rates and uncertain long-term benefit.To compare clinical and economic outcomes after 6 months and 12 months of interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C.A Markov model depicting the natural progression of chronic hepatitis C. On the basis of this model, a simulated trial compared no therapy with 6 and 12 months of interferon-alpha therapy at standard doses (3 million U three times weekly).Four age-specific cohorts (30, 40, 50, and 60 years of age) with chronic hepatitis C.Number of deaths from liver disease, total costs, and cumulative quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs).Six and 12 months of interferon-alpha treatment gained 0.25 QALYs at an incremental cost of $1000 and 0.37 QALYs at an incremental cost of $1900, respectively. Thus, although 6 months of interferon-alpha therapy was less efficacious than 12 months of therapy, it was more cost-effective ($4000 per QALY gained compared with $5000 per QALY gained). Nonetheless, in patients younger than 60 years of age, both 6 and 12 months of therapy compared favorably with other established medical interventions, such as screening mammography and cholesterol reduction programs. Important variables affecting the cost-effectiveness of interferon-alpha treatment included the cost and efficacy of interferon-alpha, the cost of treatment for decompensated cirrhosis, and quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis C.From the standpoint of cost-effectiveness, interferon-alpha therapy for 6 or 12 months may be justified in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The possible exception is patients older than 60 years of age.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997YF54500002

    View details for PubMedID 9382364

  • The role of prognostic models in the timing of liver transplantation. Application in cholestatic liver diseases. Clinics in liver disease Kim, W. R., Dickson, E. R. 1997; 1 (2): 263-?

    Abstract

    Prognostic models have been developed for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis to predict survival without transplantation. In patients undergoing liver transplantation, these models have been used in assessing postoperative mortality and morbidity. Recent data suggest that preoperative recipient physiology, such as impaired functional status or renal insufficiency, is the most important determinant of transplant outcome. Survival, quality of life, morbidities and resource use are the key variables to be considered in the timing of transplantation.

    View details for PubMedID 15562568

  • Does antimitochondrial antibody status affect response to treatment in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis? Outcomes of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy and liver transplantation HEPATOLOGY Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Jorgensen, R. A., Batts, K. P., Homburger, H. A., Dickson, E. R., Krom, R. A., Wiesner, R. H., Lindor, K. D. 1997; 26 (1): 22-26

    Abstract

    Approximately 5% to 10% of patients with features otherwise consistent with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) lack antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA). Most of these patients have other autoantibodies, a syndrome recently named "autoimmune cholangitis." We report our experience in patients with AMA-negative PBC treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and/or liver transplantation (OLT). The study of response to UDCA was performed as follows. While recruiting patients for a previously reported multicenter trial, we identified 8 patients with AMA-negative PBC. The patients were given UDCA and followed up at regular intervals. The characteristics of AMA-negative patients at presentation were similar to those of AMA-positive patients with PBC. The clinical outcomes and sequential liver biochemistries of UDCA treatment were also comparable with those of AMA-positive patients. The study of outcome of OLT was performed as follows. We identified OLT recipients at the Mayo Clinic who had clinical, radiological, and histological features compatible with PBC. Their pretransplant AMA status was determined, and each AMA-negative patient was paired with 2 AMA-positive patients. Of 85 OLT recipients with a diagnosis of PBC, 6 (7.1%) were AMA negative, including 1 who had undergone UDCA therapy. After a median of 36 months of follow-up, graft and patient survival rates and subsequent histological changes (disease recurrence and steroid-resistant or late rejections) were comparable in AMA-negative and -positive PBC patients. In summary, in our experience of 13 AMA-negative PBC patients (including 9 who met the criteria for a diagnosis of autoimmune cholangitis), treatment with UDCA or OLT resulted in similar outcomes to those found in AMA-positive patients. We conclude that AMA status does not affect the response in PBC patients to treatment with UDCA or OLT.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997XH50100004

    View details for PubMedID 9214447

  • Should Helicobacter pylori be eradicated prior to initiation of a proton pump inhibitor for gastroesophageal reflux disease? Kim, W. R., Locke, G. R. W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC. 1997: A22
  • Utilization of colonoscopy in the community: A preliminary report. Kim, W. R., Locke, G. R., Geier, G. R., Zinsmeister, A. R., Melton, L. J., Evans, R. W., Gostout, C. J. MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC. 1997: 102
  • Recurrence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis following liver transplantation TRANSPLANTATION Kim, W. R., Poterucha, J. J., Porayko, M. K., Dickson, E. R., Steers, J. L., Wiesner, R. H. 1996; 62 (12): 1802-1805

    Abstract

    Patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may develop progressive liver dysfunction necessitating liver transplantation (OLT). We report the incidence of recurrent disease and outcome in patients undergoing OLT for NASH. Patients transplanted for NASH were identified according to pretransplant and explant liver histology. Patients with significant alcohol consumption were excluded. Medical records were reviewed to extract pre- and posttransplant data, including sequential body weight, biochemistry, and graft histology. Of 622 liver explants, eight patients had features consistent with NASH. All patients were female with a median age of 58. Seven patients were diagnosed with NASH preoperatively, including three who had undergone jejunoileal bypass. One patient was diagnosed as cryptogenic cirrhosis. At a median of 15 months following OLT, all of the eight patients were alive with no graft failure. Six patients developed persistent fatty infiltration in their graft, three of whom had accompanying hepatocellular degeneration, consistent with a diagnosis of recurrent NASH. In two patients, transition from mild steatosis to steatohepatitis and early fibrosis was observed over one to two years. The patients who did not develop recurrent steatosis had significant weight loss following transplantation, although the length of follow-up was relatively short. Patients undergoing OLT for NASH may develop recurrent steatosis shortly after transplantation, with possible progression to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Although longer follow-up is necessary to determine the eventual prognosis related to the recurrent fat and fibrosis in the graft, patients with endstage liver disease due to NASH should be considered good candidates for OLT.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996WA91600021

    View details for PubMedID 8990367

  • Quantifying the role of H-pylori in gastric carcinogenesis: An accelerated failure time model Kim, W. R., Therneau, T. M., Locke, G. R., Dickson, E. R. W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC. 1996: A156
  • Preoperative predictors of resource utilization in liver transplantation. Clinical transplants Kim, W. R., Therneau, T. M., Dickson, E. R., Evans, R. W. 1995: 315-322

    Abstract

    Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has been shown to be effective in prolonging life and improving its quality in patients with end-stage liver disease. However, it remains one of the most expensive surgical procedures performed today. In an era when economic efficiency and financial accountability are being emphasized, it is imperative to consider resource utilization in evaluating candidates for OLT. We prospectively followed 106 patients who underwent OLT at the Mayo Clinic for primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis between 1990 and 1994. Hospital and professional charges for the initial hospitalization were obtained on all patients. Univariate and multivariate models were constructed using preoperative clinical variables that had been previously found to be important in predicting clinical outcomes. The preoperative variables considered were age, gender, diagnosis of liver disease, Mayo risk score, Child's score, nutritional status, Karnofsky score, INR, serum levels of albumin, bilirubin, and creatinine, and the presence/absence of ascites, edema, encephalopathy, renal failure (serum creatinine >2.0) and gastrointestinal bleeding. Of the 106 patients, 3 were excluded from the analysis because they received multiple transplants during the initial hospitalization. Of the hospital charges we analyzed, the surgical fee for transplantation and donor acquisition expense were fixed in advance and, therefore, excluded. The following preoperative variables were found to be significant in the univariate analysis: Mayo risk score, Child's score, nutritional status, Karnofsky score, INR, serum levels of bilirubin and creatinine, presence of renal failure, and gastrointestinal bleeding. In the multivariate analyses, Karnofsky score of 40 or less was associated with a 48% increase in total charges. Poor nutritional status and renal failure were associated with a 34% and 31% increase, respectively. We identified 3 preoperative variables as significant independent predictors of resource utilization in liver transplantation. In an effort to maximize the economic efficiency with which liver transplantation is performed, we believe these factors should be taken into consideration in determining both the timing of transplantation and the suitability of potential transplant recipients.

    View details for PubMedID 8794277