Clinical Focus

  • Otolaryngology

Academic Appointments

  • Clinical Instructor, Otolaryngology (Head and Neck Surgery)

Professional Education

  • Board Certification: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Otolaryngology (2023)
  • Residency: Universite de Montreal (2023) Canada
  • Medical Education: University of Montreal (2018) Canada

Contact

  • Academic
    riaxel@stanford.edu
    University - Academic staff Department: OHNS/Rhinology Division Position: Clinical Instructor
  • Clinical (Primary)  Stanford Dept of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery 801 Welch Rd MC 5739 Stanford, CA 94305 (650) 725-6685 (fax)

Additional Clinical Info

Additional Info

  • Mail Code: 5739

All Publications

  • Stepwise Empty Nose Syndrome Evaluation (SENSE) test-A modified cotton test for reduced bias in office diagnosis of empty nose syndrome. International forum of allergy & rhinology Levi, L., Yang, A., Tsai, E. F., Ma, Y., Ibrahim, N., Dholakia, S. S., Rao, V. K., Renteria, A., Cao, X., Chang, M. T., Nayak, J. V. 2024

    Abstract

    Diagnosis of empty nose syndrome (ENS) relies on the ENS six-item questionnaire (ENS6Q) with a score of ≥11, followed by a "positive" cotton test yielding seven-point reduction from baseline ENS6Q score via cotton placement to the inferior meatus (IM). Given the intricacies of diagnosing ENS and the propensity for false positives with the standard cotton test, we modified the classic single-step cotton test into a four-part Stepwise Empty Nose Syndrome Evaluation (SENSE) cotton test to reduce bias and evaluate the placebo effect.Individuals diagnosed with ENS underwent the SENSE test, a single-blinded, four-step, office-based cotton test, without topical anesthesia or decongestants. Conditions included: (1) placebo/no cotton placed; (2) complete cotton-blockade of nasal vestibule; (3) cotton placed medially against the nasal septum; and (4) cotton placed laterally in the IM (site of inferior turbinate tissue loss). With each condition, patients completed an ENS6Q.Forty-eight ENS patients were included. Twenty-nine percent demonstrated a placebo effect (p < 0.001), 40.4% had a positive response to complete cotton-blockade (p < 0.001), 64.4% to septum-placed cotton, and 79.1% to IM-placed cotton (p < 0.001), corresponding to a mean ENS6Q reduction of 11.9 points (p < 0.001). Notably, the mean difference in ENS6Q scores between septum and IM placement was 1.7 (p < 0.001).The SENSE test offers further insight into subtleties of nasal breathing experienced by ENS patients. The placebo effect can be prominent and important to consider with individual patients. While most ENS patients prefer any intranasal cotton placement over baseline, blinded testing reveals these patients can accurately discriminate minimal changes in nasal aerodynamics.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/alr.23442

    View details for PubMedID 39373717