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Robert Laughlin
Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences
Physics
Web page: http://large.stanford.edu
Bio
Professor Laughlin is a theorist with interests ranging from hard-core engineering to cosmology. He is an expert in semiconductors (Nobel Prize 1998) and has also worked on plasma and nuclear physics issues related to fusion and nuclear-pumped X-ray lasers. His technical work at the moment focuses on “correlated-electron” phenomenology – working backward from experimental properties of materials to infer the presence (or not) of new kinds of quantum self-organization. He recently proposed that all Mott insulators – including the notorious doped ones that exhibit high-temperature superconductivity – are plagued by a new kind of subsidiary order called “orbital antiferromagnetism” that is difficult to detect directly. He is also the author of A Different Universe, a lay-accessible book explaining emergent law.
Administrative Appointments
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Professor of Applied Physics (Dual Appointment with Physics), Stanford University (1993 - 2007)
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Postdoc, AT&T Bell Laboratories (1979 - 1981)
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Professor of Physics, Stanford University (1989 - Present)
Honors & Awards
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Onsager Medal, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (2007)
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Doctorate of Letters, University of Maryland (2005)
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Golden Plate, Stanford University (1999)
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Nobel Prize in Physics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1998)
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Benjamin Franklin Medal for Physics, The Franklin Institute (1998)
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Member, National Academy of Sciences (1994-Present)
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Oliver E. Buckley Prize, American Physical Society (1986)
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E. O. Lawrence Award for Physics, U.S. Department of Energy (1985)
Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations
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Research Scientist, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1981 - 2004)
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President, Korean Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (2004 - 2006)
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President, Asia-Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics (2004 - 2006)
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Board Member, Science Foundation Ireland (2002 - 2003)
Program Affiliations
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Science, Technology and Society
Professional Education
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Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Physics (1979)
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A.B., University of California at Berkeley, Mathematics (1972)
2024-25 Courses
- Graduate Quantum Mechanics II
PHYSICS 231 (Spr) - Introduction to the Physics of Energy
PHYSICS 240 (Aut) -
Independent Studies (2)
- Research
PHYSICS 490 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Senior Thesis Research
PHYSICS 205 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Research
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Prior Year Courses
2023-24 Courses
- Graduate Quantum Mechanics II
PHYSICS 231 (Spr) - Introduction to Nuclear Energy
PHYSICS 241 (Win) - Introduction to the Physics of Energy
PHYSICS 240 (Aut)
2022-23 Courses
- Graduate Quantum Mechanics II
PHYSICS 231 (Spr) - Introduction to the Physics of Energy
PHYSICS 240 (Aut)
2021-22 Courses
- Introduction to Nuclear Energy
PHYSICS 241 (Win) - Introduction to the Physics of Energy
PHYSICS 240 (Aut)
- Graduate Quantum Mechanics II
Stanford Advisees
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Doctoral (Program)
Hephzibah Akinleye, Sayak Bhattacharjee, Ella Blake, Deven Bowman, Annie Cheng, Eric Cooper, Isaiah Curtis, Prithvi Raj Datla, Matthew Hurley, Avikar Periwal, Bingcheng Suo, Tixuan Tan, Haifeng Tang, Zac Tobias, Aiden Wilkin, Jinze Wu, Liangyu Wu, Kaan Yay, Barkotel Zemenu
All Publications
- Powering the Future: How We Will (Eventually) Solve the Energy Crisis and Fuel the Civilization of Tomorrow New York: Basic Books. 2011
- The Crime of Reason New York: Basic Books. 2008
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Gossamer superconductivity
PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE
2006; 86 (9): 1165-1171
View details for DOI 10.1080/14786430500395678
View details for Web of Science ID 000235958200001
- Looking for a Hero Seoul: Hans Media. 2006
- A Different Universe: Remaking Physics from the Bottom Down New York: Basic Books. 2005
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Spectroscopy of matter near criticality
ANNALS OF PHYSICS
2004; 311 (1): 182-190
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.aop.2003.10.005
View details for Web of Science ID 000220879000008
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The cup of the hand
SCIENCE
2004; 303 (5663): 1475-1477
View details for Web of Science ID 000220000100026
View details for PubMedID 15001764
- Hiawatha's Valence Bonding Annals of Improbable Research 2004; 10 (6): 8
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Emergent relativity
International Symposium on Frontiers in Science
WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD. 2003: 18–43
View details for Web of Science ID 000186708100004
- Emergent Relativity and the Physics of Black Hole Horizons Analog Models of General Relativity edited by Visser, M. Singapore: World Scientific. 2003
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Truth, ownership, and scientific tradition
PHYSICS TODAY
2002; 55 (12): 10-11
View details for Web of Science ID 000179481800001
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Coordinate representation of the one-spinon one-holon wave function and spinon-holon interaction
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
2002; 65 (19)
View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.195112
View details for Web of Science ID 000175860900047
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The physical basis of computability
COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
2002; 4 (3): 27-30
View details for Web of Science ID 000175131400006
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The quantum criticality conundrum
ADVANCES IN PHYSICS
2001; 50 (4): 361-365
View details for Web of Science ID 000172573000001
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Balanced branching in transcription termination
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2001; 98 (9): 5019-5024
Abstract
The theory of stochastic transcription termination based on free-energy competition [von Hippel, P. H. & Yager, T. D. (1992) Science 255, 809-812 and von Hippel, P. H. & Yager, T. D. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2307-2311] requires two or more reaction rates to be delicately balanced over a wide range of physical conditions. A large body of work on glasses and large molecules suggests that this balancing should be impossible in such a large system in the absence of a new organizing principle of matter. We review the experimental literature of termination and find no evidence for such a principle, but do find many troubling inconsistencies, most notably, anomalous memory effects. These effects suggest that termination has a deterministic component and may conceivably not be stochastic at all. We find that a key experiment by Wilson and von Hippel [Wilson, K. S. & von Hippel, P. H. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 244, 36-51] thought to demonstrate stochastic termination was an incorrectly analyzed regulatory effect of Mg(2+) binding.
View details for Web of Science ID 000168311500041
View details for PubMedID 11309513
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Spinon attraction in spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic chains
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
2001; 86 (15): 3392-3395
Abstract
We derive the representation of the two-spinon wave function for the Haldane-Shastry model in terms of the spinon coordinates. This result allows us to rigorously analyze spinon interaction and its physical effects. We show that spinons attract one another. The attraction gets stronger as the size of the system is increased and, in the thermodynamic limit, determines the power law with which the susceptibility diverges.
View details for Web of Science ID 000168045700044
View details for PubMedID 11327978
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Hidden order in the cuprates
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
2001; 63 (9)
View details for Web of Science ID 000167312000081
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Quantum phase transitions and the breakdown of classical general relativity
PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE B-PHYSICS OF CONDENSED MATTER STATISTICAL MECHANICS ELECTRONIC OPTICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
2001; 81 (3): 235-254
View details for Web of Science ID 000167699700001
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The middle way
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2000; 97 (1): 32-37
Abstract
Mesoscopic organization in soft, hard, and biological matter is examined in the context of our present understanding of the principles responsible for emergent organized behavior (crystallinity, ferromagnetism, superconductivity, etc.) at long wavelengths in very large aggregations of particles. Particular attention is paid to the possibility that as-yet-undiscovered organizing principles might be at work at the mesoscopic scale, intermediate between atomic and macroscopic dimensions, and the implications of their discovery for biology and the physical sciences. The search for the existence and universality of such rules, the proof or disproof of organizing principles appropriate to the mesoscopic domain, is called the middle way.
View details for Web of Science ID 000084624500009
View details for PubMedID 10618366
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The theory of everything
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2000; 97 (1): 28-31
Abstract
We discuss recent developments in our understanding of matter, broadly construed, and their implications for contemporary research in fundamental physics.
View details for Web of Science ID 000084624500008
View details for PubMedID 10618365
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Quantum number fractionalization in antiferromagnets
Workshop with Learning on Field Theories for Low-Dimensional Condensed Matter Systems
SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. 2000: 83–115
View details for Web of Science ID 000167994700003
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Differential light scattering: Probing the sonoluminescence collapse
PHYSICAL REVIEW E
1999; 60 (6): R6303-R6306
Abstract
We have developed a light scattering technique based on differential measurement and polarization (differential light scattering, DLS) capable in principle of retrieving timing information with picosecond resolution without the need for fast electronics. DLS was applied to sonoluminescence, duplicating known results (sharp turnaround, self-similar collapse); the resolution was limited by intensity noise to about 0.5 ns. Preliminary evidence indicates a smooth turnaround on a less than approximately 0.5-ns time scale, and suggests the existence of subnanosecond features within a few nanoseconds of the turnaround.
View details for Web of Science ID 000084600400013
View details for PubMedID 11970620
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Nobel Lecture: Fractional quantization
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS
1999; 71 (4): 863-874
View details for Web of Science ID 000082039400001
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A critique of two metals
ADVANCES IN PHYSICS
1998; 47 (6): 943-958
View details for Web of Science ID 000077086400001
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Magnetic induction of d(x2-y2)+id(xy) order in high-T-c superconductors
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1998; 80 (23): 5188-5191
View details for Web of Science ID 000074011900041
- Parallels Between Quantum Antiferromagnetism and the Strong Interactions Proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the Asia-Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics edited by Cho, Y. M., Hong, J. B., Yang, C. N. Singapore: World Scientific. 1998
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Evidence for quasiparticle decay in photoemission from underdoped cuprates
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1997; 79 (9): 1726-1729
View details for Web of Science ID A1997XU05700037
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Evidence for composite nature of quasiparticles in the 2D t-J model
NUCLEAR PHYSICS B
1996; 473 (3): 707-720
View details for Web of Science ID A1996VA45100010
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Evidence for electron decay in photoemission from Sr2CuO2Cl2
Conference on Spectroscopies in Novel Superconductors
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. 1995: 1627–32
View details for Web of Science ID A1995TL54700012
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NUMERICAL EVIDENCE FOR ELECTRON DECAY IN THE 2-DIMENSIONAL T-J MODEL
International Euroconference on Magnetic Correlations, Metal-Insulator-Transitions, and Superconductivity in Novel Materials
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. 1995: 443–66
View details for Web of Science ID A1995QX87700040
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FRACTIONAL VORTICES AS EVIDENCE OF TIME-REVERSAL SYMMETRY-BREAKING IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1995; 74 (16): 3249-3252
View details for Web of Science ID A1995QT44900040
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TUNNELING GAP AS EVIDENCE FOR TIME-REVERSAL SYMMETRY-BREAKING AT SURFACES OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS
PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
1994; 234 (3-4): 280-284
View details for Web of Science ID A1994PY37800011
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RESPONSE FUNCTION OF THE T-J MODEL CALCULATED USING ANYON TECHNIQUES
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1994; 50 (14): 10165-10189
View details for Web of Science ID A1994PL95100056
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SPIN SUSCEPTIBILITY AND GAP STRUCTURE OF THE FRACTIONAL-STATISTICS GAS
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1994; 50 (10): 7107-7123
View details for Web of Science ID A1994PH22200063
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TIME-REVERSAL SYMMETRY-BREAKING IN SUPERCONDUCTORS - A PROPOSED EXPERIMENTAL TEST
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1994; 49 (17): 12330-12332
View details for Web of Science ID A1994NL64300103
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GAUGE-THEORY OF THE 3-DIMENSIONAL CHIRAL SPIN LIQUID
NUCLEAR PHYSICS B
1994; 413 (3): 579-604
View details for Web of Science ID A1994MZ28400002
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D-WAVE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY WITH A GAP
Conference on Strongly Correlated Electronic Materials: The Los Alamos Symposium 1993
ADDISON-WESLEY PUBL CO. 1994: 566–569
View details for Web of Science ID A1994BC51Q00033
- New Elementary Particles in Quantum Antiferromagnets and Their Potential Relevance to High-Temperature Superconductivity Modern Perspectives in Many-Body Physics: Proceedings of the 6th Physics Summer School edited by Das, M. P., Mahanty, J. Singapore: World Scientific. 1994
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FRACTIONAL-STATISTICS GAS WITH SPIN AND STABILITY OF THE SUPERFLUID STATE
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1993; 48 (14): 10382-10390
View details for Web of Science ID A1993MB64800047
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COMPUTATION OF THE OPTICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE T-J MODEL USING ANYON TECHNIQUES
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1992; 69 (25): 3670-3673
View details for Web of Science ID A1992KC93100020
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QUANTUM-MECHANICS OF THE FRACTIONAL-STATISTICS GAS - RANDOM-PHASE APPROXIMATION
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1992; 46 (9): 5642-5677
View details for Web of Science ID A1992JM06400077
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ABSENCE OF CIRCULAR-DICHROISM IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1992; 69 (9): 1439-1442
View details for Web of Science ID A1992JK86400038
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MACROSCOPICALLY DOPED CHIRAL-SPIN-LIQUID STATE
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1992; 45 (2): 993-1012
View details for Web of Science ID A1992HA07400052
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HOLE PROPAGATOR OF THE CHIRAL SPIN LIQUID
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1992; 45 (1): 400-414
View details for Web of Science ID A1992GY51600047
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ANYONS AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY - RANDOM PHASE APPROXIMATION
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B
1991; 5 (16-17): 2751-2790
View details for Web of Science ID A1991GP58900009
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CURRENT STATUS OF SEMIONIC PAIRING THEORY OF HIGH-TC SUPERCONDUCTORS
WORKSHOP ON PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS OF ANYONS
WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD. 1991: 1507–19
View details for Web of Science ID A1991FX39300004
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NON-ABELIAN MONOPOLES IN THE 3-DIMENSIONAL CHIRAL SPIN LIQUID
NUCLEAR PHYSICS B
1991; 348 (3): 693-713
View details for Web of Science ID A1991ER47000012
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QUANTUM-MECHANICS OF THE FRACTIONAL-STATISTICS GAS - PARTICLE-HOLE INTERACTION
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1991; 43 (1): 309-319
View details for Web of Science ID A1991EQ74400030
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CHARGED EXCITATIONS OF THE CHIRAL SPIN LIQUID
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1990; 42 (7): 4073-4079
View details for Web of Science ID A1990DX52100032
- Fractional Statistics in the Quantum Hall Effect Fractional Statistics and Anyon Superconductivity edited by Wilzcek, F. Singapore: World Scientific. 1990: 262
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QUANTUM-MECHANICS OF THE FRACTIONAL-STATISTICS GAS - HARTREE-FOCK APPROXIMATION
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1989; 40 (13): 8745-8758
View details for Web of Science ID A1989AX80800016
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THEORY OF THE SPIN LIQUID-STATE OF THE HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1989; 39 (16): 11879-11899
View details for Web of Science ID A1989AA06500006
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RANDOM-PHASE APPROXIMATION IN THE FRACTIONAL-STATISTICS GAS
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1989; 39 (13): 9679-9681
View details for Web of Science ID A1989U545400120
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SPIN HAMILTONIAN FOR WHICH QUANTUM HALL WAVEFUNCTION IS EXACT
ANNALS OF PHYSICS
1989; 191 (1): 163-202
View details for Web of Science ID A1989AB89600005
- Fractional Quantization in High-Temperature Superconductivity Mechanisms of High-Temperature Superconductivity edited by Kamimura, H., Oshiyama, A. Heidelberg: Springer. 1989: 76
- Fractional Statistics in the Quantum Hall Effect Two-Dimensional Strongly Correlated Electron Systems edited by Gan, Z., Sun, Z. London: Gordon and Breach. 1989: 199
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL-EFFECT
SCIENCE
1988; 242 (4878): 525-533
Abstract
The case is made that the spin-liquid state of a Mott insulator, hypothesized to exist by Anderson and identified by him as the correct context for discussing high-temperature superconductors, occurs in these materials and exhibits the principles of fractional quantization identified in the fractional quantum Hall effect. The most important of these is that particles carrying a fraction of an elementary quantum number, in this case spin, attract one another by a powerful gauge force, which can lead to a new kind of superconductivity. The temperature scale for the superconductivity is set by an energy gap in the spin-wave spectrum, which is also the fundamental measure of how "liquid" the spins are.
View details for Web of Science ID A1988Q634500026
View details for PubMedID 17815892
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SUPERCONDUCTING GROUND-STATE OF NONINTERACTING PARTICLES OBEYING FRACTIONAL STATISTICS
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1988; 60 (25): 2677-2680
View details for Web of Science ID A1988N873200030
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EQUIVALENCE OF THE RESONATING-VALENCE-BOND AND FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL STATES
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1987; 59 (18): 2095-2098
View details for Web of Science ID A1987K611000028
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DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTANCE IN 3-DIMENSIONAL RESONANT TUNNELING
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1987; 35 (18): 9805-9808
View details for Web of Science ID A1987J131400043
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POSITRONIUM TIME-OF-FLIGHT SPECTROSCOPY OF DISSIMILAR METALS
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1987; 35 (10): 5303-5306
View details for Web of Science ID A1987G717000100
- Dilute Fermi Liquid of Polarons in Copper Oxide Superconductors Novel Superconductivity edited by Wolf, S. A., Kresin, V. Z. New York: Plenum. 1987: 553
- Electrical Resistivity as Quantum Chaos Chaos '87: International Conference on the Physics of Chaos and Systems Far from Equilibrium edited by Duong-Van, M. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 1987: 213
- Elemental Theory: The Incompressible Quantum Fluid The Quantum Hall Effect edited by Prange, R. E., Girvin, S. M. New York: Springer. 1987: 233
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MECHANISM OF CURRENT MODULATION BY OPTIC PHONONS IN HETEROJUNCTION TUNNELING EXPERIMENTS
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1986; 34 (8): 5475-5483
View details for Web of Science ID A1986E450200063
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OSCILLATIONS IN THE CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF GAAS-ALGAAS TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1986; 56 (23): 2547-2547
View details for Web of Science ID A1986C602500032
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DESTRUCTION OF THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL-EFFECT BY DISORDER
SURFACE SCIENCE
1986; 170 (1-2): 167-172
View details for Web of Science ID A1986C416000029
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TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE OF INTERATOMIC FORCES IN THE THOMAS-FERMI APPROXIMATION
PHYSICAL REVIEW A
1986; 33 (1): 510-518
View details for Web of Science ID A1986AXE1300059
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ONE DIMENSIONAL POLARON EFFECTS AND CURRENT INHOMOGENEITIES IN SEQUENTIAL PHONON EMISSION
PHYSICA B & C
1985; 134 (1-3): 41-46
View details for Web of Science ID A1985AWJ3500009
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SCALING OF CONDUCTIVITIES IN THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL-EFFECT
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1985; 32 (2): 1311-1314
View details for Web of Science ID A1985AMH6100091
- Quasiparticle Aggregation in the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors edited by Chadi, D. J., Harrison, W. A. New York: Springer. 1985: 255
- The Gauge Argument for Accurate Quantization of the Hall Conductance Two-Dimensional Systems, Heterostructures and Superlattices edited by Bauer, G., Kuchar, F., Heinrich, H. Heidelberg: Springer. 1984: 272
- Fractional Quantization of the Hall Conductance Two-Dimensional Systems, Heterostructures and Superlattices edited by Bauer, G., Kuchar, F., Heinrich, H. Heidelberg: Springer. 1984: 285
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PRIMITIVE AND COMPOSITE GROUND-STATES IN THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL-EFFECT
SURFACE SCIENCE
1984; 142 (1-3): 163-172
View details for Web of Science ID A1984TD36900028
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LEVITATION OF EXTENDED-STATE BANDS IN A STRONG MAGNETIC-FIELD
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1984; 52 (25): 2304-2304
View details for Web of Science ID A1984SV88800031
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EXCITONS IN THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL-EFFECT
PHYSICA B & C
1984; 126 (1-3): 254-259
View details for Web of Science ID A1984TV28200036
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QUANTIZED MOTION OF 3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRONS IN A STRONG MAGNETIC-FIELD
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1983; 27 (6): 3383-3389
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QH04500025
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ANOMALOUS QUANTUM HALL-EFFECT - AN INCOMPRESSIBLE QUANTUM FLUID WITH FRACTIONALLY CHARGED EXCITATIONS
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1983; 50 (18): 1395-1398
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QM76700017
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HELIUM DIFFRACTION FROM THE GAAS(110) SURFACE AND THE GENERATION OF HELIUM-SURFACE POTENTIALS
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1982; 25 (4): 2222-2247
View details for Web of Science ID A1982NL11500016
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UNIVERSAL BEHAVIOR IN THE ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY OF STRONG-SCATTERING EXPANDED FLUID METALS
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1982; 26 (12): 7019-7022
View details for Web of Science ID A1982PV35300071
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EXCHANGE THEORY OF RESISTIVITY SATURATION
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1982; 26 (6): 3479-3482
View details for Web of Science ID A1982PH27000093
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QUANTIZED HALL CONDUCTIVITY IN 2 DIMENSIONS
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1981; 23 (10): 5632-5633
View details for Web of Science ID A1981LR24700084
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OPTICAL-ABSORPTION EDGE OF SIO2
PHYSICAL REVIEW B
1980; 22 (6): 3021-3029
View details for Web of Science ID A1980KK44900050