Beth Beadle

All Publications

• Artificial Intelligence-Based Radiotherapy Contouring and Planning to Improve Global Access to Cancer Care. JCO global oncology Court, L. E., Aggarwal, A., Jhingran, A., Naidoo, K., Netherton, T., Olanrewaju, A., Peterson, C., Parkes, J., Simonds, H., Trauernicht, C., Zhang, L., Beadle, B. M., Radiation Planning Assistant Consortium, Ahmad, S., Anderson, D., Baghwala, A., Chan, K., Das, P., Edwards, A., Elbanna, M., Elhalawani, H., Elsayed, M., Ewongwo, A., Fakie, N., Fuller, C. D., Garden, A., Gove, M., Guerrero-Urbano, T., Kaittany, N., Khan, M., Langer, J., Leeig, P., Lee, B., Lee, A., Lee, B., Leech, M., Li, B., Lichter, K., Lin, L., Lin, S., Lombe, D., Mallick, I., Maroongroge, S., Martin, R., McGinnis, G., Mezera, M., Mohammedsaid, M., Nguyen, S., Nuanjing, J., Phillips, T., Prajapati, S., Punt, L., Reed, V., Roniger, D., Shaitelman, S., Sherriff, A., Shiao, J., Skinner, H., Susan, A., Sutton, J., Syed, H., Thang, S., Thompson, J., Walker, G., Wetter, J., White, I., Xu, M., Yousif, Y., Zhu, S. 2024; 10: e2300376

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: Increased automation has been identified as one approach to improving global cancer care. The Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA) is a web-based tool offering automated radiotherapy (RT) contouring and planning to low-resource clinics. In this study, the RPA workflow and clinical acceptability were assessed by physicians around the world.METHODS: The RPA output for 75 cases was reviewed by at least three physicians; 31 radiation oncologists at 16 institutions in six countries on five continents reviewed RPA contours and plans for clinical acceptability using a 5-point Likert scale.RESULTS: For cervical cancer, RPA plans using bony landmarks were scored as usable as-is in 81% (with minor edits 93%); using soft tissue contours, plans were scored as usable as-is in 79% (with minor edits 96%). For postmastectomy breast cancer, RPA plans were scored as usable as-is in 44% (with minor edits 91%). For whole-brain treatment, RPA plans were scored as usable as-is in 67% (with minor edits 99%). For head/neck cancer, the normal tissue autocontours were acceptable as-is in 89% (with minor edits 97%). The clinical target volumes (CTVs) were acceptable as-is in 40% (with minor edits 93%). The volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were acceptable as-is in 87% (with minor edits 96%). For cervical cancer, the normal tissue autocontours were acceptable as-is in 92% (with minor edits 99%). The CTVs for cervical cancer were scored as acceptable as-is in 83% (with minor edits 92%). The VMAT plans for cervical cancer were acceptable as-is in 99% (with minor edits 100%).CONCLUSION: The RPA, a web-based tool designed to improve access to high-quality RT in low-resource settings, has high rates of clinical acceptability by practicing clinicians around the world. It has significant potential for successful implementation in low-resource clinics.

  View details for DOI 10.1200/GO.23.00376

  View details for PubMedID 38484191

• Radiation Planning Assistant - A Web-based Tool to Support High-quality Radiotherapy in Clinics with Limited Resources. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE Court, L. E., Aggarwal, A., Burger, H., Cardenas, C., Chung, C., Douglas, R., du Toit, M., Jhingran, A., Mumme, R., Muya, S., Naidoo, K., Ndumbalo, J., Netherton, T., Nguyen, C., Olanrewaju, A., Parkes, J., Shaw, W., Trauernicht, C., Xu, M., Yang, J., Zhang, L., Simonds, H., Beadle, B. M. 2023

  Abstract

  Access to radiotherapy worldwide is limited. The Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA) is a fully automated, web-based tool that is being developed to offer fully automated radiotherapy treatment planning tools to clinics with limited resources. The goal is to help clinical teams scale their efforts, thus reaching more patients with cancer. The user connects to the RPA via a webpage, completes a Service Request (prescription and information about the radiotherapy targets), and uploads the patient's CT image set. The RPA offers two approaches to automated planning. In one-step planning, the system uses the Service Request and CT scan to automatically generate the necessary contours and treatment plan. In two-step planning, the user reviews and edits the automatically generated contours before the RPA continues to generate a volume-modulated arc therapy plan. The final plan is downloaded from the RPA website and imported into the user's local treatment planning system, where the dose is recalculated for the locally commissioned linac; if necessary, the plan is edited prior to approval for clinical use.

  View details for DOI 10.3791/65504

  View details for PubMedID 37870317

• Performance Analysis of a Radiation Oncology Educational Podcast. Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR Wu, T. C., No, H. J., Rahimy, E., Kishan, A. U., Steinberg, M. L., Raldow, A. C., Beadle, B. M. 2023

  Abstract

  Asynchronous podcast education is a popular supplementary tool with up to 88% of medical residents reporting its use. Radiation Oncology podcasts remain scarce. We analyze the early performance, listenership, and engagement of the first education-specific Radiation Oncology medical podcast.Episode data and listener demographics were gathered from Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Episodes were case based, categorized by disease subsite, and reviewed by a board-certified radiation oncologist. Listenership was defined by the number of plays per day (ppd) on unique devices, averaged up to 60 days from publication. Episode engagement was defined as a percentage of plays on unique devices playing >40% of an episode within a single session. Quantitative endpoints included episode engagement and listenership. Pearson's correlation coefficient calculations were used for analysis.From July 2022 to March 2023, twenty total episodes had 13,078 total plays over 227 days. Median episode length was 13.8 minutes (range 9.2-20.1). Listener demographics included 54.4% male, 44.0% female, 1.3% not specified, and 0.3% non-binary, ranging from ages 18-22 (1%), 23-27 (13%), 28-34 (58%), 35-44 (22%), 45-59 (4%), and 60+ (2%) years. Episodes were played in 53 countries, with the most plays in North America (71.5%), followed by Asia (10.2%), Europe (8.2%), Oceania (8.0%), Africa (1.5%), and South America (0.5%). There was a 585.2% increase in listenership since initiation with median growth of 46.0% per month. Median listenership and engagement were 11.3 ppd (IQR, 10.3-13.8 ppd) and 81.4% (IQR, 72.0-84.2%) for all episodes, respectively. A significant negative relationship between episode length and engagement was observed (r(20) = -0.51, P=0.02). There were no statistically significant relationship between ppd and episode length (r(20) = -0.19, P=0.42).The significant rise in listenership, high episode engagement, and large international audience supports a previously unmet need in Radiation Oncology medical education that may be supplemented by podcasts.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jacr.2023.06.026

  View details for PubMedID 37516159

• Addressing the Global Expertise Gap in Radiation Oncology: The Radiation Planning Assistant. JCO global oncology Court, L., Aggarwal, A., Burger, H., Cardenas, C., Chung, C., Douglas, R., du Toit, M., Jaffray, D., Jhingran, A., Mejia, M., Mumme, R., Muya, S., Naidoo, K., Ndumbalo, J., Nealon, K., Netherton, T., Nguyen, C., Olanrewaju, N., Parkes, J., Shaw, W., Trauernicht, C., Xu, M., Yang, J., Zhang, L., Simonds, H., Beadle, B. M. 2023; 9: e2200431

  Abstract

  Automation, including the use of artificial intelligence, has been identified as a possible opportunity to help reduce the gap in access and quality for radiotherapy and other aspects of cancer care. The Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA) project was conceived in 2015 (and funded in 2016) to use automated contouring and treatment planning algorithms to support the efforts of oncologists in low- and middle-income countries, allowing them to scale their efforts and treat more patients safely and efficiently (to increase access).In this review, we discuss the development of the RPA, with a particular focus on clinical acceptability and safety/risk across jurisdictions as these are important indicators for the successful future deployment of the RPA to increase radiotherapy availability and ameliorate global disparities in access to radiation oncology.RPA tools will be offered through a webpage, where users can upload computed tomography data sets and download automatically generated contours and treatment plans. All interfaces have been designed to maximize ease of use and minimize risk. The current version of the RPA includes automated contouring and planning for head and neck cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, and metastases to the brain.The RPA has been designed to bring high-quality treatment planning to more patients across the world, and it may encourage greater investment in treatment devices and other aspects of cancer treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.1200/GO.22.00431

  View details for PubMedID 37471671

• The Potential of Adaptive Radiotherapy For Patients With Head and Neck Cancer-Too Much or Not Enough? JAMA oncology Beadle, B. M., Chan, A. W. 2023

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.1306

  View details for PubMedID 37261837

• Barriers and Facilitators of Implementing Automated Radiotherapy Planning: A Multisite Survey of Low- and Middle-Income Country Radiation Oncology Providers. JCO global oncology McGinnis, G. J., Ning, M. S., Beadle, B. M., Joubert, N., Shaw, W., Trauernich, C., Simonds, H., Grover, S., Cardenas, C. E., Court, L. E., Smith, G. L. 2022; 8: e2100431

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: Global access to radiotherapy (RT) is inequitable, with obstacles to implementing modern technologies in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). The Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA) is a web-based automated RT planning software package intended to increase accessibility of high-quality RT planning. We surveyed LMIC RT providers to identify barriers and facilitators of future RPA deployment and uptake.METHODS: RT providers underwent a pilot RPA teaching session in sub-Saharan Africa (Botswana, South Africa, and Tanzania) and Central America (Guatemala). Thirty providers (30 of 33, 90.9% response rate) participated in a postsession survey.RESULTS: Respondents included physicians (n = 10, 33%), physicists (n = 9, 30%), dosimetrists (n = 8, 27%), residents/registrars (n = 1, 3.3%), radiation therapists (n = 1, 3.3%), and administrators (n = 1, 3.3%). Overall, 86.7% expressed interest in RPA; more respondents expected that RPA would be usable in 2 years (80%) compared with now (60%). Anticipated barriers were lack of reliable internet (80%), potential subscription fees (60%), and need for functionality in additional disease sites (48%). Expected facilitators included decreased workload (80%), decreased planning time (72%), and ability to treat more patients (64%). Forty-four percent anticipated that RPA would help transition from 2-dimensional to 3-dimensional techniques and 48% from 3-dimensional to intensity-modulated radiation treatment. Of a maximum acceptability/feasibility score of 60, physicians (45.6, standard deviation [SD] = 7.5) and dosimetrists (44.3, SD = 9.1) had lower scores than the mean for all respondents (48.3, SD = 7.7) although variation in scores by roles was not significantly different (P = .21).CONCLUSION: These data provide an early assessment and create an initial framework to identify stakeholder needs and establish priorities to address barriers and promote facilitators of RPA deployment and uptake across global sites, as well as to tailor to needs in LMICs.

  View details for DOI 10.1200/GO.21.00431

  View details for PubMedID 35537104

• Clinical Acceptability of Automated Radiation Treatment Planning for Head and Neck Cancer Using the Radiation Planning Assistant. Practical radiation oncology Olanrewaju, A., Court, L. E., Zhang, L., Naidoo, K., Burger, H., Dalvie, S., Wetter, J., Parkes, J., Trauernicht, C. J., McCarroll, R. E., Cardenas, C., Peterson, C. B., Benson, K. R., du Toit, M., van Reenen, R., Beadle, B. M. 2021

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: Radiation treatment planning for head and neck cancer is a complex process with much variability; automated treatment planning is a promising option to improve plan quality and efficiency. This study compared radiation plans generated from a fully automated radiation treatment planning system to plans generated manually that had been clinically approved and delivered.METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study cohort consisted of 50 patients treated by a specialized head and neck cancer team at a tertiary care center. An automated radiation treatment planning system, the Radiation Planning Assistant, was used to create autoplans for all patients using their original, approved contours. Common dose-volume histogram (DVH) criteria were used to compare the quality of autoplans to the clinical plans. Fourteen radiation oncologists, each from a different institution, then reviewed and compared the autoplans and clinical plans in a blinded fashion.RESULTS: Autoplans and clinical plans were very similar with regard to DVH metrics for coverage and critical structure constraints. Physician reviewers found both the clinical plans and autoplans acceptable for use; overall, 78% of the clinical plans and 88% of the autoplans were found to be usable as is (without any edits). When asked to choose which plan would be preferred for approval, 27% of physician reviewers selected the clinical plan, 47% selected the autoplan, 25% said both were equivalent, and 0% said neither. Hence, overall, 72% of physician reviewers believed the autoplan or either the clinical or autoplan was preferable.CONCLUSIONS: Automated radiation treatment planning creates consistent, clinically acceptable treatment plans that meet DVH criteria and are found to be appropriate on physician review.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.prro.2020.12.003

  View details for PubMedID 33640315

• Postoperative Observation Versus Radiotherapy for Pathologic N1 Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma. American journal of clinical oncology Xiang, M. n., Holsinger, F. C., Gensheimer, M. F., Divi, V. n., Pollom, E. L., Colevas, A. D., Le, Q. T., Beadle, B. M. 2021; Publish Ahead of Print

  Abstract

  To investigate the benefit of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for low-volume (pN1) nodal disease after resection of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.The National Cancer Database was queried for adults with nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity treated by surgical resection with pathologic stage T1-2 N0-2 (American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition) and with the maximal exclusion of standard indications for PORT. Overall survival was compared within pN1 for observation versus PORT and then compared for pN1 versus pN0 and versus pN2 stratified by receipt of observation or PORT. Multivariable Cox regression was used to adjust for potential confounders between PORT and survival, including comorbidity and age.Overall 5017 pN0, 530 pN1, and 253 pN2 patients were identified, of whom 9%, 35%, and 64% received PORT, respectively. Within the pN1 cohort, PORT was associated with improved survival versus observation (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.97; P=0.03). Among observed patients, the prognosis of pN1 was equivalent to pN2 and inferior to pN0; in contrast, among patients treated with PORT, the prognosis of pN1 was equivalent to pN0 and superior to pN2. Without PORT, pN1 remained an adverse risk factor relative to pN0 regardless of the depth of invasion, lymph node size, lymph node location, and extent of lymph node dissection.PORT was associated with a survival benefit compared with observation. Notably, pN1 was an adverse risk factor relative to pN0 if, and only if, patients did not receive PORT, suggesting pN1 by itself may be an indication for PORT.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/COC.0000000000000792

  View details for PubMedID 33417322

• Generating High-Quality Lymph Node Clinical Target Volumes for Head and Neck Cancer Radiotherapy Using a Fully Automated Deep Learning-Based Approach. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Cardenas, C. E., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Skinner, H. D., Yang, J., Rhee, D. J., McCarroll, R. E., Netherton, T. J., Gay, S. S., Zhang, L., Court, L. E. 2020

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: To develop a deep learning model that generates consistent, high-quality lymph node CTV contours for HNC patients, as an integral part of a fully-automated radiation treatment planning workflow.METHODS AND MATERIALS: CT scans from 71 HNC patients were retrospectively collected and split into training (n=51), cross-validation (n=10), and test (n=10) datasets. All had target volume delineations covering lymph node levels Ia through V (Ia-V), Ib through V (Ib-V), II through IV (II-IV), and retropharyngeal (RP) nodes, which were previously approved by a radiation oncologist specializing in HNC. Volumes of interest (VOIs) about nodal levels were automatically identified using computer vision techniques. The VOI (cropped CT image) and approved contours were used to train a U-Net auto-segmentation model. Each lymph node level was trained independently, with model parameters optimized by assessing performance on the cross-validation dataset. Once optimal model parameters were identified, overlap and distance metrics were calculated between ground truth and auto-segmentations on the test set. Lastly, this final model was used on 32 additional patient scans (not included in original 71 cases) and auto-segmentations visually rated by three radiation oncologists as being "clinically acceptable without requiring edits", "requiring minor edits", or "requiring major edits."RESULTS: When comparing ground truths to auto-segmentations on the test dataset, median Dice Similarity Coefficients were 0.90, 0.90, 0.89, and 0.81 and median mean surface distance values were 1.0mm, 1.0mm, 1.1mm, and 1.3mm for node levels Ia-V, Ib-V, II-IV, and RP nodes, respectively. Qualitative scoring varied between physicians. Overall, 99% of auto-segmented target volumes were either scored as being clinically acceptable or requiring minor edits (i.e. stylistic recommendations, <2 minutes).CONCLUSIONS: We developed a fully automated artificial intelligence approach to auto-delineate nodal CTVs for patients with intact HNC. Most auto-segmentations were found to be clinically acceptable after qualitative review when considering recommended stylistic edits. This promising work automatically delineates nodal CTVs in a robust and consistent manner; this approach can be implemented in ongoing efforts for fully-automated radiation treatment planning.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.10.005

  View details for PubMedID 33068690

• Treatment Breaks During Definitive Head/Neck Radiotherapy: Survival Impact and Predisposing Factors Xiang, M., Gensheimer, M., Pollom, E., Holsinger, F., Colevas, A., Quynh-Thu Le, Beadle, B. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2020: E39

  View details for Web of Science ID 000579885400086

• Automatic verification of beam apertures for cervical cancer radiotherapy. Practical radiation oncology Kisling, K., Cardenas, C., Anderson, B. M., Zhang, J., Jhingran, A., Simonds, H., Balter, P., Howell, R. M., Schmeler, K., Beadle, B. M., Court, L. 2020

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: Automated tools can help identify radiation treatment plans of unacceptable quality. To this end, we developed a quality verification technique to automatically verify the clinical acceptability of beam apertures for four-field box treatments of patients with cervical cancer. By comparing the beam apertures to be used for treatment with a secondary set of beam apertures developed automatically, this quality verification technique can flag beam apertures that may need to be edited to be acceptable for treatment.METHODS AND MATERIALS: The automated methodology for creating verification beam apertures uses a deep learning model trained on beam apertures and digitally-reconstructed radiographs from 255 clinically acceptable planned treatments (as rated by physicians). These verification apertures were then compared with the treatment apertures using spatial comparison metrics to detect unacceptable treatment apertures. We tested the quality verification technique on beam apertures from 80 treatment plans. Each plan was rated by physicians, where 57 were rated clinically acceptable and 23 were rated clinically unacceptable.RESULTS: Using various comparison metrics (the mean surface distance, Hausdorff distance, and Dice similarity coefficient) for the two sets of beam apertures, we found that treatment beam apertures rated acceptable had significantly better agreement with the verification beam apertures than those rated unacceptable (p < 0.01). Upon receiver operating characteristic analysis, we found the area under the curve for all metrics to be 0.89-0.95, which demonstrated the high sensitivity and specificity of our quality verification technique.CONCLUSION: We found that our technique of automatically verifying the beam aperture is an effective tool for flagging potentially unacceptable beam apertures during the treatment plan review process. Accordingly, we will clinically deploy this quality verification technique as part of a fully automated treatment planning tool and automated plan quality assurance program.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.prro.2020.05.001

  View details for PubMedID 32450365

• Prolongation of definitive head and neck cancer radiotherapy: Survival impact and predisposing factors. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Xiang, M. n., Gensheimer, M. F., Pollom, E. L., Holsinger, F. C., Colevas, A. D., Le, Q. T., Beadle, B. M. 2020

  Abstract

  To quantify the survival impact of prolongation of definitive radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer in a national, modern cohort, and to identify predictive factors for prolongation.The National Cancer Database was queried for adults with non-metastatic cancer of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx diagnosed 2004-2015, treated with definitive RT to 66-70 Gy in 30-35 fractions at 2-2.2 Gy per fraction. Multivariable Cox regression and propensity score matching were used to model the survival impact of RT prolongation, adjusting for potential confounders such as age and comorbidity. Predictors of RT prolongation were identified using multivariable multinomial logistic regression.In total, 36,367 patients were identified. As a continuous variable, RT prolongation increased the relative hazard of death by 2% per day (P < .0001). In the matched cohorts, patients with short (4-8 days) or long prolongation (> 8 days) had lower absolute 4-year overall survival by 4% and 12% respectively (P < .0001), while prolongation of 1-3 days was not significantly adverse. Major predictors of increased risk of prolongation were administration of systemic therapy, baseline comorbidity, lack of private insurance, and tumor/nodal stage. Conversely, higher facility volume was significantly protective, with a 55% lower risk of long prolongation within the topmost quartile (> 11.5 patients/year).RT prolongation, especially > 8 days, is significantly deleterious. Systemic therapy and facility volume were major predictors. Early identification of patients at increased risk of treatment interruptions may facilitate implementation of preventive measures.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.12.025

  View details for PubMedID 33383061

• The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence within Radiation Oncology Treatment Planning. Oncology Netherton, T. J., Cardenas, C. E., Rhee, D. J., Court, L. E., Beadle, B. M. 2020: 1–11

  Abstract

  The future of artificial intelligence (AI) heralds unprecedented change for the field of radiation oncology. Commercial vendors and academic institutions have created AI tools for radiation oncology, but such tools have not yet been widely adopted into clinical practice. In addition, numerous discussions have prompted careful thoughts about AI's impact upon the future landscape of radiation oncology: How can we preserve innovation, creativity, and patient safety? When will AI-based tools be widely adopted into the clinic? Will the need for clinical staff be reduced? How will these devices and tools be developed and regulated?In this work, we examine how deep learning, a rapidly emerging subset of AI, fits into the broader historical context of advancements made in radiation oncology and medical physics. In addition, we examine a representative set of deep learning-based tools that are being made available for use in external beam radiotherapy treatment planning and how these deep learning-based tools and other AI-based tools will impact members of the radiation treatment planning team. Key Messages: Compared to past transformative innovations explored in this article, such as the Monte Carlo method or intensity-modulated radiotherapy, the development and adoption of deep learning-based tools is occurring at faster rates and promises to transform practices of the radiation treatment planning team. However, accessibility to these tools will be determined by each clinic's access to the internet, web-based solutions, or high-performance computing hardware. As seen by the trends exhibited by many technologies, high dependence on new technology can result in harm should the product fail in an unexpected manner, be misused by the operator, or if the mitigation to an expected failure is not adequate. Thus, the need for developers and researchers to rigorously validate deep learning-based tools, for users to understand how to operate tools appropriately, and for professional bodies to develop guidelines for their use and maintenance is essential. Given that members of the radiation treatment planning team perform many tasks that are automatable, the use of deep learning-based tools, in combination with other automated treatment planning tools, may refocus tasks performed by the treatment planning team and may potentially reduce resource-related burdens for clinics with limited resources.

  View details for DOI 10.1159/000512172

  View details for PubMedID 33352552

• Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: MASCC/ISOO/ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Yarom, N., Shapiro, C. L., Peterson, D. E., Van Poznak, C. H., Bohlke, K., Ruggiero, S. L., Migliorati, C. A., Khan, A., Morrison, A., Anderson, H., Murphy, B. A., Alston-Johnson, D., Mendes, R. A., Beadle, B. M., Jensen, S. B., Saunders, D. P. 2019: JCO1901186

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: To provide guidance regarding best practices in the prevention and management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in patients with cancer.METHODS: Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and ASCO convened a multidisciplinary Expert Panel to evaluate the evidence and formulate recommendations. Guideline development involved a systematic review of the literature and a formal consensus process. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for studies of the prevention and management of MRONJ related to bone-modifying agents (BMAs) for oncologic indications published between January 2009 and December 2017. Results from an earlier systematic review (2003 to 2008) were also included.RESULTS: The systematic review identified 132 publications, only 10 of which were randomized controlled trials. Recommendations underwent two rounds of consensus voting.RECOMMENDATIONS: Currently, MRONJ is defined by (1) current or previous treatment with a BMA or angiogenic inhibitor, (2) exposed bone or bone that can be probed through an intraoral or extraoral fistula in the maxillofacial region and that has persisted for longer than 8 weeks, and (3) no history of radiation therapy to the jaws or metastatic disease to the jaws. In patients who initiate a BMA, preventive care includes comprehensive dental assessments, discussion of modifiable risk factors, and avoidance of elective dentoalveolar surgery (ie, surgery that involves the teeth or contiguous alveolar bone) during BMA treatment. It remains uncertain whether BMAs should be discontinued before dentoalveolar surgery. Staging of MRONJ should be performed by a clinician with experience in the management of MRONJ. Conservative measures comprise the initial approach to MRONJ treatment. Ongoing collaboration among the dentist, dental specialist, and oncologist is essential to optimal patient care.

  View details for DOI 10.1200/JCO.19.01186

  View details for PubMedID 31329513

• Integrating Tumor and Nodal Imaging Characteristics at Baseline and Mid-Treatment Computed Tomography Scans to Predict Distant Metastasis in Oropharyngeal Cancer Treated With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Wu, J., Gensheimer, M. F., Zhang, N., Han, F., Liang, R., Qian, Y., Zhang, C., Fischbein, N., Pollom, E. L., Beadle, B., Quynh-Thu Le, Li, R. 2019; 104 (4): 942–52

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.03.036

  View details for Web of Science ID 000471624800037

• Automated treatment planning of postmastectomy radiotherapy MEDICAL PHYSICS Kisling, K., Zhang, L., Shaitelman, S. F., Anderson, D., Thebe, T., Yang, J., Balter, P. A., Howell, R. M., Jhingran, A., Schmeler, K., Simonds, H., du Toit, M., Trauernicht, C., Burger, H., Botha, K., Joubert, N., Beadle, B. M., Court, L. 2019

  View details for DOI 10.1002/mp.13586

  View details for Web of Science ID 000479548400001

• A risk assessment of automated treatment planning and recommendations for clinical deployment MEDICAL PHYSICS Kisling, K., Johnson, J. L., Simonds, H., Zhang, L., Jhingran, A., Beadle, B. M., Burger, H., du Toit, M., Joubert, N., Makufa, R., Shaw, W., Trauernicht, C., Balter, P., Howell, R. M., Schmeler, K., Court, L. 2019; 46 (6): 2567–74

  View details for DOI 10.1002/mp.13552

  View details for Web of Science ID 000471277705312

• Survival After Definitive Chemoradiotherapy With Concurrent Cisplatin or Carboplatin for Head and Neck Cancer. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN Xiang, M. n., Colevas, A. D., Holsinger, F. C., Le, Q. X., Beadle, B. M. 2019; 17 (9): 1065–73

  Abstract

  For definitive chemoradiotherapy (chemoRT) of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), cisplatin is the preferred concurrent agent, with superiority over cetuximab for HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma recently shown in 2 randomized trials (RTOG 1016 and De-ESCALaTE). Patients who are not candidates for cisplatin may be treated with carboplatin instead, but its comparative efficacy is unclear. We analyzed nationwide patterns of care and cancer-specific outcomes after cisplatin- versus carboplatin-based chemoRT.Patients with locoregionally advanced (stages III-IVB according to the 6th and 7th editions of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual) squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx who received definitive radiotherapy (RT) were identified in the linked SEER-Medicare database. The concurrent chemotherapy regimen was determined through corresponding Medicare claims. Death caused by HNSCC (cancer-specific mortality [CSM]) was analyzed with competing risks. Propensity score analysis and multivariable Fine-Gray regression were used to adjust for baseline differences, including age and comorbidity.We identified 807 patients who received cisplatin-based chemoRT and 342 who received carboplatin-based chemoRT. Most carboplatin recipients (68%) had combination chemotherapy, predominantly with paclitaxel. Carboplatin- and cisplatin-based chemoRT had similar incidences of death attributable to HNSCC (3-year CSM, 29% vs 26%; P=.19), which persisted in propensity score-matched analysis. In addition, no significant difference in overall survival was seen in the matched cohorts. ChemoRT with either cisplatin or carboplatin was superior to RT alone and RT with concurrent cetuximab. In the multivariable model, the adjusted hazard ratio of CSM for carboplatin relative to cisplatin was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.79-1.28; P=.94).Definitive carboplatin-based chemoRT was equivalent to cisplatin-based therapy and superior to RT alone and RT with concurrent cetuximab. In light of recent results of the RTOG 1016 and De-ESCALaTE trials, our findings suggest that carboplatin-based regimens warrant prospective investigation as an alternative to cisplatin for patients who are not cisplatin candidates.

  View details for DOI 10.6004/jnccn.2019.7297

  View details for PubMedID 31487677

• Automated treatment planning of postmastectomy radiotherapy. Medical physics Kisling, K. n., Zhang, L. n., Yang, J. n., Balter, P. A., Howell, R. M., Court, L. n., Shaitelman, S. F., Jhingran, A. n., Anderson, D. n., Thebe, T. n., Schmeler, K. n., Simonds, H. n., du Toit, M. n., Trauernicht, C. n., Burger, H. n., Botha, K. n., Joubert, N. n., Beadle, B. M. 2019

  Abstract

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women globally and radiation therapy is a cornerstone of its treatment. However, there is an enormous shortage of radiotherapy staff, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This shortage could be ameliorated through increased automation in the radiation treatment planning process, which may reduce the workload on radiotherapy staff and improve efficiency in preparing radiotherapy treatments for patients. To this end, we sought to create an automated treatment planning tool for postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT).Algorithms to automate every step of PMRT planning were developed and integrated into a commercial treatment planning system. The only required inputs for automated PMRT planning are a planning computed tomography scan, a plan directive, and selection of the inferior border of the tangential fields. With no other human input, the planning tool automatically creates a treatment plan and presents it for review. The major automated steps are (1) segmentation of relevant structures (targets, normal tissues, and other planning structures), (2) setup of the beams (tangential fields matched with a supraclavicular field), and (3) optimization of the dose distribution by using a mix of high- and low-energy photon beams and field-in-field modulation for the tangential fields. This automated PMRT planning tool was tested with 10 computed tomography scans of patients with breast cancer who had received irradiation of the left chest wall. These plans were assessed quantitatively using their dose distributions and were reviewed by two physicians who rated them on a three-tiered scale: use as is, minor changes, or major changes. The accuracy of the automated segmentation of the heart and ipsilateral lung was also assessed. Finally, a plan quality verification tool was tested to alert the user to any possible deviations in the quality of the automatically created treatment plans.The automatically created PMRT plans met the acceptable dose objectives, including target coverage, maximum plan dose, and dose to organs at risk, for all but one patient for whom the heart objectives were exceeded. Physicians accepted 50% of the treatment plans as is and required only minor changes for the remaining 50%, which included the one patient whose plan had a high heart dose. Further, the automatically segmented contours of the heart and ipsilateral lung agreed well with manually edited contours. Finally, the automated plan quality verification tool detected 92% of the changes requested by physicians in this review.We developed a new tool for automatically planning PMRT for breast cancer, including irradiation of the chest wall and ipsilateral lymph nodes (supraclavicular and level III axillary). In this initial testing, we found that the plans created by this tool are clinically viable, and the tool can alert the user to possible deviations in plan quality. The next step is to subject this tool to prospective testing, in which automatically planned treatments will be compared with manually planned treatments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

  View details for PubMedID 31077593

• Survival of patients with head and neck cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy and concurrent cisplatin or concurrent cetuximab: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare analysis. Cancer Xiang, M., Holsinger, F. C., Colevas, A. D., Chen, M. M., Le, Q., Beadle, B. M. 2018

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Cisplatin and cetuximab are both systemic therapies commonly used in combination with radiation (RT) for the definitive treatment of head and neck cancers, but their comparative efficacy is unclear.METHODS: Patients with locoregionally advanced (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III-IVB) squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database. Patients received either cisplatin or cetuximab concurrent with RT, as determined by Medicare claims. The primary study outcome was head and neck cancer-specific mortality (CSM) analyzed with competing risks. Filtering, propensity score matching, and multivariable Fine-Gray regression were used to adjust for differences between the cisplatin and cetuximab cohorts, including age, comorbidity, and cycles of systemic therapy received.RESULTS: The total cohort consisted of 1395 patients, of whom 786 (56%) received cisplatin and 609 (44%) received cetuximab; the median follow-up was 3.5 years in the patients who remained alive. In the cetuximab cohort, CSM was significantly higher than in the cisplatin cohort (39% vs 25% at 3 years; P < .0001). In the matched cohorts (n = 414), the adjusted hazard ratio of CSM for cetuximab was 1.65 (95% confidence interval, 1.30-2.09; P < .0001) relative to cisplatin, corresponding to an absolute difference of approximately 10% in both CSM and overall survival at 3 years. Cetuximab was associated with less dysphagia, more dermatitis, and a similar incidence of mucositis.CONCLUSIONS: In this sizeable, national patient population, treatment with cetuximab was associated with significantly higher CSM than cisplatin. These results suggest that cisplatin may be the preferred chemotherapeutic agent in this setting. Cancer 2018;124:000-000.

  View details for PubMedID 30332498

• Retrospective Validation and Clinical Implementation of Automated Contouring of Organs at Risk in the Head and Neck: A Step Toward Automated Radiation Treatment Planning for Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Journal of global oncology McCarroll, R. E., Beadle, B. M., Balter, P. A., Burger, H., Cardenas, C. E., Dalvie, S., Followill, D. S., Kisling, K. D., Mejia, M., Naidoo, K., Nelson, C. L., Peterson, C. B., Vorster, K., Wetter, J., Zhang, L., Court, L. E., Yang, J. 2018: 1–11

  Abstract

  Purpose We assessed automated contouring of normal structures for patients with head-and-neck cancer (HNC) using a multiatlas deformable-image-registration algorithm to better provide a fully automated radiation treatment planning solution for low- and middle-income countries, provide quantitative analysis, and determine acceptability worldwide. Methods Autocontours of eight normal structures (brain, brainstem, cochleae, eyes, lungs, mandible, parotid glands, and spinal cord) from 128 patients with HNC were retrospectively scored by a dedicated HNC radiation oncologist. Contours from a 10-patient subset were evaluated by five additional radiation oncologists from international partner institutions, and interphysician variability was assessed. Quantitative agreement of autocontours with independently physician-drawn structures was assessed using the Dice similarity coefficient and mean surface and Hausdorff distances. Automated contouring was then implemented clinically and has been used for 166 patients, and contours were quantitatively compared with the physician-edited autocontours using the same metrics. Results Retrospectively, 87% of normal structure contours were rated as acceptable for use in dose-volume-histogram-based planning without edit. Upon clinical implementation, 50% of contours were not edited for use in treatment planning. The mean (± standard deviation) Dice similarity coefficient of autocontours compared with physician-edited autocontours for parotid glands (0.92 ± 0.10), brainstem (0.95 ± 0.09), and spinal cord (0.92 ± 0.12) indicate that only minor edits were performed. The average mean surface and Hausdorff distances for all structures were less than 0.15 mm and 1.8 mm, respectively. Conclusion Automated contouring of normal structures generates reliable contours that require only minimal editing, as judged by retrospective ratings from multiple international centers and clinical integration. Autocontours are acceptable for treatment planning with no or, at most, minor edits, suggesting that automated contouring is feasible for clinical use and in the ongoing development of automated radiation treatment planning algorithms.

  View details for PubMedID 30110221

• Comparative Effectiveness and Toxicity of Cetuximab or Cisplatin With Concurrent Radiation for Locoregionally Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of The Head And Neck: A Population-Based Analysis Xiang, M., Holsinger, F., Chen, M., Colevas, A., Beadle, B. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2018: E16

  View details for Web of Science ID 000432447200037

• Human Papillomavirus Testing in Head and Neck Carcinomas Guideline From the College of American Pathologists ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE Lewis, J. S., Beadle, B., Bishop, J. A., Chernock, R. D., Colasacco, C., Lacchetti, C., Moncur, J., Rocco, J. W., Schwartz, M. R., Seethala, R. R., Thomas, N. E., Westra, W. H., Faquin, W. C. 2018; 142 (5): 559–97

  Abstract

  Context Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, and HPV (and/or surrogate marker p16) status has emerged as a prognostic marker that significantly impacts clinical management. There is no current consensus on when to test oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas for HPV/p16 or on which tests to choose. Objective To develop evidence-based recommendations for the testing, application, interpretation, and reporting of HPV and surrogate marker tests in head and neck carcinomas. Design The College of American Pathologists convened a panel of experts in head and neck and molecular pathology, as well as surgical, medical, and radiation oncology, to develop recommendations. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to address 6 key questions. Final recommendations were derived from strength of evidence, open comment period feedback, and expert panel consensus. Results The major recommendations include (1) testing newly diagnosed oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients for high-risk HPV, either from the primary tumor or from cervical nodal metastases, using p16 immunohistochemistry with a 70% nuclear and cytoplasmic staining cutoff, and (2) not routinely testing nonsquamous oropharyngeal carcinomas or nonoropharyngeal carcinomas for HPV. Pathologists are to report tumors as HPV positive or p16 positive. Guidelines are provided for testing cytologic samples and handling of locoregional and distant recurrence specimens. Conclusions Based on the systematic review and on expert panel consensus, high-risk HPV testing is recommended for all new oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients, but not routinely recommended for other head and neck carcinomas.

  View details for PubMedID 29251996

• Radiation Planning Assistant - A Streamlined, Fully Automated Radiotherapy Treatment Planning System JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS Court, L. E., Kisling, K., McCarroll, R., Zhang, L., Yang, J., Simonds, H., du Toit, M., Trauernicht, C., Burger, H., Parkes, J., Mejia, M., Bojador, M., Balter, P., Branco, D., Steinmann, A., Baltz, G., Gay, S., Anderson, B., Cardenas, C., Jhingran, A., Shaitelman, S., Bogler, O., Schmeller, K., Followill, D., Howell, R., Nelson, C., Peterson, C., Beadle, B. 2018

  Abstract

  The Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA) is a system developed for the fully automated creation of radiotherapy treatment plans, including volume-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for patients with head/neck cancer and 4-field box plans for patients with cervical cancer. It is a combination of specially developed in-house software that uses an application programming interface to communicate with a commercial radiotherapy treatment planning system. It also interfaces with a commercial secondary dose verification software. The necessary inputs to the system are a Treatment Plan Order, approved by the radiation oncologist, and a simulation computed tomography (CT) image, approved by the radiographer. The RPA then generates a complete radiotherapy treatment plan. For the cervical cancer treatment plans, no additional user intervention is necessary until the plan is complete. For head/neck treatment plans, after the normal tissue and some of the target structures are automatically delineated on the CT image, the radiation oncologist must review the contours, making edits if necessary. They also delineate the gross tumor volume. The RPA then completes the treatment planning process, creating a VMAT plan. Finally, the completed plan must be reviewed by qualified clinical staff.

  View details for PubMedID 29708544

• Development and Feasibility of Bundled Payments for the Multidisciplinary Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer: A Pilot Program JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY PRACTICE Spinks, T., Guzman, A., Beadle, B. M., Lee, S., Jones, D., Walters, R., Incalcaterra, J., Hanna, E., Hessel, A., Weber, R., Denney, S., Newcomer, L., Feeley, T. W. 2018; 14 (2): E103–E112

  Abstract

  Despite growing interest in bundled payments to reduce the costs of care, this payment method remains largely untested in cancer. This 3-year pilot tested the feasibility of a 1-year bundled payment for the multidisciplinary treatment of head and neck cancers.Four prospective treatment-based bundles were developed for patients with selected head and neck cancers. These risk-adjusted bundles covered 1 year of care that began with primary cancer treatment. Manual processes were developed for patient identification, enrollment, billing, and payment. Patients were prospectively identified and enrolled, and bundled payments were made at treatment start. Operational metrics tracked incremental effort for pilot processes and average payment cycle time compared with fee-for-service (FFS) payments.This pilot confirmed the feasibility of a 1-year prospective bundled payment for head and neck cancers. Between November 2014 and October 2016, 88 patients were enrolled successfully with prospective bundled payments. Through September 2017, 94% of patients completed the pilot with 6% still enrolled. Manual pilot processes required more effort than anticipated; claims processing was the most time-consuming activity. The production of a bundle bill took an additional 15 minutes versus FFS billing. The average payment cycle time was 37 days (range, 15 to 141 days) compared with a 15-day average under FFS.Prospective bundled payments were successfully implemented in this pilot. Additional pilots should study this payment method in higher-volume cancers. Robust systems are needed to automate patient identification, enrollment, billing, and payment along with policies that reduce administrative burden and allow for the introduction of novel cancer therapies.

  View details for PubMedID 29272202

• Reduced feeding tube duration with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare Analysis. Cancer Beadle, B. M., Liao, K., Giordano, S. H., Garden, A. S., Hutcheson, K. A., Lai, S. Y., Guadagnolo, B. A. 2016

  Abstract

  Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a technologically advanced and resource-intensive method of delivering radiation therapy (RT) and is used to minimize toxicity for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Dependence on feeding tubes is a significant marker of toxicity of RT. The objective of this analysis was to compare the placement and duration of feeding tube use among patients with HNC from 1999 through 2011.The cohort, demographics, and cancer-related variables were determined using the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database, and claims data were used to analyze treatment details.In total, 2993 patients were identified. At a median follow-up of 47 months, 54.4% of patients had ever had a feeding tube placed. The median duration from feeding tube placement to removal was 277 days. On zero-inflated negative binomial regression, patients who received IMRT and 3-dimensional RT (3DRT) (non-IMRT) had similar rates of feeding tube placement (odds ratio, 1.10; P = .35); however, patients who received 3DRT had a feeding tube in place 1.18 times longer than those who received IMRT (P = .03). The difference was only observed among patients who received definitive RT; patients who underwent surgery and also received adjuvant RT had no statistically significant difference in feeding tube placement or duration.Patients with HNC who received definitive IMRT had a significantly shorter duration of feeding tube placement than those who received 3DRT. These data suggest that there may be significant quality-of-life benefits to IMRT with respect to long-term swallowing function in patients with HNC. Cancer 2017;123:283-293. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.30350

  View details for PubMedID 27662641

• The Influence of Diabetes Mellitus and Metformin on Distant Metastases in Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Multicenter Study INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Spratt, D. E., Beadle, B. M., Zumsteg, Z. S., Rivera, A., Skinner, H. D., Osborne, J. R., Garden, A. S., Lee, N. Y. 2016; 94 (3): 523-531

  Abstract

  Local control in oropharyngeal cancer has improved to unprecedented rates with combined modality therapy; as a result, distant metastases are becoming a principal challenge. We aimed to determine the impact of diabetes mellitus and metformin use on clinical outcomes in a large population of oropharyngeal cancer patients treated in the modern era.We identified 1745 consecutive patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated at 2 large cancer centers with external beam radiation therapy from 1998 to 2011. A total of 184 patients had diabetes mellitus at the time of diagnosis, of whom 102 were taking metformin. The outcomes assessed included local failure-free survival (LFFS), regional failure-free survival (RFFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS).The median follow-up time was 4.3 years. The 5-year actuarial rates of DMFS were 89.6% for nondiabetic patients and 78.7% for diabetic nonmetformin users (P=.011) and of OS were 83.0% for nondiabetic patients and 70.7% for diabetic nonmetformin users (P=.048). Diabetic metformin users had 5-year DMFS (90.1%) and OS (89.6%) similar to those of nondiabetic patients. Multivariate analysis (diabetic nonmetformin users as reference) demonstrated improved DMFS for nondiabetic patients (adjusted hazard ratio 0.54; 95% confidence interval 0.32-0.93; P=.03) and a trend toward improved DMFS with metformin use (adjusted hazard ratio 0.46; 95% confidence interval 0.20-1.04; P=.06). LFFS and RFFS were high in all groups and were not significantly different by diabetic status or metformin use.Diabetic patients not using metformin independently have significantly higher rates of distant metastases than do nondiabetic patients, whereas metformin users have rates of distant metastases similar to those of nondiabetic patients. Further prospective investigation is warranted to validate the benefit of metformin in oropharyngeal cancer.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.11.007

  View details for PubMedID 26867881

• Improved survival using intensity-modulated radiation therapy in head and neck cancers: a SEER-Medicare analysis. Cancer Beadle, B. M., Liao, K., Elting, L. S., Buchholz, T. A., Ang, K. K., Garden, A. S., Guadagnolo, B. A. 2014; 120 (5): 702-710

  Abstract

  Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a technologically advanced, and more expensive, method of delivering radiation therapy with a goal of minimizing toxicity. It has been widely adopted for head and neck cancers; however, its comparative impact on cancer control and survival remains unknown. The goal of this analysis was to compare the cause-specific survival (CSS) for patients with head and neck cancers treated with IMRT versus non-IMRT from 1999 to 2007.CSS was determined using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database and analyzed regarding treatment details, including the use of IMRT versus non-IMRT, using claims data. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by the frailty model with a propensity score matching cohort and instrumental variable analysis.A total of 3172 patients were identified. With a median follow-up of 40 months, patients treated with IMRT had a statistically significant improvement in CSS compared with those treated with non-IMRT (84.1% versus 66.0%; P < .001). When each anatomic subsite was analyzed separately, all respective subgroups of patients treated with IMRT had better CSS than those treated with non-IMRT. In multivariable survival analyses, patients treated with IMRT were associated with better CSS (HR = 0.72, 95% confidence interval = 0.59 to 0.90 for propensity score matching; HR = 0.60, 95% confidence interval = 0.41 to 0.88 for instrumental variable analysis).Patients with head and neck cancers who were treated with IMRT experienced significant improvements in CSS compared with patients treated with non-IMRT techniques. This suggests there may be benefits to IMRT in cancer outcomes, in addition to toxicity reduction, for this patient population.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.28372

  View details for PubMedID 24421077

• Identifying early dehydration risk with home-based sensors during radiation treatment: a feasibility study on patients with head and neck cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs Peterson, S. K., Shinn, E. H., Basen-Engquist, K., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Prokhorov, A. V., Baru, C., Krueger, I. H., Farcas, E., Rios, P., Garden, A. S., Beadle, B. M., Lin, K., Yan, Y., Martch, S. L., Patrick, K. 2013; 2013 (47): 162-168

  Abstract

  Systems that enable remote monitoring of patients' symptoms and other health-related outcomes may optimize cancer care outside of the clinic setting. CYCORE (CYberinfrastructure for COmparative effectiveness REsearch) is a software-based prototype for a user-friendly cyberinfrastructure supporting the comprehensive collection and analyses of data from multiple domains using a suite of home-based and mobile sensors. This study evaluated the feasibility of using CYCORE to address early at-home identification of dehydration risk in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy.Head and neck cancer patients used home-based sensors to capture weight, blood pressure, pulse, and patient-reported outcomes for two 5-day periods during radiation therapy. Data were sent to the radiation oncologist of each head and neck cancer patient, who viewed them online via a Web-based interface. Feasibility outcomes included study completion rate, acceptability and perceived usefulness of the intervention, and adherence to the monitoring protocol. We also evaluated whether sensor data could identify dehydration-related events.Fifty patients consented to participate, and 48 (96%) completed the study. More than 90% of patients rated their ease, self-efficacy, and satisfaction regarding use of the sensor suite as extremely favorable, with minimal concerns expressed regarding data privacy issues. Patients highly valued the ability to have immediate access to objective, self-monitoring data related to personal risk for dehydration. Clinician assessments indicated a high degree of satisfaction with the ease of using the CYCORE system and the resulting ability to monitor their patients remotely.Implementing CYCORE in a clinical oncology care setting is feasible and highly acceptable to both patients and providers.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgt016

  View details for PubMedID 24395986

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3881993

• p16 Expression in cutaneous squamous carcinomas with neck metastases: A potential pitfall in identifying unknown primaries of the head and neck HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Beadle, B. M., William, W. N., McLemore, M. S., Sturgis, E. M., Williams, M. D. 2013; 35 (11): 1527-1533

  Abstract

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity (+) has been used to identify oropharyngeal squamous carcinomas (SCCs) presenting as unknown primaries in the neck. p16 overexpression correlates with HPV+ in the oropharynx; however, the use of p16 alone as a surrogate marker of oropharyngeal HPV+ tumors has not been validated.We immunohistochemically analyzed p16 expression in surgically resected aggressive cutaneous head and neck SCC primaries and their nodal metastases from 24 patients to determine the potential overlap of p16 expression outside of the oropharynx.Five of 24 primary tumors (20.8%) and 3 lymph node metastases (12.5%) in levels II, III, and V, and the periparotid region diffusely expressed p16. HPV (high-risk types by in situ hybridization) was negative.p16 expression is relatively common in lymph node-positive cutaneous head and neck SCCs; thus, p16 expression as an independent biomarker and mechanism to determine the oropharyngeal source of an unknown primary is not advised.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.23188

  View details for Web of Science ID 000325986200010

  View details for PubMedID 23108906

• Evaluating the impact of patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics on the development of jaw complications in patients treated for oral cancers: A SEER-Medicare analysis HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Beadle, B. M., Liao, K., Chambers, M. S., Elting, L. S., Buchholz, T. A., Ang, K. K., Garden, A. S., Guadagnolo, B. A. 2013; 35 (11): 1599-1605

  Abstract

  Jaw complications, including osteoradionecrosis, are significant sequelae of radiation therapy (RT) for oral cancers. This study identifies the impact of patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics on the development of jaw complications in patients treated with RT.The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database was used to identify patients treated with RT for oral cancers from 1999 to 2007. Jaw complications were identified by International Classification of Diseases 9th revision (ICD-9) diagnosis codes and/or related procedures using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and ICD-9 codes.A total of 1848 patients were identified. With a median follow-up of 2.5 years, 297 patients (16.1%) developed jaw complications: 226 patients had a diagnosis, 41 patients had a procedure, and 30 patients had both. On multivariate analysis, female sex, lack of chemotherapy use, and fewer comorbidities were associated with a statistically significant increase in jaw complications.Even with modern techniques, jaw complications are a notable and potentially devastating side effect of RT for oral cancers.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.23205

  View details for Web of Science ID 000325986200019

  View details for PubMedID 23150453

• Radiotherapy with cetuximab or durvalumab for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer in patients with a contraindication to cisplatin (NRG-HN004): an open-label, multicentre, parallel-group, randomised, phase 2/3 trial. The Lancet. Oncology Mell, L. K., Torres-Saavedra, P. A., Wong, S. J., Kish, J. A., Chang, S. S., Jordan, R. C., Liu, T., Truong, M. T., Winquist, E. W., Takiar, V., Wise-Draper, T., Robbins, J. R., Rodriguez, C. P., Awan, M. J., Beadle, B. M., Henson, C., Narayan, S., Spencer, S. A., Powell, S., Dunlap, N., Sacco, A. G., Hu, K. S., Park, H. S., Bauman, J. E., Harris, J., Yom, S. S., Le, Q. T. 2024

  Abstract

  Management of patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) when cisplatin is contraindicated is controversial. We aimed to assess whether radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant durvalumab would improve outcomes compared with radiotherapy with cetuximab.NRG-HN004 was designed as an open-label, multicentre, parallel-group, randomised, phase 2/3 trial with safety lead-in conducted at 89 academic and community medical centres in North America. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition stage III-IVB p16-negative HNSCC or unfavourable stage I-III p16-positive oropharyngeal or unknown primary carcinoma, who had a contraindication to cisplatin (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] performance status 2, renal or hearing impairment, peripheral neuropathy, aged at least 70 years with moderate or severe comorbidity, or aged younger than 70 years with severe comorbidity). Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) by permuted block randomisation (multiples of 6) to intravenous durvalumab 1500 mg starting 2 weeks before radiotherapy then every 4 weeks starting week 2 of radiotherapy (seven cycles) or intravenous cetuximab 400 mg/m2 1 week before radiotherapy then 250 mg/m2 weekly beginning week 1 of radiotherapy (eight cycles), with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (70 Gy in 35 fractions over 7 weeks). Stratification factors were tumour and nodal stage, ECOG performance status and comorbidity, and primary site and p16 status. The phase 2 primary endpoint was progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. There was one prespecified interim futility analysis at 50% of progression-free survival information. If the observed hazard ratio was 1·0 or more, favouring cetuximab, early stopping would be considered. Extended follow-up analysis was post hoc. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03258554, and is closed to enrolment.Following a ten-patient safety lead-in, the phase 2 trial enrolled 190 patients from March 12, 2019, to July 30, 2021, 186 of whom were randomly assigned (123 to durvalumab and 63 to cetuximab). Median age was 72 years (IQR 64-77), 30 (16%) patients were women and 156 (84%) were men. Phase 2 accrual was suspended in July 30, 2021, following an interim futility analysis, and permanently closed in Sept 1, 2022. The phase 3 part of the trial was not conducted. At a median follow-up of 2·3 years (IQR 1·9-3·1) for the extended follow-up (data cutoff July 31, 2023; post-hoc analysis), 2-year progression-free survival was 50·6% (95% CI 41·5-59·8) in the durvalumab group versus 63·7% (51·3-76·1) in the cetuximab group (hazard ratio 1·33 [95% CI 0·84-2·12]; p=0·89). Adverse events were similar in both groups. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were dysphagia (26 [22%] of 119 patients in the durvalumab group vs 18 [30%] of 61 patients in the cetuximab group), lymphopenia (33 [28%] vs 20 [33%]), and oral mucositis (13 [11%] vs 11 [18%]). Four (3%) patients in the durvalumab group and one (2%) in the cetuximab group died from treatment-related adverse events (death not otherwise specified, laryngeal oedema, lung infection, and respiratory failure in the durvalumab group and sudden death not otherwise specified in the cetuximab group).Our findings suggest that durvalumab did not improve outcomes compared with cetuximab in patients with HNSCC with contraindications to cisplatin. Further trials are needed to define the standard of care for this population.US National Cancer Institute and AstraZeneca.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00507-2

  View details for PubMedID 39551064

• Knowledge-based planning for fully automated radiation therapy treatment planning of 10 different cancer sites. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Chung, C. V., Khan, M. S., Olanrewaju, A., Pham, M., Nguyen, Q. T., Patel, T., Das, P., O'Reilly, M. S., Reed, V. K., Jhingran, A., Simonds, H., Ludmir, E. B., Hoffman, K. E., Naidoo, K., Parkes, J., Aggarwal, A., Mayo, L. L., Shah, S. J., Tang, C., Beadle, B. M., Wetter, J., Walker, G., Hughes, S., Mullassery, V., Skett, S., Thomas, C., Zhang, L., Nguyen, S., Mumme, R. P., Douglas, R. J., Baroudi, H., Court, L. E. 2024: 110609

  Abstract

  Radiation treatment planning is highly complex and can have significant inter- and intra-planner inconsistency, as well as variability in planning time and plan quality. Knowledge-based planning (KBP) is a tool that can be used to efficiently produce high-quality, consistent, clinically acceptable plans, independent of planner skills and experience. In this study, we created and validated multiple clinically acceptable and fully automatable KBP models, with the goal of creating VMAT plans without user intervention.Ten KBP models were configured using high quality clinical plans from a single institution. They were then honed to be part of a fully automatable system by incorporating scriptable planning structures, plan creation, and plan optimization. These models were verified and validated using quantitative (model statistics) and qualitative (dose-volume histogram estimation review) analysis. The resulting KBP-generated plans were reviewed by physicians and rated for clinical acceptability.Autoplanning models were created for anorectal, bladder, breast/chest wall, cervix, esophagus, head and neck, liver, lung/mediastinum, prostate, and prostate with nodes treatment sites. All models were successfully created to be part of a fully automated system without the need for human intervention to create a fully optimized plan. The physician review indicated that, on average, 88% of all KBP-generated plans were "acceptable as is" and 98% were "acceptable after minor edits."KBP models for multiple treatment sites were used as a basis to generate fully automatable, efficient, consistent, high-quality, and clinically acceptable plans. These plans do not require human intervention, demonstrating the potential this work has to significantly impact treatment planning workflows.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110609

  View details for PubMedID 39486482

• Landmark-based auto-contouring of clinical target volumes for radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal cancer. Journal of applied clinical medical physics Sjogreen, C., Netherton, T. J., Lee, A., Soliman, M., Gay, S. S., Nguyen, C., Mumme, R., Vazquez, I., Rhee, D. J., Cardenas, C. E., Martel, M. K., Beadle, B. M., Court, L. E. 2024: e14474

  Abstract

  The delineation of clinical target volumes (CTVs) for radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer is complex and varies based on the location and extent of disease.The current study aimed to develop an auto-contouring solution following one protocol guidelines (NRG-HN001) that can be adjusted to meet other guidelines, such as RTOG-0225 and the 2018 International guidelines.The study used 2-channel 3-dimensional U-Net and nnU-Net framework to auto-contour 27 normal structures in the head and neck (H&N) region that are used to define CTVs in the protocol. To define the CTV-Expansion (CTV1 and CTV2) and CTV-Overall (the outer envelope of all the CTV contours), we used adjustable morphological geometric landmarks and mimicked physician interpretation of the protocol rules by partially or fully including select anatomic structures. The results were evaluated quantitatively using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and mean surface distance (MSD) and qualitatively by independent reviews by two H&N radiation oncologists.The auto-contouring tool showed high accuracy for nasopharyngeal CTVs. Comparison between auto-contours and clinical contours for 19 patients with cancers of various stages showed a DSC of 0.94 ± 0.02 and MSD of 0.4 ± 0.4 mm for CTV-Expansion and a DSC of 0.83 ± 0.02 and MSD of 2.4 ± 0.5 mm for CTV-Overall. Upon independent review, two H&N physicians found the auto-contours to be usable without edits in 85% and 75% of cases. In 15% of cases, minor edits were required by both physicians. Thus, one physician rated 100% of the auto-contours as usable (use as is, or after minor edits), while the other physician rated 90% as usable. The second physician required major edits in 10% of cases.The study demonstrates the ability of an auto-contouring tool to reliably delineate nasopharyngeal CTVs based on protocol guidelines. The tool was found to be clinically acceptable by two H&N radiation oncology physicians in at least 90% of the cases.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/acm2.14474

  View details for PubMedID 39074490

• Analyzing the Relationship between Dose and Geometric Agreement Metrics for Auto-Contouring in Head and Neck Normal Tissues. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) Marquez, B., Wooten, Z. T., Salazar, R. M., Peterson, C. B., Fuentes, D. T., Whitaker, T. J., Jhingran, A., Pollard-Larkin, J., Prajapati, S., Beadle, B., Cardenas, C. E., Netherton, T. J., Court, L. E. 2024; 14 (15)

  Abstract

  This study aimed to determine the relationship between geometric and dosimetric agreement metrics in head and neck (H&N) cancer radiotherapy plans. A total 287 plans were retrospectively analyzed, comparing auto-contoured and clinically used contours using a Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), surface DSC (sDSC), and Hausdorff distance (HD). Organs-at-risk (OARs) with ≥200 cGy dose differences from the clinical contour in terms of Dmax (D0.01cc) and Dmean were further examined against proximity to the planning target volume (PTV). A secondary set of 91 plans from multiple institutions validated these findings. For 4995 contour pairs across 19 OARs, 90% had a DSC, sDSC, and HD of at least 0.75, 0.86, and less than 7.65 mm, respectively. Dosimetrically, the absolute difference between the two contour sets was <200 cGy for 95% of OARs in terms of Dmax and 96% in terms of Dmean. In total, 97% of OARs exhibiting significant dose differences between the clinically edited contour and auto-contour were within 2.5 cm PTV regardless of geometric agreement. There was an approximately linear trend between geometric agreement and identifying at least 200 cGy dose differences, with higher geometric agreement corresponding to a lower fraction of cases being identified. Analysis of the secondary dataset validated these findings. Geometric indices are approximate indicators of contour quality and identify contours exhibiting significant dosimetric discordance. For a small subset of OARs within 2.5 cm of the PTV, geometric agreement metrics can be misleading in terms of contour quality.

  View details for DOI 10.3390/diagnostics14151632

  View details for PubMedID 39125508

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11311423

• Large Language Model-Augmented Auto-Delineation of Treatment Target Volume in Radiation Therapy. ArXiv Rajendran, P., Yang, Y., Niedermayr, T. R., Gensheimer, M., Beadle, B., Le, Q. T., Xing, L., Dai, X. 2024

  Abstract

  Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the most effective treatments for cancer, and its success relies on the accurate delineation of targets. However, target delineation is a comprehensive medical decision that currently relies purely on manual processes by human experts. Manual delineation is time-consuming, laborious, and subject to interobserver variations. Although the advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have significantly enhanced the auto-contouring of normal tissues, accurate delineation of RT target volumes remains a challenge. In this study, we propose a visual language model-based RT target volume auto-delineation network termed Radformer. The Radformer utilizes a hierarchical vision transformer as the backbone and incorporates large language models to extract text-rich features from clinical data. We introduce a visual language attention module (VLAM) for integrating visual and linguistic features for language-aware visual encoding (LAVE). The Radformer has been evaluated on a dataset comprising 2985 patients with head-and-neck cancer who underwent RT. Metrics, including the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), intersection over union (IOU), and 95th percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95), were used to evaluate the performance of the model quantitatively. Our results demonstrate that the Radformer has superior segmentation performance compared to other state-of-the-art models, validating its potential for adoption in RT practice.

  View details for PubMedID 39040646

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11261986

• The Assistant Clinical Research Coordinator Program: A Pathway for Recruitment in Radiation Oncology. Advances in radiation oncology Aboytes, M., Cody, M., Laseinde, E., Hall, J., Soltys, S., Beadle, B., Kidd, E., Qian, Y., Koong, A. C., Chang, D., Le, Q., Pollom, E. L. 2024; 9 (7): 101504

  Abstract

  Purpose: Recruiting prospective physicians to radiation oncology can be challenging, because of limited familiarity with the field. The Assistant Clinical Research Coordinator (ACRC) program can help provide trainees early exposure to radiation oncology.Methods and Materials: The ACRC program involves hiring a college graduate to provide administrative and research support for faculty members. The program was developed with our institution's clinical trials office, which provided guidance on regulatory compliance and training. A structured selection process identifies top candidates, and a rigorous onboarding process ensures smooth transitions between ACRCs. We report characteristics and outcomes of ACRC employees and surveyed them to assess their program experience using a Likert scale.Results: From 2005 to 2023, the ACRC program paired 73 ACRCs with faculty. Most faculty (68%) are currently supported by ACRCs. In 2023, 113 applications were received for 4 positions. ACRCs have contributed to research publications (293 as coauthors and 43 as first authors) and taken on leadership roles in the department. Most program alumni have attended medical school (34 of 64 program graduates; 53%). Eight have chosen to specialize in radiation oncology (13%; 2 applying into radiation oncology, 1 in residency, and 5 attendings). Of the 25% of alumni who responded to our survey, 77% responded that the mentorship provided by the ACRC program was very or extremely effective in guiding their academic development. All respondents rated the research opportunities as good or excellent, and 77% rated the clinical experience opportunities as good or excellent. Most (77%) reported that the ACRC program had substantial or significant influence on their choice of career path.Conclusions: The ACRC program provides an opportunity to address recruitment challenges in radiation oncology by offering early exposure to the field, clinical research skills, and mentorship. With the strong interest in our job posting this year, there is potential to expand this program to other institutions.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.adro.2024.101504

  View details for PubMedID 38846487

• Evaluating perceived barriers to optimal care in head and neck cancer: A mixed-methods study Powell, S., Beadle, B., Watts, T. L., Maxwell, J. H., Hutkin-Slade, L., Haynes-Lewis, H., Demirhan, K., Plotkin, E., Rush, A., Dibble, J., Kim, J. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2024

  View details for Web of Science ID 001275557401539

• Th2 Cells Are Associated with Tumor Recurrence Following Radiation. Cancers Abdelhakiem, M. K., Bao, R., Pifer, P. M., Molkentine, D., Molkentine, J., Hefner, A., Beadle, B., Heymach, J. V., Luke, J. J., Ferris, R. L., Pickering, C. R., Wang, J. H., Patel, R. B., Skinner, H. D. 2024; 16 (8)

  Abstract

  The curative treatment of multiple solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), utilizes radiation. The outcomes for HPV/p16-negative HNSCC are significantly worse than HPV/p16-positive tumors, with increased radiation resistance leading to worse locoregional recurrence (LRR) and ultimately death. This study analyzed the relationship between immune function and outcomes following radiation in HPV/p16-negative tumors to identify mechanisms of radiation resistance and prognostic immune biomarkers. A discovery cohort of 94 patients with HNSCC treated uniformly with surgery and adjuvant radiation and a validation cohort of 97 similarly treated patients were utilized. Tumor immune infiltrates were derived from RNAseq gene expression. The immune cell types significantly associated with outcomes in the discovery cohort were examined in the independent validation cohort. A positive association between high Th2 infiltration and LRR was identified in the discovery cohort and validated in the validation cohort. Tumor mutations in CREBBP/EP300 and CASP8 were significantly associated with Th2 infiltration. A pathway analysis of genes correlated with Th2 cells revealed the potential repression of the antitumor immune response and the activation of BRCA1-associated DNA damage repair in multiple cohorts. The Th2 infiltrates were enriched in the HPV/p16-negative HNSCC tumors and associated with LRR and mutations in CASP8, CREBBP/EP300, and pathways previously shown to impact the response to radiation.

  View details for DOI 10.3390/cancers16081586

  View details for PubMedID 38672668

• Evaluating automatically generated normal tissue contours for safe use in head and neck and cervical cancer treatment planning. Journal of applied clinical medical physics Douglas, R., Olanrewaju, A., Mumme, R., Zhang, L., Beadle, B. M., Court, L. E. 2024: e14338

  Abstract

  Volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is a widely accepted treatment method for head and neck (HN) and cervical cancers; however, creating contours and plan optimization for VMAT plans is a time-consuming process. Our group has created an automated treatment planning tool, the Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA), that uses deep learning models to generate organs at risk (OARs), planning structures and automates plan optimization. This study quantitatively evaluates the quality of contours generated by the RPA tool.For patients with HN (54) and cervical (39) cancers, we retrospectively generated autoplans using the RPA. Autoplans were generated using deep-learning and RapidPlan models developed in-house. The autoplans were, then, applied to the original, physician-drawn contours, which were used as a ground truth (GT) to compare with the autocontours (RPA). Using a "two one-sided tests" (TOST) procedure, we evaluated whether the autocontour normal tissue dose was equivalent to that of the ground truth by a margin, δ, that we determined based on clinical judgement. We also calculated the number of plans that met established clinically accepted dosimetric criteria.For HN plans, 91.8% and 91.7% of structures met dosimetric criteria for automatic and manual contours, respectively; for cervical plans, 95.6% and 95.7% of structures met dosimetric criteria for automatic and manual contours, respectively. Autocontours were equivalent to the ground truth for 71% and 75% of common DVH metrics for the HN and cervix, respectively.This study shows that dosimetrically equivalent normal tissue contours can be created for HN and cervical cancers using deep learning techniques. In general, differences between the contours did not affect the passing or failing of clinical dose tolerances.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/acm2.14338

  View details for PubMedID 38610118

• Patterns of failure for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with salvage surgery and postoperative IMRT reirradiation. Clinical and translational radiation oncology Mohamed, A. S., Martin, G. V., Ng, S. P., Takiar, V., Beadle, B. M., Zafereo, M., Garden, A. S., Frank, S. J., David Fuller, C., Brandon Gunn, G., Morrison, W. H., Rosenthal, D. I., Reddy, J., Moreno, A., Lee, A., Phan, J. 2024; 44: 100700

  Abstract

  Purpose/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate patterns of locoregional recurrence (LRR) after surgical salvage and adjuvant reirradiation with IMRT for recurrent head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC).Materials/Methods: Patterns of LRR for 61 patients treated consecutively between 2003 and 2014 who received post-operative IMRT reirradiation to≥60Gy for recurrent HNSCC were determined by 2 methods: 1) physician classification via visual comparison of post-radiotherapy imaging to reirradiation plans; and 2) using deformable image registration (DIR). Those without evaluable CT planning image data were excluded. All recurrences were verified by biopsy or radiological progression. Failures were defined as in-field, marginal, or out-of-field. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors for LRR.Results: A total of 55 patients were eligible for analysis and 23 (42%) had documented LRR after reirradiation. Location of recurrent disease prior to salvage surgery (lymphatic vs. mucosal) was the most significant predictor of LRR after post-operative reirradiation with salvage rate of 67% for lymphatic vs. 33% for mucosal sites (p=0.037). Physician classification of LRR yielded 14 (61%) in-field failures, 3 (13%) marginal failures, and 6 (26%) out-of-field failures, while DIR yielded 10 (44%) in-field failures, 4 (17%) marginal failures, and 9 (39%) out-of-field failures. Most failures (57%) occurred within the original site of recurrence or first echelon lymphatic drainage. Of patients who had a free flap placed during salvage surgery, 56% of failures occurred within 1cm of the surgical flap.Conclusion: Our study highlights the role of DIR in enhancing the accuracy and consistency of POF analysis. Compared to traditional visual inspection, DIR reduces interobserver variability and provides more nuanced insights into dose-specific and spatial parameters of locoregional recurrences. Additionally, the study identifies the location of the initial recurrence as a key predictor of subsequent locoregional recurrence after salvage surgery and re-IMRT.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ctro.2023.100700

  View details for PubMedID 38058404

• Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Salivary Duct and Epithelial Myoepithelial Salivary Carcinoma. Practical radiation oncology Freedman, L., Beadle, B., Chera, B., Torres, J. V. 2023

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.prro.2023.12.005

  View details for PubMedID 38161001

• Fully-automated, CT-only GTV contouring for palliative head and neck radiotherapy. Scientific reports Gay, S. S., Cardenas, C. E., Nguyen, C., Netherton, T. J., Yu, C., Zhao, Y., Skett, S., Patel, T., Adjogatse, D., Guerrero Urbano, T., Naidoo, K., Beadle, B. M., Yang, J., Aggarwal, A., Court, L. E. 2023; 13 (1): 21797

  Abstract

  Planning for palliative radiotherapy is performed without the advantage of MR or PET imaging in many clinics. Here, we investigated CT-only GTV delineation for palliative treatment of head and neck cancer. Two multi-institutional datasets of palliative-intent treatment plans were retrospectively acquired: a set of 102 non-contrast-enhanced CTs and a set of 96 contrast-enhanced CTs. The nnU-Net auto-segmentation network was chosen for its strength in medical image segmentation, and five approaches separately trained: (1) heuristic-cropped, non-contrast images with a single GTV channel, (2) cropping around a manually-placed point in the tumor center for non-contrast images with a single GTV channel, (3) contrast-enhanced images with a single GTV channel, (4) contrast-enhanced images with separate primary and nodal GTV channels, and (5) contrast-enhanced images along with synthetic MR images with separate primary and nodal GTV channels. Median Dice similarity coefficient ranged from 0.6 to 0.7, surface Dice from 0.30 to 0.56, and 95th Hausdorff distance from 14.7 to 19.7 mm across the five approaches. Only surface Dice exhibited statistically-significant difference across these five approaches using a two-tailed Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test (p ≤ 0.05). Our CT-only results met or exceeded published values for head and neck GTV autocontouring using multi-modality images. However, significant edits would be necessary before clinical use in palliative radiotherapy.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-48944-2

  View details for PubMedID 38066074

  View details for PubMedCentralID 9652141

• In Regard to Razavian et al. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Takiar, V., Beadle, B. M. 2023; 117 (5): 1298-1299

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.08.053

  View details for PubMedID 37980145

• FAK drives resistance to therapy in HPV-negative head and neck cancer in a p53-dependent manner. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research Pifer, P. M., Yang, L., Kumar, M., Xie, T., Frederick, M., Hefner, A., Beadle, B., Molkentine, D., Molkentine, J., Dhawan, A., Abdelhakiem, M., Osman, A. A., Leibowitz, B. J., Myers, J. N., Pickering, C. R., Sandulache, V. C., Heymach, J., Skinner, H. D. 2023

  Abstract

  Radiation and platinum-based chemotherapy form the backbone of therapy in HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We have correlated focal adhesion kinase (FAK/PTK2) expression with radioresistance and worse outcome in these patients. However, the importance of FAK in driving radioresistance and its effects on chemoresistance in these patients remain unclear.We performed an in vivo shRNA screen using targetable libraries to identify novel therapeutic sensitizers for radiation and chemotherapy.We identified FAK as an excellent target for both radio- and chemosensitization. Because TP53 is mutated in over 80% of HPV-negative HNSCC, we hypothesized that mutant TP53 may facilitate FAK-mediated therapy resistance. FAK inhibitor increased sensitivity to radiation, increased DNA damage, and repressed homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining repair in mutant, but not wild-type, TP53 HPV-negative HNSCC cell lines. Mutant TP53 cisplatin-resistant cell line had increased FAK phosphorylation compared to wild-type, and FAK inhibition partially reversed cisplatin resistance. To validate these findings, we utilized a HNSCC cohort to show that FAK copy number and gene expression were associated with worse disease-free survival in mutant TP53, but not wild-type TP53, HPV-negative HNSCC tumors.FAK may represent a targetable therapeutic sensitizer linked to a known genomic marker of resistance.

  View details for DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-0964

  View details for PubMedID 37819945

• Identifying the optimal deep learning architecture and parameters for automatic beam aperture definition in 3D radiotherapy. Journal of applied clinical medical physics Gay, S. S., Kisling, K. D., Anderson, B. M., Zhang, L., Rhee, D. J., Nguyen, C., Netherton, T., Yang, J., Brock, K., Jhingran, A., Simonds, H., Klopp, A., Beadle, B. M., Court, L. E., Cardenas, C. E. 2023: e14131

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: Two-dimensional radiotherapy is often used to treat cervical cancer in low- and middle-income countries, but treatment planning can be challenging and time-consuming. Neural networks offer the potential to greatly decrease planning time through automation, but the impact of the wide range of hyperparameters to be set during training on model accuracy has not been exhaustively investigated. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of several convolutional neural network architectures and hyperparameters on 2D radiotherapy treatment field delineation.METHODS: Six commonly used deep learning architectures were trained to delineate four-field box apertures on digitally reconstructed radiographs for cervical cancer radiotherapy. A comprehensive search of optimal hyperparameters for all models was conducted by varying the initial learning rate, image normalization methods, and (when appropriate) convolutional kernel size, the number of learnable parameters via network depth and the number of feature maps per convolution, and nonlinear activation functions. This yielded over 1700 unique models, which were all trained until performance converged and then tested on a separate dataset.RESULTS: Of all hyperparameters, the choice of initial learning rate was most consistently significant for improved performance on the test set, with all top-performing models using learning rates of 0.0001. The optimal image normalization was not consistent across architectures. High overlap (mean Dice similarity coefficient=0.98) and surface distance agreement (mean surface distance<2mm) were achieved between the treatment field apertures for all architectures using the identified best hyperparameters. Overlap Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and distance metrics (mean surface distance and Hausdorff distance) indicated that DeepLabv3+ and D-LinkNet architectures were least sensitive to initial hyperparameter selection.CONCLUSION: DeepLabv3+ and D-LinkNet are most robust to initial hyperparameter selection. Learning rate, nonlinear activation function, and kernel size are also important hyperparameters for improving performance.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/acm2.14131

  View details for PubMedID 37670488

• HN-CLEAR: Head and Neck Consensus Language for Ease and Reproducibility, a Multidisciplinary Consensus Mechanism for Head and Neck Pathology. Head and neck pathology Gupta, R., Bal, M., Bishop, J. A., Hunter, K. D., Magliocca, K., Seethala, R. R., Thompson, L. D., Weinreb, I., Angelos, P., Beadle, B., Bell, R. B., Clark, J. R., Ferris, R., Huang, S. H., Hayes, D. N., Ladwa, R., Yang, J., Cipriani, N. A., Nelson, B. L., Sadow, P. M., Lewis, J. S. 2023

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s12105-023-01570-w

  View details for PubMedID 37486534

• Lessons and Opportunities for Biomarker-Driven Radiation Personalization in Head and Neck Cancer. Seminars in radiation oncology Rahimy, E., Gensheimer, M. F., Beadle, B., Le, Q. T. 2023; 33 (3): 336-347

  Abstract

  Head and neck cancer is notoriously challenging to treat in part because it constitutes an anatomically and biologically diverse group of cancers with heterogeneous prognoses. While treatment can be associated with significant late toxicities, recurrence is often difficult to salvage with poor survival rates and functional morbidity.1,2 Thus, achieving tumor control and cure at the initial diagnosis is the highest priority. Given the differing outcome expectations (even within a specific sub-site like oropharyngeal carcinoma), there has been growing interest in personalizing treatment: de-escalation in selected cancers to decrease the risk of late toxicity without compromising oncologic outcomes, and intensification for more aggressive cancers to improve oncologic outcomes without causing undue toxicity. This risk stratification is increasingly accomplished using biomarkers, which can represent molecular, clinicopathologic, and/or radiologic data. In this review, we will focus on biomarker-driven radiotherapy dose personalization with emphasis on oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This radiation personalization is largely performed on the population level by identifying patients with good prognosis via traditional clinicopathologic factors, although there are emerging studies supporting inter-tumor and intra-tumor level personalization via imaging and molecular biomarkers.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.semradonc.2023.03.013

  View details for PubMedID 37331788

• Adaptive Region-Specific Loss for Improved Medical Image Segmentation. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence Chen, Y., Yu, L., Wang, J., Panjwani, N., Obeid, J., Liu, W., Liu, L., Kovalchuk, N., Gensheimer, M. F., Vitzthum, L. K., Beadle, B. M., Chang, D. T., Le, Q., Han, B., Xing, L. 2023; PP

  Abstract

  Defining the loss function is an important part of neural network design and critically determines the success of deep learning modeling. A significant shortcoming of the conventional loss functions is that they weight all regions in the input image volume equally, despite the fact that the system is known to be heterogeneous (i.e., some regions can achieve high prediction performance more easily than others). Here, we introduce a region-specific loss to lift the implicit assumption of homogeneous weighting for better learning. We divide the entire volume into multiple sub-regions, each with an individualized loss constructed for optimal local performance. Effectively, this scheme imposes higher weightings on the sub-regions that are more difficult to segment, and vice versa. Furthermore, the regional false positive and false negative errors are computed for each input image during a training step and the regional penalty is adjusted accordingly to enhance the overall accuracy of the prediction. Using different public and in-house medical image datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed regionally adaptive loss paradigm outperforms conventional methods in the multi-organ segmentations, without any modification to the neural network architecture or additional data preparation.

  View details for DOI 10.1109/TPAMI.2023.3289667

  View details for PubMedID 37363838

• SUPPORT: SUrvey of Parental Leave POlicies of RadiaTion Oncology Programs and Residency Applicants. Advances in radiation oncology Baniel, C. C., Qu, V., Ponce, S. B., Taparra, K., Beadle, B., Currey, A., Lichter, K. E., Frank, J., Bagshaw, H., Soltys, S., Pollom, E. 2023; 8 (4): 101207

  Abstract

  Recruitment to radiation oncology training programs has recently declined, and gender inequities persist in radiation oncology. Policies that promote inclusivity, such as the updated American College of Graduate Medical Education parental leave policy establishing minimum parental leave requirements, may support recruitment to radiation oncology.We surveyed 2021-2022 radiation oncology residency applicants and program directors (PDs) about program-specific parental leave policies, transparency of parental leave information during the residency application and interview process, and perceptions of the effect of parenthood on residency training, career advancement, and well-being.Of 89 radiation oncology PDs, 29 (33%) completed the survey. Of 154 residency applicants (current fourth-year medical students, international applicants, or postdoctoral fellows) surveyed, 62 (40%) completed the survey. Most applicants planned to start a family during residency (53%) and reported perceived flexibility to start a family influenced their decision to pursue radiation oncology over other career specialties (55%). Many applicants viewed time in residency (nonresearch, 22%), in research (33%), and as early career faculty (24%) as the best time to start a family. A small number of applicants used program-specific parental leave policy information in determining their rank list (11%), and many applicants sought information regarding fertility health care benefits (55%). Many applicants obtained parental leave information verbally, despite expressing a preference for objective means (slide deck, 63%; website, 50%; or handout, 42%) of information sharing. PDs were all supportive of a 6-week maternity leave policy (100% agree or strongly agree with the policy) and did not feel parental leave would negatively affect a resident's ability to pursue an academic (100%) or private practice career (100%).Many radiation oncology residency applicants plan to start families during training, seek and value program-specific parental leave information and health benefits, and prefer objective means of information sharing. These findings likely reflect those who have strong views of parental leave policies.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.adro.2023.101207

  View details for PubMedID 37124316

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10130339

• Deep Learning-Based Dose Prediction for Automated, Individualized Quality Assurance of Head and Neck Radiation Therapy Plans. Practical radiation oncology Gronberg, M. P., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Skinner, H., Gay, S., Netherton, T., Cao, W., Cardenas, C. E., Chung, C., Fuentes, D. T., Fuller, C. D., Howell, R. M., Jhingran, A., Lim, T. Y., Marquez, B., Mumme, R., Olanrewaju, A. M., Peterson, C. B., Vazquez, I., Whitaker, T. J., Wooten, Z., Yang, M., Court, L. E. 2023

  Abstract

  This study aimed to use deep learning-based dose prediction to assess head and neck (HN) plan quality and identify suboptimal plans.A total of 245 volumetric modulated arc therapy HN plans were created using RapidPlan knowledge-based planning (KBP). A subset of 112 high-quality plans was selected under the supervision of an HN radiation oncologist. We trained a 3D Dense Dilated U-Net architecture to predict 3-dimensional dose distributions using 3-fold cross-validation on 90 plans. Model inputs included computed tomography images, target prescriptions, and contours for targets and organs at risk (OARs). The model's performance was assessed on the remaining 22 test plans. We then tested the application of the dose prediction model for automated review of plan quality. Dose distributions were predicted on 14 clinical plans. The predicted versus clinical OAR dose metrics were compared to flag OARs with suboptimal normal tissue sparing using a 2 Gy dose difference or 3% dose-volume threshold. OAR flags were compared with manual flags by 3 HN radiation oncologists.The predicted dose distributions were of comparable quality to the KBP plans. The differences between the predicted and KBP-planned D1%,D95%, and D99% across the targets were within -2.53% ± 1.34%, -0.42% ± 1.27%, and -0.12% ± 1.97%, respectively, and the OAR mean and maximum doses were within -0.33 ± 1.40 Gy and -0.96 ± 2.08 Gy, respectively. For the plan quality assessment study, radiation oncologists flagged 47 OARs for possible plan improvement. There was high interphysician variability; 83% of physician-flagged OARs were flagged by only one of 3 physicians. The comparative dose prediction model flagged 63 OARs, including 30 of 47 physician-flagged OARs.Deep learning can predict high-quality dose distributions, which can be used as comparative dose distributions for automated, individualized assessment of HN plan quality.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.prro.2022.12.003

  View details for PubMedID 36697347

• Reflections on the 2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and American Board of Radiology Family and Medical Leave of Absence Policies: An Opportunity to Increase Structural Support for Physicians. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Baniel, C. C., Klebaner, D., Beadle, B. M., Ponce, S. E., Takiar, V., Gibbs, I. C., Soltys, S. G., Bagshaw, H. P., Chang, D. T., Le, Q. T., Pollom, E. L. 2023; 115 (1): 19-22

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.1837

  View details for PubMedID 36526381

• In Regard to Laskar et al. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Beadle, B. M., Bauman, J. E. 2023; 115 (1): 260-261

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.08.051

  View details for PubMedID 36526394

• Improving lung cancer screening rates among patients with head and neck cancer in a radiation oncology clinic. Journal of thoracic disease Soto, L., Nesbit, S., Ramsey, M., Gensheimer, M. F., Le, Q. T., Beadle, B. M., Lui, N. S. 2022; 14 (12): 4633-4640

  Abstract

  The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends lung cancer screening via annual low dose computed tomography (LDCT) for high risk patients. Despite the strong evidence of a mortality benefit from several randomized clinical trials, rates of lung cancer screening remain low. We plan to assess how screening guidelines are implemented in a radiation oncology clinic for patients with head and neck cancer.A single institution, retrospective chart review was used to identify patients with head and neck cancer seen in a radiation oncology clinic who were potentially eligible for lung cancer screening under the current USPSTF guidelines. Patients who were potentially screening-eligible were enrolled in a phone survey to assess their knowledge about lung cancer screening and willingness to be screened.Of the 184 patients with head and neck cancer seen in the clinic, 8 (4%) patients were eligible for lung cancer screening under the previous USPSTF recommendations, including 1 (0.5%) patient already being screened. One patient (0.5%) became eligible under the expanded guidelines. All 184 patients had smoking history documented. Of the 87 current or former smokers, there were 24 (28%) who did not have pack-years documented; of the 82 former smokers, there were 8 (10%) who did not have quit date documented. Among the 16 phone survey participants (response rate: 70%) only 6 (38%) were aware there is a way to screen for lung cancer and 12 (75%) patients would be interested in screening if they are found to be eligible.These findings highlight a potential opportunity to increase rates of lung cancer screening among patients with head and neck cancer by both enhancing provider awareness as well as patient education at the community level.

  View details for DOI 10.21037/jtd-22-787

  View details for PubMedID 36647458

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC9840013

• Say My Name: Understanding the Power of Names, Correct Pronunciation, and Personal Narratives. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources Dali, S., Atasuntseva, A., Shankar, M., Ayeroff, E., Holmes, M., Johnson, C., Terkawi, A. S., Beadle, B., Chang, J., Boyd, K., Dunn, T. 2022; 18: 11284

  Abstract

  Names are a reflection of identity and often have personal meaning. The chronic mispronunciation of names can undermine one's identity and be experienced as a microaggression. This workshop aims to provide historical context for names as well as resources for correct name pronunciation.We developed a 60-minute interactive virtual workshop with didactics, small-group sharing of personal experiences, and case discussions. We used an anonymous postworkshop survey to evaluate workshop effectiveness.We presented the workshop at one local academic conference and two local educational conferences to learners of all levels from medical students to faculty. We collected postworkshop survey results from 78 participants of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. Participants reported learning historical context, ways to ask about correct name pronunciation, correcting name mispronunciation, documenting pronunciation, and sources for applications to practice. The main barriers to implementing workshop lessons included personal and structural factors.This workshop effectively fills an educational gap by addressing the importance of correct name pronunciation in order to provide a more inclusive environment for clinicians and patients alike.

  View details for DOI 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11284

  View details for PubMedID 36524099

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC9705275

• Improving lung cancer screening rates among patients with head and neck cancer in a radiation oncology clinic JOURNAL OF THORACIC DISEASE Soto, L., Nesbit, S., Ramsey, M., Gensheimer, M. F., Le, Q., Beadle, B. M., Lui, N. S. 2022

  View details for DOI 10.21037/jtd-22-787

  View details for Web of Science ID 000904410000001

• Radio-luminescent imaging for rapid, high resolution eye plaque loading verification. Medical physics Yan, H., De Jean, P., Grafil, E., Ashraf, R., Niedermayr, T., Astrahan, M., Mruthyunjaya, P., Beadle, B., Xing, L., Liu, W. 2022

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Eye plaque brachytherapy (EPB) is currently an optimal therapy for intraocular cancers. Due to the lack of an effective and practical technique to measure the seed radioactivity distribution, current quality assurance (QA) practice according to the AAPM TG129 only stipulates that the plaque assembly be visually inspected. Consequently, uniform seed activity is routinely adopted to avoid possible loading mistakes of differential seed loading. However, modulated dose delivery, which represents a general trend in radiotherapy to provide more personalized treatment for a given tumor and patient, requires differential activities in the loaded seeds.PURPOSE: In this study, a fast and low-cost radio-luminescent imaging and dose calculating system to verify the seed activity distribution for differential loading was developed.METHODS: A proof-of-concept system consisting of a thin scintillator sheet coupled to a camera/lens system was constructed. A seed-loaded plaque can be placed directly on the scintillator surface with the radioactive seeds facing the scintillator. The camera system collects the radioluminescent signal generated by the scintillator at its opposite side. The predicted dose distribution in the scintillator's sensitive layer was calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation with the planned plaque loading pattern of I-125 seeds. Quantitative comparisons of the distribution of relative measured signal intensity and that of the relative predicted dose in the sensitive layer were performed by gamma analysis, similar to IMRT QA.RESULTS: Data analyses showed high gamma (3%/0.3mm, global, 20% threshold) passing rates for correct seed loadings and low passing rates with distinguished high gamma value area for incorrect loadings, indicating that possible errors may be detected. The measurement and analysis only required a few extra minutes, significantly shorter than the time to assay the extra verification seeds the physicist already must perform as recommended by TG129.CONCLUSIONS: Radio-luminescent QA can be used to facilitate and assure the implementation of intensity modulated, customized plaque loading. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/mp.16003

  View details for PubMedID 36183146

• Reconsidering How It Begins. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Beadle, B. M., Bauman, J. E. 2022

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.09.046

  View details for PubMedID 36152970

• Intravitreal brolucizumab as treatment of early onset radiation retinopathy secondary to plaque brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma. American journal of ophthalmology case reports Villegas, N. C., Mishra, K., Steinle, N., Liu, W., Beadle, B., Mruthyunjaya, P. 2022; 27: 101581

  Abstract

  Purpose: To describe the efficacy and safety of brolucizumab (Beovu, Novartis Pharmaceuticals) in a case of cystoid macular edema associated with radiation retinopathy as a result of iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy (PBT) for choroidal melanoma, resistant to treatment with other anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents.Observations: A 67-year-old woman with choroidal melanoma in the right eye and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/20, underwent uncomplicated PBT. On post-operative month 7, the patient developed early onset radiation retinopathy. She failed to improve significantly with sub-tenon triamcinolone and 3 injections of intravitreal bevacizumab; BCVA was 20/200. Intravitreal brolucizumab was administered, and one month after, macular edema had resolved completely on optical coherence tomography, and BCVA improved to 20/50. At last follow up, 1 month after the third brolucizumab injection, BCVA was 20/60 and there was sustained resolution of intraretinal fluid. There were no signs of intraocular inflammation, progressive RR or optic neuropathy on exam or fluorescein angiography.Conclusions: This case suggests a positive effect of brolucizumab in the management of radiation retinopathy following PBT refractory to other anti-VEGF agents. However, one must consider the risk of severe vision loss associated with retinal vasculitis from use of brolucizumab.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101581

  View details for PubMedID 35599950

• Head and Neck Virtual Coach: A Randomized Control Trial of Mobile Health as an Adjunct to Swallowing Therapy During Head and Neck Radiation. Dysphagia Starmer, H. M., Klein, D., Montgomery, A., Goldsmith, T., McCarroll, L., Richmon, J., Christopher Holsinger, F., Beadle, B., Jain, P. 2022

  Abstract

  Dysphagia is a common consequence of head and neck radiation and may be mitigated by performance of swallowing exercises during radiation treatment. Given historically poor adherence to such exercise protocols, we created a mobile health application, HNC Virtual Coach as an adjunct to standard clinical care. This randomized control trial investigated the impact of HNC Virtual Coach on adherence as well as swallowing outcomes by comparing those using the mobile app to those receiving only standard clinical care and paper logs. Both treatment groups were provided with the same exercise protocol as well as the same baseline educational information. Outcome measures included adherence rates, physiologic measures obtained during a Modified Barium Swallow Study (PAS, MBS-ImP, DIGEST), patient-reported outcomes (MDADI), diet levels (FOIS, PSS-HN), and quality of information received (INFO-25). Patients using the HNC Virtual Coach tended to have better adherence to treatment recommendations during radiation therapy. Increased adherence was associated with better patient-reported quality of life, but not physiologic function 2-3months following completion of radiation. Results suggest that a mobile health application may provide benefit for some patients undergoing head and neck radiation.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s00455-022-10506-5

  View details for PubMedID 35960394

• Posttreatment FDG-PET/CT Hopkins criteria predict locoregional recurrence after definitive radiotherapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head & neck Miller, J. A., Moradi, F., Sundaram, V., Liang, R., Zhang, C., Nguyen, N. K., Akhtar, F., Liu, Y., Ren, Y., Harandi, N., Weng, Y., Pollom, E. L., Colevas, A. D., Divi, V., Holsinger, F. C., Beadle, B. M., Le, Q., Gensheimer, M. F. 2022

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Metabolic response assessment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) aids in identifying locoregional persistence/recurrence (LRR). The Hopkins Criteria are a standardized qualitative response assessment system using posttreatment FDG-PET/CT.METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with node-positive OPSCC treated with definitive (chemo)radiotherapy. We assessed Hopkins Criteria performance for LRR, then developed and validated a competing-risks model.RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2018, 259 patients were included with median follow-up of 43months. The Hopkins Criteria sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 68%, 88%, 95%, and 85%. The 36-month cumulative incidence of LRR was greater with positive scores (45% vs. 5%, HR 12.60, p<0.001). PET/CTs performed ≤10weeks after radiotherapy were associated with a four-fold increase in pathologically negative biopsies/surgeries (36% vs. 9%, p=0.03). The AUC for LRR was 0.89 using a model integrating the Hopkins score.CONCLUSIONS: The Hopkins Criteria predict LRR with high accuracy for OPSCC response assessment.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.27160

  View details for PubMedID 35920790

• Clinical acceptability of fully automated external beam radiotherapy for cervical cancer with three different beam delivery techniques. Medical physics Rhee, D. J., Jhingran, A., Huang, K., Netherton, T. J., Fakie, N., White, I., Sherriff, A., Cardenas, C. E., Zhang, L., Prajapati, S., Kry, S. F., Beadle, B. M., Shaw, W., O'Reilly, F., Parkes, J., Burger, H., Trauernicht, C., Simonds, H., Court, L. E. 2022

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: To fully automate CT-based cervical cancer radiotherapy by automating contouring and planning for 3 different treatment techniques.METHODS: We automated 3 different radiotherapy planning techniques for locally advanced cervical cancer: 2D 4-field-box (4-field-box), 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). These auto-planning algorithms were combined with a previously developed auto-contouring system. To improve the quality of the 4-field-box and 3D-CRT plans, we used an in-house, field-in-field automation program. Thirty-five plans were generated for each technique on CT scans from multiple institutions and evaluated by 5 experienced radiation oncologists from 3 different countries. Every plan was reviewed by 2 of the 5 radiation oncologists and scored using a 5-point Likert scale.RESULTS: Overall, 87%, 99%, and 94% of the automatically generated plans were found to be clinically acceptable without modification for the 4-field-box, 3D-CRT, and VMAT plans, respectively. Some customizations of the field-in-field configuration was necessary on the basis of radiation oncologist preference. Additionally, in some cases, it was necessary to renormalize the plan after it was generated to satisfy radiation oncologist preference.CONCLUSION: Approximately, 90% of the automatically generated plans were clinically acceptable for all 3 planning techniques. This fully automated planning system has been implemented into the radiation planning assistant (RPA) for further testing in resource-constrained radiotherapy departments in low- and middle-income countries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/mp.15868

  View details for PubMedID 35866442

• Assessing the practicality of using a single knowledge-based planning model for multiple linac vendors. Journal of applied clinical medical physics Douglas, R. J., Olanrewaju, A., Zhang, L., Beadle, B. M., Court, L. E. 2022: e13704

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: Knowledge-based planning (KBP) has been shown to be an effective tool in quality control for intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment planning and generating high-quality plans. Previous studies have evaluated its ability to create consistent plans across institutions and between planners within the same institution as well as its use as teaching tool for inexperienced planners. This study evaluates whether planning quality is consistent when using a KBP model to plan across different treatment machines.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used a RapidPlan model (Varian Medical Systems) provided by the vendor, to which we added additional planning objectives, maximum dose limits, and planning structures, such that a clinically acceptable plan is achieved in a single optimization. This model was used to generate and optimize volumetric-modulated arc therapy plans for a cohort of 50 patients treated for head-neck cancer. Plans were generated using the following treatment machines: Varian 2100, Elekta Versa HD, and Varian Halcyon. A noninferiority testing methodology was used to evaluate the hypothesis that normal and target metrics in our autoplans were no worse than a set of clinically-acceptable baseline plans by a margin of 1.8Gy or 3% dose-volume. The quality of these plans were also compared through the use of common clinical dose-volume histogram criteria.RESULTS: The Versa HD met our noninferiority criteria for 23 of 34 normal and target metrics; while the Halcyon and Varian 2100 machines met our criteria for 24 of 34 and 26 of 34 metrics, respectively. The experimental plans tended to have less volume coverage for prescription dose planning target volume and larger hotspot volumes. However, comparable plans were generated across different treatment machines.CONCLUSIONS: These results support the use of a head-neck RapidPlan models in centralized planning workflows that support clinics with different linac models/vendors, although some fine-tuning for targets may be necessary.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/acm2.13704

  View details for PubMedID 35791594

• Factors associated with adherence to remote patient monitoring for early detection of dehydration risk during radiation treatment for head and neck cancer. Phillips, S., Shinn, E. H., Garden, A. S., Beadle, B., Camero, M., Baum, G., Shete, S., Farcas, E., Patrick, K., Peterson, S. K. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2022

  View details for Web of Science ID 000863680301779

• Automatic contouring QA method using a deep learning-based autocontouring system. Journal of applied clinical medical physics Rhee, D. J., Akinfenwa, C. P., Rigaud, B., Jhingran, A., Cardenas, C. E., Zhang, L., Prajapati, S., Kry, S. F., Brock, K. K., Beadle, B. M., Shaw, W., O'Reilly, F., Parkes, J., Burger, H., Fakie, N., Trauernicht, C., Simonds, H., Court, L. E. 2022: e13647

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: To determine the most accurate similarity metric when using an independent system to verify automatically generated contours.METHODS: A reference autocontouring system (primary system to create clinical contours) and a verification autocontouring system (secondary system to test the primary contours) were used to generate a pair of 6 female pelvic structures (UteroCervix [uterus+cervix], CTVn [nodal clinical target volume (CTV)], PAN [para-aortic lymph nodes], bladder, rectum, and kidneys) on 49 CT scans from our institution and 38 from other institutions. Additionally, clinically acceptable and unacceptable contours were manually generated using the 49 internal CT scans. Eleven similarity metrics (volumetric Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff distance, 95% Hausdorff distance, mean surface distance, and surface DSC with tolerances from 1 to 10mm) were calculated between the reference and the verification autocontours, and between the manually generated and the verification autocontours. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to determine the threshold that separates clinically acceptable and unacceptable contours for each structure. The 11 metrics were investigated individually and in certain combinations. Linear, radial basis function, sigmoid, and polynomial kernels were tested using the combinations of metrics as inputs for the SVM.RESULTS: The highest contouring error detection accuracies were 0.91 for the UteroCervix, 0.90 for the CTVn, 0.89 for the PAN, 0.92 for the bladder, 0.95 for the rectum, and 0.97 for the kidneys and were achieved using surface DSCs with a thickness of 1, 2, or 3mm. The linear kernel was the most accurate and consistent when a combination of metrics was used as an input for the SVM. However, the best model accuracy from the combinations of metrics was not better than the best model accuracy from a surface DSC as an input.CONCLUSIONS: We distinguished clinically acceptable contours from clinically unacceptable contours with an accuracy higher than 0.9 for the targets and critical structures in patients with cervical cancer; the most accurate similarity metric was surface DSC with a thickness of 1, 2, or 3mm.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/acm2.13647

  View details for PubMedID 35580067

• Knowledge-based planning for the radiation therapy treatment plan quality assurance for patients with head and neck cancer. Journal of applied clinical medical physics Cao, W., Gronberg, M., Olanrewaju, A., Whitaker, T., Hoffman, K., Cardenas, C., Garden, A., Skinner, H., Beadle, B., Court, L. 2022: e13614

  Abstract

  This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using a knowledge-based planning technique to detect poor quality VMAT plans for patients with head and neck cancer. We created two dose-volume histogram (DVH) prediction models using a commercial knowledge-based planning system (RapidPlan, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) from plans generated by manual planning (MP) and automated planning (AP) approaches. DVHs were predicted for evaluation cohort 1 (EC1) of 25 patients and compared with achieved DVHs of MP and AP plans to evaluate prediction accuracy. Additionally, we predicted DVHs for evaluation cohort 2 (EC2) of 25 patients for which we intentionally generated plans with suboptimal normal tissue sparing while satisfying dose-volume limits of standard practice. Three radiation oncologists reviewed these plans without seeing the DVH predictions. We found that predicted DVH ranges (upper-lower predictions) were consistently wider for the MP model than for the AP model for all normal structures. The average ranges of mean dose predictions among all structures was 9.7Gy (MP model) and 3.4Gy (AP model) for EC1 patients. RapidPlan models identified 7 MP plans as outliers according to mean dose or D1% for at least one structure, while none of AP plans were flagged. For EC2 patients, 22 suboptimal plans were identified by prediction. While re-generated AP plans validated that these suboptimal plans could be improved, 40 out of 45 structures with predicted poor sparing were also identified by oncologist reviews as requiring additional planning to improve sparing in the clinical setting. Our study shows that knowledge-based DVH prediction models can be sufficiently accurate for plan quality assurance purposes. A prediction model built by a small cohort automatically-generated plans was effective in detecting suboptimal plans. Such tools have potential to assist the plan quality assurance workflow for individual patients in the clinic.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/acm2.13614

  View details for PubMedID 35488508

• Retreatment of Recurrent or Second Primary Head and Neck Cancer After Prior Radiation: Executive Summary of the American Radium Society (ARS) Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC): Expert Panel on Radiation Oncology - Head and Neck Cancer. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Ward, M. C., Koyfman, S. A., Bakst, R. L., Margalit, D. N., Beadle, B. M., Beitler, J. J., Chang, S. S., Cooper, J. S., Galloway, T. J., Ridge, J. A., Robbins, J. R., Sacco, A. G., Tsai, C. J., Yom, S. S., Siddiqui, F. 2022

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Re-treatment of recurrent or second primary head and neck cancers occurring in a previously irradiated field is complex. Few guidelines exist to support practice.METHODS: We performed an updated literature search of peer-reviewed journals in a systematic fashion. Search terms, key questions, and associated clinical case variants were formed by panel consensus. The literature search informed the committee during a blinded vote on the appropriateness of treatment options via the modified Delphi method.RESULTS: The final number of citations retained for review was 274. These informed five key questions, which focused on patient selection, adjuvant re-irradiation, definitive re-irradiation, stereotactic body radiation (SBRT), and re-irradiation to treat non-squamous cancer. Results of the consensus voting are presented along with discussion of the most current evidence.CONCLUSIONS: This provides updated evidence-based recommendations and guidelines for the re-treatment of recurrent or second primary cancer of the head and neck.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.03.034

  View details for PubMedID 35398456

• Circulating tumor DNA in head and neck cancer: Early successes and future promise. Cancer Soo, J., Jin, M. C., Beadle, B. M., Holsinger, F. C., Finegersh, A. 2022

  Abstract

  LAY SUMMARY: The genetic components (DNA) of human papillomavirus-related throat cancer (in the oropharynx) might be measured after surgery to help to predict whether treatment has been successful.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.34189

  View details for PubMedID 35298053

• De-escalating elective nodal irradiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The Lancet. Oncology Miller, J. A., Beadle, B. M., Gensheimer, M. F., Le, Q. 2022

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00096-1

  View details for PubMedID 35240054

• p16 Represses DNA Damage Repair via a Novel Ubiquitin-Dependent Signaling Cascade. Cancer research Molkentine, D. P., Molkentine, J. M., Bridges, K. A., Valdecanas, D. R., Dhawan, A., Bahri, R., Hefner, A. J., Kumar, M., Yang, L., Abdelhakiem, M., Pifer, P. M., Sandulache, V., Sheth, A., Beadle, B. M., Thames, H. D., Mason, K. A., Pickering, C. R., Meyn, R. E., Skinner, H. D. 1800

  Abstract

  Squamous cell carcinoma driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) is more sensitive to DNA-damaging therapies than its HPV-negative counterpart. Here we show that p16, the clinically utilized surrogate for HPV positivity, renders cells more sensitive to radiation via a ubiquitin-dependent signaling pathway, linking high levels of this protein to increased activity of the transcription factor SP1, increased HUWE1 transcription, and degradation of ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) and TRIP12. Activation of this pathway in HPV-positive disease led to decreased homologous recombination (HR) and improved response to radiation, a phenomenon that can be recapitulated in HPV-negative disease using USP7 inhibitors in clinical development. This p16-driven axis induced sensitivity to PARP inhibition and potentially leads to "BRCAness" in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Thus, these findings support a functional role for p16 in HPV-positive tumors in driving response to DNA damage, which can be exploited to improve outcomes in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC patients.

  View details for DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-21-2101

  View details for PubMedID 34965932

• Human-level comparable control volume mapping with a deep unsupervised-learning model for image-guided radiation therapy. Computers in biology and medicine Liang, X., Bassenne, M., Hristov, D. H., Islam, M. T., Zhao, W., Jia, M., Zhang, Z., Gensheimer, M., Beadle, B., Le, Q., Xing, L. 1800; 141: 105139

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: To develop a deep unsupervised learning method with control volume (CV) mapping from patient positioning daily CT (dCT) to planning computed tomography (pCT) for precise patient positioning.METHODS: We propose an unsupervised learning framework, which maps CVs from dCT to pCT to automatically generate the couch shifts, including translation and rotation dimensions. The network inputs are dCT, pCT and CV positions in the pCT. The output is the transformation parameter of the dCT used to setup the head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. The network is trained to maximize image similarity between the CV in the pCT and the CV in the dCT. A total of 554 CT scans from 158 HNC patients were used for the evaluation of the proposed model. At different points in time, each patient had many CT scans. Couch shifts are calculated for the testing by averaging the translation and rotation from the CVs. The ground-truth of the shifts come from bone landmarks determined by an experienced radiation oncologist.RESULTS: The system positioning errors of translation and rotation are less than 0.47mm and 0.17°, respectively. The random positioning errors of translation and rotation are less than 1.13mm and 0.29°, respectively. The proposed method enhanced the proportion of cases registered within a preset tolerance (2.0mm/1.0°) from 66.67% to 90.91% as compared to standard registrations.CONCLUSIONS: We proposed a deep unsupervised learning architecture for patient positioning with inclusion of CVs mapping, which weights the CVs regions differently to mitigate any potential adverse influence of image artifacts on the registration. Our experimental results show that the proposed method achieved efficient and effective HNC patient positioning.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105139

  View details for PubMedID 34942395

• Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase function radiosensitizes CREBBP/EP300 mutants via repression of homologous recombination, potentially targeting a gain of function. Nature communications Kumar, M., Molkentine, D., Molkentine, J., Bridges, K., Xie, T., Yang, L., Hefner, A., Gao, M., Bahri, R., Dhawan, A., Frederick, M. J., Seth, S., Abdelhakiem, M., Beadle, B. M., Johnson, F., Wang, J., Shen, L., Heffernan, T., Sheth, A., Ferris, R. L., Myers, J. N., Pickering, C. R., Skinner, H. D. 2021; 12 (1): 6340

  Abstract

  Despite radiation forming the curative backbone of over 50% of malignancies, there are no genomically-driven radiosensitizers for clinical use. Herein we perform in vivo shRNA screening to identify targets generally associated with radiation response as well as those exhibiting a genomic dependency. This identifies the histone acetyltransferases CREBBP/EP300 as a target for radiosensitization in combination with radiation in cognate mutant tumors. Further in vitro and in vivo studies confirm this phenomenon to be due to repression of homologous recombination following DNA damage and reproducible using chemical inhibition of histone acetyltransferase (HAT), but not bromodomain function. Selected mutations in CREBBP lead to a hyperacetylated state that increases CBP and BRCA1 acetylation, representing a gain of function targeted by HAT inhibition. Additionally, mutations in CREBBP/EP300 are associated with recurrence following radiation in squamous cell carcinoma cohorts. These findings provide both a mechanism of resistance and the potential for genomically-driven treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-021-26570-8

  View details for PubMedID 34732714

• NRG Oncology HN006: Randomized phase II/III trial of sentinel lymph node biopsy versus elective neck dissection for early-stage oral cavity cancer. Lai, S., Torres-Saavedra, P. A., Dunlap, N. E., Beadle, B., Chang, S. S., Subramaniam, R. M., Yu, J., Lowe, V. J., Khan, S. A., Truong, M., Bell, D., Liu, C. Z., Kovalchuk, N., Rong, Y., Abazeed, M. E., Kappadath, S., Harris, J., Le, Q. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2021

  View details for DOI 10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.TPS6093

  View details for Web of Science ID 000708120307003

• Recommendations for postoperative radiotherapy in head & neck squamous cell carcinoma in the presence of flaps: a GORTEC internationally-reviewed HNCIG-endorsed consensus. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Carsuzaa, F., Lapeyre, M., Gregoire, V., Maingon, P., Beddok, A., Marcy, P., Salleron, J., Coutte, A., Racadot, S., Pointreau, Y., Graff, P., Beadle, B., Benezery, K., Biau, J., Calugaru, V., Castelli, J., Chua, M., Di Rito, A., Dore, M., Ghadjar, P., Huguet, F., Jardel, P., Johansen, J., Kimple, R., Krengli, M., Laskar, S., Mcdowell, L., Nichols, A., Tribius, S., Valduvieco, I., Hu, C., Liem, X., Moya-Plana, A., D'onofrio, I., Parvathanen, U., Takiar, V., Orlandi, E., Psyrri, A., Shenouda, G., Sher, D., Steuer, C., Shan Sun, X., Tao, Y., Thomson, D., Tsai, M., Vulquin, N., Gorphe, P., Mehanna, H., Yom, S. S., Bourhis, J., Thariat, J. 2021

  Abstract

  Isntroduction Head and neck reconstructive surgery using a flap is increasingly common. Best practices and outcomes for postoperative radiotherapy (poRT) with flaps have not been specified. We aimed to provide consensus recommendations to assist clinical decision-making highlighting areas of uncertainty in the presence of flaps.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Radiation, medical, and surgical oncologists were assembled from GORTEC and internationally with the Head and Neck Cancer International Group (HNCIG). The consensus-building approach covered 59 topics across four domains: 1) identification of postoperative tissue changes on imaging for flap delineation, 2) understanding of tumor relapse risks and target volume definitions, 3) functional radiation-induced deterioration, 4) feasibility of flap avoidance.RESULTS: Across the 4 domains, international consensus (median score ≥7/9) was achieved only for functional deterioration (73.3%); other consensus rates were 55.6% for poRT avoidance of flap structures, 41.2% for flap definition and 11.1% for tumor spread patterns. Radiation-induced flap fibrosis or atrophy and their functional impact was well recognized while flap necrosis was not, suggesting dose-volume adaptation for the former. Flap avoidance was recommended to minimize bone flap osteoradionecrosis but not soft-tissue toxicity. The need for identification (CT planning, fiducials, accurate operative report) and targeting of the junction area at risk between native tissues and flap was well recognized. Experts variably considered flaps as prone to tumor dissemination or not. Discrepancies in rating of 11 items among international reviewing participants are shown.CONCLUSION: International GORTEC and HNCIG-endorsed recommendations were generated for the management of flaps in head and neck radiotherapy. Considerable knowledge gaps hinder further consensus, in particular with respect to tumor spread patterns.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.04.026

  View details for PubMedID 33984351

• Management of Salivary Gland Malignancy: ASCO Guideline. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Geiger, J. L., Ismaila, N., Beadle, B., Caudell, J. J., Chau, N., Deschler, D., Glastonbury, C., Kaufman, M., Lamarre, E., Lau, H. Y., Licitra, L., Moore, M. G., Rodriguez, C., Roshal, A., Seethala, R., Swiecicki, P., Ha, P. 2021: JCO2100449

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: To provide evidence-based recommendations for practicing physicians and other healthcare providers on the management of salivary gland malignancy.METHODS: ASCO convened an Expert Panel of medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology, neuroradiology, pathology, and patient advocacy experts to conduct a literature search, which included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and prospective and retrospective comparative observational studies published from 2000 through 2020. Outcomes of interest included survival, diagnostic accuracy, disease recurrence, and quality of life. Expert Panel members used available evidence and informal consensus to develop evidence-based guideline recommendations.RESULTS: The literature search identified 293 relevant studies to inform the evidence base for this guideline. Six main clinical questions were addressed, which included subquestions on preoperative evaluations, surgical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, appropriate radiotherapy techniques, the role of systemic therapy, and follow-up evaluations.RECOMMENDATIONS: When possible, evidence-based recommendations were developed to address the diagnosis and appropriate preoperative evaluations for patients with a salivary gland malignancy, therapeutic procedures, and appropriate treatment options in various salivary gland histologies.Additional information is available at www.asco.org/head-neck-cancer-guidelines.

  View details for DOI 10.1200/JCO.21.00449

  View details for PubMedID 33900808

• Something for Everyone From Low-Risk to High-Risk: 5 Recent Studies to Improve Treatment and Surveillance for All Patients With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Mierzwa, M., Beadle, B. M., Chua, M. L., Ma, D. J., Thomson, D. J., Margalit, D. N. 2021; 111 (1): 1-8

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.05.005

  View details for PubMedID 34348102

• Feasibility of Mobile and Sensor Technology for Remote Monitoring in Cancer Care and Prevention. AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium Peterson, S. K., Basen-Engquist, K., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Prokhorov, A. V., Shinn, E. H., Martch, S. L., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Farcas, E., Brandon Gunn, G., Fuller, C. D., Morrison, W. H., Rosenthal, D. I., Phan, J., Eng, C., Cinciripini, P. M., Karam-Hage, M. A., Camero Garcia, M., Patrick, K. 2021; 2021: 979-988

  Abstract

  Objectives. Remote monitoring (RM) of health-related outcomes may optimize cancer care and prevention outside of clinic settings. CYCORE is a software-based system for collection and analyses of sensor and mobile data. We evaluated CYCORE's feasibility in studies assessing: (1) physical functioning in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients; (2) swallowing exercise adherence in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients during radiation therapy; and (3) tobacco use in cancer survivors post-tobacco treatment (TTP). Methods. Participants completed RM: for CRC, blood pressure, activity, GPS; for HNC, video of swallowing exercises; for TTP, expired carbon monoxide. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed daily. Results. For CRC, HNC and TTP, respectively, 50, 37, and 50 participants achieved 96%, 84%, 96% completion rates. Also, 91-100% rated ease and self-efficacy as highly favorable, 72-100% gave equivalent ratings for overall satisfaction, 72-93% had low/no data privacy concerns. Conclusion. RM was highly feasible and acceptable for patients across diverse use cases.

  View details for PubMedID 35308916

• Ipsilateral radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil: American Radium Society appropriate use criteria executive summary. Head & neck Tsai, C. J., Galloway, T. J., Margalit, D. N., Bakst, R. L., Beadle, B. M., Beitler, J. J., Chang, S., Chen, A., Cooper, J., Koyfman, S. A., Ridge, J. A., Robbins, J., Truong, M. T., Yom, S. S., Siddiqui, F. 2020

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: We conducted the current systemic review to provide up-to-date literature summary and optimal evidence-based recommendations for ipsilateral radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil.METHODS: We performed literature search of peer-reviewed journals through PubMed. The search strategy and subject-specific keywords were developed based on the expert panel's consensus. Articles published from January 2000 to May 2020 with full text available on PubMed and restricted to the English language and human subjects were included. Several prespecified search terms were used to identify relevant publications and additional evidence published since the initial American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria Ipsilateral Tonsil Radiation recommendation was finalized in 2012. The full bibliographies of identified articles were reviewed and irrelevant studies were removed.RESULTS: The initial search and review returned 46 citations. The authors added three citations from bibliographies, websites, or books not found in the literature search. Of the 49 citations, 30 citations were retained for further detailed review, and 14 of them were added to the evidence table. Articles were removed from the bibliography if they were not relevant or generalizable to the topic, or focused on unknown primary disease. Several commonly encountered clinical case variants were created and panelists anonymously rated each treatment recommendation. The results were reviewed and disagreements discussed.CONCLUSIONS: The panel provided updated evidence and recommendations for ipsilateral radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil in the setting of primary radiation-based therapy and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy. This committee did not reach agreements for some case variants due to a lack of strong evidence supporting specific treatment decisions, indicating a further need for research in these topics.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.26492

  View details for PubMedID 33068064

• Postoperative Therapy for Resected Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (SCCHN): Initial Findings of an American Radium Society (TM) (ARS) Appropriate Use Criteria Systematic Review (SR) Margalit, D., Sacco, A., Bakst, R., Beadle, B., Beitler, J., Chang, S., Chen, A., Cooper, J., Galloway, T., Koyfman, S., Ridge, J., Robbins, J., Minh-Tam Truong, Tsai, C., Yom, S., Siddiqui, F. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2020: E44

  View details for Web of Science ID 000579885400098

• Ipsilateral Radiation for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tonsil: Summary of Findings and Controversies from the ARS Appropriate Use Criteria Expert Panel on Tonsil Cancer Tsai, C., Galloway, T., Beitler, J., Cooper, J., Bakst, R., Ridge, J., Beadle, B., Robbins, J., Chen, A., Sacco, A., Chang, S., Minh Truong, Koyfman, S., Yom, S., Siddiqui, F. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2020: E41–E42

  View details for Web of Science ID 000579885400093

• Continuing Medical Student Education During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: Development of a Virtual Radiation Oncology Clerkship. Advances in radiation oncology Pollom, E. L., Sandhu, N., Frank, J., Miller, J. A., Obeid, J., Kastelowitz, N., Panjwani, N., Soltys, S. G., Bagshaw, H. P., Donaldson, S. S., Horst, K., Beadle, B. M., Chang, D. T., Gibbs, I. 2020; 5 (4): 732–36

  Abstract

  Purpose: Our institution cancelled all in-person clerkships owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In response, we designed a virtual radiation oncology medical student clerkship.Methods and Materials: We convened an advisory panel to design a virtual clerkship curriculum. We implemented clerkship activities using a cloud-based learning management system, video web conferencing systems, and a telemedicine portal. Students completed assessments pre- and postclerkship to provide data to improve future versions of the clerkship.Results: The virtual clerkship spans 2 weeks and is graded pass or fail. Students attend interactive didactic sessions during the first week and participate in virtual clinic and give talks to the department during the second week. Didactic sessions include lectures, case-based discussions, treatment planning seminars, and material adapted from the Radiation Oncology Education Collaborative Study Group curriculum. Students also attend virtual departmental quality assurance rounds, cancer center seminars, and multidisciplinary tumor boards. The enrollment cap was met during the first virtual clerkship period (April 27 through May 8, 2020), with a total of 12 students enrolling.Conclusions: Our virtual clerkship can increase student exposure and engagement in radiation oncology. Data on clerkship outcomes are forthcoming.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.adro.2020.05.006

  View details for PubMedID 32775783

• Molecular profiling of a primary cutaneous signet-ring cell/histiocytoid carcinoma of the eyelid. Journal of cutaneous pathology Raghavan, S., Clark, M., Louie, C., Jensen, K. C., Dietrich, B., Beadle, B. M., El-Sawy, T., Baik, F., Kunder, C. A., Brown, R. A. 2020

  Abstract

  Primary cutaneous signet-ring cell/histiocytoid carcinoma of the eyelid is a rare and aggressive neoplasm. Fewer than 50 cases have been reported in the literature, and the genetic driving mutations are unknown. Herein, we present a case of this rare disease along with the results of molecular profiling via targeted next generation sequencing. The patient is an 85-year-old man who presented with left eyelid swelling initially thought to be a chalazion. After no response to incision and drainage and antibiotics, an incisional biopsy was performed. Histologic sections revealed a proliferation of cells with signet-ring and histiocytoid morphology arranged singly and in cords infiltrating the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle. The lesional cells strongly expressed cytoplasmic cytokeratin 7 and nuclear androgen receptor. Next generation sequencing revealed a CDH1 mutation, which is known to confer signet-ring morphology in other carcinomas. Pathogenic mutations in NTRK3, CDKN1B and PIK3CA were also detected. To our knowledge, this is the first documented genetic analysis of this rare disease with findings that offer insights into disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/cup.13733

  View details for PubMedID 32358805

• Virtual Radiation Oncology Clerkship During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Sandhu, N., Frank, J., von Eyben, R., Miller, J., Obeid, J., Kastelowitz, N., Panjwani, N., Soltys, S., Bagshaw, H. P., Donaldson, S. S., Horst, K., Beadle, B. M., Chang, D. T., Gibbs, I. C., Pollom, E. 2020; 108 (2): 444–51

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: We evaluated the impact of a virtual radiation oncology clerkship.METHODS AND MATERIALS: We developed a 2-week virtual radiation oncology clerkship that launched on April 27, 2020. Clerkship components included a virtual clinic with radiation oncology faculty and residents, didactic lectures, student talks, and supplemental sessions such as tumor boards and chart rounds. Medical students completed pre- and post-clerkship self-assessments. Faculty and resident participants also completed surveys on their experience with virtual lectures and clinics. Pre- and post-clerkship results were compared using a 2-sided paired t test. An analysis of variance model was used to analyze the clerkship components.RESULTS: Twenty-six medical students, including 4 visiting students, enrolled over 2 clerkship periods (4 weeks). All students completed the pre- and post-clerkship self-assessments and agreed that the clerkship improved their understanding of radiation oncology. Compared with 3 (11.5%) students who agreed that they understood the daily responsibilities of a radiation oncologist before the clerkship, 22 (84.6%) students agreed and 3 (11.5%) strongly agreed that they understood the daily responsibilities of a radiation oncologist after the clerkship (P < .0001). Although 15 students (57.7%) reported an increased interest in radiation oncology because of the clerkship, the mean level of interest in radiation oncology as a career remained the same, with pre- and post-clerkship scores of 3.0 (±0.9) and 3.0 (±1.1) on a 5-point scale, respectively (P = .7). Students found virtual clinic and didactic lectures to be the most valuable components of the clerkship. Most respondents agreed (30.8%) or strongly agreed (65.4%) to recommend the clerkship to their classmates.CONCLUSIONS: Our virtual clerkship was effective in increasing medical student interest in and knowledge about radiation oncology. These data will help optimize a new paradigm of virtual radiation oncology education for medical students during COVID-19 and beyond.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.050

  View details for PubMedID 32890529

• Dosimetry Modeling of Focused kV X-ray Radiotherapy for Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration. Medical physics Yan, H. n., Sun, W. n., Mruthyunjaya, P. n., Beadle, B. n., Yu, W. n., Kanwal, B. n., MacDonald, C. A., Liu, W. n. 2020

  Abstract

  Wet (neovascular) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the USA. The mainstay treatment requires monthly intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs, associated with multiple visits, high cost, and the risk of procedural injury and infection. Anti-VEGF drugs inhibit the formation of neovasculature but do not directly attack it. Radiotherapy can destroy neovasculature and potentially also inhibit wet-AMD associated inflammation and fibrosis not addressed by VEGF inhibitors. However, the current collimation-based radiotherapy device uses fixed 4 mm beams, which are prone to overtreat or undertreat the choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions because of their various sizes and shapes. This simulation study evaluates personalized conformal treatment with focused kV radiation using cutting-edge polycapillary x-ray optics.Simulation of the polycapillary optics was achieved via Monte Carlo (MC)-based 3D geometric ray tracing. Phase-space files modeling the focused photons were generated. The method was previously verified by phantom measurements. The ultrasmall ~0.2 mm beam focal spot perpendicular to the beam direction enables spatially fractionated grid therapy, which has been shown to preferentially damage abnormal neovascular blood vessels vs normal ones. Geant4-based MC simulations of scanning while rotating beam delivery were performed to conformally treat three clinical cases of large, medium, and small CNV lesions with regular and grid deliveries. Dose delivery uncertainties due to positioning errors were analyzed, including ±0.75 mm displacement in the three orthogonal directions and ±5° vertical/horizontal rotation of the eyeball.The simulated CNV treatments by 60 kVp focused x-ray beams show highly-conformal delivery of dose to the lesion plus margin (0.75 mm) with sharp dose fall-offs and controllable spatial modulation patterns. The 90%-10% isodose penumbra is <0.5 mm. With a 16 Gy prescription dose to the lesions, the critical structure doses are well below the tolerance. The average CNV dose varies within 10% (mostly within 4%) due to 0.75-mm linear displacements and 5-degree gaze angle rotation of the eyeball.Focused kV technique allows personalized treatment of CNV lesions and reduces unwanted radiation to adjacent healthy tissue. The simulated dose distribution is superior to currently available techniques.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/mp.14404

  View details for PubMedID 32683708

• Effectiveness of a Home-based Head and Neck Lymphedema Management Program: A Pilot Study. The Laryngoscope Yao, T. n., Beadle, B. n., Holsinger, C. F., Starmer, H. M. 2020

  Abstract

  This study aimed to compare outcomes in patients with head and neck lymphedema receiving either a home-based lymphedema treatment program or a hybrid approach including both home-based treatment and regular clinical visits.Outcomes were assessed in patients receiving head and neck lymphedema rehabilitation. Baseline measures of neck, submental, and facial edema were obtained and repeated following treatment. A home program was recommended for all patients, and those receiving hybrid care received the same recommendations as well as a visit with the lymphedema therapist for additional treatment. Their outcomes were compared using standard statistical analysis.Fifty consecutive individuals were included, 25 in each group. Adherence to at least 50% of recommended treatment was reported in 68% of those receiving home-based treatment and 84% of those receiving hybrid care. Significant improvement was demonstrated for 66% of patients. There was no statistically significant difference between treatment groups with regard to clinically significant improvement (P = .15). Patients receiving hybrid therapy demonstrated treatment advantages regarding facial edema (P = .037). Adherence to treatment was associated with clinical improvement (P = .047).Comparable benefits were observed regardless of whether patients had a home-based or hybrid lymphedema treatment approach. These data suggest a home-based treatment approach may be appropriate for patients unable to participate in clinical sessions. However, for patients with significant facial edema, a hybrid approach may be preferable. Adherence was associated with better outcomes. Given these findings, future investigations should consider strategies to improve adherence to optimize the outcomes lymphedema treatment.3b Laryngoscope, 2020.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/lary.28549

  View details for PubMedID 32068894

• Oncology Informatics: Status Quo and Outlook. Oncology Putora, P. M., Baudis, M. n., Beadle, B. M., El Naqa, I. n., Giordano, F. A., Nicolay, N. H. 2020: 1–3

  Abstract

  Oncology has undergone rapid progress, with emerging developments in areas including cancer stem cells, molecularly targeted therapies, genomic analyses, and individually tailored immunotherapy. These advances have expanded the tools available in the fight against cancer. Some of these have seen broad media coverage resulting in justified public attention. However, these achievements have only been possible due to rapid developments in the expanding field of biomedical informatics and information technology (IT). Artificial intelligence, radiomics, electronic health records, and electronic patient-reported outcome measures (ePROMS) are only a few of the developments enabling further progress in oncology. The promising impact of IT in oncology will only become reality through a multidisciplinary approach to the complex challenges ahead.

  View details for DOI 10.1159/000507586

  View details for PubMedID 32408309

• Systematic review of postoperative therapy for resected squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Executive summary of the American Radium Society appropriate use criteria. Head & neck Margalit, D. N., Sacco, A. G., Cooper, J. S., Ridge, J. A., Bakst, R. L., Beadle, B. M., Beitler, J. J., Chang, S. S., Chen, A. M., Galloway, T. J., Koyfman, S. A., Mita, C. n., Robbins, J. R., Tsai, C. J., Truong, M. T., Yom, S. S., Siddiqui, F. n. 2020

  Abstract

  The aims of this systematic review are to (a) evaluate the current literature on the impact of postoperative therapy for resected squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) on oncologic and non-oncologic outcomes and (b) identify the optimal evidence-based postoperative therapy recommendations for commonly encountered clinical scenarios.An analysis of the medical literature from peer-reviewed journals was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Prospective studies and methodology-based systematic reviews and meta-analyses of postoperative therapy for SCCHN were identified by searching Medline (OVID) and EMBASE (Elsevier) using controlled vocabulary terms (ie, National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings [MeSH], EMTREE). Study screening and selection was performed with Covidence software and full-text review. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method was used by the expert panel to rate the appropriate use of postoperative therapy, and the modified Delphi method was used to come to consensus.A total of 5660 studies were identified and screened using the title and abstract, leading to 201 studies assessed for relevance using full-text review. After limitation to the eligibility criteria, 101 studies from 1977 to 2020 were identified, including 77 with oncologic endpoints and 24 with function and quality of life endpoints. All studies reported staging prior to the implementation of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC-8).Prospective clinical studies and systematic reviews identified through the PRISMA systematic review provided good evidence for consensus statements regarding the appropriate use of postoperative therapy for resected SCCHN. Further research is needed in domains where consensus by the expert panel could not be achieved for the appropriateness of specific postoperative therapeutic interventions.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.26490

  View details for PubMedID 33098180

• Proton radiotherapy and treatment delay in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The Laryngoscope Jin, M. C., Harris, J. P., Sabolch, A. N., Gensheimer, M., Le, Q., Beadle, B. M., Pollom, E. L. 2019

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVE: For patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), delays in the initiation of radiotherapy (RT) have been closely associated with worse outcomes. We sought to investigate whether RT modality (proton vs. photon) is associated with differences in the time to initiation of RT.METHODS: The National Cancer Database was queried for patients diagnosed with nonmetastatic HNSCC between 2004 and 2015 who received either proton or photon RT as part of their initial treatment. Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-square tests were used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between use of proton RT and delayed RT initiation.RESULTS: A total of 175,088 patients with HNSCC receiving either photon or proton RT were identified. Patients receiving proton RT were more likely to be white, reside in higher income areas, and have private insurance. Proton RT was associated with delayed RT initiation compared to photon RT (median 59days vs. 45, P <0.001). Receipt of proton therapy was independently associated with RT initiation beyond 6weeks after diagnosis (adjusted OR [aOR, definitive RT] = 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-2.30) or surgery (aOR [adjuvant RT] = 4.08; 95% CI 2.64-6.62). In the context of adjuvant proton RT, increases in treatment delay were associated with worse overall survival (weeks, adjusted hazard ratio =1.099, 95% CI 1.011-1.194).CONCLUSION: Use of proton therapy is associated with delayed RT in both the definitive and adjuvant settings for patients with HNSCC and could be associated with poorer outcomes.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b Laryngoscope, 122:0000-0000, 2019 Laryngoscope, 2019.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/lary.28458

  View details for PubMedID 31837165

• Automatic detection of contouring errors using convolutional neural networks MEDICAL PHYSICS Rhee, D., Cardenas, C. E., Elhalawani, H., McCarroll, R., Zhang, L., Yang, J., Garden, A. S., Peterson, C. B., Beadle, B. M., Court, L. E. 2019; 46 (11): 5086–97

  View details for DOI 10.1002/mp.13814]

  View details for Web of Science ID 000494894600035

• Automatic detection of contouring errors using convolutional neural networks. Medical physics Rhee, D. J., Cardenas, C. E., Elhalawani, H., McCarroll, R., Zhang, L., Yang, J., Garden, A. S., Peterson, C. B., Beadle, B. M., Court, L. E. 2019

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: To develop a head and neck normal structures auto-contouring tool that could be used to automatically detect the errors in auto-contours from a clinically-validated auto-contouring tool.METHODS: An auto-contouring tool based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) was developed for 16 normal structures of the head and neck and tested to identify the contour errors from a clinically-validated multi-atlas-based auto-contouring system (MACS). The CT scans and clinical contours from 3495 patients were semi-automatically curated and used to train and validate the CNN-based auto-contouring tool. The final accuracy of the tool was evaluated by calculating the Sorensen-Dice similarity coefficients (DSC) and Hausdorff distances between the automatically generated contours and physician-drawn contours on 174 internal and 24 external CT scans. Lastly, the CNN-based tool was evaluated on 60 patients' CT scans to investigate the possibility to detect contouring failures. The contouring failures on these patients were classified as either minor or major errors. The criteria to detect contouring errors were determined by analyzing the DSC between the CNN- and MACS-based contours under two independent scenarios: 1. contours with minor error are clinically acceptable and 2. contours with minor errors are clinically unacceptable.RESULTS: The average DSC and Hausdorff distance of our CNN-based tool were 98.4%/1.23cm for brain, 89.1%/0.42cm for eyes, 86.8%/1.28cm for mandible, 86.4%/0.88cm for brainstem, 83.4%/0.71cm for spinal cord, 82.7%/1.37cm for parotids, 80.7%/1.08cm for esophagus, 71.7%/0.39cm for lenses, 68.6%/0.72 for optic nerves, 66.4%/0.46cm for cochleas, and 40.7%/0.96cm for optic chiasm. With the error detection tool, the proportions of the clinically unacceptable MACS contours that were correctly detected were 0.99/0.80 on average except for the optic chiasm, when contours with minor errors are clinically acceptable/unacceptable respectively. The proportions of the clinically acceptable MACS contours that were correctly detected were 0.81/0.60 on average except for the optic chiasm, when contours with minor errors are clinically acceptable/unacceptable respectively.CONCLUSION: Our CNN-based auto-contouring tool performed well on both the publically-available and the internal datasets. Furthermore, our results show that CNN-based algorithms are able to identify ill-defined contours from a clinically-validated and used multi-atlas-based auto-contouring tool. Therefore, our CNN-based tool can effectively perform automatic verification of MACS contours.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/mp.13814

  View details for PubMedID 31505046

• Tumor Subregion Evolution-based Imaging Features to Assess Early Response and Predict Prognosis in Oropharyngeal Cancer. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine Wu, J., Gensheimer, M., Zhang, N., Guo, M., Liang, R., Zhang, C., Fischbein, N., Pollom, E., Beadle, B., Le, Q., Li, R. 2019

  Abstract

  Background: The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been rapidly increasing. Disease stage and smoking history are often used in current clinical trials to select patients for de-intensification therapy, but these features lack sufficient accuracy for predicting disease relapse. Purpose: To develop an imaging signature to assess early response and predict outcomes of OPSCC. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 162 OPSCC patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy, equally divided into separate training and validation cohorts with similar clinical characteristics. A robust consensus clustering approach was used to spatially partition the primary tumor and involved lymph nodes into subregions (i.e., habitats) based on fluorine 18 (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and contrast CT imaging. We proposed quantitative image features to characterize the temporal volumetric change of the habitats and peritumor/nodal tissue between baseline and mid-treatment. The reproducibility of these features was evaluated. We developed an imaging signature to predict progression-free survival (PFS) by fitting an L1-regularized Cox regression model. Results: We identified three phenotypically distinct intratumoral habitats, which were (1) metabolically active and heterogeneous, (2) enhancing and heterogeneous, and (3) metabolically inactive and homogeneous. The final Cox model consisted of four habitat evolution-based features. In both cohorts, this imaging signature significantly outperformed traditional imaging metrics including mid-treatment metabolic tumor volume for predicting PFS, with C-index: 0.72 vs 0.67 (training) and 0.66 vs 0.56 (validation). The imaging signature stratified patients into high-risk vs low-risk groups with 2-year PFS rates: 59.1% vs 89.4% (HR=4.4, 95% CI: 1.4-13.4, training), and 61.4% vs 87.8% (HR=4.6, 95% CI: 1.7-12.1, validation). It remained an independent predictor of PFS in multivariable analysis adjusting for stage, human papillomavirus status, and smoking history. Conclusion: The proposed imaging signature allows more accurate prediction of disease progression and, if prospectively validated, may refine OPSCC patient selection for risk-adaptive therapy.

  View details for DOI 10.2967/jnumed.119.230037

  View details for PubMedID 31420498

• Cost comparison of treatment for oropharyngeal carcinoma LARYNGOSCOPE Tam, K., Orosco, R. K., Colevas, A., Bedi, N., Starmer, H. M., Beadle, B. M., Holsinger, F. 2019; 129 (7): 1604–9

  View details for DOI 10.1002/lary.27544

  View details for Web of Science ID 000471915700026

• Integrating tumor and nodal imaging characteristics at baseline and mid-treatment CT scans to predict distant metastasis in oropharyngeal cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Wu, J., Gensheimer, M. F., Zhang, N., Han, F., Liang, R., Qian, Y., Zhang, C., Fischbein, N., Pollom, E. L., Beadle, B., Le, Q., Li, R. 2019

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: Prognostic biomarkers of disease relapse are needed for risk-adaptive therapy of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). This work aims to identify an imaging signature to predict distant metastasis in OPC.MATERIALS/METHODS: This single-institution retrospective study included 140 patients treated with definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy, for whom both pre and mid-treatment contrast-enhanced CT scans were available. Patients were divided into separate training and testing cohorts. Forty-five quantitative image features were extracted to characterize tumor and involved lymph nodes at both time points. By incorporating both imaging and clinicopathological features, a random survival forest (RSF) model was built to predict distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). The model was optimized via repeated cross-validation in the training cohort, and then independently validated in the testing cohort.RESULTS: The most important features for predicting DMFS were the maximum distance among nodes, maximum distance between tumor and nodes at mid-treatment, and pre-treatment tumor sphericity. In the testing cohort, the RSF model achieved good discriminability for DMFS (C-index=0.73, P=0.008), and further divided patients into two risk groups with different 2-year DMFS rates: 96.7% vs. 67.6%. Similar trends were observed for patients with p16+ tumors and smoking ≤10 pack-years. The RSF model based on pre-treatment CT features alone achieved lower performance (C-index=0.68, P=0.03).CONCLUSION: Integrating tumor and nodal imaging characteristics at baseline and mid-treatment CT allows prediction of distant metastasis in OPC. The proposed imaging signature requires prospective validation, and if successful, may help identify high-risk HPV-positive patients who should not be considered for de-intensification therapy.

  View details for PubMedID 30940529

• USING MOBILE AND SENSOR TECHNOLOGY TO IDENTIFY EARLY DEHYDRATION RISK IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER PATIENTS UNDERGOING RADIATION TREATMENT: IMPACT ON QUALITY OF LIFE (vol 25, pg 1, 2018) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE Peterson, S., Beadle, B., Garden, A., Shete, S., Martch, S., Farcas, E., Lin, K., Raab, F., Nandigam, V., Camero, M., Godino, J., Patrick, K., Shinn, E. 2019; 26 (1): 109

  View details for Web of Science ID 000462612300026

• Fully Automatic Treatment Planning for External-Beam Radiation Therapy of Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: A Tool for Low-Resource Clinics JOURNAL OF GLOBAL ONCOLOGY Kisling, K., Zhang, L., Simonds, H., Fakie, N., Yang, J., Mccarroll, R., Balter, P., Burger, H., Bogler, O., Howell, R., Schmeler, K., Mejia, M., Beadle, B. M., Jhingran, A., Court, L. 2019; 5

  View details for DOI 10.1200/JGO.18.00107

  View details for Web of Science ID 000462556700001

• Fully Automatic Treatment Planning for External-Beam Radiation Therapy of Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: A Tool for Low-Resource Clinics. Journal of global oncology Kisling, K., Zhang, L., Simonds, H., Fakie, N., Yang, J., McCarroll, R., Balter, P., Burger, H., Bogler, O., Howell, R., Schmeler, K., Mejia, M., Beadle, B. M., Jhingran, A., Court, L. 2019: 1–9

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to validate a fully automatic treatment planning system for conventional radiotherapy of cervical cancer. This system was developed to mitigate staff shortages in low-resource clinics.METHODS: In collaboration with hospitals in South Africa and the United States, we have developed the Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA), which includes algorithms for automating every step of planning: delineating the body contour, detecting the marked isocenter, designing the treatment-beam apertures, and optimizing the beam weights to minimize dose heterogeneity. First, we validated the RPA retrospectively on 150 planning computed tomography (CT) scans. We then tested it remotely on 14 planning CT scans at two South African hospitals. Finally, automatically planned treatment beams were clinically deployed at our institution.RESULTS: The automatically and manually delineated body contours agreed well (median mean surface distance, 0.6 mm; range, 0.4 to 1.9 mm). The automatically and manually detected marked isocenters agreed well (mean difference, 1.1 mm; range, 0.1 to 2.9 mm). In validating the automatically designed beam apertures, two physicians, one from our institution and one from a South African partner institution, rated 91% and 88% of plans acceptable for treatment, respectively. The use of automatically optimized beam weights reduced the maximum dose significantly (median, -1.9%; P < .001). Of the 14 plans from South Africa, 100% were rated clinically acceptable. Automatically planned treatment beams have been used for 24 patients with cervical cancer by physicians at our institution, with edits as needed, and its use is ongoing.CONCLUSION: We found that fully automatic treatment planning is effective for cervical cancer radiotherapy and may provide a reliable option for low-resource clinics. Prospective studies are ongoing in the United States and are planned with partner clinics.

  View details for PubMedID 30629457

• Optimizing efficiency and safety in external beam radiotherapy using automated plan check (APC) tool and six sigma methodology. Journal of applied clinical medical physics Liu, S. n., Bush, K. K., Bertini, J. n., Fu, Y. n., Lewis, J. M., Pham, D. J., Yang, Y. n., Niedermayr, T. R., Skinner, L. n., Xing, L. n., Beadle, B. M., Hsu, A. n., Kovalchuk, N. n. 2019; 20 (8): 56–64

  Abstract

  To develop and implement an automated plan check (APC) tool using a Six Sigma methodology with the aim of improving safety and efficiency in external beam radiotherapy.The Six Sigma define-measure-analyze-improve-control (DMAIC) framework was used by measuring defects stemming from treatment planning that were reported to the departmental incidence learning system (ILS). The common error pathways observed in the reported data were combined with our departmental physics plan check list, and AAPM TG-275 identified items. Prioritized by risk priority number (RPN) and severity values, the check items were added to the APC tool developed using Varian Eclipse Scripting Application Programming Interface (ESAPI). At 9 months post-APC implementation, the tool encompassed 89 check items, and its effectiveness was evaluated by comparing RPN values and rates of reported errors. To test the efficiency gains, physics plan check time and reported error rate were prospectively compared for 20 treatment plans.The APC tool was successfully implemented for external beam plan checking. FMEA RPN ranking re-evaluation at 9 months post-APC demonstrated a statistically significant average decrease in RPN values from 129.2 to 83.7 (P < .05). After the introduction of APC, the average frequency of reported treatment-planning errors was reduced from 16.1% to 4.1%. For high-severity errors, the reduction was 82.7% for prescription/plan mismatches and 84.4% for incorrect shift note. The process shifted from 4σ to 5σ quality for isocenter-shift errors. The efficiency study showed a statistically significant decrease in plan check time (10.1 ± 7.3 min, P = .005) and decrease in errors propagating to physics plan check (80%).Incorporation of APC tool has significantly reduced the error rate. The DMAIC framework can provide an iterative and robust workflow to improve the efficiency and quality of treatment planning procedure enabling a safer radiotherapy process.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/acm2.12678

  View details for PubMedID 31423729

• A Risk Assessment of Automated Treatment Planning and Recommendations for Clinical Deployment. Medical physics Kisling, K. n., Johnson, J. L., Simonds, H. n., Zhang, L. n., Jhingran, A. n., Beadle, B. M., Burger, H. n., Toit, M. d., Joubert, N. n., Makufa, R. n., Shaw, W. n., Trauernicht, C. n., Balter, P. n., Howell, R. M., Schmeler, K. n., Court, L. n. 2019

  Abstract

  To assess the risk of failure of a recently developed automated treatment planning tool, the Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA) and to determine the reduction in these risks with implementation of a quality assurance (QA) program specifically designed for the RPA.We used failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to assess the risk of the RPA. The steps involved in the workflow of planning a 4-field box treatment of cervical cancer with the RPA were identified. Then, the potential failure modes at each step and their causes were identified and scored according to their likelihood of occurrence, severity, and likelihood of going undetected. Additionally, the impact of the components of the QA program on the detectability of the failure modes was assessed. The QA program was designed to supplement a clinic's standard QA processes and consisted of 3 components: (1) automatic, independent verification of the results of automated planning; (2) automatic comparison of treatment parameters to expected values; and (3) guided manual checks of the treatment plan. A risk priority number (RPN) was calculated for each potential failure mode with and without use of the QA program.In the RPA automated treatment planning workflow, we identified 68 potential failure modes with 113 causes. The average RPN was 91 without the QA program and 68 with the QA program (maximum RPNs were 504 and 315, respectively). The reduction in RPN was due to an improvement in the likelihood of detecting failures, resulting in lower detectability scores. The top-ranked failure modes included incorrect identification of the marked isocenter, inappropriate beam aperture definition, incorrect entry of the prescription into the RPA plan directive, and lack of a comprehensive plan review by the physician.Using FMEA, we assessed the risks in the clinical deployment of an automated treatment planning workflow and showed that a specialized QA program for the RPA, which included automatic QA techniques, improved the detectability of failures, reducing this risk. However, some residual risks persisted, which were similar to those found in manual treatment planning, and human error remained a major cause of potential failures. Through the risk analysis process, we identified 3 key aspects of safe deployment of automated planning: (1) user training on potential failure modes; (2) comprehensive manual plan review by physicians and physicists; and (3) automated QA of the treatment plan. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

  View details for PubMedID 31002389

• Treatment of early-stage laryngeal cancer: A comparison of treatment options. Oral oncology Baird, B. J., Sung, C. K., Beadle, B. M., Divi, V. 2018; 87: 8–16

  Abstract

  Over the course of the last several decades, the treatment options for early laryngeal cancers (T1 and T2) have evolved; however, simultaneously the mortality rate has increased. As larynx preservation approaches have become the standard of care, the selection of the proper treatment modality has become paramount. Radiation therapy or transoral laser microsurgery are the most common options for treatment of these early lesions. Oncologic and functional outcomes are considered equivalent between the two modalities for early glottic cancers; however, no direct comparisons exist for robust analysis. In terms of larynx preservation, there also is not compelling data favoring one treatment option or another. For early stage lesions, the goal for any larynx-sparing technique, either radiation or surgery, should be the intent to cure with single modality treatment and minimal short- and long-term toxicity. This article is designed to create a frame of reference for managing early stage disease with respect to lesions of the glottis and supraglottis while weighing treatment implications from an oncologic, functional, and cost perspective.

  View details for PubMedID 30527248

• Treatment of early-stage laryngeal cancer: A comparison of treatment options ORAL ONCOLOGY Baird, B., Sung, C., Beadle, B. M., Divi, V. 2018; 87: 8–16

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.09.012

  View details for Web of Science ID 000452540400002

• Survival of patients with head and neck cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy and concurrent cisplatin or concurrent cetuximab: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare analysis CANCER Xiang, M., Holsinger, F., Colevas, A., Chen, M. M., Quynh-Thu Le, Beadle, B. M. 2018; 124 (23): 4486–94

  View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.31708

  View details for Web of Science ID 000452622400012

• Cost comparison of treatment for oropharyngeal carcinoma. The Laryngoscope Tam, K., Orosco, R. K., Dimitrios Colevas, A., Bedi, N., Starmer, H. M., Beadle, B. M., Christopher Holsinger, F. 2018

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Based on current guidelines, surgical and nonsurgical therapies are viable frontline treatment for patients with locoregional oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC). We sought to compare financial parameters between chemoradiation and transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in this patient population.STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study.METHODS: In this study we identified patients with selected American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th Edition stage II to IVa OPC treated with TORS between January 2013 and December 2014. Fifteen patients who underwent TORS were stage matched with 15 patients treated with chemoradiation. Total charges and cost data for each patient were analyzed at 4-month and 1-year time points; functional and oncologic outcomes were assessed.RESULTS: There were no significant differences in functional and oncologic outcomes. Patients undergoing TORS had a longer inpatient hospital stay, and most required a nasogastric tube for an average of 3.5 days. There were no local or regional recurrences. Across all time points, the TORS group had lower charges and costs compared to the chemoradiation group, with 14% lower costs at 1 year. In the chemoradiation group, nearly two-thirds of costs came from radiation therapy and pharmacy expenses. Chemotherapy accounted for most pharmacy costs. The costs of operating the surgical robot accounted for a about half of surgical costs.CONCLUSIONS: Selected patients with stage II to IVa oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with TORS may incur lower costs than those treated nonsurgically. With rising healthcare spending, the financial impact of treatment might be considered for those patients eligible for treatment regimens with comparable functional and oncologic outcomes.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3b Laryngoscope, 2018.

  View details for PubMedID 30485445

• USING MOBILE AND SENSOR TECHNOLOGY TO IDENTIFY EARLY DEHYDRATION RISK IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER PATIENTS UNDERGOING RADIATION TREATMENT: IMPACT ON QUALITY OF LIFE Peterson, S., Beadle, B., Garden, A., Shete, S., Martch, S., Farcas, E., Lin, K., Raab, F., Nandigam, V. SPRINGER. 2018: S158

  View details for Web of Science ID 000446532700487

• Retrospective Validation and Clinical Implementation of Automated Contouring of Organs at Risk in the Head and Neck: A Step Toward Automated Radiation Treatment Planning for Low- and Middle-Income Countries JOURNAL OF GLOBAL ONCOLOGY McCarroll, R. E., Beadle, B. M., Baiter, P. A., Burger, H., Cardenas, C. E., Dalvie, S., Followill, D. S., Kisling, K. D., Mejia, M., Naidoo, K., Nelson, C. L., Peterson, C. B., Vorster, K., Wetter, J., Zhang, L., Court, L. E., Yang, J. 2018; 4

  View details for DOI 10.1200/JGO.18.00055

  View details for Web of Science ID 000462466200001

• Chronic Radiation-Associated Dysphagia in Oropharyngeal Cancer Survivors: Towards Age-Adjusted Dose Constraints for Deglutitive Muscles Christopherson, K., Ghosh, A., Mohamed, A., Jomaa, M., Gunn, G., Marai, L., Canahuate, G., Vock, D., Dale, T., Kalpathy-Cramer, J., Messer, J., Garden, A. S., El Halawani, H., Frank, S. J., Lewin, J., Lai, S. Y., Beadle, B. M., Morrison, W. H., Phan, J., Skinner, H., Gross, N., Ferrarotto, R., Weber, R. S., Rosenthal, D., Hutcheson, K., Fuller, C. D. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2018: E14

  View details for Web of Science ID 000432447200033

• Feasibility of a Mobile Application to Enhance Swallowing Therapy for Patients Undergoing Radiation-Based Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer Starmer, H. M., Abrams, R., Webster, K., Kizner, J., Beadle, B., Holsinger, F., Quon, H., Richmon, J. SPRINGER. 2018: 227–33

  Abstract

  Dysphagia following treatment for head and neck cancer is one of the most significant morbidities impacting quality of life. Despite the value of prophylactic exercises to mitigate the impact of radiation on long-term swallowing function, adherence to treatment is limited. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the feasibility of a mobile health application to support patient adherence to swallowing therapy during radiation-based treatment. 36 patients undergoing radiation therapy were provided with the Vibrent™ mobile application as an adjunct to standard swallowing therapy. The application included exercise videos, written instructions, reminders, exercise logging, and educational content. 80% of participants used the app during treatment and logged an average of 102 exercise sessions over the course of treatment. 25% of participants logged at least two exercise sessions per day over the 7-week treatment period, and 53% recorded at least one session per day. Exit interviews regarding the patient experience with the Vibrent™ mobile application were largely positive, but also provided actionable strategies to improve future versions of the application. The Vibrent™ mobile application appears to be a tool that can be feasibly integrated into existing patient care practices and may assist patients in adhering to treatment recommendations and facilitate communication between patients and providers between encounters.

  View details for PubMedID 28965209

• CTV Guidance for Head and Neck Cancers INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Beadle, B. M., Anderson, C. M. 2018; 100 (4): 903–5

  View details for PubMedID 29485069

• Clinical outcomes after local field conformal reirradiation of patients with retropharyngeal nodal metastasis Pollard, C., Nguyen, T. P., Ng, S., Frank, S. J., Garden, A. S., Gunn, G. B., Fuller, C. D., Beadle, B. M., Morrison, W. H., Shah, S. J., Wang, H., Tung, S., Wang, C., Ginsberg, L. D., Zafereo, M. E., Sturgis, E. M., Su, S. Y., Hanna, E. Y., Rosenthal, D. I., Phan, J. WILEY. 2017: 2079–87

  Abstract

  The purpose of this study was to present our experience with retropharyngeal node reirradiation using highly conformal radiotherapy (RT).A retrospective screen of 2504 consecutively irradiated patients with head and neck malignancies between 2005 and 2015 identified 19 patients who underwent reirradiation for retropharyngeal node metastasis. Clinical and toxicity outcomes were assessed in these patients.Thirteen patients (68%) had squamous cell carcinoma. Eleven patients (58%) received conventionally fractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or proton therapy, and 8 patients (42%) received single-fractionated or hypofractionated stereotactic RT. Fourteen patients (74%) received chemotherapy. Median follow-up was 14.7 months. The 1-year local control, locoregional control, overall survival, and progression-free survival rates were 100%, 94%, 92%, and 92%, respectively. Three patients (16%) experienced acute grade 3 toxicity and occurred in those treated with IMRT. There was no late grade ≥3 toxicity.Retropharyngeal node reirradiation with conformal therapy is well tolerated and associated with excellent short-term disease control.

  View details for PubMedID 28741749

• Integrative Analysis Identifies a Novel AXL-PI3 Kinase-PD-L1 Signaling Axis Associated with Radiation Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research Skinner, H. D., Giri, U., Yang, L. P., Kumar, M., Liu, Y., Story, M. D., Pickering, C. R., Byers, L. A., Williams, M. D., Wang, J., Shen, L., Yoo, S. Y., Fan, Y. H., Molkentine, D. P., Beadle, B. M., Meyn, R. E., Myers, J. N., Heymach, J. V. 2017; 23 (11): 2713-2722

  Abstract

  Purpose: The primary cause of death due to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is local treatment failure. The goal of this study was to examine this phenomenon using an unbiased approach.Experimental Design: We utilized human papilloma virus (HPV)-negative cell lines rendered radiation-resistant (RR) via repeated exposure to radiation, a panel of HPV-negative HNSCC cell lines and three cohorts of HPV-negative HNSCC tumors (n = 68, 97, and 114) from patients treated with radiotherapy and subjected to genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analysis.Results: RR cell lines exhibited upregulation of several proteins compared with controls, including increased activation of Axl and PI3 kinase signaling as well as increased expression of PD-L1. Additionally, inhibition of either Axl or PI3 kinase led to decreased PD-L1 expression. When clinical samples were subjected to RPPA and mRNA expression analysis, PD-L1 was correlated with both Axl and PI3K signaling as well as dramatically associated with local failure following radiotherapy. This finding was confirmed examining a third cohort using immunohistochemistry. Indeed, tumors with high expression of PD-L1 had failure rates following radiotherapy of 60%, 70%, and 50% compared with 20%, 25%, and 20% in the PD-L1-low expression group (P = 0.01, 1.9 × 10(-3), and 9 × 10(-4), respectively). This finding remained significant on multivariate analysis in all groups. Additionally, patients with PD-L1 low/CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes high had no local failure or death due to disease (P = 5 × 10(-4) and P = 4 × 10(-4), respectively).Conclusions: Taken together, our data point to a targetable Axl-PI3 kinase-PD-L1 axis that is highly associated with radiation resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2713-22. ©2017 AACR.

  View details for DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2586

  View details for PubMedID 28476872

• Quantitative pretreatment CT volumetry: Association with oncologic outcomes in patients with T4a squamous carcinoma of the larynx. Head & neck Shiao, J. C., Mohamed, A. S., Messer, J. A., Hutcheson, K. A., Johnson, J. M., Enderling, H., Kamal, M., Warren, B. W., Pham, B., Morrison, W. H., Zafereo, M. E., Hessel, A. C., Lai, S. Y., Kies, M. S., Ferrarotto, R., Garden, A. S., Schomer, D. F., Gunn, G. B., Phan, J., Frank, S. J., Beadle, B. M., Weber, R. S., Lewin, J. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Fuller, C. D. 2017

  Abstract

  The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of CT-determined pretreatment primary tumor volume on survival and disease control in T4a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).We retrospectively reviewed 124 patients with T4a laryngeal cancer from 2000-2011. Tumor volume measurements were collected and correlated with outcomes.Five-year overall survival (OS) for patients with tumor volume ≥21 cm(3) treated with larynx preservation (n = 26 of 41) was significantly inferior compared to <21 cm(3) (42% vs 64%, respectively; P = .003). Five-year OS for patients with tumor volumes ≥21 cm(3) in the cohort treated with total laryngectomy followed by radiotherapy (RT; n = 42 of 83) was not statistically significant when compared to <21 cm(3) (50% vs 63%, respectively; P = .058). On multivariate analysis, tumor volume ≥21 cm(3) was a significant independent correlate of worse disease-specific survival (DSS; P = .004), event-free survival (P = .005), recurrence-free survival (RFS; P = .04), noncancer cause-specific survival (P = .02), and OS (P = .0002).Pretreatment CT-based tumor volume is an independent prognostic factor of outcomes in T4a laryngeal cancer.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24804

  View details for PubMedID 28464542

• Recurrent oral cavity cancer: Patterns of failure after salvage multimodality therapy HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Quinlan-Davidson, S. R., Morrison, W. H., Myers, J. N., Gunn, G. B., William, W. N., Beadle, B. M., Skinner, H. D., Gillenwater, A. M., Frank, S. J., Phan, J., Johnson, F. M., Fuller, C. D., Zafereo, M. E., Rosenthal, D. I., Garden, A. S. 2017; 39 (4): 633-638

  Abstract

  We focused on a cohort of radiation naïve patients who had recurrent oral cavity cancer (recurrent OCC) to assess their outcomes with salvage multimodal therapy.A retrospective single institutional study was performed of patients with recurrent OCC. Disease recurrence and survival outcomes were assessed.Seventy-eight patients were analyzed. All patients had salvage surgery and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and 74% had chemotherapy. Five-year overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and locoregional control rates were 59%, 60%, and 74%, respectively.Outcomes of radiation naïve patients with recurrent OCC are fair, and seem similar with patients with locally advanced nonrecurrent OCC treated with multimodal therapy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24666

  View details for Web of Science ID 000397856000004

• Predicting two-year longitudinal MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory outcomes after intensity modulated radiotherapy for locoregionally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma LARYNGOSCOPE Goepfert, R. P., Lewin, J. S., Barrow, M. P., Fuller, C. D., Lai, S. Y., Song, J., Hobbs, B. P., Gunn, G. B., Beadle, B. M., Rosenthal, D. I., Garden, A. S., Kies, M. S., Papadimitrakopoulou, V. A., Schwartz, D. L., Hutcheson, K. A. 2017; 127 (4): 842-848

  Abstract

  To determine the factors associated with longitudinal patient-reported dysphagia as measured by the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) in locoregionally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) survivors treated with split-field intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).Retrospective patient analysis.A retrospective analysis combined data from three single-institution clinical trials for stage III/IV head and neck carcinoma. According to trial protocols, patients had prospectively collected MDADI at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment. OPC patients with baseline and at least one post-treatment MDADI were included. Longitudinal analysis was completed with multivariate linear mixed effects modeling.There were 116 patients who met inclusion criteria. Mean baseline MDADI composite was 88.3, dropping to 73.8 at 6 months, and rising to 78.6 and 83.3 by 12 and 24 months, respectively (compared to baseline, all P < .0001). Tumor stage and smoking status were significant predictors of longitudinal MDADI composite scores. Patients with T1, T2, and T3 tumors had 15.9 (P = .0001), 10.9 (P = .0049), and 7.5 (P = .0615), respectively, higher mean MDADI composite than those with T4 tumors, and current smokers had a 9.4 (P = .0007) lower mean MDADI composite than never smokers.Patients report clinically meaningful dysphagia early after split-field IMRT for locoregionally advanced OPC that remains apparent 6 months after treatment. MDADI scores recover slowly thereafter, but remain depressed at 24 months compared to baseline. Higher tumor stage and smoking status are important markers of patient-reported function through the course of treatment, suggesting these are important groups for heightened surveillance and more intensive interventions to optimize swallowing outcomes.4 Laryngoscope, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/lary.26153

  View details for Web of Science ID 000397572700020

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5253123

• Long-Term, Prospective Performance of the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory in "Low-Intermediate Risk" Oropharyngeal Carcinoma After Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Goepfert, R. P., Lewin, J. S., Barrow, M. P., Gunn, G. B., Fuller, C. D., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Kies, M. S., Papadimitrakopoulou, V., Lai, S. Y., Gross, N. D., Schwartz, D. L., Hutcheson, K. A. 2017; 97 (4): 700-708

  Abstract

  To characterize long-term MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) results after primary intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) among patients with "low-intermediate risk" OPC who would be eligible for current trials (eg, ECOG 3311, NRG HN002, CRUK PATHOS).A retrospective pooled analysis combined data from 3 single-institution clinical trials for advanced-stage head and neck carcinoma. Inclusion criteria were clinical stage III/IV OPC (T1-2/N1-2b, T3/N0-2b) treated with definitive split-field IMRT and prospectively collected MDADI at baseline and at least 1 posttreatment interval available in trial databases. Patients were sampled to represent likely human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated disease (HPV(+)/p16(+) or <10 pack-years if HPV/p16 unknown). The MDADI composite scores were collected at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment. Pairwise tests were Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons.Forty-six patients were included. All received bilateral neck irradiation with a median dose of 70 Gy and systemic therapy (57% concurrent, 43% induction only). Overall the mean baseline MDADI composite score was 90.1, dropping to 74.6 at 6 months (P<.0001) and rising to 78.5 (P<.0001) and 83.1 (P=.002) by 12 and 24 months relative to baseline, respectively, representing a clinically meaningful drop in MDADI scores at 6 months that partially recovers by 24 months (6 vs 24 months, P=.05). Poor MDADI scores (composite <60) were reported in 4%, 11%, 15%, and 9% of patients at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Fifteen percent of patients had a persistently depressed composite score by at least 20 points at the 24-month interval."Low-intermediate risk" patients with OPC treated with laryngeal/esophageal inlet dose-optimized split-field IMRT are highly likely to report recovery of acceptable swallowing function in long-term follow-up. Only 15% report poor swallowing function and/or persistently depressed MDADI at 12 months or more after IMRT. These data serve as a benchmark future trial design and endpoint interpretation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.06.010

  View details for Web of Science ID 000397913400012

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5159330

• Conditional Survival Analysis of Patients With Locally Advanced Laryngeal Cancer: Construction of a Dynamic Risk Model and Clinical Nomogram SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Sheu, T., Vock, D. M., Mohamed, A. S., Gross, N., Mulcahy, C., Zafereo, M., Gunn, G. B., Garden, A. S., Sevak, P., Phan, J., Lewin, J. S., Frank, S. J., Beadle, B. M., Morrison, W. H., Lai, S. Y., Hutcheson, K., Marai, G. E., Canahuate, G. M., Kies, M., El-Naggar, A., Weber, R. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Fuller, C. D. 2017; 7

  Abstract

  Conditional survival (CS), the survival beyond a pre-defined time interval, can identify periods of higher mortality risk for patients with locally advanced laryngeal cancer who face treatment-related toxicity and comorbidities related to alcohol and smoking in the survivorship setting. Using Weibull regression modeling, we analyzed retrospectively abstracted data from 638 records of patients who received radiation to identify prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) for the first 3 years of survival and for OS conditional upon 3 years of survival. The CS was iteratively calculated, stratifying on variables that were statistically significant on multivariate regression. Predictive nomograms were generated. The median total follow up time was 175 months. The 3- and 6- year actuarial overall survival (OS) was 68% (95% confidence interval [CI] 65-72%) and 49% (CI 45-53%). The 3-year conditional overall survival (COS) at 3 years was 72% (CI 65-74%). Black patients had worse COS over time. Nodal disease was significantly associated with recurrence, but after 3 years, the 3-year conditional RFS converged for all nodal groups. In conclusion, the CS analysis in this patient cohort identified subgroups and time intervals that may represent opportunities for intervention.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/srep43928

  View details for Web of Science ID 000395799900001

  View details for PubMedID 28276466

• Symptom burden and dysphagia associated with osteoradionecrosis in long-term oropharynx cancer survivors: A cohort analysis. Oral oncology Wong, A. T., Lai, S. Y., Gunn, G. B., Beadle, B. M., Fuller, C. D., Barrow, M. P., Hofstede, T. M., Chambers, M. S., Sturgis, E. M., Mohamed, A. S., Lewin, J. S., Hutcheson, K. A. 2017; 66: 75-80

  Abstract

  The purpose is to examine the relationship between mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) and chronic dysphagia in long-term oropharynx cancer (OPC) survivors, and to determine the perceived symptom burden associated with ORN.Medical records of 349 OPC patients treated with bilateral IMRT and systemic therapy were reviewed. ORN was graded using a published 4-point classification schema. Patients were considered to have chronic dysphagia if they had aspiration pneumonia, stricture or aspiration detected by fluoroscopy or endoscopy, and/or feeding tube dependence in long-term follow-up ⩾1year following radiotherapy. MD Anderson Symptom Inventory - Head and Neck Module (MDASI-HN) scores were analyzed in a nested cross-sectional survey sample of 118 patients.34 (9.7%, 95% CI: 6.8-13.3%) patients developed ORN and 45 (12.9%, 95% CI: 9.6-16.9%) patients developed chronic dysphagia. Prevalence of chronic dysphagia was significantly higher in ORN cases (12/34, 35%) compared to those who did not develop ORN (33/315, 11%, p<0.001). ORN grade was also significantly associated with prevalence of dysphagia (p<0.001); the majority of patients with grade 4 ORN requiring major surgery (6 patients, 75%) were found to have chronic dysphagia. Summary MDASI-HN symptom scores did not significantly differ by ORN grade. Significantly higher symptom burden was reported, however, among ORN cases compared to those without ORN for MDASI-HN swallowing (p=0.033), problems with teeth and/or gums (p=0.016) and change in activity (p=0.015) item scores.ORN is associated with excess burden of chronic dysphagia and higher symptom severity related to swallowing, dentition and activity limitations.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.01.006

  View details for PubMedID 28249651

• The impact of HPV testing for oropharyngeal cancers: Why the addendum matters. Cancer Beadle, B. M. 2017

  View details for DOI 10.1002/cncy.21842

  View details for PubMedID 28241100

• Reduced Feeding Tube Duration With Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare Analysis CANCER Beadle, B. M., Liao, K., Giordano, S. H., Garden, A. S., Hutcheson, K. A., Lai, S. Y., Guadagnolo, B. A. 2017; 123 (2): 283-293

  Abstract

  Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a technologically advanced and resource-intensive method of delivering radiation therapy (RT) and is used to minimize toxicity for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Dependence on feeding tubes is a significant marker of toxicity of RT. The objective of this analysis was to compare the placement and duration of feeding tube use among patients with HNC from 1999 through 2011.The cohort, demographics, and cancer-related variables were determined using the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database, and claims data were used to analyze treatment details.In total, 2993 patients were identified. At a median follow-up of 47 months, 54.4% of patients had ever had a feeding tube placed. The median duration from feeding tube placement to removal was 277 days. On zero-inflated negative binomial regression, patients who received IMRT and 3-dimensional RT (3DRT) (non-IMRT) had similar rates of feeding tube placement (odds ratio, 1.10; P = .35); however, patients who received 3DRT had a feeding tube in place 1.18 times longer than those who received IMRT (P = .03). The difference was only observed among patients who received definitive RT; patients who underwent surgery and also received adjuvant RT had no statistically significant difference in feeding tube placement or duration.Patients with HNC who received definitive IMRT had a significantly shorter duration of feeding tube placement than those who received 3DRT. These data suggest that there may be significant quality-of-life benefits to IMRT with respect to long-term swallowing function in patients with HNC. Cancer 2017;123:283-293. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.30350

  View details for Web of Science ID 000394719200015

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5222734

• Reproducibility of patient setup in the seated treatment position: A novel treatment chair design JOURNAL OF APPLIED CLINICAL MEDICAL PHYSICS McCarroll, R. E., Beadle, B. M., Fullen, D., Balter, P. A., Followill, D. S., Stingo, F. C., Yang, J., Court, L. E. 2017; 18 (1): 223-229

  Abstract

  Radiotherapy in a seated position may be indicated for patients who are unable to lie on the treatment couch for the duration of treatment, in scenarios where a seated treatment position provides superior anatomical positioning and dose distributions, or for a low-cost system designed using a fixed treatment beam and rotating seated patient. In this study, we report a novel treatment chair that was constructed to allow for three-dimensional imaging and treatment delivery while ensuring robust immobilization, providing reproducibility equivalent to that in the traditional supine position. Five patients undergoing radiation treatment for head-and-neck cancers were enrolled and were setup in the chair, with immobilization devices created, and then imaged with orthogonal X-rays in a scenario that mimicked radiation treatments (without treatment delivery). Six subregions of the acquired images were rigidly registered to evaluate intra- and interfraction displacement and chair construction. Displacements under conditions of simulated image guidance were acquired by first registering one subregion; the residual displacement of other subregions was then measured. Additionally, we administered a patient questionnaire to gain patient feedback and assess comparison to the supine position. Average inter- and intrafraction displacements of all subregions in the seated position were less than 2 and 3 mm, respectively. When image guidance was simulated, L-R and A-P interfraction displacements were reduced by an average of 1 mm, providing setup of comparable quality to supine setups. The enrolled patients, who had no indication for a seated treatment position, reported no preference in the seated or the supine position. The novel chair design provides acceptable inter- and intrafraction displacement, with reproducibility equivalent to that reported for patients in the supine position. Patient feedback will be incorporated in the refinement of the chair, facilitating treatment of head-and-neck cancer in patients who are unable to lie for the duration of treatment or for use in an economical fixed-beam setup.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/acm2.12024

  View details for Web of Science ID 000393176200028

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5689874

• The feasibility of endoscopy-CT image registration in the head and neck without prospective endoscope tracking. PloS one Ingram, W. S., Yang, J., Beadle, B. M., Wendt, R., Rao, A., Wang, X. A., Court, L. E. 2017; 12 (5)

  Abstract

  Endoscopic examinations are frequently-used procedures for patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy, but radiation treatment plans are created on computed tomography (CT) scans. Image registration between endoscopic video and CT could be used to improve treatment planning and analysis of radiation-related normal tissue toxicity. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of endoscopy-CT image registration without prospective physical tracking of the endoscope during the examination.A novel registration technique called Location Search was developed. This technique uses physical constraints on the endoscope's view direction to search for the virtual endoscope coordinates that maximize the similarity between the endoscopic video frame and the virtual endoscopic image. Its performance was tested on phantom and patient images and compared to an established registration technique, Frame-To-Frame Tracking.In phantoms, Location Search had average registration errors of 0.55 ± 0.60 cm for point measurements and 0.29 ± 0.15 cm for object surface measurements. Frame-To-Frame Tracking achieved similar results on some frames, but it failed on others due to the virtual endoscope becoming lost. This weakness was more pronounced in patients, where Frame-To-Frame tracking could not make it through the nasal cavity. On successful patient video frames, Location Search was able to find endoscope positions with an average distance of 0.98 ± 0.53 cm away from the ground truth positions. However, it failed on many frames due to false similarity matches caused by anatomical structural differences between the endoscopic video and the virtual endoscopic images.Endoscopy-CT image registration without prospective physical tracking of the endoscope is possible, but more development is required to achieve an accuracy suitable for clinical translation.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0177886

  View details for PubMedID 28542331

• Recurrent oral cavity cancer: Patterns of failure after salvage multimodality therapy. Head & neck Quinlan-Davidson, S. R., Morrison, W. H., Myers, J. N., Gunn, G. B., William, W. N., Beadle, B. M., Skinner, H. D., Gillenwater, A. M., Frank, S. J., Phan, J., Johnson, F. M., Fuller, C. D., Zafereo, M. E., Rosenthal, D. I., Garden, A. S. 2016

  Abstract

  We focused on a cohort of radiation naïve patients who had recurrent oral cavity cancer (recurrent OCC) to assess their outcomes with salvage multimodal therapy.A retrospective single institutional study was performed of patients with recurrent OCC. Disease recurrence and survival outcomes were assessed.Seventy-eight patients were analyzed. All patients had salvage surgery and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and 74% had chemotherapy. Five-year overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and locoregional control rates were 59%, 60%, and 74%, respectively.Outcomes of radiation naïve patients with recurrent OCC are fair, and seem similar with patients with locally advanced nonrecurrent OCC treated with multimodal therapy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24666

  View details for PubMedID 28006086

• Prospective Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Real-Time Peer Review Quality Assurance Rounds Incorporating Direct Physical Examination for Head and Neck Cancer Radiation Therapy. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Cardenas, C. E., Mohamed, A. S., Tao, R., Wong, A. J., Awan, M. J., Kuruvila, S., Aristophanous, M., Gunn, G. B., Phan, J., Beadle, B. M., Frank, S. J., Garden, A. S., Morrison, W. H., Fuller, C. D., Rosenthal, D. I. 2016

  Abstract

  Our department has a long-established comprehensive quality assurance (QA) planning clinic for patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer. Our aim is to assess the impact of a real-time peer review QA process on the quantitative and qualitative radiation therapy plan changes in the era of intensity modulated RT (IMRT).Prospective data for 85 patients undergoing head and neck IMRT who presented at a biweekly QA clinic after simulation and contouring were collected. A standard data collection form was used to document alterations made during this process. The original pre-QA clinical target volumes (CTVs) approved by the treating-attending physicians were saved before QA and compared with post-QA consensus CTVs. Qualitative assessment was done according to predefined criteria. Dice similarity coefficients (DSC) and other volume overlap metrics were calculated for each CTV level and were used for quantitative comparison. Changes are categorized as major, minor, and trivial according to the degree of overlap. Patterns of failure were analyzed and correlated to plan changes.All 85 patients were examined by at least 1 head and neck subspecialist radiation oncologist who was not the treating-attending physician; 80 (94%) were examined by ≥3 faculty members. New clinical findings on physical examination were found in 12 patients (14%) leading to major plan changes. Quantitative DSC analysis revealed significantly better agreement in CTV1 (0.94 ± 0.10) contours than in CTV2 (0.82 ± 0.25) and CTV3 (0.86 ± 0.2) contours (P=.0002 and P=.03, respectively; matched-pair Wilcoxon test). The experience of the treating-attending radiation oncologist significantly affected DSC values when all CTV levels were considered (P=.012; matched-pair Wilcoxon text). After a median follow-up time of 38 months, only 10 patients (12%) had local recurrence, regional recurrence, or both, mostly in central high-dose areas.Comprehensive peer review planning clinic is an essential component of IMRT QA that led to major changes in one-third of the study population. This process ensured safety related to target definition and led to favorable disease control profiles, with no identifiable recurrences attributable to geometric misses or delineation errors.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.11.019

  View details for PubMedID 28258898

• Proteomic Profiling Identifies PTK2/FAK as a Driver of Radioresistance in HPV-negative Head and Neck Cancer CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH Skinner, H. D., Giri, U., Yang, L., Woo, S. H., Story, M. D., Pickering, C. R., Byers, L. A., Williams, M. D., El-Naggar, A., Wang, J., Diao, L., Shen, L., Fan, Y. H., Molkentine, D. P., Beadle, B. M., Meyn, R. E., Myers, J. N., Heymach, J. V. 2016; 22 (18): 4643-4650

  Abstract

  Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is commonly treated with radiotherapy, and local failure after treatment remains the major cause of disease-related mortality. To date, human papillomavirus (HPV) is the only known clinically validated, targetable biomarkers of response to radiation in HNSCC.We performed proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of targetable biomarkers of radioresistance in HPV-negative HNSCC cell lines in vitro, and tested whether pharmacologic blockade of candidate biomarkers sensitized cells to radiotherapy. Candidate biomarkers were then investigated in several independent cohorts of patients with HNSCC.Increased expression of several targets was associated with radioresistance, including FGFR, ERK1, EGFR, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), also known as PTK2. Chemical inhibition of PTK2/FAK, but not FGFR, led to significant radiosensitization with increased G2-M arrest and potentiated DNA damage. PTK2/FAK overexpression was associated with gene amplification in HPV-negative HNSCC cell lines and clinical tumors. In two independent cohorts of patients with locally advanced HPV-negative HNSCC, PTK2/FAK amplification was highly associated with poorer disease-free survival (DFS; P = 0.012 and 0.034). PTK2/FAK mRNA expression was also associated with worse DFS (P = 0.03). Moreover, both PTK2/FAK mRNA (P = 0.021) and copy number (P = 0.063) were associated with DFS in the Head and Neck Cancer subgroup of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Proteomic analysis identified PTK2/FAK overexpression is a biomarker of radioresistance in locally advanced HNSCC, and PTK2/FAK inhibition radiosensitized HNSCC cells. Combinations of PTK2/FAK inhibition with radiotherapy merit further evaluation as a therapeutic strategy for improving local control in HPV-negative HNSCC. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4643-50. ©2016 AACR.

  View details for DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2785

  View details for PubMedID 27036135

• Reirradiation of Head and Neck Cancers With Proton Therapy: Outcomes and Analyses INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Phan, J., Sio, T. T., Nguyen, T. P., Takiar, V., Gunn, G. B., Garden, A. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Fuller, C. D., Morrison, W. H., Beadle, B., Ma, D., Zafereo, M. E., Hutcheson, K. A., Kupferman, M. E., William, W. N., Frank, S. J. 2016; 96 (1): 30-41

  Abstract

  Reirradiation of head and neck (H&N) cancer is a clinical challenge. Proton radiation therapy (PRT) offers dosimetric advantages for normal tissue sparing and may benefit previously irradiated patients. Here, we report our initial experience with the use of PRT for H&N reirradiation, with focus on clinical outcomes and toxicity.We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who received H&N reirradiation with PRT from April 2011 through June 2015. Patients reirradiated with palliative intent or without prior documentation of H&N radiation therapy were excluded. Radiation-related toxicities were recorded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0.The conditions of 60 patients were evaluated, with a median follow-up time of 13.6 months. Fifteen patients (25%) received passive scatter proton therapy (PSPT), and 45 (75%) received intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Thirty-five patients (58%) received upfront surgery, and 44 (73%) received concurrent chemotherapy. The 1-year rates of locoregional failure-free survival, overall survival, progression-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival were 68.4%, 83.8%, 60.1%, and 74.9%, respectively. Eighteen patients (30%) experienced acute grade 3 (G3) toxicity, and 13 (22%) required a feeding tube at the end of PRT. The 1-year rates of late G3 toxicity and feeding tube independence were 16.7% and 2.0%, respectively. Three patients may have died of reirradiation-related effects (1 acute and 2 late).Proton beam therapy can be a safe and effective curative reirradiation strategy, with acceptable rates of toxicity and durable disease control.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.03.053

  View details for PubMedID 27325480

• Long-term outcomes after multidisciplinary management of T3 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas: Improved functional outcomes and survival with modern therapeutic approaches. Head & neck Fuller, C. D., Mohamed, A. S., Garden, A. S., Gunn, G. B., Mulcahy, C. F., Zafereo, M., Phan, J., Lai, S. Y., Lewin, J. S., Hutcheson, K. A., Frank, S. J., Beadle, B. M., Morrison, W. H., El-Naggar, A. K., Kocak-Uzel, E., Ginsberg, L. E., Kies, M. S., Weber, R. S., Rosenthal, D. I. 2016

  Abstract

  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes after initial definitive or adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for T3 laryngeal cancers.We reviewed 412 patients treated for T3 laryngeal squamous cell cancer from 1985 to 2011.The 10-year overall survival (OS) was 35%; disease-specific-survival (DSS) was 61%; locoregional control was 76%; and freedom from distant metastasis was 83%. Chemotherapy, age, performance status <2, node-negative status, and glottic subsite were associated with improved survival (all p < .03). Larynx preservation with induction and/or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (LP-CRT) had better laryngectomy-free survival than RT alone (LP-RT; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.47-0.81; p = .0005); 10-year laryngectomy-free survival rates of the LP-CRT cohort (37%) were higher than those of the LP-RT cohort (18%). The 5-year DSS and OS rates of the LP-CRT cohort (79% and 67%) were better after total laryngectomy with postoperative RT (TL-PORT; 61% and 50%) and LP-RT (64% and 46%; p < .006 for all).In patients with T3 laryngeal cancers, LP-CRT provides better functional, oncologic, and survival outcomes than historical TL-PORT or LP-RT does. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1739-1751, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24532

  View details for PubMedID 27466789

• Methodology for analysis and reporting patterns of failure in the Era of IMRT: head and neck cancer applications RADIATION ONCOLOGY Mohamed, A. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Awan, M. J., Garden, A. S., Kocak-Uzel, E., Belal, A. M., El-Gowily, A. G., Phan, J., Beadle, B. M., Gunn, G. B., Fuller, C. D. 2016; 11

  Abstract

  The aim of this study is to develop a methodology to standardize the analysis and reporting of the patterns of loco-regional failure after IMRT of head and neck cancer.Twenty-one patients with evidence of local and/or regional failure following IMRT for head-and-neck cancer were retrospectively reviewed under approved IRB protocol. Manually delineated recurrent gross disease (rGTV) on the diagnostic CT documenting recurrence (rCT) was co-registered with the original planning CT (pCT) using both deformable (DIR) and rigid (RIR) image registration software. Subsequently, mapped rGTVs were compared relative to original planning target volumes (TVs) and dose using a centroid-based approaches. Failures were then classified into five types based on combined spatial and dosimetric criteria; A (central high dose), B (peripheral high dose), C (central elective dose), D (peripheral elective dose), and E (extraneous dose).A total of 26 recurrences were identified. Using DIR, recurrences were assigned to more central TVs compared to RIR as detected using the spatial centroid-based method (p = 0.0002). rGTVs mapped using DIR had statistically significant higher mean doses when compared to rGTVs mapped rigidly (mean dose 70 vs. 69 Gy, p = 0.03). According to the proposed classification 22 out of 26 failures were of type A (central high dose) as assessed by DIR method compared to 18 out of 26 for the RIR because of the tendencey of RIR to assign failures more peripherally.RIR tends to assigns failures more peripherally. DIR-based methods showed that the vast majority of failures originated in the high dose target volumes and received full prescribed doses suggesting biological rather than technology-related causes of failure. Validated DIR-based registration is recommended for accurate failure characterization and a novel typology-indicative taxonomy is recommended for failure reporting in the IMRT era.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s13014-016-0678-7

  View details for PubMedID 27460585

• Predicting two-year longitudinal MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory outcomes after intensity modulated radiotherapy for locoregionally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma. Laryngoscope Goepfert, R. P., Lewin, J. S., Barrow, M. P., Fuller, C. D., Lai, S. Y., Song, J., Hobbs, B. P., Gunn, G. B., Beadle, B. M., Rosenthal, D. I., Garden, A. S., Kies, M. S., Papadimitrakopoulou, V. A., Schwartz, D. L., Hutcheson, K. A. 2016

  Abstract

  To determine the factors associated with longitudinal patient-reported dysphagia as measured by the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) in locoregionally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) survivors treated with split-field intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).Retrospective patient analysis.A retrospective analysis combined data from three single-institution clinical trials for stage III/IV head and neck carcinoma. According to trial protocols, patients had prospectively collected MDADI at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment. OPC patients with baseline and at least one post-treatment MDADI were included. Longitudinal analysis was completed with multivariate linear mixed effects modeling.There were 116 patients who met inclusion criteria. Mean baseline MDADI composite was 88.3, dropping to 73.8 at 6 months, and rising to 78.6 and 83.3 by 12 and 24 months, respectively (compared to baseline, all P < .0001). Tumor stage and smoking status were significant predictors of longitudinal MDADI composite scores. Patients with T1, T2, and T3 tumors had 15.9 (P = .0001), 10.9 (P = .0049), and 7.5 (P = .0615), respectively, higher mean MDADI composite than those with T4 tumors, and current smokers had a 9.4 (P = .0007) lower mean MDADI composite than never smokers.Patients report clinically meaningful dysphagia early after split-field IMRT for locoregionally advanced OPC that remains apparent 6 months after treatment. MDADI scores recover slowly thereafter, but remain depressed at 24 months compared to baseline. Higher tumor stage and smoking status are important markers of patient-reported function through the course of treatment, suggesting these are important groups for heightened surveillance and more intensive interventions to optimize swallowing outcomes.4 Laryngoscope, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/lary.26153

  View details for PubMedID 27440393

• Reirradiation of Head and Neck Cancers With Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy: Outcomes and Analyses INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Takiar, V., Garden, A. S., Ma, D., Morrison, W. H., Edson, M., Zafereo, M. E., Gunn, G. B., Fuller, C. D., Beadle, B., Frank, S. J., William, W. N., Kies, M., El-Naggar, A. K., Weber, R., Rosenthal, D. I., Jack Phan, J. 2016; 95 (4): 1117-1131

  Abstract

  To review our 15-year institutional experience using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to reirradiate patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and identify predictors of outcomes and toxicity.We retrospectively reviewed the records of 227 patients who received head and neck reirradiation using IMRT from 1999 to 2014. Patients treated with noncurative intent were excluded. Radiation-related acute and late toxicities were recorded. Prognostic variables included performance status, disease site, disease-free interval, chemotherapy, and RT dose and volume. Correlative analyses were performed separately for surgery and nonsurgery patients.Two hundred six patients (91%) were retreated with curative intent, and 173 had HNSCC histology; 104 (50%) underwent salvage resection, and 135 (66%) received chemotherapy. Median follow-up after reirradiation was 24.7 months. Clinical outcomes were worse for HNSCC patients, with 5-year locoregional control, progression-free survival, and overall survival rates of 53%, 22%, and 32%, respectively, compared with 74%, 59%, and 79%, respectively, for non-HNSCC patients. On multivariate analysis, concurrent chemotherapy and retreatment site were associated with tumor control, whereas performance status was associated with survival. Favorable prognostic factors specific to surgery patients were neck retreatment and lack of extracapsular extension, whereas for nonsurgery patients, these were a nasopharynx subsite and complete response to induction chemotherapy. Actuarial rates of grade ≥3 toxicity were 32% at 2 years and 48% at 5 years, with dysphagia or odynophagia being most common. Increased grade ≥3 toxicity was associated with retreatment volume >50 cm(3) and concurrent chemotherapy.Reirradiation with IMRT either definitively or after salvage surgery can produce promising local control and survival in selected patients with head and neck cancers. Treatment-related toxicity remains significant. Prognostic factors are emerging to guide multidisciplinary treatment approaches and clinical trial design.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.03.015

  View details for PubMedID 27354127

• The role of elective nodal irradiation for esthesioneuroblastoma patients with clinically negative neck. Practical radiation oncology Jiang, W., Mohamed, A. S., Fuller, C. D., Kim, B. Y., Tang, C., Gunn, G. B., Hanna, E. Y., Frank, S. J., Su, S. Y., Diaz, E., Kupferman, M. E., Beadle, B. M., Morrison, W. H., Skinner, H., Lai, S. Y., El-Naggar, A. K., DeMonte, F., Rosenthal, D. I., Garden, A. S., Phan, J. 2016; 6 (4): 241-247

  Abstract

  Although adjuvant radiation to the tumor bed has been reported to improve the clinic outcomes of esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) patients, the role of elective neck irradiation (ENI) in clinically node-negative (N0) patients remains controversial. Here, we evaluated the effects of ENI on neck nodal relapse risk in ENB patients treated with radiation therapy as a component of multimodality treatment.Seventy-one N0 ENB patients irradiated at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1970 and 2013 were identified. ENI was performed on 22 of these patients (31%). Survival analysis was performed with focus on comparative outcomes of those patients who did and did not receive ENI.The median follow-up time for our cohort is 80.8 months (range, 6-350 months). Among N0 patients, 13 (18.3%) developed neck nodal relapses, with a median time to progression of 62.5 months. None of these 13 patients received prophylactic neck irradiation. ENI was associated with significantly improved regional nodal control at 5 years (regional control rate of 100% for ENI vs 82%, P < .001), but not overall survival or disease-free survival. Eleven patients without ENI developed isolated neck recurrences. All had further treatment for their neck disease, including neck dissection (n = 10), radiation (n = 10), or chemotherapy (n = 5). Six of these 11 patients (54.5%) demonstrated no evidence of further recurrence with a median follow-up of 55.5 months.ENI significantly reduces the risk of cervical nodal recurrence in ENB patients with clinically N0 neck, but this did not translate to a survival benefit. Multimodality treatment for isolated neck recurrence provides a reasonable salvage rate. The greatest benefit for ENI appeared to be among younger patients who presented with Kadish C disease. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.prro.2015.10.023

  View details for PubMedID 26979544

• Long-Term, Prospective Performance of the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory in "Low-Intermediate Risk" Oropharyngeal Carcinoma After Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics Goepfert, R. P., Lewin, J. S., Barrow, M. P., Gunn, G. B., Fuller, C. D., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Kies, M. S., Papadimitrakopoulou, V., Lai, S. Y., Gross, N. D., Schwartz, D. L., Hutcheson, K. A. 2016

  Abstract

  To characterize long-term MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) results after primary intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) among patients with "low-intermediate risk" OPC who would be eligible for current trials (eg, ECOG 3311, NRG HN002, CRUK PATHOS).A retrospective pooled analysis combined data from 3 single-institution clinical trials for advanced-stage head and neck carcinoma. Inclusion criteria were clinical stage III/IV OPC (T1-2/N1-2b, T3/N0-2b) treated with definitive split-field IMRT and prospectively collected MDADI at baseline and at least 1 posttreatment interval available in trial databases. Patients were sampled to represent likely human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated disease (HPV(+)/p16(+) or <10 pack-years if HPV/p16 unknown). The MDADI composite scores were collected at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment. Pairwise tests were Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons.Forty-six patients were included. All received bilateral neck irradiation with a median dose of 70 Gy and systemic therapy (57% concurrent, 43% induction only). Overall the mean baseline MDADI composite score was 90.1, dropping to 74.6 at 6 months (P<.0001) and rising to 78.5 (P<.0001) and 83.1 (P=.002) by 12 and 24 months relative to baseline, respectively, representing a clinically meaningful drop in MDADI scores at 6 months that partially recovers by 24 months (6 vs 24 months, P=.05). Poor MDADI scores (composite <60) were reported in 4%, 11%, 15%, and 9% of patients at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Fifteen percent of patients had a persistently depressed composite score by at least 20 points at the 24-month interval."Low-intermediate risk" patients with OPC treated with laryngeal/esophageal inlet dose-optimized split-field IMRT are highly likely to report recovery of acceptable swallowing function in long-term follow-up. Only 15% report poor swallowing function and/or persistently depressed MDADI at 12 months or more after IMRT. These data serve as a benchmark future trial design and endpoint interpretation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.06.010

  View details for PubMedID 27485284

• Osteoradionecrosis in patients with salivary gland malignancies ORAL ONCOLOGY Tucker, J. R., Xu, L., Sturgis, E. M., Mohamed, A. S., Hofstede, T. M., Chambers, M. S., Lai, S. Y., Fuller, C. D., Beadle, B., Gunn, G. B., Hutcheson, K. A. 2016; 57: 1-5

  Abstract

  The present study was undertaken to evaluate osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in patients with salivary gland malignancies (SGM) after treatment with radiation therapy.The medical records of 172 patients treated with radiation therapy for SGM during a 12-year period (August 2001 to November 2013) were reviewed. Incidence, time to event, staging and management of ORN were analyzed.Of the 172 patients, 7 patients (4%) developed ORN (median latency: 19months, range: 4-72months). Of those 7 patients, 4 required major surgery, 1 required hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO), one required minor debridement, and one required conservative management. Total prescribed radiation dose varied from 50Gy (1 case) to 70Gy (1 case) among those patients who developed ORN, and radiotherapy was delivered postoperatively after osseous resection in 4 of 7 cases. Three of the 7 cases of ORN occurred after traumatic injury to the bone. Of the 7 patients who developed ORN, 3 had SGM of the major glands, 3 had other sites of the oral cavity, and 1 had a sinonasal location.While the rate of ORN after radiotherapy for SGM was somewhat lower (4%) than previously published data on patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck treated with radiation therapy (8-14%), ORN necessitating major surgery remains a clinically significant, possible late effect of radiotherapy in SGM survivors. Location of SGM is very important, with cases that developed ORN disproportionally having primary disease arising in the oral cavity.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.03.006

  View details for PubMedID 27208837

• Radiation Therapy (With or Without Neck Surgery) for Phenotypic Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer CANCER Garden, A. S., Fuller, C. D., Rosenthal, D. I., William, W. N., Gunn, G. B., Beadle, B. M., Johnson, F. M., Morrison, W. H., Phan, J., Frank, S. J., Kies, M. S., Sturgis, E. M. 2016; 122 (11): 1702-1707

  Abstract

  Favorable outcomes for human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer have led to interest in identifying a subgroup of patients with the lowest risk of disease recurrence after therapy. De-intensification of therapy for this group may result in survival outcomes that are similar to those associated with current therapy but with less toxicity. To advance this effort, this study analyzed the outcomes of oropharyngeal cancer patients treated with or without systemic therapy.This was a retrospective study of patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated between 1985 and 2012. The criteria for inclusion were ≤10 pack-years of cigarette smoking and stage III/IVA cancer limited to T1-3, N1-N2b, and T3N0 disease. A survival analysis was performed with the primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS).The cohort included 857 patients. Systemic therapy was given to 439 patients (51%). The median survival was 80 months. The 2-year PFS rate was 91%. When the analysis was limited to 324 patients irradiated without systemic therapy, the 2- and 5-year PFS rates were 90% and 85%, respectively. Furthermore, for these 324 patients, the 5-year PFS rates for T1, T2, and T3 disease were 90%, 83%, and 70%, respectively. The 5-year PFS rate for patients treated with systemic therapy for T3 disease was 77% (P = .07).According to the low-risk definition currently established in cooperative trials, the patients had a 2-year PFS rate approximating 90%. When patients who were treated with radiation alone were evaluated, no compromise was observed in this high rate of PFS, which is higher than the 2-year PFS thresholds used in current cooperative trials. Cancer 2016;122:1702-7. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.29965

  View details for PubMedID 27019396

• Association of Body Composition With Survival and Locoregional Control of Radiotherapy-Treated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JAMA oncology Grossberg, A. J., Chamchod, S., Fuller, C. D., Mohamed, A. S., Heukelom, J., Eichelberger, H., Kantor, M. E., Hutcheson, K. A., Gunn, G. B., Garden, A. S., Frank, S., Phan, J., Beadle, B., Skinner, H. D., Morrison, W. H., Rosenthal, D. I. 2016; 2 (6): 782-789

  Abstract

  Major weight loss is common in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) who undergo radiotherapy (RT). How baseline and posttreatment body composition affects outcome is unknown.To determine whether lean body mass before and after RT for HNSCC predicts survival and locoregional control.Retrospective study of 2840 patients with pathologically proven HNSCC undergoing curative RT at a single academic cancer referral center from October 1, 2003, to August 31, 2013. One hundred ninety patients had computed tomographic (CT) scans available for analysis of skeletal muscle (SM). The effect of pre-RT and post-RT SM depletion (defined as a CT-measured L3 SM index of less than 52.4 cm2/m2 for men and less than 38.5 cm2/m2 for women) on survival and disease control was evaluated. Final follow-up was completed on September 27, 2014, and data were analyzed from October 1, 2014, to November 29, 2015.Primary outcomes were overall and disease-specific survival and locoregional control. Secondary analyses included the influence of pre-RT body mass index (BMI) and interscan weight loss on survival and recurrence.Among the 2840 consecutive patients who underwent screening, 190 had whole-body positron emission tomography-CT or abdominal CT scans before and after RT and were included for analysis. Of these, 160 (84.2%) were men and 30 (15.8%) were women; their mean (SD) age was 57.7 (9.4) years. Median follow up was 68.6 months. Skeletal muscle depletion was detected in 67 patients (35.3%) before RT and an additional 58 patients (30.5%) after RT. Decreased overall survival was predicted by SM depletion before RT (hazard ratio [HR], 1.92; 95% CI, 1.19-3.11; P = .007) and after RT (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.02-4.24; P = .04). Increased BMI was associated with significantly improved survival (HR per 1-U increase in BMI, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.96; P < .001). Weight loss without SM depletion did not affect outcomes. Post-RT SM depletion was more substantive in competing multivariate models of mortality risk than weight loss-based metrics (Bayesian information criteria difference, 7.9), but pre-RT BMI demonstrated the greatest prognostic value.Diminished SM mass assessed by CT imaging or BMI can predict oncologic outcomes for patients with HNSCC, whereas weight loss after RT initiation does not predict SM loss or survival.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.6339

  View details for PubMedID 26891703

• Impact of selective neck dissection on chronic dysphagia after chemo-intensity-modulated radiotherapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Hutcheson, K. A., Abualsamh, A. R., Sosa, A., Weber, R. S., Beadle, B. M., Sturgis, E. M., Lewin, J. S. 2016; 38 (6): 886-893

  Abstract

  Conflicting results are reported regarding the impact of neck dissection on radiation-associated dysphagia. The purpose of this study was to reexamine this question specific to oropharyngeal intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).Three hundred forty-nine patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated with bilateral IMRT with systemic therapy (induction and/or concurrent) were reviewed. Chronic dysphagia was defined by aspiration, stricture, pneumonia, and/or gastrostomy dependence ≥12 months post-IMRT.Selective neck dissection was performed after IMRT in 75 patients (21%). Overall, 41 patients (12%) developed chronic dysphagia. Neck dissection did not increase the rate of chronic dysphagia (9% neck dissection; 12% no neck dissection; p = .464) or gastrostomy duration (p = .482). On multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio [OR] per 5-year = 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-1.51), baseline abnormal diet (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.31-5.88), and IMRT dose (OR per 5-Gy = 5.11; 95% CI = 1.77-14.81) significantly predicted dysphagia.In the setting of selective neck dissection for residual adenopathy after IMRT, neck dissection did not impact dysphagia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 886-893, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24195

  View details for PubMedID 26339764

• A Multidisciplinary Orbit-Sparing Treatment Approach That Includes Proton Therapy for Epithelial Tumors of the Orbit and Ocular Adnexa INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Holliday, E. B., Esmaeli, B., Pinckard, J., Garden, A. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Morrison, W. H., Kies, M. S., Gunn, G. B., Fuller, C. D., Phan, J., Beadle, B. M., Zhu, X. R., Zhang, X., Frank, S. J. 2016; 95 (1): 344-352

  Abstract

  Postoperative radiation is often indicated in the treatment of malignant epithelial tumors of the orbit and ocular adnexa. We present details of radiation technique and toxicity data after orbit-sparing surgery followed by adjuvant proton radiation therapy.Twenty patients underwent orbit-sparing surgery followed by proton therapy for newly diagnosed malignant epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland (n=7), lacrimal sac/nasolacrimal duct (n=10), or eyelid (n=3). Tumor characteristics, treatment details, and visual outcomes were obtained from medical records. Acute and chronic toxicity were prospectively scored using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0.The median radiation dose was 60 Gy(RBE) (relative biological effectiveness; [range 50-70 Gy]); 11 patients received concurrent chemotherapy. Dose to ipsilateral anterior optic structures was reduced in 13 patients by having them gaze away from the target during treatment. At a median follow-up time of 27.1 months (range 2.6-77.2 months), no patient had experienced local recurrence; 1 had regional and 1 had distant recurrence. Three patients developed chronic grade 3 epiphora, and 3 developed grade 3 exposure keratopathy. Four patients experienced a decrease in visual acuity from baseline but maintained vision sufficient to perform all activities of daily living without difficulty. Patients with grade ≥3 chronic ocular toxicity had higher maximum dose to the ipsilateral cornea (median 46.3 Gy[RBE], range 36.6-52.7 Gy[RBE] vs median 37.4 Gy[RBE], range 9.0-47.3 Gy(RBE); P=.017).Orbit-sparing surgery for epithelial tumors of the orbit and ocular adnexa followed by proton therapy successfully achieved disease control and was well tolerated. No patient required orbital exenteration or enucleation. Chronic grade 3 toxicity was associated with high maximum dose to the cornea. An eye-deviation technique can be used to limit the maximum corneal dose to <35 Gy(RBE).

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.08.008

  View details for PubMedID 26454680

• Outcomes and complications of osseointegrated hearing aids in irradiated temporal bones LARYNGOSCOPE Nader, M., Beadle, B. M., Roberts, D. B., Gidley, P. W. 2016; 126 (5): 1187-1192

  Abstract

  To compare the complication rate for osseointegrated hearing aids (OIHA) in patients with or without irradiation.Retrospective case review.We studied patients with OIHAs implanted between January 1, 2005, and July 15, 2013 in a tertiary university center with a referral otology and neurotology practice. Demographics, history of oncologic surgery, follow-up length after OIHA implantation, radiation history and dosage, postoperative complications, and chronologic relationship between oncologic resection, OIHA implantation, and irradiation were reviewed to collect information. Soft tissue complications were graded according to a modified Holgers classification.The study included 48 patients. Twenty-nine patients (32 implants) did not undergo radiotherapy and 19 patients (19 implants) did. In the radiotherapy group, six patients had OIHAs implanted before radiotherapy, and 13 had OIHAs implanted in irradiated bone. Of these 13 patients, one had OIHA implanted during primary oncologic surgery; 11 had OIHA implanted during secondary surgery; and one patient did not have oncologic surgery. Patients with both OIHA implantation and radiotherapy had more complications than patients without radiotherapy (31.6% vs. 24.1%, P > 0.05) and more major complications than patients without radiotherapy (26.3% vs. 3.4%, P > 0.05). Patients with OIHAs implanted before radiotherapy did not have any complications. There were significantly fewer and less severe complications in patients with OIHAs implanted during primary oncologic resection than in patients with OIHAs implanted secondarily (0/8 vs. 8/11, P < 0.05).The rate and severity of complications of OIHAs can be minimized by implanting the device before irradiation, ideally at the time of primary oncologic surgery.4. Laryngoscope, 126:1187-1192, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/lary.25592

  View details for PubMedID 26371776

• Clinical Outcomes and Patterns of Disease Recurrence After Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy for Oropharyngeal Squamous Carcinoma INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Gunn, G. B., Blanchard, P., Garden, A. S., Zhu, X. R., Fuller, C. D., Mohamed, A. S., Morrison, W. H., Phan, J., Beadle, B. M., Skinner, H. D., Sturgis, E. M., Kies, M. S., Hutcheson, K. A., Rosenthal, D. I., Mohan, R., Gillin, M. T., Frank, S. J. 2016; 95 (1): 360-367

  Abstract

  A single-institution prospective study was conducted to assess disease control and toxicity of proton therapy for patients with head and neck cancer.Disease control, toxicity, functional outcomes, and patterns of failure for the initial cohort of patients with oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma (OPC) treated with intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) were prospectively collected in 2 registry studies at a single institution. Locoregional failures were analyzed by using deformable image registration.Fifty patients with OPC treated from March 3, 2011, to July 2014 formed the cohort. Eighty-four percent were male, 50% had never smoked, 98% had stage III/IV disease, 64% received concurrent therapy, and 35% received induction chemotherapy. Forty-four of 45 tumors (98%) tested for p16 were positive. All patients received IMPT (multifield optimization to n=46; single-field optimization to n=4). No Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 4 or 5 toxicities were observed. The most common grade 3 toxicities were acute mucositis in 58% of patients and late dysphagia in 12%. Eleven patients had a gastrostomy (feeding) tube placed during therapy, but none had a feeding tube at last follow-up. At a median follow-up time of 29 months, 5 patients had disease recurrence: local in 1, local and regional in 1, regional in 2, and distant in 1. The 2-year actuarial overall and progression-free survival rates were 94.5% and 88.6%.The oncologic, toxicity, and functional outcomes after IMPT for OPC are encouraging and provide the basis for ongoing and future clinical studies.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.02.021

  View details for PubMedID 27084653

• Comparison of systemic therapies used concurrently with radiation for the treatment of human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Nien, H., Sturgis, E. M., Kies, M. S., El-Naggar, A. K., Morrison, W. H., Beadle, B. M., Johnson, F. M., Gunn, G. B., Fuller, C. D., Phan, J., Gold, K. A., Frank, S. J., Skinner, H., Rosenthal, D. I., Garden, A. S. 2016; 38: E1554-E1561

  Abstract

  This was a retrospective study of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer treated with concurrent systemic therapy and radiation.Data were extracted through chart review, and statistical analyses included frequency tabulation, chi-square, and Kaplan-Meier tests.Three hundred thirty-nine patients were analyzed; 166 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. One hundred thirty-six patients were treated with cisplatin, 123 with cetuximab, and 59 with carboplatin. The 2-, 3-, and 5-year actuarial overall survival rates were 92%, 88%, and 78%, respectively. There were no significant differences in survival or disease control when analyzed by systemic agent. Platin-treated patients had greater hematologic toxicity, and required more intravenous hydration. The incidence of confluent mucositis was highest among patients treated with cetuximab.Platin and cetuximab seem to have similar efficacy when delivered concurrently with radiation in our retrospective population study. Although platin did cause greater hematologic toxicity, radiation-specific side effects seemed relatively comparable. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1554-E1561, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24278

  View details for PubMedID 26595157

• Outcomes for hypopharyngeal carcinoma treated with organ-preservation therapy HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Edson, M. A., Garden, A. S., Takiar, V., Glisson, B. S., Fuller, C. D., Gunn, G. B., Beadle, B. M., Morrison, W. H., Frank, S. J., Shah, S. J., Tao, R., William, W. N., Weber, R. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Phan, J. 2016; 38: E2091-E2099

  Abstract

  This study assessed outcomes of patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma treated with organ-preservation therapy utilizing intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).The medical records of 98 patients treated with definitive IMRT +/- chemotherapy from 2001 to 2013 for nonmetastatic hypopharyngeal cancer were retrospectively reviewed.Patients were treated to doses of 66 to 72 Gy. Eighty-three patients (85%) received chemotherapy. With median follow-up of 35 months, 2-year overall survival (OS), locoregional control, progression-free survival (PFS), and laryngectomy-free survival rates were 74%, 77%, 67%, and 65%, respectively. Functional laryngeal preservation rate was 76% at 2 years. N3 disease correlated with worse OS (p < .01). Concurrent chemotherapy correlated with improved locoregional control (p = .03) and complete response to induction chemotherapy correlated with improved OS and PFS (p = .02). Actuarial 2-year and 5-year grade 3 treatment toxicities were 17% and 21%, respectively.Favorable disease outcomes and functional laryngeal preservation rates can be achieved with IMRT for patients with hypopharyngeal cancer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2091-E2099, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24387

  View details for PubMedID 26920665

• Orbital carcinomas treated with adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Tao, R., Ma, D., Takiar, V., Frank, S. J., Fuller, C. D., Gunn, G. B., Beadle, B. M., Morrison, W. H., Rosenthal, D. I., Edson, M. A., Esmaeli, B., Kupferman, M. E., Hanna, E. Y., Garden, A. S., Phan, J. 2016; 38: E580-E587

  Abstract

  The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes of patients with orbital carcinomas treated with orbital exenteration and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).Twenty-nine patients were treated with orbital exenteration and postoperative IMRT between 2002 through 2011; their medical records were retrospectively reviewed.Adenoid cystic carcinoma represented the most common histology (41%) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (21%). Perineural invasion (PNI) was identified in 22 patients (76%). The median radiation dose was 60 Gy (range, 60-70). Seven patients (24%) received neck radiation. The median follow-up was 43 months (range, 5-102 months). Five-year local control, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival rates were 83%, 60%, and 55%, respectively. PNI (p = .01) and especially involvement of a named nerve (p = .001) significantly correlated with worse OS.Favorable disease control rates for orbital carcinomas are achievable with IMRT after orbital exenteration even for patients with advanced disease. Toxicity for the contralateral eye was minimal. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E580-E587, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24044

  View details for PubMedID 25782700

• Prognostic value of p16 expression in Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinomas HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Jiang, W., Chamberlain, P. D., Garden, A. S., Kim, B. Y., Ma, D., Lo, E. J., Bell, D., Gunn, G. B., Fuller, C. D., Rosenthal, D. I., Beadle, B. M., Frank, S. J., Morrison, W. H., El-Naggar, A. K., Glisson, B. S., Sturgis, E. M., Phan, J. 2016; 38: E1459-E1466

  Abstract

  Overexpression of p16 is associated with improved outcomes among patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma. However, its role in the outcomes of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) remains unclear.Eighty-six patients with NPC treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2000 to 2014 were identified. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) status were determined by in situ hybridization (ISH) and p16 by immunohistochemical staining.EBV positivity was associated with extended overall survival (OS; median, 95.0 vs 44.9 months; p < .004), progression-free survival (PFS; median, 80.4 vs 28.1 months; p < .013), and locoregional control (median, 104.4 vs 65.5 months; p < .043). In patients with EBV-positive tumors, p16 overexpression correlated with improved PFS (median, 106.3 vs 27.1 months; p < .02) and locoregional control (median, 93.6 vs 64.5 months; p < .02).P16 overexpression is associated with improved PFS and locoregional control in patients with EBV-positive NPC. P16 expression may complement EBV status in predicting treatment outcomes for patients with NPC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1459-E1466, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24258

  View details for PubMedID 26560893

• Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Favorable outcomes with radiotherapy HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Bishop, A. J., Garden, A. S., Gunn, G. B., Rosenthal, D. I., Beadle, B. M., Fuller, C. D., Levy, L. B., Gillenwater, A. M., Kies, M. S., Esmaeli, B., Frank, S. J., Phan, J., Morrison, W. H. 2016; 38: E452-E458

  Abstract

  The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) of the head and neck using a radiation-based treatment approach.We reviewed records of 106 consecutive patients with MCC of the head and neck treated with radiation therapy (RT) at our institution between 1988 and 2011. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate outcomes and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated.The 5-year actuarial local and regional control rates were 96% and 96%, respectively. There were no regional recurrences in 22 patients treated with RT to gross nodal disease without neck dissection. The 5-year cause-specific survival rate was 76%. Lymphadenopathy at presentation impacted distant metastatic-free survival outcomes (p < .001). Treatment was well tolerated with only 5 patients having grade ≥3 toxicities.For MCC of the head and neck, a management strategy that includes RT offers excellent locoregional control. Gross nodal disease can be successfully treated with RT. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E452-E458, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24017

  View details for Web of Science ID 000375116400047

  View details for PubMedID 25645649

• Disease control and toxicity outcomes for T4 carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Takiar, V., Ma, D., Garden, A. S., Li, J., Rosenthal, D. I., Beadle, B. M., Frank, S. J., Fuller, C. D., Gunn, G. B., Morrison, W. H., Hutcheson, K., El-Naggar, A. K., Gold, K. A., Kupferman, M. E., Phan, J. 2016; 38: E925-E933

  Abstract

  Treatment of T4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is challenging because of the proximity of the tumor to the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to present our evaluation of disease control and toxicity outcomes for patients with T4 NPC treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and chemotherapy.The medical records of 66 patients with T4 NPC treated from 2002 to 2012 with IMRT were reviewed. Endpoints included tumor control and toxicity outcomes (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE v4.0]).Median follow-up was 38 months. Five-year rates of locoregional control, distant metastasis-free survival, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were 80%, 62%, 57%, and 69%, respectively. Nodal involvement was associated with worse PFS (p = .015). Gross target volume (GTV) volume >100 cm and planning target volume (PTV) volume >400 cm were associated with worse OS (p = .038 and p = .004, respectively). Four patients had significant cognitive impairment, and 9 had MRI evidence of brain necrosis.For patients with T4 NPC treated with IMRT and chemotherapy, survival and locoregional disease control rates have improved; however, late treatment toxicity remains a concern. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E925-E933, 2016.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.24128

  View details for PubMedID 25994561

• Beyond mean pharyngeal constrictor dose for beam path toxicity in non-target swallowing muscles: Dose-volume correlates of chronic radiation-associated dysphagia (RAD) after oropharyngeal intensity modulated radiotherapy RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY Dale, T., Hutcheson, K., Mohamed, A. S., Lewin, J. S., Gunn, G. B., Rao, A. U., Kalpathy-Cramer, J., Frank, S. J., Garden, A. S., Messer, J. A., Warren, B., Lai, S. Y., Beadle, B. M., Morrison, W. H., Phan, J., Skinner, H., Gross, N., Ferrarotto, R., Weber, R. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Fuller, C. D. 2016; 118 (2): 304-314

  Abstract

  We sought to identify swallowing muscle dose-response thresholds associated with chronic radiation-associated dysphagia (RAD) after IMRT for oropharyngeal cancer.T1-4 N0-3 M0 oropharyngeal cancer patients who received definitive IMRT and systemic therapy were examined. Chronic RAD was coded as any of the following ⩾12months post-IMRT: videofluoroscopy/endoscopy detected aspiration or stricture, gastrostomy tube and/or aspiration pneumonia. DICOM-RT plan data were autosegmented using a custom region-of-interest (ROI) library and included inferior, middle and superior constrictors (IPC, MPC, and SPC), medial and lateral pterygoids (MPM, LPM), anterior and posterior digastrics (ADM, PDM), intrinsic tongue muscles (ITM), mylo/geniohyoid complex (MHM), genioglossus (GGM), masseter (MM), buccinator (BM), palatoglossus (PGM), and cricopharyngeus (CPM), with ROI dose-volume histograms (DVHs) calculated. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was used to identify dose-volume effects associated with chronic-RAD, for use in a multivariate (MV) model.Of 300 patients, 34 (11%) had chronic-RAD. RPA showed DVH-derived MHM V69 (i.e. the volume receiving⩾69Gy), GGM V35, ADM V60, MPC V49, and SPC V70 were associated with chronic-RAD. A model including age in addition to MHM V69 as continuous variables was optimal among tested MV models (AUC 0.835).In addition to SPCs, dose to MHM should be monitored and constrained, especially in older patients (>62-years), when feasible.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.01.019

  View details for Web of Science ID 000373420000015

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4794433

• Favorable patient reported outcomes following IMRT for early carcinomas of the tonsillar fossa: Results from a symptom assessment study RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY Gunn, G. B., Hansen, C. C., Garden, A. S., Fuller, C. D., Mohamed, A. S., Morrison, W. H., Frank, S. J., Beadle, B. M., Phan, J., Chronowski, G. M., Sturgis, E. M., Lewis, C. M., Lu, C., Hutcheson, K. A., Mendoza, T. R., Cleeland, C. S., Rosenthal, D. I. 2015; 117 (1): 132-138

  Abstract

  A questionnaire-based study was conducted to assess long-term patient reported outcomes (PROs) following definitive IMRT-based treatment for early stage carcinomas of the tonsillar fossa.Participants had received IMRT with or without systemic therapy for squamous carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa (T1-2 and N0-2b) with a minimum follow-up of 2years. Patients completed a validated head and neck cancer-specific PRO instrument, the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Head and Neck module (MDASI-HN). Symptoms were compared between treatment groups of interest and overall symptom burden was evaluated.Of 139 participants analyzed, 51% had received ipsilateral neck IMRT, and 62% single modality IMRT alone (no systemic therapy). There were no differences in mean severity ratings for the top-ranked individual symptoms or symptom interference for those treated with bilateral versus ipsilateral neck IMRT alone. However, 40% of those treated with bilateral versus 25% of those treated with ipsilateral neck RT alone reported moderate-to-severe levels of dry mouth (p=0.03). Fatigue, numbness/tingling, and constipation were rated more severe for those who had received systemic therapy (p<0.05 for each), but absolute differences were small. Overall, 51% had no more than mild symptom ratings across all 22 symptoms assessed.The long-term patient reported symptom profile in this cohort of tonsil cancer survivors treated with definitive IMRT-based treatment showed a majority of patients with no more than mild symptoms, low symptom interference, and provides an opportunity for future comparison studies with other treatment approaches.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.09.007

  View details for PubMedID 26403258

• A multimodality segmentation framework for automatic target delineation in head and neck radiotherapy MEDICAL PHYSICS Yang, J., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Schwartz, D. L., Aristophanous, M. 2015; 42 (9): 5310-5320

  Abstract

  To develop an automatic segmentation algorithm integrating imaging information from computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to delineate target volume in head and neck cancer radiotherapy.Eleven patients with unresectable disease at the tonsil or base of tongue who underwent MRI, CT, and PET/CT within two months before the start of radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were recruited for the study. For each patient, PET/CT and T1-weighted contrast MRI scans were first registered to the planning CT using deformable and rigid registration, respectively, to resample the PET and magnetic resonance (MR) images to the planning CT space. A binary mask was manually defined to identify the tumor area. The resampled PET and MR images, the planning CT image, and the binary mask were fed into the automatic segmentation algorithm for target delineation. The algorithm was based on a multichannel Gaussian mixture model and solved using an expectation-maximization algorithm with Markov random fields. To evaluate the algorithm, we compared the multichannel autosegmentation with an autosegmentation method using only PET images. The physician-defined gross tumor volume (GTV) was used as the "ground truth" for quantitative evaluation.The median multichannel segmented GTV of the primary tumor was 15.7 cm(3) (range, 6.6-44.3 cm(3)), while the PET segmented GTV was 10.2 cm(3) (range, 2.8-45.1 cm(3)). The median physician-defined GTV was 22.1 cm(3) (range, 4.2-38.4 cm(3)). The median difference between the multichannel segmented and physician-defined GTVs was -10.7%, not showing a statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.43). However, the median difference between the PET segmented and physician-defined GTVs was -19.2%, showing a statistically significant difference (p-value =0.0037). The median Dice similarity coefficient between the multichannel segmented and physician-defined GTVs was 0.75 (range, 0.55-0.84), and the median sensitivity and positive predictive value between them were 0.76 and 0.81, respectively.The authors developed an automated multimodality segmentation algorithm for tumor volume delineation and validated this algorithm for head and neck cancer radiotherapy. The multichannel segmented GTV agreed well with the physician-defined GTV. The authors expect that their algorithm will improve the accuracy and consistency in target definition for radiotherapy.

  View details for DOI 10.1118/1.4928485

  View details for PubMedID 26328980

• A choice of radionuclide: Comparative outcomes and toxicity of ruthenium-106 and iodine-125 in the definitive treatment of uveal melanoma. Practical radiation oncology Takiar, V., Voong, K. R., Gombos, D. S., Mourtada, F., Rechner, L. A., Lawyer, A. A., Morrison, W. H., Garden, A. S., Beadle, B. M. 2015; 5 (3): e169-76

  Abstract

  Both iodine-125 ((125)I) Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study and ruthenium-106 ((106)Ru) eye plaques can achieve excellent tumor control in patients diagnosed with uveal melanoma. We analyzed our single institutional experience in the management of ocular melanoma treated with either (125)I or (106)Ru plaque brachytherapy.The records of 107 patients with uveal melanoma treated with either (106)Ru (n = 40) or (125)I (n = 67) plaque brachytherapy between 2000 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Tumor control parameters and toxicity were assessed.Actuarial 5-year rates of local control, progression-free survival, and overall survival with (106)Ru were 97%, 94%, and 92%, respectively. For (125)I, these values were 83%, 65%, and 80%. In the subset of patients with tumor apex height ≤5 mm (36 (125)I and 40 (106)Ru), there was no difference in overall survival; however, progression-free survival was significantly improved with (106)Ru (P = .02). Enucleation-free survival was significantly different between the 2 subsets, with no enucleations in the (106)Ru cohort (P = .02). Patients treated with (106)Ru experienced reduced retinopathy (P = .03) and cataracts (P < .01).Both (125)I and (106)Ru eye plaque brachytherapy treatment result in encouraging tumor control for patients with uveal melanoma. We demonstrate that (106)Ru offers these benefits with reduced toxicity in patients treated for uveal melanomas ≤5 mm in apical height.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.prro.2014.09.005

  View details for PubMedID 25423888

• Evolutionary Action Score of TP53 Identifies High-Risk Mutations Associated with Decreased Survival and Increased Distant Metastases in Head and Neck Cancer CANCER RESEARCH Neskey, D. M., Osman, A. A., Ow, T. J., Katsonis, P., McDonald, T., Hicks, S. C., Hsu, T., Pickering, C. R., Ward, A., Patel, A., Yordy, J. S., Skinner, H. D., Giri, U., Sano, D., Story, M. D., Beadlel, B. M., El-Naggar, A. K., Kies, M. S., William, W. N., Caulin, C., Frederick, M., Kimmel, M., Myers, J. N., Lichtarge, O. 2015; 75 (7): 1527-1536

  Abstract

  TP53 is the most frequently altered gene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with mutations occurring in over two-thirds of cases, but the prognostic significance of these mutations remains elusive. In the current study, we evaluated a novel computational approach termed evolutionary action (EAp53) to stratify patients with tumors harboring TP53 mutations as high or low risk, and validated this system in both in vivo and in vitro models. Patients with high-risk TP53 mutations had the poorest survival outcomes and the shortest time to the development of distant metastases. Tumor cells expressing high-risk TP53 mutations were more invasive and tumorigenic and they exhibited a higher incidence of lung metastases. We also documented an association between the presence of high-risk mutations and decreased expression of TP53 target genes, highlighting key cellular pathways that are likely to be dysregulated by this subset of p53 mutations that confer particularly aggressive tumor behavior. Overall, our work validated EAp53 as a novel computational tool that may be useful in clinical prognosis of tumors harboring p53 mutations.

  View details for DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2735

  View details for Web of Science ID 000351948900037

  View details for PubMedID 25634208

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4383697

• Characteristics and kinetics of cervical lymph node regression after radiation therapy for human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma: Quantitative image analysis of post-radiotherapy response ORAL ONCOLOGY Tang, C., Fuller, C. D., Garden, A. S., Awan, M. J., Colen, R. R., Morrison, W. H., Frank, S. J., Beadle, B. M., Phan, J., Sturgis, E. M., Zafereo, M. E., Weber, R. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Gunn, G. B. 2015; 51 (2): 195-201

  Abstract

  We sought to characterize the pattern of lymph node regression and morphology following definitive radiation therapy (RT) for human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma in patients with disease control.Radiographically positive cervical lymph nodes from patients treated with definitive RT for HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma were segmented on initial pre- and subsequent post-RT contrast enhanced CT images. Pre-specified quantitative nodal parameters were calculated. Initial nodal parameter correlates of final nodal size, final nodal volume, and time to <1 cm short-axis diameter were determined.Sixty-six radiographically positive lymph node were analyzed in 36 patients. Lymph nodes exhibited initial volume decreases with size stabilization at ∼4 months. Fifteen nodes (23%) underwent complete radiographic response (median 6.4 months following RT; range 2.9-25.6 months). On multivariate time-to-event analysis, initial hypodense/fat component, nodal volume, and short-axis diameter exhibited inverse association, while higher HU standard deviation exhibited a positive association, with reaching <1 cm short-axis diameter (all p<0.05).Our results showed a substantial decrease in nodal volume within the first 1-2 months following RT. These findings support our current nodal imaging paradigm, propose a quantitative methodology, and describe a reference dataset for further validation and comparison studies.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.11.001

  View details for Web of Science ID 000347901800019

  View details for PubMedID 25444304

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4502963

• Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in Patients With Tumors in the Head and Neck Region ONCOLOGIST Faiz, S. A., Balachandran, A., Hessel, A. C., Lei, X., Beadle, B. M., William, D. N., Bashoura, L. 2014; 19 (11): 1200-1206

  Abstract

  Sleep disturbance is a prominent complaint of cancer patients. Most studies have focused on insomnia and cancer-related fatigue. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been reported in small studies and case reports.In a retrospective review of patients who underwent formal sleep evaluation and polysomnography (PSG) from 2006 to 2011, 56 patients with tumors in the head and neck region were identified. Clinical characteristics, sleep-related history, and PSG data were reviewed.Most patients had active cancer (80%), and the majority had squamous pathology (68%). Prominent symptoms included daytime fatigue (93%), daytime sleepiness (89%), and snoring (82%). Comorbid conditions primarily included hypertension (46%) and hypothyroidism (34%). Significant sleep-related breathing disorder was noted in 93% of patients, and 84% met clinical criteria for OSA. A male predominance (77%) was noted, and patients were not obese (body mass index <30 kg/m(2) in 52%). The majority of patients (79%) underwent radiation prior to sleep study, of which 88% had OSA, and in the group without prior radiation, 67% had OSA. Adherence to positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy was slightly better when compared with the general population. A subset of patients with persistent hypoxia despite advanced forms of PAP required tracheostomy. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with active disease and radiation prior to PSG were more likely to have OSA.Sleep-related breathing disorder was common in patients with tumors in the head and neck region referred for evaluation of sleep disruption, and most met clinical criteria for OSA. Daytime fatigue and sleepiness were the most common complaints. OSA was prevalent in male patients, and most with OSA were not obese. Architectural distortion from the malignancy and/or treatment may predispose these patients to OSA by altering anatomic and neural factors. A heightened clinical suspicion for sleep-related breathing disorder and referral to a sleep specialist would be beneficial for patients with these complaints.

  View details for DOI 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0176

  View details for Web of Science ID 000346601600017

  View details for PubMedID 25273079

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4221368

• Nomogram for Predicting Symptom Severity during Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY Sheu, T., Fuller, C. D., Mendoza, T. R., Garden, A. S., Morrison, W. H., Beadle, B. M., Phan, J., Frank, S. J., Hanna, E. Y., Lu, C., Cleeland, C. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Gunn, G. B. 2014; 151 (4): 619-626

  Abstract

  Radiation therapy (RT), with or without chemotherapy, can cause significant acute toxicity among patients treated for head and neck cancer (HNC), but predicting, before treatment, who will experience a particular toxicity or symptom is difficult. We created and evaluated 2 multivariate models and generated a nomogram to predict symptom severity during RT based on a patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument, the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Head and Neck Module (MDASI-HN).This was a prospective, longitudinal, questionnaire-based study.Tertiary cancer care center.Subjects were 264 patients with HNC (mostly oropharyngeal) who had completed the MDASI-HN before and during therapy. Pretreatment variables were correlated with MDASI-HN symptom scores during therapy with multivariate modeling and then were correlated with the composite MDASI-HN score during week 5 of therapy.A multivariate model incorporating pretreatment PROs better predicted MDASI-HN symptom scores during treatment than did a model based on clinical variables and physician-rated patient performance status alone (Akaike information criterion = 1442.5 vs 1459.9). In the most parsimonious model, pretreatment MDASI-HN symptom severity (P < .001), concurrent chemotherapy (P = .006), primary tumor site (P = .016), and receipt of definitive (rather than adjuvant) RT (P = .044) correlated with MDASI-HN symptom scores during week 5. That model was used to construct a nomogram.Our model demonstrates the value of incorporating baseline PROs, in addition to disease and treatment characteristics, to predict patient symptom burden during therapy. Although additional investigation and validation are required, PRO-inclusive prediction tools can be useful for improving symptom interventions and expectations for patients being treated for HNC.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/0194599814545746

  View details for Web of Science ID 000342982900015

  View details for PubMedID 25104816

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4184965

• Management of the Lymph Node-Positive Neck in the Patient With Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer CANCER Garden, A. S., Gunn, G. B., Hessel, A., Beadle, B. M., Ahmed, S., El-Naggar, A. K., Fuller, C. D., Byers, L. A., Phan, J., Frank, S. J., Morrison, W. H., Kies, M. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Sturgis, E. M. 2014; 120 (19): 3082-3088

  Abstract

  The goal of the current study was to assess the rates of recurrence in the neck for patients with lymph node-positive human papillomavirus-associated cancer of the oropharynx who were treated with definitive radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy).This is a single-institution retrospective study. Methodology included database search, and statistical testing including frequency analysis, Kaplan-Meier tests, and comparative tests including chi-square, logistic regression, and log-rank.The cohort consisted of 401 patients with lymph node-positive disease who underwent radiotherapy between January 2006 and June 2012. A total of 388 patients had computed tomography restaging, and 251 had positron emission tomography and/or ultrasound as a component of their postradiation staging. Eighty patients (20%) underwent neck dissection, and 21 patients (26%) had a positive specimen. The rate of neck dissection increased with increasing lymph node stage, and was lower in patients who had positron emission tomography scans or ultrasound in addition to computed tomography restaging. The median follow-up was 30 months. The 2-year actuarial neck recurrence rate was 7% and 5%, respectively, in all patients and those with local control. Lymph node recurrence rates were greater in current smokers (P = .008). There was no difference in lymph node recurrence rates noted between patients who did and those who did not undergo a neck dissection (P = .4) CONCLUSIONS: A treatment strategy of (chemo)radiation with neck dissection performed based on response resulted in high rates of regional disease control in patients with human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.28831

  View details for Web of Science ID 000342630000022

  View details for PubMedID 24898672

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4172550

• Forecasting longitudinal changes in oropharyngeal tumor morphology throughout the course of head and neck radiation therapy. Medical physics Yock, A. D., Rao, A., Dong, L., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Kudchadker, R. J., Court, L. E. 2014; 41 (8): 081708-?

  Abstract

  To create models that forecast longitudinal trends in changing tumor morphology and to evaluate and compare their predictive potential throughout the course of radiation therapy.Two morphology feature vectors were used to describe 35 gross tumor volumes (GTVs) throughout the course of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for oropharyngeal tumors. The feature vectors comprised the coordinates of the GTV centroids and a description of GTV shape using either interlandmark distances or a spherical harmonic decomposition of these distances. The change in the morphology feature vector observed at 33 time points throughout the course of treatment was described using static, linear, and mean models. Models were adjusted at 0, 1, 2, 3, or 5 different time points (adjustment points) to improve prediction accuracy. The potential of these models to forecast GTV morphology was evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation, and the accuracy of the models was compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.Adding a single adjustment point to the static model without any adjustment points decreased the median error in forecasting the position of GTV surface landmarks by the largest amount (1.2 mm). Additional adjustment points further decreased the forecast error by about 0.4 mm each. Selection of the linear model decreased the forecast error for both the distance-based and spherical harmonic morphology descriptors (0.2 mm), while the mean model decreased the forecast error for the distance-based descriptor only (0.2 mm). The magnitude and statistical significance of these improvements decreased with each additional adjustment point, and the effect from model selection was not as large as that from adding the initial points.The authors present models that anticipate longitudinal changes in tumor morphology using various models and model adjustment schemes. The accuracy of these models depended on their form, and the utility of these models includes the characterization of patient-specific response with implications for treatment management and research study design.

  View details for DOI 10.1118/1.4887815

  View details for PubMedID 25086518

• Forecasting longitudinal changes in oropharyngeal tumor morphology throughout the course of head and neck radiation therapy MEDICAL PHYSICS Yock, A. D., Rao, A., Dong, L., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Kudchadker, R. J., Court, L. E. 2014; 41 (8): 119-129

  Abstract

  To create models that forecast longitudinal trends in changing tumor morphology and to evaluate and compare their predictive potential throughout the course of radiation therapy.Two morphology feature vectors were used to describe 35 gross tumor volumes (GTVs) throughout the course of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for oropharyngeal tumors. The feature vectors comprised the coordinates of the GTV centroids and a description of GTV shape using either interlandmark distances or a spherical harmonic decomposition of these distances. The change in the morphology feature vector observed at 33 time points throughout the course of treatment was described using static, linear, and mean models. Models were adjusted at 0, 1, 2, 3, or 5 different time points (adjustment points) to improve prediction accuracy. The potential of these models to forecast GTV morphology was evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation, and the accuracy of the models was compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.Adding a single adjustment point to the static model without any adjustment points decreased the median error in forecasting the position of GTV surface landmarks by the largest amount (1.2 mm). Additional adjustment points further decreased the forecast error by about 0.4 mm each. Selection of the linear model decreased the forecast error for both the distance-based and spherical harmonic morphology descriptors (0.2 mm), while the mean model decreased the forecast error for the distance-based descriptor only (0.2 mm). The magnitude and statistical significance of these improvements decreased with each additional adjustment point, and the effect from model selection was not as large as that from adding the initial points.The authors present models that anticipate longitudinal changes in tumor morphology using various models and model adjustment schemes. The accuracy of these models depended on their form, and the utility of these models includes the characterization of patient-specific response with implications for treatment management and research study design.

  View details for DOI 10.1118/1.4887815

  View details for Web of Science ID 000341068100010

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5148036

• Disease control and toxicity outcomes using ruthenium eye plaque brachytherapy in the treatment of uveal melanoma. Practical radiation oncology Takiar, V., Gombos, D. S., Mourtada, F., Rechner, L. A., Lawyer, A. A., Morrison, W. H., Garden, A. S., Beadle, B. M. 2014; 4 (4): e189-94

  Abstract

  Ruthenium-106 ((106)Ru) eye plaques have the potential to achieve excellent tumor control with acceptable radiation toxicity. We evaluated our experience in the management of uveal melanoma treated with (106)Ru brachytherapy.The records of 40 patients with uveal melanoma treated with brachytherapy using (106)Ru plaques from 2003 to 2007 at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center were reviewed. Endpoints assessed included tumor control and toxicity.Median ophthalmologic follow-up was 67 months. Actuarial 5-year rates of local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were 97%, 94%, and 92%. There were 3 deaths, 2 related to melanoma. Fifteen patients experienced clinically significant visual loss; no patients were diagnosed with neovascular glaucoma, and 1 patient developed a clinically significant radiation-associated cataract. No patient required enucleation.We report the largest published US cohort of patients treated with (106)Ru plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma. Tumor control was excellent, and toxicity was acceptably low. These data support the reintroduction of (106)Ru into clinical practice for ocular melanoma.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.prro.2013.08.004

  View details for PubMedID 25012839

• Clinical characteristics of patients with multiple potentially human papillomavirus-related malignancies HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Skinner, H. D., Sturgis, E. M., Klopp, A. H., Ang, K., Rosenthal, D. I., Garden, A. S., Morrison, W. H., Gunn, G. B., Beadle, B. M. 2014; 36 (6): 819-825

  Abstract

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causative factor in squamous cell carcinomas of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva, and head and neck, and adenocarcinoma of the cervix. We examined the demographics, clinical characteristics, and timing of multiple potentially HPV-related cancers in individual patients.One hundred forty-three patients were identified with 300 potentially HPV-related cancers. The median follow-up from index and second cancer was 18.5 years and 3.2 years, respectively.Median age at index and second cancer was 45 and 60.5 years of age, respectively, with a median interval of 11 years. Cervical cancer was the most common initial diagnosis (61.7%), whereas head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) was the most common second cancer (57.6%).These data suggest differential patterns for development of multiple HPV-related cancers based upon clinical characteristics. Prospective longitudinal and population-based studies are warranted to understand the impact of these findings and opportunities for intervention and screening.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.23379

  View details for Web of Science ID 000336493200012

  View details for PubMedID 23720126

• Predicting oropharyngeal tumor volume throughout the course of radiation therapy from pretreatment computed tomography data using general linear models MEDICAL PHYSICS Yock, A. D., Rao, A., Dong, L., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Kudchadker, R. J., Court, L. E. 2014; 41 (5)

  Abstract

  The purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate the accuracy of several predictive models of variation in tumor volume throughout the course of radiation therapy.Nineteen patients with oropharyngeal cancers were imaged daily with CT-on-rails for image-guided alignment per an institutional protocol. The daily volumes of 35 tumors in these 19 patients were determined and used to generate (1) a linear model in which tumor volume changed at a constant rate, (2) a general linear model that utilized the power fit relationship between the daily and initial tumor volumes, and (3) a functional general linear model that identified and exploited the primary modes of variation between time series describing the changing tumor volumes. Primary and nodal tumor volumes were examined separately. The accuracy of these models in predicting daily tumor volumes were compared with those of static and linear reference models using leave-one-out cross-validation.In predicting the daily volume of primary tumors, the general linear model and the functional general linear model were more accurate than the static reference model by 9.9% (range: -11.6%-23.8%) and 14.6% (range: -7.3%-27.5%), respectively, and were more accurate than the linear reference model by 14.2% (range: -6.8%-40.3%) and 13.1% (range: -1.5%-52.5%), respectively. In predicting the daily volume of nodal tumors, only the 14.4% (range: -11.1%-20.5%) improvement in accuracy of the functional general linear model compared to the static reference model was statistically significant.A general linear model and a functional general linear model trained on data from a small population of patients can predict the primary tumor volume throughout the course of radiation therapy with greater accuracy than standard reference models. These more accurate models may increase the prognostic value of information about the tumor garnered from pretreatment computed tomography images and facilitate improved treatment management.

  View details for DOI 10.1118/1.4870437

  View details for Web of Science ID 000336053100008

  View details for PubMedID 24784371

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5148034

• Beam path toxicity in candidate organs-at-risk: Assessment of radiation emetogenesis for patients receiving head and neck intensity modulated radiotherapy RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY Kocak-Uzel, E., Gunn, G. B., Colen, R. R., Kantor, M. E., Mohamed, A. S., Schoultz-Henley, S., Mavroidis, P., Frank, S. J., Garden, A. S., Beadle, B. M., Morrison, W. H., Phan, J., Rosenthal, D. I., Fuller, C. D. 2014; 111 (2): 281-288

  Abstract

  To investigate potential dose-response relationship between radiation-associated nausea and vomiting (RANV) reported during radiotherapy and candidate nausea/vomiting-associated regions of interest (CNV-ROIs) in head and neck (HNC) squamous cell carcinomas.A total of 130 patients treated with IMRT with squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck were evaluated. For each patient, CNV-ROIs were segmented manually on planning CT images. Clinical on-treatment RANV data were reconstructed by a review of the records for all patients. Dosimetric data parameters were recorded from dose-volume histograms. Nausea and vomiting reports were concatenated as a single binary "Any N/V" variable, and as a "CTC-V2+" variable.The mean dose to CNV-ROIs was higher for patients experiencing RANV events. For patients receiving IMRT alone, a dose-response effect was observed with varying degrees of magnitude, at a statistically significant level for the area postrema, brainstem, dorsal vagal complex, medulla oblongata, solitary nucleus, oropharyngeal mucosa and whole brain CNV-ROIs.RANV is a common therapy-related morbidity facing patients receiving HNC radiotherapy, and, for those receiving radiotherapy-alone, is associated with modifiable dose to specific CNS structures.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.radonc.2014.02.019

  View details for Web of Science ID 000339150100019

  View details for PubMedID 24746582

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4063998

• Improved Survival Using Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy in Head and Neck Cancers CANCER Beadle, B. M., Liao, K., Elting, L. S., Buchholz, T. A., Ang, K. K., Garden, A. S., Guadagnolo, B. A. 2014; 120 (5): 702-710

  Abstract

  Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a technologically advanced, and more expensive, method of delivering radiation therapy with a goal of minimizing toxicity. It has been widely adopted for head and neck cancers; however, its comparative impact on cancer control and survival remains unknown. The goal of this analysis was to compare the cause-specific survival (CSS) for patients with head and neck cancers treated with IMRT versus non-IMRT from 1999 to 2007.CSS was determined using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database and analyzed regarding treatment details, including the use of IMRT versus non-IMRT, using claims data. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by the frailty model with a propensity score matching cohort and instrumental variable analysis.A total of 3172 patients were identified. With a median follow-up of 40 months, patients treated with IMRT had a statistically significant improvement in CSS compared with those treated with non-IMRT (84.1% versus 66.0%; P < .001). When each anatomic subsite was analyzed separately, all respective subgroups of patients treated with IMRT had better CSS than those treated with non-IMRT. In multivariable survival analyses, patients treated with IMRT were associated with better CSS (HR = 0.72, 95% confidence interval = 0.59 to 0.90 for propensity score matching; HR = 0.60, 95% confidence interval = 0.41 to 0.88 for instrumental variable analysis).Patients with head and neck cancers who were treated with IMRT experienced significant improvements in CSS compared with patients treated with non-IMRT techniques. This suggests there may be benefits to IMRT in cancer outcomes, in addition to toxicity reduction, for this patient population.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000331454200011

• Auto-segmentation of low-risk clinical target volume for head and neck radiation therapy. Practical radiation oncology Yang, J., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Gunn, B., Rosenthal, D., Ang, K., Frank, S., Williamson, R., Balter, P., Court, L., Dong, L. 2014; 4 (1): e31-7

  Abstract

  To investigate atlas-based auto-segmentation methods to improve the quality of the delineation of low-risk clinical target volumes (CTVs) of unilateral tonsil cancers.Sixteen patients received intensity modulated radiation therapy for left tonsil tumors. These patients were treated by a total of 8 oncologists, who delineated all contours manually on the planning CT image. We chose 6 of the patients as atlas cases and used atlas-based auto-segmentation to map each the atlas CTV to the other 10 patients (test patients). For each test patient, the final contour was produced by combining the 6 individual segmentations from the atlases using the simultaneous truth and performance level estimation algorithm. In addition, for each test patient, we identified a single atlas that produced deformed contours best matching the physician's manual contours. The auto-segmented contours were compared with the physician's manual contours using the slice-wise Hausdorff distance (HD), the slice-wise Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), and a total volume overlap index.No single atlas consistently produced good results for all 10 test cases. The multiatlas segmentation achieved a good agreement between auto-segmented contours and manual contours, with a median slice-wise HD of 7.4 ± 1.0 mm, median slice-wise DSC of 80.2% ± 5.9%, and total volume overlap of 77.8% ± 3.3% over the 10 test cases. For radiation oncologists who contoured both the test case and one of the atlas cases, the best atlas for a test case had almost always been contoured by the oncologist who had contoured that test case, indicating that individual physician's practice dominated in target delineation and was an important factor in optimal atlas selection.Multiatlas segmentation may improve the quality of CTV delineation in clinical practice for unilateral tonsil cancers. We also showed that individual physician's practice was an important factor in selecting the optimal atlas for atlas-based auto-segmentation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.prro.2013.03.003

  View details for PubMedID 24621429

• Anisotropic Margin Expansions in 6 Anatomic Directions for Oropharyngeal Image Guided Radiation Therapy INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Yock, A. D., Garden, A. S., Court, L. E., Beadle, B. M., Zhang, L., Dong, L. 2013; 87 (3): 596-601

  Abstract

  The purpose of this work was to determine the expansions in 6 anatomic directions that produced optimal margins considering nonrigid setup errors and tissue deformation for patients receiving image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) of the oropharynx.For 20 patients who had received IGRT to the head and neck, we deformably registered each patient's daily images acquired with a computed tomography (CT)-on-rails system to his or her planning CT. By use of the resulting vector fields, the positions of volume elements within the clinical target volume (CTV) (target voxels) or within a 1-cm shell surrounding the CTV (normal tissue voxels) on the planning CT were identified on each daily CT. We generated a total of 15,625 margins by dilating the CTV by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 mm in the posterior, anterior, lateral, medial, inferior, and superior directions. The optimal margins were those that minimized the relative volume of normal tissue voxels positioned within the margin while satisfying 1 of 4 geometric target coverage criteria and 1 of 3 population criteria.Each pair of geometric target coverage and population criteria resulted in a unique, anisotropic, optimal margin. The optimal margin expansions ranged in magnitude from 1 to 5 mm depending on the anatomic direction of the expansion and on the geometric target coverage and population criteria. Typically, the expansions were largest in the medial direction, were smallest in the lateral direction, and increased with the demand of the criteria. The anisotropic margin resulting from the optimal set of expansions always included less normal tissue than did any isotropic margin that satisfied the same pair of criteria.We demonstrated the potential of anisotropic margins to reduce normal tissue exposure without compromising target coverage in IGRT to the head and neck.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.2036

  View details for Web of Science ID 000325165300034

  View details for PubMedID 23906931

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4063302

• Eat and Exercise During Radiotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy for Pharyngeal Cancers Use It or Lose It JAMA OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD & NECK SURGERY Hutcheson, K. A., Bhayani, M. K., Beadle, B. M., Gold, K. A., Shinn, E. H., Lai, S. Y., Lewin, J. 2013; 139 (11): 1127-1134

  Abstract

  Data support proactive swallowing therapy during radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for pharyngeal cancers. The benefits of adherence to a regimen of swallowing exercises and maintaining oral intake throughout treatment are reported, but independent effects are unclear.To evaluate the independent effects of maintaining oral intake throughout radiotherapy and adherence to preventive swallowing exercise.Retrospective observational study.The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.The study included 497 patients treated with definitive RT or CRT for pharyngeal cancer (458 oropharynx, 39 hypopharynx) between 2002 and 2008.Swallowing-related end points were final diet after RT or CRT and duration of gastrostomy dependence. Primary independent variables included oral intake status at the end of RT or CRT (no oral intake, partial oral intake, or full oral intake) and adherence to a swallowing exercise regimen. Multiple linear regression and ordered logistic regression models were analyzed.At the conclusion of RT or CRT, 131 patients (26%) had no oral intake and 74% maintained oral intake (167 partial [34%], 199 full [40%]). Fifty-eight percent (286 of 497) reported adherence to swallowing exercises. Maintenance of oral intake during RT or CRT and swallowing exercise adherence were independently associated with better long-term diet after RT or CRT (P = .045 and P < .001, respectively) and shorter duration of gastrostomy dependence (P < .001 and P = .007, respectively) in models adjusted for tumor and treatment burden.The data indicate independent, positive associations of maintenance of oral intake throughout RT or CRT and swallowing exercise adherence with long-term swallowing outcomes. Patients who either eat or exercise fare better than those who do neither. Patients who both eat and exercise have the highest rate of return to a regular diet and shortest duration of gastrostomy dependence.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2013.4715

  View details for Web of Science ID 000328944900006

  View details for PubMedID 24051544

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3969836

• High symptom burden prior to radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: A patient-reported outcomes study HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Gunn, G. B., Mendoza, T. R., Fuller, C. D., Gning, I., Frank, S. J., Beadle, B. M., Hanna, E. Y., Lu, C., Cleeland, C. S., Rosenthal, D. I. 2013; 35 (10): 1490-1498

  Abstract

  As a first step toward developing effective strategies to control symptoms associated with head and neck cancer (HNC) and its treatment, we sought to describe the pattern of symptoms experienced before radiation therapy.Subjects completed the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Head and Neck Module before beginning radiation therapy.In all, 270 patients participated. Symptom severity and interference varied between treatment-naïve patients and those with prior treatment. Cluster analyses revealed that 33% of patients had high symptom burden. Symptoms most often rated moderate-to-severe were fatigue, sleep disturbance, distress, pain, and problems chewing and swallowing. Poorer performance status, higher T classification, and receipt of previous treatment correlated with higher symptom burden.A substantial proportion of patients were experiencing high symptom burden. Because few interventions currently exist for several of the most problematic symptoms, research in symptom reduction that targets the pattern of symptoms described here is greatly needed.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.23181

  View details for Web of Science ID 000325091000030

  View details for PubMedID 23169304

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3788079

• Residual nodal disease in patients with advanced-stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with definitive radiation therapy and posttreatment neck dissection: Association with locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, and decreased survival HEAD AND NECK-JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES AND SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Sandulache, V. C., Ow, T. J., Daram, S. P., Hamilton, J., Skinner, H., Bell, D., Rosenthal, D. I., Beadle, B. M., Ang, K. K., Kies, M. S., Johnson, F. M., El-Naggar, A. K., Myers, J. N. 2013; 35 (10): 1454-1460

  Abstract

  Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing in frequency. We reviewed patients with advanced-stage OPSCC treated with chemoradiation to assess the impact of residual neck disease on survival.We reviewed 202 patients with OPSCC between 1990 and 2010 treated with primary chemoradiation followed by neck dissection. Imaging was analyzed using RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors) 1.1 criteria. Survival was evaluated using both univariate and multivariate analyses.Overall survival at 5 years was 89%. Forty-two patients (21%) had residual disease in the neck (pN+). pN+ was associated with greater locoregional recurrence (LRR) and distant metastasis (DM) and decreased survival. No clinicopathologic factors were predictive of pN+. Contrasted posttreatment CT had low sensitivity and specificity.In advanced OPSCC pN+, patients have higher rates of LRR and DM. Neither clinicopathologic factors nor posttreatment imaging was predictive of pN+, although increased use of modern imaging may reduce the rate of negative neck dissections.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/hed.23173

  View details for Web of Science ID 000325091000024

  View details for PubMedID 23018868

• The impact of radiographic retropharyngeal adenopathy in oropharyngeal cancer CANCER Gunn, G. B., Debnam, J. M., Fuller, C. D., Morrison, W. H., Frank, S. J., Beadle, B. M., Sturgis, E. M., Glisson, B. S., Phan, J., Rosenthal, D. I., Garden, A. S. 2013; 119 (17): 3162-3169

  Abstract

  We performed this study to define the incidence of radiographic retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) involvement in oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) and its impact on clinical outcomes, neither of which has been well established to date.Our departmental database was queried for patients irradiated for OPC between 2001 and 2007. Analyzable patients were those with imaging data available for review to determine radiographic RPLN status. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were retrieved and analyzed.The cohort consisted of 981 patients. The median follow-up was 69 months. The base of the tongue (47%) and the tonsil (46%) were the most common primary sites. The majority of patients had stage T1 to T2 primary tumors (64%), and 94% had stage 3 to 4B disease. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy was used in 77% of patients, and systemic therapy was administered in 58% of patients. The incidence of radiographic RPLN involvement was 10% and was highest for the pharyngeal wall (23%) and lowest for the base of the tongue (6%). RPLN adenopathy correlated with several patient and tumor factors. RPLN involvement was associated with poorer 5-year outcomes on univariate analysis (P<.001 for all) for local control (79% vs 92%), nodal control (80% vs 93%), recurrence-free survival (51% vs 81%), distant metastases-free survival (66% vs 89%), and overall survival (52% vs 82%) and maintained significance on multivariate analysis for local control (P = .023), recurrence-free survival (P = .001), distant metastases-free survival (P = .003), and overall survival (P = .001).In this cohort of nearly 1000 patients investigating [corrected] radiographic RPLN adenopathy in OPC, RPLN involvement was observed in 10% of patients and portends [corrected] a negative influence on disease recurrence, distant relapse, and survival. In this cohort of nearly 1000 patients investigating radiographic RPLN adenopathy in OPC, RPLN involvement was observed in 10% of patients and portends a negative influence on disease recurrence, distant relapse, and survival.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.28195

  View details for Web of Science ID 000323255600010

  View details for PubMedID 23733178

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3775996

• Prospective assessment of an atlas-based intervention combined with real-time software feedback in contouring lymph node levels and organs-at-risk in the head and neck: Quantitative assessment of conformance to expert delineation. Practical radiation oncology Awan, M., Kalpathy-Cramer, J., Gunn, G. B., Beadle, B. M., Garden, A. S., Phan, J., Holliday, E., Jones, W. E., Maani, E., Patel, A., Choi, J., Clyburn, V., Tantiwongkosi, B., Rosenthal, D. I., Fuller, C. D. 2013; 3 (3): 186-193

  Abstract

  A number of studies have previously assessed the role of teaching interventions to improve organ-at-risk (OAR) delineation. We present a preliminary study demonstrating the benefit of a combined atlas and real time software-based feedback intervention to aid in contouring of OARs in the head and neck.The study consisted of a baseline evaluation, a real-time feedback intervention, atlas presentation, and a follow-up evaluation. At baseline evaluation, 8 resident observers contoured 26 OARs on a computed tomography scan without intervention or aid. They then received feedback comparing their contours both statistically and graphically to a set of atlas-based expert contours. Additionally, they received access to an atlas to contour these structures. The resident observers were then asked to contour the same 26 OARs on a separate computed tomography scan with atlas access. In addition, 6 experts (5 radiation oncologists specializing in the head and neck, and 1 neuroradiologist) contoured the 26 OARs on both scans. A simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) composite of the expert contours was used as a gold-standard set for analysis of OAR contouring.Of the 8 resident observers who initially participated in the study, 7 completed both phases of the study. Dice similarity coefficients were calculated for each user-drawn structure relative to the expert STAPLE composite for each structure. Mean dice similarity coefficients across all structures increased between phase 1 and phase 2 for each resident observer, demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in overall OAR-contouring ability (P < .01). Additionally, intervention improved contouring in 16/26 delineated organs-at-risk across resident observers at a statistically significant level (P ≤ .05) including all otic structures and suprahyoid lymph node levels of the head and neck.Our data suggest that a combined atlas and real-time feedback-based educational intervention detectably improves contouring of OARs in the head and neck.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.prro.2012.11.002

  View details for PubMedID 24674363

• Pilot study of a computed tomography-compatible shielded intracavitary brachytherapy applicator for treatment of cervical cancer. Practical radiation oncology Klopp, A. H., Mourtada, F., Yu, Z. H., Beadle, B. M., Munsell, M. F., Jhingran, A., Eifel, P. J. 2013; 3 (2): 115-123

  Abstract

  The traditional Fletcher-Williamson tandem and ovoid brachytherapy applicators for treatment of cervical cancer have ovoid shields that reduce the dose to the bladder and rectum. However, these shields produce artifact on computed tomography (CT) that prevents acquisition of high-quality images. To address this limitation, we designed and tested a novel CT-compatible applicator with movable shields, called MDA(3).Fifteen patients with stage IB1-IIB cervical cancer requiring definitive radiation therapy were enrolled in a prospective pilot study to evaluate image quality with the MDA(3). Image quality was assessed by comparing an initial scan obtained with the shields shifted to minimize shield artifact to a second scan obtained with the shields in treatment position. The 2 scans were then compared by a radiation oncologist blinded to the image source. In addition, image quality was assessed by analysis of Hounsfield values in the normal tissues.The MDA(3) was successfully employed for intracavitary brachytherapy in 15 patients. CT images obtained with the shields shifted were superior to CT images obtained with the shields in treatment position in every case as evaluated by the radiation oncologist (P < .0001). The presence of the shields in the treatment position significantly increased the mean Hounsfield values within the bladder (P = .002) and rectum (P = .001) due to high-density image artifact.This novel applicator provides a clinically feasible solution to overcome the limitation of lack of ovoid shields on currently available CT-compatible applicators.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.prro.2012.03.014

  View details for PubMedID 24674314

• Patterns of Disease Recurrence Following Treatment of Oropharyngeal Cancer With Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Garden, A. S., Dong, L., Morrison, W. H., Stugis, E. M., Glisson, B. S., Frank, S. J., Beadle, B. M., Gunn, G. B., Schwartz, D. L., Kies, M. S., Weber, R. S., Ang, K. K., Rosenthal, D. I. 2013; 85 (4): 941-947

  Abstract

  To report mature results of a large cohort of patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx who were treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).The database of patients irradiated at The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center was searched for patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer and treated with IMRT between 2000 and 2007. A retrospective review of outcome data was performed.The cohort consisted of 776 patients. One hundred fifty-nine patients (21%) were current smokers, 279 (36%) former smokers, and 337 (43%) never smokers. T and N categories and American Joint Committee on Cancer group stages were distributed as follows: T1/x, 288 (37%); T2, 288 (37%); T3, 113 (15%); T4, 87 (11%); N0, 88(12%); N1/x, 140 (18%); N2a, 101 (13%); N2b, 269 (35%); N2c, 122 (16%); and N3, 56 (7%); stage I, 18(2%); stage II, 40(5%); stage III, 150(19%); and stage IV, 568(74%). Seventy-one patients (10%) presented with nodes in level IV. Median follow-up was 54 months. The 5-year overall survival, locoregional control, and overall recurrence-free survival rates were 84%, 90%, and 82%, respectively. Primary site recurrence developed in 7% of patients, and neck recurrence with primary site control in 3%. We could only identify 12 patients (2%) who had locoregional recurrence outside the high-dose target volumes. Poorer survival rates were observed in current smokers, patients with larger primary (T) tumors and lower neck disease.Patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated with IMRT have excellent disease control. Locoregional recurrence was uncommon, and most often occurred in the high dose volumes. Parotid sparing was accomplished in nearly all patients without compromising tumor coverage.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.08.004

  View details for Web of Science ID 000315809300025

  View details for PubMedID 22975604

• Outcomes and patterns of care of patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma treated in the early 21st century RADIATION ONCOLOGY Garden, A. S., Kies, M. S., Morrison, W. H., Weber, R. S., Frank, S. J., Glisson, B. S., Gunn, G. B., Beadle, B. M., Ang, K. K., Rosenthal, D. I., Sturgis, E. M. 2013; 8

  Abstract

  We performed this study to assess outcomes of patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated with modern therapy approaches.Demographics, treatments and outcomes of patients diagnosed with Stage 3- 4B squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx, between 2000-2007 were tabulated and analyzed.The cohort consisted of 1046 patients. The 5-year actuarial overall survival, recurrence-free survival and local-regional control rates for the entire cohort were 78%, 77% and 87% respectively. More advanced disease, increasing T-stage and smoking were associated with higher rates of local-regional recurrence and poorer survival.Patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer have a relatively high survival rate. Patients' demographics and primary tumor volume were very influential on these favorable outcomes. In particular, patients with small primary tumors did very well even when treatment was not intensified with the addition of chemotherapy.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/1748-717X-8-21

  View details for Web of Science ID 000315408100001

  View details for PubMedID 23360540

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3576243

• Oropharynx Cancer CURRENT PROBLEMS IN CANCER Skinner, H. D., Holsinger, F. C., Beadle, B. M. 2012; 36 (6): 334-415

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2012.07.002

  View details for Web of Science ID 000311879800001

  View details for PubMedID 22986060

• Management of Radiation-Induced Severe Anophthalmic Socket Contracture in Patients With Uveal Melanoma OPHTHALMIC PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY Nasser, Q. J., Gombos, D. S., Williams, M. D., Guadagnolo, B. A., Morrison, W. H., Garden, A. S., Beadle, B. M., Canseco, E., Esmaeli, B. 2012; 28 (3): 208-212

  Abstract

  High-dose radiotherapy can cause contracture of the anophthalmic socket, but the incidence of this complication in patients with enucleation for uveal melanoma has not been reported previously. The authors reviewed the surgical management and outcomes in terms of successful prosthesis wear in patients with severe contracture of the anophthalmic socket treated with high-dose radiotherapy for high-risk uveal melanoma, and they estimated the relative risk of this complication.The medical records of all consecutive patients enrolled in a prospective uveal-melanoma tissue-banking protocol at the authors' institution who underwent enucleation between January 2003 and December 2010 were reviewed. Patients who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy of the enucleated socket were further studied.Of the 68 patients enrolled in the prospective tissue-banking protocol, 12 had high-risk histologic features (e.g., extrascleral spread or vortex vein invasion) and were treated with 60 Gy of external beam radiotherapy after enucleation. Five of these patients (41.7%) experienced severe socket contracture precluding prosthesis wear. The median time to onset of contracture following completion of radiotherapy was 20 months. Three patients underwent surgery, which entailed scar tissue release, oral mucous membrane grafting, and socket reconstruction; 2 patients declined surgery. All 3 patients who had surgery experienced significant improvement of socket contracture that enabled patients to wear a prosthesis again.High-dose radiotherapy after enucleation in patients with uveal melanoma caused severe socket contracture and inability to wear a prosthesis in approximately 40% of patients. Surgical repair of the contracted socket using oral mucous membrane grafting can allow resumption of prosthesis wear.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/IOP.0b013e31824dd9b8

  View details for Web of Science ID 000304530700024

  View details for PubMedID 22581085

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3359825

• Unilateral Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Tonsil Cancer INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Chronowski, G. M., Garden, A. S., Morrison, W. H., Frank, S. J., Schwartz, D. L., Shah, S. J., Beadle, B. M., Gunn, G. B., Kupferman, M. E., Ang, K. K., Rosenthal, D. I. 2012; 83 (1): 204-209

  Abstract

  To assess, through a retrospective review, clinical outcomes of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil treated at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center with unilateral radiotherapy techniques that irradiate the involved tonsil region and ipsilateral neck only.Of 901 patients with newly diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil treated with radiotherapy at our institution, we identified 102 that were treated using unilateral radiotherapy techniques. All patients had their primary site of disease restricted to the tonsillar fossa or anterior pillar, with <1 cm involvement of the soft palate. Patients had TX (n = 17 patients), T1 (n = 52), or T2 (n = 33) disease, with Nx (n = 3), N0 (n = 33), N1 (n = 23), N2a (n = 21), or N2b (n = 22) neck disease.Sixty-one patients (60%) underwent diagnostic tonsillectomy before radiotherapy. Twenty-seven patients (26%) underwent excision of a cervical lymph node or neck dissection before radiotherapy. Median follow-up for surviving patients was 38 months. Locoregional control at the primary site and ipsilateral neck was 100%. Two patients experienced contralateral nodal recurrence (2%). The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 95% and 96%, respectively. The 5-year freedom from contralateral nodal recurrence rate was 96%. Nine patients required feeding tubes during therapy. Of the 2 patients with contralateral recurrence, 1 experienced an isolated neck recurrence and was salvaged with contralateral neck dissection only and remains alive and free of disease. The other patient presented with a contralateral base of tongue tumor and involved cervical lymph node, which may have represented a second primary tumor, and died of disease.Unilateral radiotherapy for patients with TX-T2, N0-N2b primary tonsil carcinoma results in high rates of disease control, with low rates of contralateral nodal failure and a low incidence of acute toxicity requiring gastrostomy.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1975

  View details for Web of Science ID 000302993900052

  View details for PubMedID 22019242

• TP53 Disruptive Mutations Lead to Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Failure through Inhibition of Radiation-Induced Senescence CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH Skinner, H. D., Sandulache, V. C., Ow, T. J., Meyn, R. E., Yordy, J. S., Beadle, B. M., Fitzgerald, A. L., Giri, U., Ang, K. K., Myers, J. N. 2012; 18 (1): 290-300

  Abstract

  Mortality of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is primarily driven by tumor cell radioresistance leading to locoregional recurrence (LRR). In this study, we use a classification of TP53 mutation (disruptive vs. nondisruptive) and examine impact on clinical outcomes and radiation sensitivity.Seventy-four patients with HNSCC treated with surgery and postoperative radiation and 38 HNSCC cell lines were assembled; for each, TP53 was sequenced and the in vitro radioresistance measured using clonogenic assays. p53 protein expression was inhibited using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and overexpressed using a retrovirus. Radiation-induced apoptosis, mitotic cell death, senescence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays were carried out. The effect of the drug metformin on overcoming mutant p53-associated radiation resistance was examined in vitro as well as in vivo, using an orthotopic xenograft model.Mutant TP53 alone was not predictive of LRR; however, disruptive TP53 mutation strongly predicted LRR (P = 0.03). Cell lines with disruptive mutations were significantly more radioresistant (P < 0.05). Expression of disruptive TP53 mutations significantly decreased radiation-induced senescence, as measured by SA-β-gal staining, p21 expression, and release of ROS. The mitochondrial agent metformin potentiated the effects of radiation in the presence of a disruptive TP53 mutation partially via senescence. Examination of our patient cohort showed that LRR was decreased in patients taking metformin.Disruptive TP53 mutations in HNSCC tumors predicts for LRR, because of increased radioresistance via the inhibition of senescence. Metformin can serve as a radiosensitizer for HNSCC with disruptive TP53, presaging the possibility of personalizing HNSCC treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2260

  View details for Web of Science ID 000298758900031

  View details for PubMedID 22090360

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3251726

• The Impact of Age on Outcome in Early-Stage Breast Cancer SEMINARS IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY Beadle, B. M., Woodward, W. A., Buchholz, T. A. 2011; 21 (1): 26-34

  Abstract

  Multiple studies have shown that breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and mastectomy have equivalent outcomes for large populations of women with early-stage breast cancer. For individual treatment decisions, however, it is important to appreciate the heterogeneity of disease. Recent molecular studies have suggested that "breast cancer" includes biologically distinct classes of disease; although these molecular distinctions are important, other patient-related factors also affect outcome and influence prognosis. One of the most important of these patient factors is the age of the patient at diagnosis. Numerous studies have shown very different breast cancer outcomes based on patient age; younger women typically have more aggressive tumors that are more likely to recur both locoregionally and distantly, and older women more commonly have less aggressive disease. The overall disease-specific outcomes, techniques, and doses for adjuvant radiation therapy and toxicity of treatments should be discussed within the context of age because breast cancer is a very different disease based on this factor. Arguments can be made that more aggressive locoregional therapy is warranted in populations of young women with breast cancer and perhaps less aggressive therapy in the elderly.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.semradonc.2010.09.001

  View details for Web of Science ID 000285775600005

  View details for PubMedID 21134651

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3041510

• PATTERNS OF REGIONAL RECURRENCE AFTER DEFINITIVE RADIOTHERAPY FOR CERVICAL CANCER INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Beadle, B. M., Jhingran, A., Yom, S. S., Ramirez, P. T., Eifel, P. J. 2010; 76 (5): 1396-1403

  Abstract

  To determine the patterns of regional recurrence in patients treated with definitive radiotherapy (RT) for cervical cancer.The records of 198 patients treated with definitive RT for cervical cancer between 1980 and 2000 who experienced a regional recurrence without a central or distal vaginal recurrence were reviewed. All patients received a combination of external-beam RT and intracavitary brachytherapy. In the 180 patients with a documented location of regional recurrence, the relationship between the recurrence and the radiation fields was determined.The median time to regional recurrence was 13 months (range, 2-85 months). Of the 180 patients who had an evaluable regional recurrence, 119 (66%) had a component of marginal failure; 71 patients recurred above-the-field, 2 patients occurred in the inguinal nodes, and 2 patients recurred above-the-field and in the inguinal nodes. In addition, 105 patients (58%) had a component of in-field failure; 59 patients recurred in-field only, 39 patients recurred in-field and above-the-field, 2 patients recurred in-field, above-the-field, and in the inguinal nodes, and 5 patients recurred in-field and in the inguinal nodes. The median survival after regional recurrence was 8 months (range, 0-194 months).Most regional recurrences after definitive RT for cervical cancer include a component of marginal failure, usually immediately superior to the radiation field. These recurrences suggest a deficiency in target volume. Recurrences also occur in-field, suggesting a deficiency in dose. Developments in pretreatment staging, field delineation, dose escalation, and posttreatment surveillance may help to improve outcome in these patients.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.04.009

  View details for Web of Science ID 000276675300020

  View details for PubMedID 19581056

• RADIATION THERAPY FIELD EXTENT FOR ADJUVANT TREATMENT OF AXILLARY METASTASES FROM MALIGNANT MELANOMA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Beadle, B. M., Guadagnolo, B. A., Ballo, M. T., Lee, J. E., Gershenwald, J. E., Cormier, J. N., Mansfield, P. F., Ross, M. I., Zagars, G. K. 2009; 73 (5): 1376-1382

  Abstract

  To compare treatment-related outcomes and toxicity for patients with axillary lymph node metastases from malignant melanoma treated with postoperative radiation therapy (RT) to either the axilla only or both the axilla and supraclavicular fossa (extended field [EF]).The medical records of 200 consecutive patients treated with postoperative RT for axillary lymph node metastases from malignant melanoma were retrospectively reviewed. All patients received postoperative hypofractionated RT for high-risk features; 95 patients (48%) received RT to the axilla only and 105 patients (52%) to the EF.At a median follow-up of 59 months, 111 patients (56%) had sustained relapse, and 99 patients (50%) had died. The 5-year overall survival, disease-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival rates were 51%, 43%, and 46%, respectively. The 5-year axillary control rate was 88%. There was no difference in axillary control rates on the basis of the treated field (89% for axilla only vs. 86% for EF; p = 0.4). Forty-seven patients (24%) developed treatment-related complications. On both univariate and multivariate analyses, only treatment with EF irradiation was significantly associated with increased treatment-related complications.Adjuvant hypofractionated RT to the axilla only for metastatic malignant melanoma with high-risk features is an effective method to control axillary disease. Limiting the radiation field to the axilla only produced equivalent axillary control rates to EF and resulted in lower treatment-related complication rates.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1910

  View details for Web of Science ID 000264728000013

  View details for PubMedID 18774657

• The Impact of Pregnancy on Breast Cancer Outcomes in Women <= 35 Years CANCER Beadle, B. M., Woodward, W. A., Middleton, L. P., Tereffe, W., Strom, E. A., Litton, J. K., Meric-Bernstam, F., Theriault, R. L., Buchholz, T. A., Perkins, G. H. 2009; 115 (6): 1174-1184

  Abstract

  Some evidence suggests that women with pregnancy-associated breast cancers (PABC) have a worse outcome compared with historical controls. However, young age is a worse prognostic factor independently, and women with PABC tend to be young. The purpose of the current study was to compare locoregional recurrence (LRR), distant metastases (DM), and overall survival (OS) in young patients with PABC and non-PABC.Data for 668 breast cancers in 652 patients aged

  View details for DOI 10.1002/cncr.24165

  View details for Web of Science ID 000264148300008

  View details for PubMedID 19204903

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3063387

• TEN-YEAR RECURRENCE RATES IN YOUNG WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER BY LOCOREGIONAL TREATMENT APPROACH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Beadle, B. M., Woodward, W. A., Tucker, S. L., Outlaw, E. D., Allen, P. K., Oh, J. L., Strom, E. A., Perkins, G. H., Tereffe, W., Yu, T., Meric-Bernstam, F., Litton, J. K., Buchholz, T. A. 2009; 73 (3): 734-744

  Abstract

  Young women with breast cancer have higher locoregional recurrence (LRR) rates than older patients. The goal of this study is to determine the impact of locoregional treatment strategy, breast-conserving therapy (BCT), mastectomy alone (M), or mastectomy with adjuvant radiation (MXRT), on LRR for patients 35 years or younger.Data for 668 breast cancers in 652 young patients with breast cancer were retrospectively reviewed; 197 patients were treated with BCT, 237 with M, and 234 with MXRT.Median follow-up for all living patients was 114 months. In the entire cohort, 10-year actuarial LRR rates varied by locoregional treatment: 19.8% for BCT, 24.1% for M, and 15.1% for MXRT (p = 0.05). In patients with Stage II disease, 10-year actuarial LRR rates by locoregional treatment strategy were 17.7% for BCT, 22.8% for M, and 5.7% for MXRT (p = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, M (hazard ratio, 4.45) and Grade III disease (hazard ratio, 2.24) predicted for increased LRR. In patients with Stage I disease, there was no difference in LRR rates based on locoregional treatment (18.0% for BCT, 19.8% for M; p = 0.56), but chemotherapy use had a statistically significant LRR benefit (13.5% for chemotherapy, 27.9% for none; p = 0.04).Young women have high rates of LRR after breast cancer treatment. For patients with Stage II disease, the best locoregional control rates were achieved with MXRT. For patients with Stage I disease, similar outcomes were achieved with BCT and mastectomy; however, chemotherapy provided a significant benefit to either approach.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.04.078

  View details for Web of Science ID 000263440900016

  View details for PubMedID 18707822

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3041273

• CERVIX REGRESSION AND MOTION DURING THE COURSE OF EXTERNAL BEAM CHEMORADIATION FOR CERVICAL CANCER INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Beadle, B. M., Jhingran, A., Salehpour, M., Sam, M., Iyer, R. B., Eifel, P. I. 2009; 73 (1): 235-241

  Abstract

  To evaluate the magnitude of cervix regression and motion during external beam chemoradiation for cervical cancer.Sixteen patients with cervical cancer underwent computed tomography scanning before, weekly during, and after conventional chemoradiation. Cervix volumes were calculated to determine the extent of cervix regression. Changes in the center of mass and perimeter of the cervix between scans were used to determine the magnitude of cervix motion. Maximum cervix position changes were calculated for each patient, and mean maximum changes were calculated for the group.Mean cervical volumes before and after 45 Gy of external beam irradiation were 97.0 and 31.9 cc, respectively; mean volume reduction was 62.3%. Mean maximum changes in the center of mass of the cervix were 2.1, 1.6, and 0.82 cm in the superior-inferior, anterior-posterior, and right-left lateral dimensions, respectively. Mean maximum changes in the perimeter of the cervix were 2.3 and 1.3 cm in the superior and inferior, 1.7 and 1.8 cm in the anterior and posterior, and 0.76 and 0.94 cm in the right and left lateral directions, respectively.Cervix regression and internal organ motion contribute to marked interfraction variations in the intrapelvic position of the cervical target in patients receiving chemoradiation for cervical cancer. Failure to take these variations into account during the application of highly conformal external beam radiation techniques poses a theoretical risk of underdosing the target or overdosing adjacent critical structures.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.03.064

  View details for Web of Science ID 000261820200036

  View details for PubMedID 18513882

• Surgical patterns of care in operable lung carcinoma treated with radiation JOURNAL OF THORACIC ONCOLOGY Chang, J. Y., Moughan, J., Johnstone, D. W., Komaki, R., Goldberg, M., Langer, C. J., Beadle, B. M., Owen, J., Movsas, B. 2006; 1 (6): 526-531

  Abstract

  To determine the national surgical practice patterns of care for operable lung cancer patients treated with radiation.A nationwide survey of a stratified random sample of institutions was conducted for patients who had non-metastatic lung cancer, Karnofsky Performance Scores (KPS) > or =60, and who had received radiation therapy as definitive or adjuvant treatment. Among 541 patients, representing a weighted sample size of 42,335 patients nationwide, 131 (19.8%) underwent surgery as part of their therapy. Pearson chi statistics were used to analyze characteristics of this subset of patients.Of the 131 patients who underwent surgery, 126 patients who had non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were analyzed. Surgical patients were younger, had less weight loss, higher KPS, and higher forced expiratory volume within 1 second (FEV1) values than those treated without surgery. Surgical patients had more stage I/II (53.5% vs 32.2%; p = 0.0004) and less clinical N2/N3 disease (28.8% vs 47.5%; p = 0.002) than nonsurgical patients. Surgery consisted of lobectomy or bilobectomy in 63.2% of patients, pneumonectomy in 23.5%, and wedge resection in 5.9%. Of the patients, 80.4% received radiation in the adjuvant setting and 9.9% in the neoadjuvant setting.Patients with non-metastatic lung cancer who are treated surgically and with radiation have clinically less advanced disease than those treated with radiation alone. Most radiation therapy in this setting is administrated postoperatively and secondary to hilar and/or mediastinal nodal involvement undetected before surgery. Improved preoperative nodal staging and neoadjuvant approaches may alter these practice patterns.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000239191500005

  View details for PubMedID 17409912

• Structural basis for imipenem inhibition of class C beta-lactamases ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY Beadle, B. M., Shoichet, B. K. 2002; 46 (12): 3978-3980

  Abstract

  To determine how imipenem inhibits the class C beta-lactamase AmpC, the X-ray crystal structure of the acyl-enzyme complex was determined to a resolution of 1.80 A. In the complex, the lactam carbonyl oxygen of imipenem has flipped by approximately 180 degrees compared to its expected position; the electrophilic acyl center is thus displaced from the point of hydrolytic attack. This conformation resembles that of imipenem bound to the class A enzyme TEM-1 but is different from that of moxalactam bound to AmpC.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/AAC.46.12.3978-3980.2002

  View details for Web of Science ID 000179376000041

  View details for PubMedID 12435704

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC132770

• Structural bases of stability-function tradeoffs in enzymes JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Beadle, B. M., Shoichet, B. K. 2002; 321 (2): 285-296

  Abstract

  The structures of enzymes reflect two tendencies that appear opposed. On one hand, they fold into compact, stable structures; on the other hand, they bind a ligand and catalyze a reaction. To be stable, enzymes fold to maximize favorable interactions, forming a tightly packed hydrophobic core, exposing hydrophilic groups, and optimizing intramolecular hydrogen-bonding. To be functional, enzymes carve out an active site for ligand binding, exposing hydrophobic surface area, clustering like charges, and providing unfulfilled hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. Using AmpC beta-lactamase, an enzyme that is well-characterized structurally and mechanistically, the relationship between enzyme stability and function was investigated by substituting key active-site residues and measuring the changes in stability and activity. Substitutions of catalytic residues Ser64, Lys67, Tyr150, Asn152, and Lys315 decrease the activity of the enzyme by 10(3)-10(5)-fold compared to wild-type. Concomitantly, many of these substitutions increase the stability of the enzyme significantly, by up to 4.7kcal/mol. To determine the structural origins of stabilization, the crystal structures of four mutant enzymes were determined to between 1.90A and 1.50A resolution. These structures revealed several mechanisms by which stability was increased, including mimicry of the substrate by the substituted residue (S64D), relief of steric strain (S64G), relief of electrostatic strain (K67Q), and improved polar complementarity (N152H). These results suggest that the preorganization of functionality characteristic of active sites has come at a considerable cost to enzyme stability. In proteins of unknown function, the presence of such destabilized regions may indicate the presence of a binding site.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00599-5

  View details for Web of Science ID 000177488000009

  View details for PubMedID 12144785

• Structural milestones in the reaction pathway of an amide hydrolase: Substrate, acyl, and product complexes of cephalothin with AmpC beta-lactamase STRUCTURE Beadle, B. M., Trehan, I., Focia, P. J., Shoichet, B. K. 2002; 10 (3): 413-424

  Abstract

  Beta-lactamases hydrolyze beta-lactam antibiotics and are the leading cause of bacterial resistance to these drugs. Although beta-lactamases have been extensively studied, structures of the substrate-enzyme and product-enzyme complexes have proven elusive. Here, the structure of a mutant AmpC in complex with the beta-lactam cephalothin in its substrate and product forms was determined by X-ray crystallography to 1.53 A resolution. The acyl-enzyme intermediate between AmpC and cephalothin was determined to 2.06 A resolution. The ligand undergoes a dramatic conformational change as the reaction progresses, with the characteristic six-membered dihydrothiazine ring of cephalothin rotating by 109 degrees. These structures correspond to all three intermediates along the reaction path and provide insight into substrate recognition, catalysis, and product expulsion.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000174409600016

  View details for PubMedID 12005439

• Inhibition of AmpC beta-lactamase through a destabilizing interaction in the active site BIOCHEMISTRY Trehan, I., Beadle, B. M., Shoichet, B. K. 2001; 40 (27): 7992-7999

  Abstract

  Beta-lactamases hydrolyze beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins; these enzymes are the most widespread resistance mechanism to these drugs and pose a growing threat to public health. beta-Lactams that contain a bulky 6(7)alpha substituent, such as imipenem and moxalactam, actually inhibit serine beta-lactamases and are widely used for this reason. Although mutant serine beta-lactamases have arisen that hydrolyze beta-lactamase resistant beta-lactams (e.g., ceftazidime) or avoid mechanism-based inhibitors (e.g., clavulanate), mutant serine beta-lactamases have not yet arisen in the clinic with imipenemase or moxalactamase activity. Structural and thermodynamic studies suggest that the 6(7)alpha substituents of these inhibitors form destabilizing contacts within the covalent adduct with the conserved Asn152 in class C beta-lactamases (Asn132 in class A beta-lactamases). This unfavorable interaction may be crucial to inhibition. To test this destabilization hypothesis, we replaced Asn152 with Ala in the class C beta-lactamase AmpC from Escherichia coli and examined the mutant enzyme's thermodynamic stability in complex with imipenem and moxalactam. Consistent with the hypothesis, the Asn152 --> Ala substitution relieved 0.44 and 1.10 kcal/mol of strain introduced by imipenem and moxalactam, respectively, relative to the wild-type complexes. However, the kinetic efficiency of AmpC N152A was reduced by 6300-fold relative to that of the wild-type enzyme. To further investigate the inhibitor's interaction with the mutant enzyme, the X-ray crystal structure of moxalactam in complex with N152A was determined to a resolution of 1.83 A. Moxalactam in the mutant complex is significantly displaced from its orientation in the wild-type complex; however, moxalactam does not adopt an orientation that would restore competence for hydrolysis. Although Asn152 forces beta-lactams with 6(7)alpha substituents out of a catalytically competent configuration, making them inhibitors, the residue is essential for orienting beta-lactam substrates and cannot simply be replaced with a much smaller residue to restore catalytic activity. Designing beta-lactam inhibitors that interact unfavorably with this conserved residue when in the covalent adduct merits further investigation.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/bi010641m

  View details for Web of Science ID 000169833400006

  View details for PubMedID 11434768

• Interaction energies between beta-lactam antibiotics and E-coli penicillin-binding protein 5 by reversible thermal denaturation PROTEIN SCIENCE Beadle, B. M., Nicholas, R. A., Shoichet, B. K. 2001; 10 (6): 1254-1259

  Abstract

  Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) catalyze the final stages of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. PBPs form stable covalent complexes with beta-lactam antibiotics, leading to PBP inactivation and ultimately cell death. To understand more clearly how PBPs recognize beta-lactam antibiotics, it is important to know their energies of interaction. Because beta-lactam antibiotics bind covalently to PBPs, these energies are difficult to measure through binding equilibria. However, the noncovalent interaction energies between beta-lactam antibiotics and a PBP can be determined through reversible denaturation of enzyme-antibiotic complexes. Escherichia coli PBP 5, a D-alanine carboxypeptidase, was reversibly denatured by temperature in an apparently two-state manner with a temperature of melting (T(m)) of 48.5 degrees C and a van't Hoff enthalpy of unfolding (H(VH)) of 193 kcal/mole. The binding of the beta-lactam antibiotics cefoxitin, cloxacillin, moxalactam, and imipenem all stabilized the enzyme significantly, with T(m) values as high as +4.6 degrees C (a noncovalent interaction energy of +2.7 kcal/mole). Interestingly, the noncovalent interaction energies of these ligands did not correlate with their second-order acylation rate constants (k(2)/K'). These rate constants indicate the potency of a covalent inhibitor, but they appear to have little to do with interactions within covalent complexes, which is the state of the enzyme often used for structure-based inhibitor design.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000168914700018

  View details for PubMedID 11369864

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2374021

• Functional analyses of AmpC beta-lactamase through differential stability PROTEIN SCIENCE Beadle, B. M., McGovern, S. L., Patera, A., Shoichet, B. K. 1999; 8 (9): 1816-1824

  Abstract

  Despite decades of intense study, the complementarity of beta-lactams for beta-lactamases and penicillin binding proteins is poorly understood. For most of these enzymes, beta-lactam binding involves rapid formation of a covalent intermediate. This makes measuring the equilibrium between bound and free beta-lactam difficult, effectively precluding measurement of the interaction energy between the ligand and the enzyme. Here, we explore the energetic complementarity of beta-lactams for the beta-lactamase AmpC through reversible denaturation of adducts of the enzyme with beta-lactams. AmpC from Escherichia coli was reversibly denatured by temperature in a two-state manner with a temperature of melting (Tm) of 54.6 degrees C and a van't Hoff enthalpy of unfolding (deltaH(VH)) of 182 kcal/mol. Solvent denaturation gave a Gibbs free energy of unfolding in the absence of denaturant (deltaG(u)H2O) of 14.0 kcal/mol. Ligand binding perturbed the stability of the enzyme. The penicillin cloxacillin stabilized AmpC by 3.2 kcal/mol (deltaTm = +5.8 degrees C); the monobactam aztreonam stabilized the enzyme by 2.7 kcal/mol (deltaTm = +4.9 degrees C). Both acylating inhibitors complement the active site. Surprisingly, the oxacephem moxalactam and the carbapenem imipenem both destabilized AmpC, by 1.8 kcal/mol (deltaTm = -3.2 degrees C) and 0.7 kcal/mol (deltaTm = -1.2 degrees C), respectively. These beta-lactams, which share nonhydrogen substituents in the 6(7)alpha position of the beta-lactam ring, make unfavorable noncovalent interactions with the enzyme. Complexes of AmpC with transition state analog inhibitors were also reversibly denatured; both benzo(b)thiophene-2-boronic acid (BZBTH2B) and p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate (PNPP) stabilized AmpC. Finally, a catalytically inactive mutant of AmpC, Y150F, was reversibly denatured. It was 0.7 kcal/mol (deltaTm = -1.3 degrees C) less stable than wild-type (WT) by thermal denaturation. Both the cloxacillin and the moxalactam adducts with Y150F were significantly destabilized relative to their WT counterparts, suggesting that this residue plays a role in recognizing the acylated intermediate of the beta-lactamase reaction. Reversible denaturation allows for energetic analyses of the complementarity of AmpC for beta-lactams, through ligand binding, and for itself, through residue substitution. Reversible denaturation may be a useful way to study ligand complementarity to other beta-lactam binding proteins as well.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000082424200011

  View details for PubMedID 10493583

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2144403

• Comparing the thermodynamic stabilities of a related thermophilic and mesophilic enzyme BIOCHEMISTRY Beadle, B. M., Baase, W. A., Wilson, D. B., Gilkes, N. R., Shoichet, B. K. 1999; 38 (8): 2570-2576

  Abstract

  Several models have been proposed to explain the high temperatures required to denature enzymes from thermophilic organisms; some involve greater maximum thermodynamic stability for the thermophile, and others do not. To test these models, we reversibly melted two analogous protein domains in a two-state manner. E2cd is the isolated catalytic domain of cellulase E2 from the thermophile Thermomonospora fusca. CenAP30 is the analogous domain of the cellulase CenA from the mesophile Cellulomonas fimi. When reversibly denatured in a common buffer, the thermophilic enzyme E2cd had a temperature of melting (Tm) of 72.2 degrees C, a van't Hoff enthalpy of unfolding (DeltaHVH) of 190 kcal/mol, and an entropy of unfolding (DeltaSu) of 0.55 kcal/(mol*K); the mesophilic enzyme CenAP30 had a Tm of 56.4 degrees C, a DeltaHVH of 107 kcal/mol, and a DeltaSu of 0. 32 kcal/(mol*K). The higher DeltaHVH and DeltaSu values for E2cd suggest that its free energy of unfolding (DeltaGu) has a steeper dependence on temperature at the Tm than CenAP30. This result supports models that predict a greater maximum thermodynamic stability for thermophilic enzymes than for their mesophilic counterparts. This was further explored by urea denaturation. Under reducing conditions at 30 degrees C, E2cd had a concentration of melting (Cm) of 5.2 M and a DeltaGu of 11.2 kcal/mol; CenAP30 had a Cm of 2.6 M and a DeltaGu of 4.3 kcal/mol. Under nonreducing conditions, the Cm and DeltaGu of CenAP30 were increased to 4.5 M and 10.8 kcal/mol at 30 degrees C; the Cm for E2cd was increased to at least 7.4 M at 32 degrees C. We were unable to determine a DeltaGu value for E2cd under nonreducing conditions due to problems with reversibility. These data suggest that E2cd attains its greater thermal stability (DeltaTm = 15.8 degrees C) through a greater thermodynamic stability (DeltaDeltaGu = 6.9 kcal/mol) compared to its mesophilic analogue CenAP30.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000078971300038

  View details for PubMedID 10029552