Christiane Brems, PhD, ABPP, ERYT500, C-IAYT

All Publications

• The Future of Yoga for Mental Health Care. International journal of yoga Chawla, V., Brems, C., Freeman, H., Ravindran, A., Noordsy, D. L. 2023; 16 (1): 38-41

  Abstract

  Yoga is an integrated holistic system originating in India that provides a path to alleviate physical, mental, and emotional suffering. Interest in the application of yoga in health care to manage and treat psychiatric conditions has grown. While research and clinical interventions using yoga show promising results for improving mental and emotional well-being, more data are needed. This perspective article summarizes the current evidence on yoga as a treatment for mental health conditions, potential mechanisms of action, future directions, and a call to action for proactive clinical and research agendas for yoga-based interventions in mental health care.

  View details for DOI 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_25_23

  View details for PubMedID 37583539

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10424272

• Finding truty, doing no harm, and being curious - the yoga of research and becoming a practitioner-scholar Yoga Therapy Today Brems, C. 2023; Winter: 18-22
• Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Validation of the English Version of the Postural Awareness Scale. Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) Colgan, D. D., Green, K., Eddy, A., Brems, C., Sherman, K. J., Cramer, H., Oken, B., Christopher, M. 2021

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: The Postural Awareness Scale (PAS) was developed among a sample of German speakers to measure self-reported awareness of body posture. The first aim of this study was to conduct an English translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the PAS. The second aim was to assess psychometric properties of the English version of the PAS.METHODS: Forward and backward translations were conducted. The translated scale was then pretested in a small sample of English-speaking adults (n=30), followed by cognitive interviews. Finally, consensus of the translated scale was achieved among an expert committee (n=5), resulting in the Postural Awareness Scale-English Version (PAS-E). Psychometric properties of the PAS-E were investigated among a sample of individuals with chronic pain (n=301) by evaluating factor structure, reliability, and construct validity. Analyses of variance were conducted to calculate differences in PAS-E scores between specific subgroups (pain conditions, sex, and history of mindfulness practice). Linear regression analyses investigated whether the scores on the PAS-E predicted levels of pain, stress, and mood.RESULTS: The results obtained from an exploratory factor analysis showed a two-factor solution and were supported by a confirmatory factor analysis. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency and satisfactory construct validity. No significant differences related to sex at birth or pain duration were found.CONCLUSION: PAS-E demonstrated good psychometric properties, and therefore, can and should be used both for research and clinical practice.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/pm/pnab200

  View details for PubMedID 34240200

• The Role of Yoga in Treating Stress-Related Symptoms in Dental Hygiene Students. International journal of yoga Alire, E., Brems, C., Bell, K., Chiswell, A. 2020; 13 (3): 213–22

  Abstract

  Context: Research has provided evidence for yoga's effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of pain and stress, both of which have been implicated as significant negative moderators of student performance and experience.Aims: This study investigated the feasibility and preliminary impact of a 10-week yoga intervention with dental hygiene students to reduce perceptions of stress and stress-related symptoms.Settings and Design: Students self-selected into a yoga treatment versus control condition. They completed stress and pain measures at four time points during and after the intervention or control period of 10-weeks.Methods: Participants were students enrolled in a dental hygiene program. All 77 participants completed a 10-week study, self-selecting into an intervention or control group. They completed three self-report questionnaires assessing pain and stress, administered at baseline, mid-point, postintervention, and two follow-ups. The 10-week yoga intervention consisted of 10 90-min yoga sessions that provided check-ins, breathing exercises, sequences of postures, relaxation exercises, and closing meditations.Statistical Analysis Used: Independent samples t-tests were used to compare perceived stress levels of participants in the control versus treatment groups. Paired t-test was used to assess differences in stress-related symptom levels across time.Results: Results suggested that a yoga intervention is feasible for this group and that active yoga practice can lower perceived stress across multiple domains and across time.Conclusions: A specially adapted and designed 10-week yoga protocol appears to be an accessible option for dental hygiene programs that seek to support their students in improving overall wellbeing.

  View details for DOI 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_5_20

  View details for PubMedID 33343151

• Yoga as a mind-body practice Nutrition, fitness and mindfulness: an evidenced-based guide for clinicians Brems, C. edited by Uribari, J. E., Vassalotti, J. Springer. 2020; 1: 137–155
• Mitigating the Antecedents of Sports-related Injury through Yoga. International journal of yoga Arbo, G. D., Brems, C. n., Tasker, T. E. 2020; 13 (2): 120–29

  Abstract

  Injury risk among athletes is an epidemic. The psychological and physical loads imposed on athletes through psychosocial stressors and training regimens significantly increase athletes' injury risk.This feasibility study assessed whether a 10-week yoga intervention could be implemented successfully and mitigated antecedents of sports injury.Using a prospective, nonexperimental design, 31 male soccer players attending a college in the Pacific Northwest enrolled in the yoga intervention. The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) was completed at three time-points before and after the yoga intervention. The RESTQ-Sport scales, identified as strongest predictors for injury, were hypothesized to be mitigated through yoga.Two stress-related scales were significant in the hypothesized direction: injury and fatigue. The general recovery scale, General Well-Being, was significant at one time-point, but in the opposite direction as hypothesized.Positive findings are discussed and explanations for unexpected changes are explored, along with study limitations. Results suggest that yoga can be successfully integrated into the athletic program of soccer players and provisionally support the potential of a yoga intervention to mitigate two significant antecedents of injury, namely, perception of propensity to sustain injury and generalized fatigue.

  View details for DOI 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_93_19

  View details for PubMedID 32669766

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7336950

• Bridging Body and Mind: Case Series of a 10-Week Trauma-Informed Yoga Protocol for Veterans. International journal of yoga therapy Justice, L., Brems, C. 2019

  Abstract

  This case series explored the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of therapeutic yoga as a complementary form of treatment for combat-related trauma. The series recruited for and implemented a 10-week Trauma-Informed Yoga protocol for veterans in an interprofessional community health treatment setting. Participants were enrolled in a series of 90-minute therapeutic yoga classes adapted to be trauma-informed. Feasibility was measured by recruitment, retention, and level of participation in the study. Preliminary efficacy was explored via the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Scale of Body Connection, PROMIS-29, P ROMIS Alcohol Use, PROMIS Substance Use, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form. All measures were administered at baseline, week 5, week 10, and at a 5-week follow-up. A qualitative Feasibility Questionnaire was administered weekly and at the 5-week follow-up to assess barriers and motivators for home practice and to collect feedback about session content. Recruitment challenges resulted in only seven interested individuals. Four participants (three males, one female) were successfully enrolled in the study after seven phone screenings and five in-person interviews. The four enrolled clients had a 100% follow-up retention rate, reported no adverse events, and on average participated in 85% of classes. Clinically significant enhancements were observed on trauma- and body connection-related scales for three participants from baseline to follow-up. Qualitative data revealed that motivators to practice include in-session philosophical discussions based on psychological themes; breathwork; mindfulness; and physical, social, work/academic, and mental health impact. Barriers included motivation, time, and location. Important themes emerged related to cultural considerations for veterans. Although this 10-week trauma-informed protocol faced challenges to recruitment, retention and participation were high. Efficacy measures yielded promising results for reducing reducing trauma-related symptoms.

  View details for DOI 10.17761/D-17-2019-00029

  View details for PubMedID 30958711

• Mindfulness-based Wellness and Resilience intervention among interdisciplinary primary care teams: a mixed-methods feasibility and acceptability trial PRIMARY HEALTH CARE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Colgan, D., Christopher, M., Bowen, S., Brems, C., Hunsinger, M., Tucker, B., Dapolonia, E. 2019; 20

  View details for DOI 10.1017/S1463423619000173

  View details for Web of Science ID 000473647600001

• Comprehensive guide to child psychotherapy and counseling Brems, C., Rasmussen, C. Waveland. 2019
• Empowering a Community from the Inside Out: Evaluation of a Yoga Teacher Training Program for Adults in Custody. International journal of yoga therapy Freeman, H., Brems, C., Michael, P., Marsh, S. 2018

  Abstract

  The current study evaluated a yoga teacher training program to understand the effect of bringing yoga psychology (as an integrated eight-limbed system) to adults in custody (AIC), who were trained to become yoga teachers who will in turn teach other AICs. The study used quantitative and qualitative measures to assess the yoga teacher training program's impact on individuals, their relationships, and the overall prison environment. The study included assessments and interviews with 12 AICs and nine yoga teacher volunteers, as well as key informant interviews with two correctional officers and five administrators who work within or directly with the Department of Corrections on the implementation of the program. Quantitative results revealed significant enhancements and sustainability in all key outcome variables (self-compassion, mindfulness, perceived stress, understanding of yoga philosophy, and teaching skills) from pretest to program completion and from completion to 3-month follow-up. Additionally, AIC yoga teachers became more similar on all outcome measures to the volunteer teachers from pretest to program completion and from completion to follow-up. Qualitative methods (used for 31 key informant and focus group interviews) revealed themes that illuminated positive effects on the prison community regarding participants' personal experiences, attitudes and values, behaviors, relationships, yoga philosophy in prison, culture, and future directions. Implications and recommendations are provided to support sustaining the current program and to help with the creation of new programs to infuse yoga philosophy into corrections departments.

  View details for DOI 10.17761/2019-00015

  View details for PubMedID 30430916

• Bridging Body and Mind: Considerations for Trauma-Informed Yoga. International journal of yoga therapy Justice, L., Brems, C., Ehlers, K. 2018; 28 (1): 39–50

  Abstract

  Individuals who suffer from trauma-related symptoms are a unique population that could benefit from the mind-body practice of yoga-or have their symptoms reactivated by it, depending on the type of yoga. Trauma-informed yoga (TIY), that is, yoga adapted to the unique needs of individuals working to overcome trauma, may ameliorate symptoms by creating a safe, tailored practice for students to learn how to respond, rather than react, to symptoms and circumstances. Yoga not thus adapted, on the other hand, may increase reactivity and activate symptoms such as hyperarousal or dissociation. This article reports on expert input about adapting yoga for individuals with trauma, with special considerations for military populations. Eleven experts, recruited based on literature review and referrals, were interviewed in person or via telephone and asked seven questions about trauma-informed yoga. Verbatim transcripts were subjected to open-coding thematic analysis and a priori themes. Findings revealed that TIY needs to emphasize beneficial practices (e.g., diaphragmatic breath and restorative postures), consider contraindications (e.g., avoiding sequences that overly engage the sympathetic nervous system), adapt to limitations and challenges for teaching in unconventional settings (e.g., prisons, VA hospitals), and provide specialized training and preparation (e.g., specialized TIY certifications, self-care of instructors/therapists, adaptions for student needs). TIY for veterans must additionally consider gender- and culture-related barriers, differing relationships to pain and injury, and medication as a barrier to practice.

  View details for DOI 10.17761/2018-00017R2

  View details for PubMedID 29419338

• Involving incarcerated individuals in the research process: Perspectives of key stakeholders ACTION RESEARCH Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Mills, M. E., Eldridge, G. D. 2018; 16 (1): 43–64

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1476750316661397

  View details for Web of Science ID 000429745100004

• Dětská psychoterapie a poradenství : Komplexní průvodce (3rd edition; Czech translation by Barbara Ulrich Brems, C. Triton. 2018
• Yoga in Print Media: Missing the Heart of the Practice. International journal of yoga Freeman, H., Vladagina, N., Razmjou, E., Brems, C. 2017; 10 (3): 160–66

  Abstract

  Background: Popular media typically portray yoga as an exercise or posture practice despite the reality that yoga comprised eight practices (called limbs) including ethical behavior, conscious lifestyle choices, postures, breathing, introspection, concentration, meditation, and wholeness.Aim: This study assessed the comprehensiveness of yoga practice as represented in articles in the popular yoga magazine, Yoga Journal. It explored the degree to which articles referenced each of the eight limbs of yoga and other contents (e.g., fitness, spirituality).Materials and Methods: Six coders were trained to reliably and independently review 702 articles in 33 Yoga Journal issues published between 2007 and 2014, coding for the limbs of yoga and other contents.Results: Breathing and postures were most frequently referenced, which were covered in 48.7% and 40.1% of articles. Internal practices were covered in 36.5% of articles with introspection being the most and concentration the least commonly referred to internal practices. Ethical and lifestyle practices were least frequently covered (5.2% and 6.8%). Since 2007, coverage of postures steadily increased, whereas contents related to the other limbs steadily decreased. The most frequent other contents related to fitness (31.7%), spirituality (20.8), and relationships (18.7%) coverage of these did not change across time.Conclusions: Representation of yoga in articles contained in the most popular yoga magazine is heavily biased in favor of physical practices. Recommendations are offered about how to shift media representation of yoga to make the heart of the practice more accessible to individuals who could experience health benefits but currently feel excluded from the practice.

  View details for DOI 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_1_17

  View details for PubMedID 29422747

• Popular media images of yoga: Limiting perceived access to a beneficial practice Media Psychology Review Razmjou, E., Freeman, H., Vladagina, N., Freitas, J., Brems, C. 2017; 11 (2)
• Elements of yogic practice: Perceptions of students in healthcare programs. International journal of yoga Brems, C., Colgan, D., Freeman, H., Freitas, J., Justice, L., Shean, M., Sulenes, K. 2016; 9 (2): 121–29

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The practice of yoga has a long history as an integrated lifestyle science. Those who have practiced yoga in its full form (including all eight traditional aspects) find that it touches almost every aspect of their inter- and intra-personal lives. Despite this rich history, the West has adopted limited aspects of yoga practice. When understood narrowly as a physical fitness practice, healthful benefits of yoga may be lost, possibly promoting body-consciousness and injury instead.AIM: To understand whether students in healthcare programs view yoga from a physical fitness versus holistic perspective, we explored perceptions of what constitute yoga's essential practices.METHODS: We assessed endorsement of the eight limbs of yoga via the acceptability of yoga survey. The sample (n = 498) was recruited from programs in 10 healthcare professions at a Northwestern university. Participants were categorized as nonyogis, contemplators, yogis, and superyogis.RESULTS: Across all groups, findings confirmed a narrow definition of yoga as portrayed in popular media and gym-based yoga classes. Breathing and posture practices were the most commonly endorsed practices, even among the sample's most seasoned yoga practitioners. Ethical practices and daily commitments of introspection, disciplined practice, or living with purity were least commonly associated with yoga despite their foundational nature in yoga philosophy. Concentration and meditation practices were only moderately endorsed as essential practices. Super-yogis endorsed a wider variety of limbs than nonyogis, contemplators, and yogis.CONCLUSIONS: We offer a rationale for these findings along with recommendations that may help augment the definition of yoga and hence maximize its benefits.

  View details for DOI 10.4103/0973-6131.183710

  View details for PubMedID 27512319

• Mental Health Research in Correctional Settings: Perceptions of Risk and Vulnerabilities ETHICS & BEHAVIOR Johnson, M. E., Kondo, K. K., Brems, C., Ironside, E. F., Eldridge, G. D. 2016; 26 (3): 238–51

  Abstract

  With over half of individuals incarcerated having serious mental health concerns, correctional settings offer excellent opportunities for epidemiological, prevention, and intervention research. However, due to unique ethical and structural challenges, these settings create risks and vulnerabilities for participants not typically encountered in research populations. We surveyed 1,224 researchers, IRB members, and IRB prisoner representatives to assess their perceptions of risks associated with mental health research conducted in correctional settings. Highest-ranked risks were related to privacy, stigma, and confidentiality; lowest-ranked risks were related to prisoners' loss of privileges or becoming targets of violence due to having participated in research. Cognitive impairment, mental illness, lack of autonomy, and limited access to services emerged as the greatest sources of vulnerability; being male, being female, being over age of 60, being a minority, and being pregnant were the lowest-ranked sources of vulnerability. Researchers with corrections experience perceived lower risks and vulnerabilities than all other groups, raising the question whether these researchers accurately appraise risk and vulnerability based on experience, or if their lower risk and vulnerability perceptions reflect potential bias due to their vested interests. By identifying areas of particular risk and vulnerability, this study provides important information for researchers and research reviewers alike.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/10508422.2015.1011327

  View details for Web of Science ID 000372838200004

  View details for PubMedID 27092025

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4833090

• Exploring strategies to enhance self-efficacy about starting a yoga practice Annals of Yoga and Physical Therapy Justice, L., Brems, C., Jacova, C. 2016; 1 (2): 1-7
• Key Stakeholders' Perceptions of Motivators for Research Participation Among Individuals Who Are Incarcerated JOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON HUMAN RESEARCH ETHICS Hanson, B. L., Faulkner, S. A., Brems, C., Corey, S. L., Eldridge, G. D., Johnson, M. E. 2015; 10 (4): 360–67

  Abstract

  Understanding motivations of research participants is crucial for developing ethical research protocols, especially for research with vulnerable populations. Through interviews with 92 institutional review board members, prison administrators, research ethicists, and researchers, we explored key stakeholders' perceptions of what motivates incarcerated individuals to participate in research. Primary motivators identified were a desire to contribute to society, gaining knowledge and health care, acquiring incentives, and obtaining social support. The potential for undue influence or coercion were also identified as motivators. These results highlight the need for careful analysis of what motivates incarcerated individuals to participate in research as part of developing or reviewing ethically permissible and responsible research protocols. Future research should expand this line of inquiry to directly include perspectives of incarcerated individuals.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1556264615597500

  View details for Web of Science ID 000361485600002

  View details for PubMedID 26283681

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4575263

• HIV/AIDS Research in Correctional Settings: A Difficult Task Made Even Harder? JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE Johnson, M. E., Kondo, K. K., Brems, C., Eldridge, G. D. 2015; 21 (2): 101–11

  Abstract

  Housing a large number of individuals living with or at risk for HIV/AIDS, correctional settings have considerable potential for epidemiological, prevention, and treatment research. However, federal regulations and institutional challenges have limited the extent and types of such research with prisoners. This study examines the degree to which HIV/AIDS correctional researchers report greater challenges than do their noncorrectional counterparts. Results indicate that correctional researchers reported significantly more frequent challenges than those in noncorrectional settings, even after controlling for experience, with the dominant difference related to challenges due to the research setting. These findings add empirical data and support previous research in the field; however, additional research should include correctional staff and incarcerated individuals, and explore whether these differences extend to other research topics.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1078345815572347

  View details for Web of Science ID 000356427900002

  View details for PubMedID 25788606

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4476641

• Improving access to yoga: Barriers and motivators for practice among health professions students Advances in Mind-Body Medicine Brems, C., Justice, L., Sulenes, K., Girasa, L., Ray, J., Davis, M., Freitas, J., Shean, M., Colgan, D. 2015; 29: 6-13
• Underuse of Yoga as a Referral Resource by Health Professions Students JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE Sulenes, K., Freitas, J., Justice, L., Colgan, D., Shean, M., Brems, C. 2015; 21 (1): 53–59

  Abstract

  Nearly 38% of U.S. adults use complementary and alternative medicine approaches to manage physical conditions (e.g., chronic pain, arthritis, cancer, heart disease, and high blood pressure) and psychological or emotional health concerns (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression). Research evidence has accumulated for yoga as an effective treatment approach for these conditions. Further, yoga has increased in popularity among healthcare providers and the general population. Given these trends, this study explored perceptions about yoga as a viable complementary treatment to which health professions students would refer patients.More than 1500 students enrolled in health professions programs at a Pacific Northwest school were enrolled; data were obtained from 478 respondents.The study assessed willingness to refer patients to yoga as a complementary and alternative medicine for 27 symptoms (identified in the literature as having evidence for yoga's utility), which were subsequently grouped into skeletal, physical, and psychological on the basis of factor analysis. Responses were assessed using a mixed-model analysis of variance with health profession and yoga practitioner as between-subjects variables and symptoms as a within-subjects factor.In descending order of likelihood to refer patients to yoga were students in occupational therapy, physician assistant program, psychology, physical therapy, pharmacy, dental hygiene, speech and audiology, and optometry. All groups perceived yoga's greatest utility for skeletal symptoms, followed by psychological and physical symptoms. Findings also revealed a significant positive relationship between level of personal yoga practice and willingness to refer patients to yoga.Although students expressed some openness to referring patients to yoga, ratings of appropriateness were not accurately aligned with extant evidence base. Personal experience seemed to be a salient factor for accepting yoga as a referral target. These findings suggest the importance of developing strategies to make health professionals more aware of the merits of yoga, regardless of whether they themselves are yoga practitioners.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/acm.2014.0217

  View details for Web of Science ID 000349145600001

  View details for PubMedID 25268564

• A Yoga Stress Reduction Intervention for University Faculty, Staff, and Graduate Students. International journal of yoga therapy Brems, C. 2015; 25 (1): 61–77

  Abstract

  Yoga can be an effective intervention for physical and psychological symptoms and decreased ability to cope with physical, emotional, vocational, or academic stress. One group of individuals challenged regarding adequate self-care in the face of stress are personnel in university training programs for helping professions (e.g., psychology, nursing, nutrition). This feasibility study explored engagement in and effectiveness of a systematic 10-week yoga program aimed at university faculty, staff, and students. The intervention consisted of 10 weekly 90-minute sessions that were structured to include conceptual grounding, breathing, postures, and meditation. Weekly class outlines were made available to students for home practice. Participants signed informed consents, liability waivers, and health screenings. Self-reports of home practice, barriers to practice, perceived stress, and stress symptoms were used to evaluate whether the intervention was successful in engaging participants and reducing stress-related symptoms. Engagement was demonstrated by study adherence in the first 10-week series (88%; 44 of 50 enrolled), as well as re-enrollment for at least one additional 10-week series (64%; 28 of 44). Intervention success was demonstrated through repeated measure s ANOVAs of 44 participants' data, which showed significant improvement after a single 10-week series in perceived stress, as well as self-reported psychological, behavioral, and physical symptoms of stress. The study demonstrates feasibility of a yoga intervention in an academic setting and provides preliminary evidence for efficacy in stress reduction. It also supplies 10 detailed session protocols for intervention replication.

  View details for DOI 10.17761/1531-2054-25.1.61

  View details for PubMedID 26667290

• Knowledge of Federal Regulations for Mental Health Research Involving Prisoners. AJOB empirical bioethics Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Bergman, A. L., Mills, M. E., Eldridge, G. D. 2015; 6 (4): 12–18

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Given their vulnerability to coercion and exploitation, prisoners who participate in research are protected by Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) regulations designed to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Knowledge of these regulations is essential for researchers who conduct and institutional review boards (IRBs) that oversee mental health research in correctional settings.METHODS: We explored depth of knowledge of OHRP regulations by surveying a nationwide sample of: (1) mental health researchers who have conducted research in correctional settings; (2) mental health researchers who have conducted research in non-correctional settings; (3) IRB members who have overseen mental health research in correctional settings; (4) IRB members who have overseen mental health research in in non-correctional settings; and (5) IRB prisoner representatives. Participants responded to a 10-item knowledge questionnaire based on OHRP regulations.RESULTS: 1,256 participants provided usable data (44.9% response rate). Results revealed limited knowledge of OHRP regulations, with a mean across groups of 44.1% correct answers. IRB Prisoner representatives, IRB members, and researchers with correctional experience demonstrated the highest levels of knowledge; however, even these participants were able to correctly answer only approximately 50% of the items.CONCLUSIONS: Although awareness that prisoners are a protected population and that different regulatory procedures apply to research with them is likely to be universal among researchers and IRB members, our findings reveal limited mastery of the specific OHRP regulations that are essential knowledge for researchers who conduct and IRB members who oversee mental health research in correctional settings. Given well-documented health and healthcare disparities, prisoners could potentially benefit greatly from mental health research; increasing knowledge of the OHRP regulations among researchers and IRB members is a crucial step toward meeting this important public health goal.

  View details for PubMedID 26495325

• HIV/AIDS RESEARCH IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS: PERSPECTIVES ON TRAINING NEEDS FROM RESEARCHERS AND IRB MEMBERS AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION Kondo, K. K., Johnson, M. E., Ironside, E. F., Brems, C., Eldridge, G. D. 2014; 26 (6): 565–76

  Abstract

  Being disproportionately represented by individuals living with HIV/AIDS, correctional facilities are an important venue for potentially invaluable HIV/AIDS epidemiological and intervention research. However, unique ethical, regulatory, and environmental challenges exist in these settings that have limited the amount and scope of research. We surveyed 760 HIV/AIDS researchers, and IRB chairs, members, and prisoner representatives to identify areas in which additional training might ameliorate these challenges. Most commonly identified training needs related to federal regulations, ethics (confidentiality, protection for participants/researchers, coercion, privacy, informed consent, and general ethics), and issues specific to the environment (culture of the correctional setting; general knowledge of correctional systems; and correctional environments, policies, and procedures). Bolstering availability of training on the challenges of conducting HIV/AIDS research in correctional settings is a crucial step toward increasing research that will yield significant benefits to incarcerated individuals and society as a whole.

  View details for DOI 10.1521/aeap.2014.26.6.565

  View details for Web of Science ID 000346879100006

  View details for PubMedID 25490736

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4469272

• Conducting Ethical Research with Correctional Populations: Do Researchers and IRB Members Know the Federal Regulations? Research ethics Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Hanson, B. L., Corey, S. L., Eldridge, G. D., Mitchell, K. 2014; 10 (1): 6–16

  Abstract

  Conducting or overseeing research in correctional settings requires knowledge of specific federal rules and regulations designed to protect the rights of individuals in incarceration. To investigate the extent to which relevant groups possess this knowledge, using a 10-item questionnaire, we surveyed 885 IRB prisoner representatives, IRB members and chairs with and without experience reviewing HIV/AIDS correctional protocols, and researchers with and without correctional HIV/AIDS research experience. Across all groups, respondents answered 4.5 of the items correctly. Individuals who have overseen or conducted correctional research had the highest scores; however, even these groups responded correctly only to slightly more than half of the items. These findings emphasize the need for ongoing training in federal guidelines governing correctional research, particularly for those individuals who are embarking on this type of research.

  View details for PubMedID 26097498

• COLLEGE STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE ABOUT FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER JOURNAL OF POPULATION THERAPEUTICS AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Metzger, J. S., Dewane, S. L. 2014; 21 (2): E159–E166

  Abstract

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) are the leading known preventable birth defects in North America. Knowledge surveys about FASD have been conducted with various health and allied healthcare providers and have proven useful in identifying gaps in knowledge and differences among provider groups to support prevention efforts. To date, no research has been conducted exploring FASD knowledge among college students.This study explored FASD knowledge in a sample of college students, a group at particularly high risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancies. Findings are compared to professionals in several healthcare and affiliated professional groups who were previously surveyed with the same FASD-related items.Surveys from 1,035 college students at a northwestern university were analyzed. Included with the ACHA-National College Health Assessment II were questions regarding FASD. College students' knowledge was compared with that of professionals in key healthcare and affiliated positions to define their relative awareness of FASD risk.Overall, findings revealed adequate FASD knowledge among college students. Although minor differences emerged when comparing students and professionals' responses, most respondent groups answered with an 85% accuracy rate or higher.College students demonstrated adequate knowledgeable about FASD. Future research must explore whether such knowledge translates into lower risk behavior and consequent reduction in alcohol-exposed pregnancies.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000216292800001

  View details for PubMedID 24866985

• Alternative and Complementary Treatment Needs and Experiences of Women with Breast Cancer JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE Brems, C., Barnett, J., Parret, V., Metzger, J., Johnson, M. E. 2013; 19 (7): 657–63

  Abstract

  The study objectives were to explore the potential need for and use of complementary and alternative (CAM) services among women diagnosed with breast cancer and to investigate reasons for nonreceipt of CAM.The Alaska Breast Cancer Needs Assessment Survey was completed by female breast cancer survivors in Alaska. The survey assessed physical and psychologic symptoms, services received, satisfaction with treatment, communication with providers, and informational needs. Survey responses were obtained from 309 women with breast cancer, with a mean age of 56 years and high level of education.Results revealed that most breast cancer survivors have significant needs for CAM services, and yet only a small proportion actually receives them. For example, virtually all women reported symptoms potentially amenable to treatment via individual counseling or nutritional interventions; however, only 29% and 45%, respectively, received such services. Women who did and those who did not receive CAM services (e.g., counseling, massage, meditation, and supplementation) generally did not differ in terms of their need for such services as measured via symptoms that could be supported by these interventions. However, the majority failed to be referred for such treatments or were unable to access them if referred.Results suggest that while access to services played a small role in nonreceipt of CAM services, the largest reason for CAM nonreceipt was failure to recognize their potential benefit on the part of providers and at least some patients. Raising awareness about the potential value of CAM among care providers for women with breast cancer is crucial, as it will likely lead to more CAM acceptance and utilization. Once providers accept and refer for CAM, patients' quality of life may be considerably enhanced, as the extant literature has demonstrated the potential value of CAM for breast cancer survivors.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/acm.2012.0161

  View details for Web of Science ID 000321262700011

  View details for PubMedID 23373443

• Community-based participatory research for improved mental health care: A manual for clinicians and researchers Roberts, L. W., Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Smikowski, J. Springer. 2013
• Ethical Challenges in Conducting HIV/AIDS Research in Correctional Settings JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE Eldridge, G. D., Robinson, R., Corey, S., Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 2012; 18 (4): 309–18

  Abstract

  To explore ethical challenges in the conduct and oversight of HIV/AIDS research in correctional settings, 92 researchers; IRB chairs, members, and prisoner representatives; research ethicists; and prison administrators were asked the question, "If you had to pick the single most important ethical challenge to HIV/AIDS research with incarcerated people, what would it be?" Data were analyzed with NVivo 8.0 software and revealed that key concerns were confidentiality and privacy; autonomy and informed consent; and justice and access. Characteristics of people who are incarcerated, the nature of correctional institutions, and state and federal regulatory issues contributed to these challenges. These findings provide insights into ethical challenges that affect the conduct of HIV/AIDS research in correctional settings.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1078345812456194

  View details for Web of Science ID 000208989300006

  View details for PubMedID 22952319

• Changes in sexual activity following substance dependence treatment JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE Johnson, M. E., Hanson, B. L., Metzger, J. S., Brems, C., Dewane, S. L. 2012; 17 (4): 340–47

  View details for DOI 10.3109/14659891.2011.587093

  View details for Web of Science ID 000306232900003

• "If Only Someone Had Told Me ...": Lessons From Rural Providers JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH Chipp, C., Dewane, S., Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Warner, T. D., Roberts, L. W. 2011; 27 (1): 122-130

  Abstract

  Health care providers face challenges in rural service delivery due to the unique circumstances of rural living. The intersection of rural living and health care challenges can create barriers to care that providers may not be trained to navigate, resulting in burnout and high turnover. Through the exploration of experienced rural providers' knowledge and lessons learned, this study sought to inform future practitioners, educators, and policy makers in avenues through which to enhance training, recruiting, and maintaining a rural workforce across multiple health care domains.Using a qualitative study design, 18 focus groups were conducted, with a total of 127 health care providers from Alaska and New Mexico. Transcribed responses from the question, "What are the 3 things you wish someone would have told you about delivering health care in rural areas?" were thematically coded.Emergent themes coalesced into 3 overarching themes addressing practice-related factors surrounding the challenges, adaptations, and rewards of being a rural practitioner.Based on the themes, a series of recommendations are offered to future rural practitioners related to community engagement, service delivery, and burnout prevention. The recommendations offered may help practitioners enter communities more respectfully and competently. They can also be used by training programs and communities to develop supportive programs for new practitioners, enabling them to retain their services, and help practitioners integrate into the community. Moving toward an integrative paradigm of health care delivery wherein practitioners and communities collaborate in service delivery will be the key to enhancing rural health care and reducing disparities.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2010.00314.x

  View details for Web of Science ID 000285891700014

  View details for PubMedID 21204979

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3057882

• Ethical challenges in conducting psychiatric or mental health research in correctional settings American Journal of Bioethics - Primary Research Eldridge, G. D., Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Corey, S. L. 2011; 2: 42-51
• Prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Educational needs in academia Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education Brems, C., Boschma-Wynn, R., Dewane, S., Edwards, A., Robinson, R. 2011; 55: 15-37
• Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of health, education, and service professionals as related to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Johnson, M. E., Robinson, R., Corey, S., Dewane, S. L., Brems, C., Casto, L. 2010; 55 (6): 627–35

  Abstract

  We explored differences in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors across six groups of professionals in key position to provide primary and secondary prevention efforts (physicians, educators, correctional staff, social workers, public health nurses, and substance abuse counselors).Achieving a 60.1% response rate, 2,292 professionals returned surveys, providing data on basic knowledge of FAS, FASD-associated risks and cognitive deficits, and willingness to confront and recommend treatment to alcohol-consuming pregnant women.Across groups, findings revealed ample FASD knowledge and willingness to confront and recommend treatment to alcohol-consuming pregnant women that increases as consumption becomes more frequent and severe. However, results revealed significant between-group differences data that provide valuable guidance for targeted future FASD education efforts.Public health initiatives regarding FASD have been effective in increasing knowledge among a broad range of professionals. However, between-group differences indicate the need for targeted, discipline-specific interventions. These differences highlight the need for all professional groups to provide a consistent public health message regarding maternal alcohol consumption.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s00038-010-0186-8

  View details for Web of Science ID 000284652200016

  View details for PubMedID 20809348

• Health Care Providers' Reports of Perceived Stigma Associated with HIV and AIDS in Rural and Urban Communities JOURNAL OF HIV-AIDS & SOCIAL SERVICES Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Warner, T. D., Roberts, L. 2010; 9 (4): 356–70

  View details for DOI 10.1080/15381501.2010.525480

  View details for Web of Science ID 000212892300004

• TRAINING NEEDS OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS RELATED TO CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION CORE COMPETENCIES FOR FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS JOURNAL OF POPULATION THERAPEUTICS AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Brems, C., Boschma-Wynn, R. V., Dewane, S. L., Edwards, A. E., Robinson, R. V. 2010; 17 (3): E405–E417

  Abstract

  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are birth defects directly linked to consumption of alcohol during pregnancy and hence completely preventable. Many health and allied health professionals are in prime positions for primary prevention of FASDs through work with women of childbearing age and secondary prevention through work with affected individuals whose lives can be greatly improved via tailored intervention.To develop educational guidelines for FASD prevention.Interviews were conducted with 26 individuals representing eight health or allied health professions. Participants were asked about professional groups with which they had sufficient experience to describe FASD-related competencies and educational needs for the given group(s). For each group, participants were asked for their perceptions of group members' FASD awareness, knowledge, and skills application as related to the seven core competencies for FASD practice developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Findings revealed that competence, especially when viewed separately in terms of knowledge versus capacity for application of information, in the area of FASDs is unevenly distributed among and throughout healthcare provider groups.Based on this information, recommendations are offered for optimal health and allied health education efforts to prevent and treat FASDs, framed along FASD core competencies recommended by the CDC.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000213560900010

  View details for PubMedID 21063036

• Health Risk Factors in an Adolescent Psychiatric Residential Treatment Facility RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT FOR CHILDREN & YOUTH Chipp, C., Corey, S., Johnson, M., Brems, C. 2010; 27 (4): 314–25

  View details for DOI 10.1080/0886571X.2010.522902

  View details for Web of Science ID 000210963000005

• BRIEF MOTIVATIONAL INTERVENTIONS FOR HIV/STI RISK REDUCTION AMONG INDIVIDUALS RECEIVING ALCOHOL DETOXIFICATION AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION Brems, C., Dewane, S. L., Johnson, M. E., Eldridge, G. D. 2009; 21 (5): 397–414

  Abstract

  This HIV/STI risk reduction clinical trial implemented in short-term alcohol detoxification employed a randomized block design to evaluate three intervention conditions for feasibility, safety, and potential for changing sexual risk attitudes, motivations, and behavior: (a) nonintervention control (standard HIV information dissemination), (b) brief motivational intervention (BMI) for resolution of ambivalence and sex risk reduction planning, and (c) BMI with biological feedback based on testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Findings revealed that BMI can be feasibly implemented during detoxification treatment with individuals with significant substance impairment. BMI, whether coupled with biological feedback or not, enhanced motivation for increasing behaviors that protect from STI. Sexual risk behavior did not change in any of the groups to a statistically significant degree; however, additional analyses suggest negative biological feedback may have resulted in slightly increased level of sexual activity, undoing behavioral effects of increased motivation for sexual risk reduction, perhaps by distorting participants' perception of risk.

  View details for DOI 10.1521/aeap.2009.21.5.397

  View details for Web of Science ID 000271437000001

  View details for PubMedID 19842825

• Community-Based Participatory Research for Improved Mental Health ETHICS & BEHAVIOR Smikowski, J., Dewane, S., Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Bruss, C., Roberts, L. W. 2009; 19 (6): 461-478

  Abstract

  Community-based participatory research (CBPR) focuses on specific community needs, and produces results that directly address those needs. Although conducting ethical CBPR is critical to its success, few academic programs include this training in their curricula. This paper describes the development and evaluation of an online training course designed to increase the use of CBPR in mental health disciplines. Developed using a participatory approach involving a community of experts, this course challenges traditional research by introducing a collaborative process meant to encourage increased participation by special populations, and narrow the parity gap in effective mental health treatment and services delivery.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/10508420903274971

  View details for Web of Science ID 000272731300002

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2825708

• Self care in the context of threats of violence or self-harm from clients The duty to protect: Ethical, legal, and professional considerations in risk assessment and intervention Brems, C., Johnson, M. edited by Welfel, E., Worth, J. American Psychological Association. 2009: 211–228
• When Providers and Patients Come from Different Backgrounds: Perceived Value of Additional Training on Ethical Care Practices TRANSCULTURAL PSYCHIATRY Roberts, L. W., Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Warner, T. D. 2008; 45 (4): 553-565

  Abstract

  Fostering the therapeutic alliance, safeguarding confidentiality, gaining informed consent, and enhancing treatment adherence are critical aspects of patient care. We examined whether multidisciplinary health care providers perceive additional training on these areas as helpful in their work with patients from different ethnic backgrounds than the provider. Data are drawn from a National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded survey of 1555 providers in 8 disciplines in New Mexico and Alaska. Clinicians viewed additional training as moderately helpful for ensuring treatment adherence, establishing the therapeutic alliance, safeguarding confidentiality, and engaging in informed consent processes, in that order. Women were more receptive than men to additional training. Modest differences were detected between behavioral and physical health providers and between minority and majority providers. Implications of providers' only modest interest in such training are discussed.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1363461508100782

  View details for Web of Science ID 000262346400002

  View details for PubMedID 19091725

• Brief motivational interventions for sexual risk reduction in alcohol detoxification Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Dewane, S. L., Eldridge, G. D. PSYCHOLOGY PRESS. 2008: 80–81

  View details for Web of Science ID 000259264300880

• Overlapping relationships of rural and urban providers with their patients Johnson, M., Brems, C., Mills, M. E., Warner, T. D., Roberts, L. W. PSYCHOLOGY PRESS. 2008: 438

  View details for Web of Science ID 000259264305143

• Receiver operating characteristics for the Brief Symptom Inventory Depression, Paranoid Ideation, and Psychoticism scales in a large sample of clinical inpatients PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS Johnson, M. E., Chipp, C. L., Brems, C., Neal, D. B. 2008; 102 (3): 695–705

  Abstract

  A commonly used screening tool for psychopathology, the Brief Symptom Inventory, provides normative data for assessing current mental functioning across multiple domains. Using data from 654 psychiatric inpatients, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted for three scales, Depression, Paranoid Ideation, and Psychoticism. t ratios identified significant group differences on the Depression scale between patients diagnosed with or without depression but no differences on the Paranoid Ideation and Psychoticism scales between patients diagnosed with or without schizophrenia. Area under the curve for Depression was .65, indicating that the scale improved diagnostic prediction somewhat beyond chance; for Paranoid Ideation, the area was .52 and for Psychoticism, the area was .53, indicating that these two scales did not significantly improve diagnostic prediction beyond chance.

  View details for DOI 10.2466/PR0.102.3.695-705

  View details for Web of Science ID 000258463000007

  View details for PubMedID 18763438

• Adaptations to healthcare barriers as reported by rural and urban providers Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved Chipp, C. C., Johnson, M. e., Brems, C., Warner, t. d., Roberts, L. w. 2008; 19
• A comprehensive guide to child psychotherapy Brems, C. Waveland Press. 2008
• Ethical disparities: Challenges encountered by multidisciplinary providers in fulfilling ethical standards in the care of rural and minority people JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH Roberts, L. W., Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Warner, T. D. 2007; 23: 89-97

  Abstract

  Health care disparities are well documented for people living in rural areas and for people who are members of ethnic minorities.Our goal was to determine whether providers report greater difficulty in providing care for rural than urban residents and for ethnic minorities than patients/clients in general in 4 practice areas of ethical relevance: attaining treatment adherence, assuring confidentiality, establishing therapeutic alliance, and engaging in informed consent processes.We received survey responses from 1,558 multidisciplinary medical and behavioral providers across rural and non-rural areas of New Mexico and Alaska in 2004 to assess a wide range of issues in providing health care.Providers reported some difficulties in fulfilling various ethical practices for all types of patients, but not more difficulty when caring for minority compared to nonminority patients/clients. However, they do report more frequent additional problems related to the practice issues of treatment adherence, therapeutic alliance, informed consent, and confidentiality with minority patients than others. Difficulties and more frequent additional problems are greater for providers in rural than in non-rural areas. Results generalize across both Alaska and New Mexico with few differences.We obtained evidence for disparity in care for patients/ clients who were minority group members, and clear evidence of disparity for people residing in rural compared to non-rural areas of 2 states with large rural areas.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000251939700015

  View details for PubMedID 18237331

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2386414

• Psychiatric symptomatology among individuals in alcohol detoxification treatment ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Mills, M. E., Fisher, D. G. 2007; 32 (8): 1745–52

  Abstract

  The coexistence of psychiatric symptomatology among individuals receiving longer-term treatment for alcohol use disorders has been well-established; however, less is known about comorbidity among individuals receiving alcohol detoxification. Using the Brief Symptom Inventory [BSI; Derogatis, L. R. (1992). BSI: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual--II. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research], we compared psychiatric symptomatology among 815 individuals receiving short-term detoxification services with normative data from non-patients, psychiatric patients, and out-of-treatment individuals using street drugs. Findings revealed that individuals in the current sample reported a wide range of psychiatric symptoms with over 80% meeting BSI criteria for diagnosable mental illness. These BSI scores were significantly more severe than those reported by out-of-treatment individuals using street drugs and most closely resembled BSI scores reported for adult psychiatric inpatients. Findings suggest that routine screening for severe mental health symptoms appears warranted in detoxification units. Such screening would greatly increase the chance that coexistence of substance use and other psychiatric disorders would be properly addressed in ongoing treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.12.007

  View details for Web of Science ID 000247302800021

  View details for PubMedID 17239548

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2232900

• Exploring differences in caseloads of rural and urban healthcare providers in Alaska and New Mexico PUBLIC HEALTH Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Warner, T. D., Roberts, L. W. 2007; 121 (1): 3-17

  Abstract

  Although it is commonly accepted that rural healthcare providers face demands that are both qualitatively and quantitatively different from those faced by urban providers, this conclusion is based largely on data from healthcare consumers and relies on qualitative work with small sample sizes, surveys with small sample sizes, theoretical reviews and anecdotal reports. To enhance our knowledge of the demands faced by rural healthcare providers and to gain the perspectives of healthcare providers themselves, this study explored the caseloads of rural providers compared with those of urban providers.An extensive survey of over 1500 licensed clinicians across eight physical and behavioural healthcare provider groups in Alaska and New Mexico was undertaken to explore differences in caseloads based on community size (small rural, rural, small urban, urban), state (Alaska, New Mexico) and discipline (health, behavioural).Findings indicated numerous caseload differences between community sizes that were consistent across both states, with complex case presentations being described most commonly by small rural and rural providers. Substance abuse, alcohol use, cultural diversity, economic disadvantage and age diversity were issues faced more often by providers in rural and small rural communities than by providers in small urban and urban communities. Rural, but not small rural, providers faced challenges around work with prisoners and individuals needing involuntary hospitalization. Although some state and discipline differences were noted, the most important findings were based on community size.The findings of this study have important implications for provider preparation and training, future research, tailored resource allocation, public health policy, and efforts to prevent 'burnout' of rural providers.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.07.031

  View details for Web of Science ID 000243804800002

  View details for PubMedID 17169386

• Self-reported childhood abuse and adult physical health among psychiatric patients Journal of Psychological Practice Johnson, M. E., Pratt, D. K., Brems, C., Neal, D. B. 2007; 14
• Challenges and uniqueness of rural and frontier services in the United States Journal of Psychological Practice Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 2007; 14
• Hearing consumer voices: Planning HIV/sexually transmitted infection prevention in alcohol detoxification JANAC-JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NURSES IN AIDS CARE Brems, C., Dewane, S. 2007; 18 (1): 12–24

  Abstract

  The literature has provided ample evidence that individuals abusing or dependent upon alcohol are at high risk for contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Despite the documented need of this vulnerable group for targeted HIV/STI prevention efforts, no prior research has explored the efficacy and feasibility of HIV/STI prevention for individuals in alcohol detoxification. The current study sought the voices of consumers of such services to get their guidance about successful and necessary features of HIV/STI prevention programs targeted to their needs. Two focus groups conducted yielded exceptionally helpful information. Consumers clearly want to be educated about HIV/STI, seeing this as crucial to their physical well-being and safety. They voiced preferences for nonjudgmental counselors who meet with them on an individual basis in contexts that protect consumer privacy. A clear set of guidelines emerged for an intervention structure that, if carefully honored, has strong likelihood of success in protecting individuals in alcohol detoxification from HIV/STI.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jana.2006.11.002

  View details for Web of Science ID 000245388900003

  View details for PubMedID 17338982

• Survey return rates as a function of priority versus first-class mailing PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Warner, T., Roberts, L. W. 2006; 99 (2): 496-501

  Abstract

  Prior research indicates survey procedures that signal significance and individualized mailings have higher response rates. Thus, it was hypothesized that surveys delivered via Priority mail would result in higher return rates than surveys delivered via First-Class. 260 surveys were sent to individuals randomly selected from lists of licensed physical and behavioral healthcare providers in Alaska and New Mexico. Half of the selected individuals were assigned randomly to receive mailings using Priority mail, the other half received First-Class mailings. Return rate was 39% for First-Class and 35% for Priority. Z tests of proportion indicated no statistically significant differences between methods. Given increased costs with no resultant increase in response rate, sending surveys to potential participants via Priority mail does not appear warranted.

  View details for DOI 10.2466/PR0.99.2.496-501

  View details for Web of Science ID 000242197800023

  View details for PubMedID 17153820

• Rural-urban health care provider disparities in Alaska and New Mexico ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Warner, T. D., Roberts, L. W. 2006; 33 (4): 504-507

  Abstract

  Compared to their urban counterparts, rural residents face numerous disparities in obtaining health care, including limited access to care providers. We assessed disparities in provider availability in rural versus urban Alaska and New Mexico, with emphasis on professionals likely to provide mental health care. Using lists of licenses, we categorized physical and mental health care providers into rural versus urban and calculated rural versus urban disparity ratios. Rural residents had significantly less access to health care providers and discrepancies grew with level of required provider education and specialization. Addressing disparities via creative strategies is crucial to improving rural care delivery.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s10488-005-0001-7

  View details for Web of Science ID 000239016500010

  View details for PubMedID 16220242

• Moderating effects of control on the relationship between stress and change ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Mills, M. E., Neal, D. B., Houlihan, J. L. 2006; 33 (4): 499–503

  Abstract

  Given the well-documented impact of stress on employees, it is important to understand moderating factors, especially in behavioral health treatment settings, where constant change occurs. Staff members at four mental health (n=663) and four substance abuse (n=256) treatment agencies completed questionnaires inquiring about perceptions of direct and indirect agency changes, stress experienced due to changes, and control and input into the changes. Results revealed that as direct and indirect change increased, stress increased; as level of control and input into changes increased, stress decreased. Control and input served as a moderating variable between stress and direct change, but not for indirect change.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s10488-005-0002-6

  View details for Web of Science ID 000239016500009

  View details for PubMedID 16220241

• Depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II among injecting drug users ASSESSMENT Johnson, M. E., Neal, D. B., Brems, C., Fisher, D. G. 2006; 13 (2): 168–77

  Abstract

  This study conducts a confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) with a sample of 598 individuals who reported recent injecting drug use. Findings indicate that out of four models tested, the best model for this sample is a three-factor solution (somatic, affective, and cognitive) previously reported by Buckley, Parker, and Heggie. The findings that nearly 50% of participants provided BDI-II scores indicating significant depressive symptomatology reveals that these individuals are in need of treatment for their psychiatric symptoms as well as substance use. Somatic symptoms are endorsed more strongly than affective or cognitive symptoms of depression, suggesting a possible, but yet poorly defined, relationship between depressive symptomatology and drug use that centers on shared somatic symptomatology.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1073191106286951

  View details for Web of Science ID 000238190100004

  View details for PubMedID 16672731

• Preferences of Alaska and New Mexico psychiatrists regarding professionalism and ethics training ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY Roberts, L. W., Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Warner, T. D. 2006; 30 (3): 200-204

  Abstract

  To identify the preferences of practicing licensed psychiatrists in two rural states regarding ethics training.All licensed psychiatrists in Alaska and New Mexico were mailed a survey exploring differences in ethical and practice issues between rural and urban health care providers. Data were collected from 97 psychiatrists.Findings indicated a moderate level of interest in training related to a diverse set of ethics topics. Although women expressed greater interest in most topics than did men, ranking of topics was similar across genders. Level of interest in training was inversely related to number of years in practice.The psychiatrists in this study indicated some interest in professionalism and ethics training, but did not express the level of need or enthusiasm documented in many studies of physicians-in-training. Creating continuing medical education initiatives that are attuned to the distinct needs and preferences of psychiatrists in clinical practice thus poses many challenges. This may be particularly true for certain aspects of practice, such as ethics and professionalism, that have long been recognized as vital to clinical care, but now are viewed as core competency areas.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000237768600004

  View details for PubMedID 16728766

• The need for continuing education in ethics as reported by rural and urban mental health care providers PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Warner, T. D., Roberts, L. W. 2006; 37 (2): 183-189

  View details for DOI 10.1037/0735-7028.37.2.183

  View details for Web of Science ID 000236826000012

• Patient requests and provider suggestions for alternative treatments as reported by rural and urban care providers COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES IN MEDICINE Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Warner, T. D., Roberts, L. W. 2006; 14 (1): 10-19

  Abstract

  Explored the relationship between different types of care providers' willingness to suggest alternative and complementary treatments (CAM), patients' requests for CAM, and provider perceptions about CAM as barriers to effective healthcare.Large survey.Alaska and New Mexico.Survey responses from 1528 physical and behavioral healthcare providers.Over 97% of providers suggested CAM; over 97% reported patients asked for CAM. Providers were more likely to suggest CAM than perceived CAM as a barrier to care. Healthcare providers who were female, from small rural areas, or specializing in behavioral healthcare were more likely to suggest CAM and less likely to perceive CAM as a barrier. Patients of physical healthcare providers asked for CAM more often than patients of behavioral healthcare providers, yet physical care providers suggested CAM less frequently.Healthcare providers of all disciplines, regions, and gender are sensitive to patients' desire for CAM and do not perceive CAM as a barrier to care.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ctim.2005.07.009

  View details for Web of Science ID 000239334500003

  View details for PubMedID 16473749

• Barriers to healthcare as reported by rural and urban interprofessional providers. Journal of interprofessional care Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Warner, T. D., Roberts, L. W. 2006; 20 (2): 105-118

  Abstract

  The research literature is replete with reports of barriers to care perceived by rural patients seeking healthcare. Less often reported are barriers perceived by the rural healthcare providers themselves. The current study is an extensive survey of over 1,500 healthcare providers randomly selected from two US states with large rural populations, Alaska and New Mexico. Barriers consistently identified across rural and urban regions by all healthcare professionals were Patient Complexity, Resource Limitations, Service Access, Training Constraints, and Patient Avoidance of Care. Findings confirmed that rural areas, however, struggle more with healthcare barriers than urban and small urban areas, especially as related to Resource Limitations, Confidentiality Limitations, Overlapping Roles, Provider Travel, Service Access, and Training Constraints. Almost consistently, the smaller a provider's practice community, the greater the reports of barriers, with the most severe barriers reported in small rural communities.

  View details for PubMedID 16608714

• Comparing depressed psychiatric inpatients with and without coexisting substance use disorders Journal of Dual Diagnosis Brems, C., Dewane, S. L., Johnson, M. E., Neal, D. B., Burns, R. 2006; 2
• Dual diagnosis: Variations across differing comorbid diagnoses Journal of Dual Diagnosis Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Burns, R., Kletti, N. 2006; 2: 109-129
• Ethical considerations in rural health care: A pilot study of clinicians in Alaska and New Mexico COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL Warner, T. D., Monaghan-Geernaert, P., Battaglia, J., Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Roberts, L. W. 2005; 41 (1): 21-33

  Abstract

  To investigate differences in the experiences of rural versus non-rural clinicians, we surveyed caregivers in New Mexico and Alaska regarding ethical aspects of care provision. Consistent with past literature, rural compared to non-rural clinicians perceived patients as having less access to health care resources. They reported more interaction with patients and less awkwardness in relationships with their patients outside of work. Rural clinicians also reported their patients expressed more concern about knowing them in both personal and professional roles, had more concerns over confidentiality, and experienced more embarrassment concerning stigmatizing illnesses. Ethical issues and implications of these results for providing care in rural areas are discussed.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s10597-005-2597-1

  View details for Web of Science ID 000228674000003

  View details for PubMedID 15934173

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1599854

• Utility of the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-32) at an Alcohol Detoxification Unit ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Mills, M. E., Freemon, M. 2005; 23 (1): 17–29

  View details for DOI 10.1300/J020v23n01_03

  View details for Web of Science ID 000217233800003

• Consumer perspectives on services needed to prevent psychiatric hospitalization ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Covey, S., Podunovich, A., Burns, R. 2004; 32 (1): 57–61

  View details for DOI 10.1023/B:APIH.0000039663.07172.64

  View details for Web of Science ID 000224280700005

  View details for PubMedID 15527042

• Comorbidity in Alaska: evidence and implications for treatment and public policy. Alaska medicine Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 2004; 46 (1): 4–17

  View details for PubMedID 15468989

• Childhood abuse history and substance use among men and women receiving detoxification services AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Neal, D., Freemon, M. 2004; 30 (4): 799–821

  Abstract

  According to data collected from women and adolescents, a strong link exists between childhood abuse history and substance abuse. Using a sample of 274 women and 556 men receiving detoxification services, we explored whether the same pattern emerged across genders and types of abuse. Results revealed 20% of men and more than 50% of women reported childhood physical or sexual abuse. Sexual or physical abuse had negative sequelae, regardless of gender. Individuals with abuse history reported earlier age of onset of drinking, more problems associated with use of alcohol/drugs, more severe psychopathology, and more lifetime arrests, arrests related to substance use, and arrests related to mental health. Prevention and proactive intervention activities are crucial to prevent negative sequelae of childhood victimization.

  View details for DOI 10.1081/ADA-200037546

  View details for Web of Science ID 000225572500006

  View details for PubMedID 15624550

• A comparison of schizophrenic patients with or without coexisting substance use disorder PSYCHIATRIC QUARTERLY Farris, C., Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Wells, R., Burns, R., Kletti, N. 2003; 74 (3): 205–22

  Abstract

  Increasing numbers of research investigations have documented psychosocial, demographic, and treatment course differences between schizophrenic patients with and without additional substance use disorder. However, many of these studies have failed to control for additional psychiatric diagnoses. This study sought to elucidate differences between schizophrenic patients with versus without coexisting substance use disorder, while controlling for the possible confounding impact of additional Axis I or Axis II diagnoses. We explored the records of 308 psychiatric inpatients who were either solely diagnosed with schizophrenia or solely diagnosed with coexisting schizophrenia and substance use disorder. We compared these two groups on a variety of psychosocial, demographic, and clinical variables shown in prior research to differentiate these two types of patients. Findings revealed that substance use interacts with schizophrenia to increase psychiatric admissions and decrease lengths of stay upon admission. Findings also revealed that patients with coexisting substance use and schizophrenia have unique psychosocial and demographic presentations that reflect more challenging life circumstances. Differences were not revealed between groups in terms of legal and criminal involvement. Based on pure diagnostic groupings, findings indicate that an additional substance use disorder is associated with psychosocial, demographic, and treatment course differences among individuals with a schizophrenia diagnosis. When screening, developing treatment, and planning aftercare, it is crucial to not view individuals with schizophrenia diagnoses as a monolithic group, but rather to consider the presence of a substance abuse diagnosis; such consideration will increase the likelihood of appropriate treatment and successful outcomes.

  View details for DOI 10.1023/A:1024162819540

  View details for Web of Science ID 000184167900001

  View details for PubMedID 12918597

• Validity of injecting drug users' self report of hepatitis A, B, and C. Clinical laboratory science : journal of the American Society for Medical Technology Schlicting, E. G., Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Wells, R. S., Fisher, D. G., Reynolds, G. 2003; 16 (2): 99-106

  Abstract

  To test the validity of drug users self-reports of diseases associated with drug use, in this case hepatitis A, B, and C.Injecting drug users (n = 653) were recruited and asked whether they had been diagnosed previously with hepatitis A, B, and/or C. These self-report data were compared to total hepatitis A antibody, hepatitis B core antibody, and hepatitis C antibody seromarkers as a means of determining the validity of the self-reported information.Anchorage, Alaska.Criteria for inclusion included being at least 18-years old; testing positive on urinalysis for cocaine metabolites, amphetamine, or morphine; having visible signs of injection (track marks).Serological testing for hepatitis A, B, and C.Findings indicate high specificity, low sensitivity, and low kappa coefficients for all three self-report measures.Subgroup analyses revealed significant differences in sensitivity associated with previous substance abuse treatment experience for hepatitis B self-report and with gender for hepatitis C self-report.Given the low sensitivity, the validity of drug users, self-reported information on hepatitis should be considered with caution.

  View details for PubMedID 12757189

• HIV and other infectious disease prevention activities at mental health and substance abuse treatment agencies in Alaska ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Watkins, K. 2003; 30 (4): 355–59

  View details for DOI 10.1023/A:1024041401700

  View details for Web of Science ID 000183963400005

  View details for PubMedID 12870560

• Comorbidity and risk behaviors among drug users not in treatment Journal of Addiction and Offender Counseling Johnson, M., Brems, C., Theno, S., Fisher, D., Wells, R. 2003; 23: 108-118
• Relationship among gender, depression, and needle sharing in a sample of injection drug users PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Johnson, M. E., Yep, M. J., Brems, C., Theno, S. A. 2002; 16 (4): 338–41

  Abstract

  The authors explored the relationships among gender, needle sharing, and depression in a sample of 392 male and 121 female street drug users. Using the Risk Behavior Assessment (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991) and the Beck Depression Inventory-2 (A. T. Beck, R. A. Steer, & G. K. Brown, 1996), the authors found that women reported higher levels of depression than men and that sharers endorsed higher levels of depression than nonsharers. Further, the authors found that female sharers reported the highest levels of depression of all groups, that is, as compared with male sharers, female nonsharers, and male nonsharers, who did not differ from one another. This suggests the presence of a special dynamic between gender and depression that is related to higher rates of needle sharing among women.

  View details for DOI 10.1037//0893-164X.16.4.338

  View details for Web of Science ID 000179815100008

  View details for PubMedID 12503907

• Comorbidity training needs at a state psychiatric hospital ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Bowers, L., Lauver, B., Mongeau, V. A. 2002; 30 (2): 109–20

  Abstract

  This study explored training issues relevant to work with comorbid clients (those with both psychiatric and substance abuse diagnoses) among members of a psychiatric hospital clinical staff (N=147). Respondents reported that they had received limited training for working with comorbid or substance abusing clients; they perceived comorbid clients as presenting with particular concerns, especially regarding referral to treatment services and management of acting-out behaviors; and they attached great importance to the need for training in comorbidity. With high proportions of clients at psychiatric hospitals being comorbid, it is imperative that staff members receive training to deal with substance abuse and comorbidity. These results suggest that such training has not been available, but it is needed and wanted.

  View details for DOI 10.1023/A:1022581001193

  View details for Web of Science ID 000181876800002

  View details for PubMedID 12680616

• Rates and sequelae of the coexistence of substance use and other psychiatric disorders. International journal of circumpolar health Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Wells, R. S., Burns, R., Kletti, N. 2002; 61 (3): 224–44

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVES: Despite a growing body of investigations documenting the coexistence of substance use and other psychiatric disorders in a variety of patient populations, no data about comorbidity in the inpatient mental health system in Alaska have been published in scientific journals, and only limited data exist nationwide about coexistence rates in public psychiatric hospitals.METHODS: A retrospective population based study was performed on the entire population of psychiatric patients hospitalized at Alaska Psychiatric Institute (API) between 1993 and 2001. To explore rates of comorbidity, 5,862 patients (who accrued 10,656 visits) were classified according to their diagnostic status; to explore clinical and socio-demographic difference between patients with and without coexisting disorder, univariate analyses were calculated.RESULTS: The study revealed startlingly high rates of comorbidity that have been rising steadily since the early 1990's. In fact, comorbidity has become the rule, not the exception, among patients receiving services at API, with over 60% presenting with coexisting substance use symptoms. Complicating issues even further, these comorbid patients presented with more complex social and interpersonal circumstances, more complex clinical issues, different courses of treatment, and greater symptom complexity than psychiatric-only patients.CONCLUSIONS: 1.) Individual patient level--Providers for psychiatric inpatients must become more prepared to deal with coexisting substance abuse symptoms; policy makers must become more aware of the need for such patients to have smooth transitions from mental health to substance abuse treatment systems. 2.) Systemic-administrative level--Educators must better prepare providers to deal with this challenging clientele.

  View details for PubMedID 12369112

• Clients with substance abuse and mental health concerns: A guide for conducting intake interviews JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL HEALTH SERVICES & RESEARCH Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Namyniuk, L. L. 2002; 29 (3): 327–34

  Abstract

  Although comorbidity (co-occurrence of a psychiatric and substance use disorder) is a common phenomenon at both mental health and substance abuse treatment agencies, rarely do such agencies thoroughly assess for both types of diagnoses during their standard intake interview. This article describes the development of an intake form designed to guide a comprehensive assessment of both mental health and substance abuse concerns. The form guides intake interviewers toward documenting administrative and demographic information, substance use and mental health concerns, and variables needed for compliance with grant funding sources. Use of the protocol and provide a clinical foundation for treatment planning and continuity of care for clients, while also providing error-free agency data that can be used for administrative, program planning, outcome assessment, and research purposes.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/BF02287372

  View details for Web of Science ID 000177309500007

  View details for PubMedID 12216376

• The relationship of childhood abuse history and substance use in an Alaska sample SUBSTANCE USE & MISUSE Brems, C., Namyniuk, L. 2002; 37 (4): 473–94

  Abstract

  This study confirms a strong link between childhood abuse history and substance misuse based upon data obtained from an ethnically diverse (largely Alaska Native) sample of 192 pregnant women in substance misuse treatment in the mid-1990s. Nearly three-quarters of the women reported childhood victimization. Compared to women with no abuse history, abused women were significantly younger at the age of onset of substance misuse, used substances more frequently, had experienced more blackouts, had more family members with substance-misuse concerns, were more likely to have been raped, revealed more psychological problems, and had less formal education. Risk patterns differed slightly for women with physical versus sexual abuse histories, with the experience of physical violence having a stronger relationship with adulthood problem behaviors than the experience of sexual molestation. Overall, findings suggest an interactive cycle of violence and substance misuse that begins very early in childhood, especially for women who were physically abused, and continues in adulthood, though no cause-end-effect conclusions can be drawn. Treatment and prevention implications of these findings are discussed.

  View details for DOI 10.1081/JA-120002806

  View details for Web of Science ID 000176016600004

  View details for PubMedID 12064430

• A comprehensive guide to child psychotherapy (2nd ed.) Brems, C. Allyn & Bacon. 2002
• Recognizing comorbidity among drug users in treatment AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Burke, S. 2002; 28 (2): 243–61

  Abstract

  This study identified comorbidity (coexistence of substance abuse and mental health diagnoses) rates and characteristics among 104 clients in a substance abuse treatment setting. To identify commonly collected intake variables that can be used for early identification of drug users with coexisting mental health concerns, participants completed a demographics questionnaire, brief symptom inventory, behavior and symptom identification scale (BASIS-32), and a drug and alcohol assessment. Results revealed a comorbidity rate of 45% and significant relationships between comorbidity and the following variables: absence of prior treatment, greater rates of unemployment, poorer physical health, poorer functioning in a variety of areas, greater symptom severity regarding drug use, poorer mental health, and greater rates of homelessness. Of these, the first four variables were the most powerful predictors of comorbidity. It can be concluded that unemployment without looking for work, difficulties relating to self and others, not having received prior outpatient treatment, and having poorer physical health can signal the possible presence of coexisting mental health problems. Implications for early detection and subsequent treatment planning are discussed.

  View details for DOI 10.1081/ADA-120002973

  View details for Web of Science ID 000175385000004

  View details for PubMedID 12014815

• Basic skills in psychotherapy and counseling Brems, C. Brooks/Cole. 2001
• Ethnic differences in substance us patterns in a sample of pregnant substance using women in treatment Journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling Namyniuk, L., Brems, C., Kuka-Hindin, C. 2001; 21: 50-67
• What every clinician needs to know about substance abuse Journal of Psychological Practice Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 2001; 7: 1-22
• Stigma, ethics, and the frontier: Challenges in caring for people with serious illnesses in Alaska and New Mexico Arctic Research of the United States Roberts, L. W., Battaglia, J., Warner, T. D., Brems, C., Brody, J. L., Johnson, M. E., Monaghan, P., Speier, T., Smrcka, J., Nguyen, K., Kaminsky, A. 2001; 21
• Counseling clients with underlying medical problems Mental health desk reference Brems, C. edited by Welfel, E., Ingersoll, R. E. Wiley. 2001

  View details for DOI 10-17

• Dealing with challenges in psychotherapy and counseling Brems, C. 2000
• Taking the fear out of research: A gentle approach to teaching an appreciation for research Handbook of demonstrations and activities in the teaching of psychology Brems, C., Johnson, D. E. edited by Ware, M. E. 2000: 134–137
• HIV/AIDS risks among Native American drug users: key findings from focus group interviews and implications for intervention strategies. AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education Baldwin, J. A., Trotter, R. T., Martinez, D., Stevens, S. J., John, D., Brems, C. 1999; 11 (4): 279-92

  Abstract

  A multisite study funded through the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Office of Research on Minority Health was conducted in 1996 to determine the HIV/AIDS prevention needs of Native American out-of-treatment drug users. In an effort to recommend directions for HIV/AIDS prevention programming, one component of this study entailed conducting a series of focus groups at each of four sites: Anchorage, Alaska; Denver, Colorado; Flagstaff, Arizona; and Tucson, Arizona. While some site differences were noted, several consistent thematic findings were revealed across all locations. Specifically, focus group members strongly recommended directly involving key members of the Native American community in conducting outreach and intervention activities, involving Native people as the sources of information, and utilizing local and tribally relevant forms of delivering the message. Other consistent themes included getting messages to smaller communities to prevent the potential "annihilation" of tribes, educating youth, and linking alcohol prevention education to HIV/AIDS education. Findings from this study support the idea that future HIV/AIDS prevention programs must take into account subgroup and individual level differences among Native American drug users.

  View details for PubMedID 10494353

• Psychotherapy: Processes and techniques Brems, C. 1999
• Comorbidity and related factors among ethnically diverse substance using women Journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling Brems, C., Namyniuk, L. 1999; 19: 76-87
• Unmet treatment needs of drug users in Alaska: correlates and societal costs. International journal of circumpolar health Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Fisher, D. G. 1998; 57 Suppl 1: 467-73

  Abstract

  This study assessed the unmet treatment needs of drug users in Anchorage, Alaska. It revealed that almost half of the drug users who desire treatment cannot secure it, largely for external reasons. The primary barrier to treatment was lack of availability of treatment slots, followed by excessive treatment costs and restrictive admission criteria. Unlike other studies, this investigation did not suggest that members of ethnic minority groups, women, and parenting women were disproportionately disadvantaged with regard to ability to secure treatment. However, substance abusers who also met criteria for a co-morbid psychiatric diagnosis other than substance abuse or dependence had more difficulty than their non-co-morbid peers in finding available treatment slots. Social, legal, and medical costs incurred by unsuccessful treatment seekers are outlined and suggest significant cost, as well as perpetuation of intergenerational cycles of violence and substance use.

  View details for PubMedID 10093326

• Physicians’ assessment of drug use and other HIV risk behavior: Reports by female drug users Women and substance abuse: Gender Transparencies Brems, C., Fisher, D., Queen, P. edited by Stephen, S. J., Wexler, H. K. Haworth Press. 1998: 147–161
• Physician's assessment of drug use and other HIV risk behavior Drugs and Society Brems, C., Fisher, D. G., Queen, P. J. 1998; 13: 147-161
• Implications of Daniel Stern's model of self development for child psychotherapy Journal of Psychological Practice Brems, C. 1998; 3: 141-159
• Cultural issues in psychological assessment: Problems and possible solutions Journal of Psychological Practice Brems, C. 1998; 4: 88-117
• The psychological repercussions of the sociocultural oppression of Alaska Native peoples. Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs Sullivan, A., Brems, C. 1997; 123 (4): 411-40

  Abstract

  Issues of the mental health of arctic and subarctic Alaska Natives are explored. Their sociopolitical history is described to familiarize psychologists with the special circumstances of several groups of peoples in Alaska that have been ignored in psychological literature. This history demonstrates how intervention by European Americans in Alaska has prompted a self-alienation of Native peoples that has contributed to exorbitant suicide rates, increasing levels of addiction, high rates of interpersonal violence, and high teenage pregnancy. These developments are contrasted with traditional lifestyles. Recommendations are made about the role of psychology in the facilitation of the recovery process of Alaska Native peoples.

  View details for PubMedID 9431666

• Southcentral Foundation--Dena A Coy: a model program for the treatment of pregnant substance-abusing women. Journal of substance abuse treatment Namyniuk, L., Brems, C., Carson, S. 1997; 14 (3): 285-95

  Abstract

  This article discusses the societal implications of substance abuse by pregnant women and women of child-bearing age and reviews their treatment needs as documented in the literature. It then provides a treatment model for pregnant women, using the Southcentral Foundation-Dena A Coy Residential Treatment Program as a model program. It outlines a number of components that are critical to successful substance abuse treatment of these women; specifically, medical interventions, social service provision, educational/vocational services, psychoeducational programs, psychotherapy, substance abuse interventions, and family preservation and involvement. These components are superimposed on a therapeutic community model that stresses gender and cultural relevance, as well as supportive structure and direction.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/s0740-5472(96)00059-1

  View details for PubMedID 9306304

• Development of the self psychology questionnaire CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY & PSYCHOTHERAPY Brems, C. 1997; 4 (1): 7-14

  View details for DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199703)4:1<7::AID-CPP118>3.0.CO;2-1

  View details for Web of Science ID A1997WV72700002

• Clinical implications of the co-occurrence of substance use and other psychiatric disorder Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 1997; 28: 437-447
• Personality correlates of homophobia. Journal of homosexuality Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Alford-Keating, P. 1997; 34 (1): 57-69

  Abstract

  This study explored the relationship between homophobia and several personality traits (empathy, religiosity, and coping style) in the context of respondents' gender and age. The sample consisted of 714 college students who responded to the Homophobia Attitude Scale (HAS) and personality trait scales. Results revealed that women endorsed fewer homophobic attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors than men and that age was negatively correlated with homophobia. Empathic concern and perspective taking were significantly correlated with lower overall homophobic attitudes, less affect discomfort in regard to gays, and less likelihood to abridge the human rights of gays. Religiosity was significantly correlated with more biased beliefs about the origins of homophobia, greater affective discomfort around gays, less endorsement of human rights for gays, and greater homophobia. Use of denial and isolation as coping styles were positively related to homophobia and use of turning against style was negatively correlated.

  View details for DOI 10.1300/J082v34n01_05

  View details for PubMedID 9378949

• Comparison of recent graduates of clinical versus counseling psychology programs. The Journal of psychology Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 1997; 131 (1): 91-9

  Abstract

  Recent graduates from clinical (N = 65) and counseling (N = 64) psychology programs were surveyed to assess similarities and differences of aspects of their programs and job-related activity. Results revealed only minor differences. Counseling psychologists were more likely to provide group therapy, career counseling and assessment, public lectures and workshops, to have more knowledge of the Strong Interest Inventory, to be more likely to work in university counseling centers, and to endorse humanistic theoretical orientations. Clinical psychologists were more likely to work in medical school settings, to ascribe human behavior to internal states rather than to social causes, and to have greater knowledge of the Rorschach. However, the similarities between the two specialities relative to work setting, theoretical orientation, service, research, and teaching activities, far outweighed these minor differences. Implications of these findings are placed in the context of previous research that has suggested the possible merger of the two specialities.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/00223989709603507

  View details for PubMedID 9018858

• Publication productivity of clinical and counseling psychologists. Journal of clinical psychology Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Gallucci, P. 1996; 52 (6): 723-5

  Abstract

  Compared the research productivity of clinical versus counseling psychologists and found surprisingly few differences. A serendipitous finding was low productivity across the board and a question was raised about the success of the scientist-practitioner model in both clinical and counseling psychology doctoral programs in instilling a research/publication ethic among professional (as opposed to experimental, social, etc.) psychologists.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199611)52:6<723::AID-JCLP15>3.0.CO;2-O

  View details for PubMedID 8912116

• Faking the MMPI-2: utility of the Subtle-Obvious scales. Journal of clinical psychology Brems, C., Harris, K. 1996; 52 (5): 525-33

  Abstract

  We explored the effect of different subject response sets on the profile configuration of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the utility of traditional validity, Back F, and Subtle-Obvious scales in detecting response set. College students were administered the MMPI-2 under one of three response sets; faking good, faking bad, or standard report. Results revealed significant differences across the three response set groups on all clinical, content, validity, obvious, and two of the five subtle scales in the expected direction. Additionally, respondents in the faking conditions produced consistent T-score patterns and significant O-S differences on the Subtle-Obvious scales. Examination of these subtle-obvious patterns may offer clinicians valuable information regarding profile validity beyond that offered by the traditional validity and Back F scales.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199609)52:5<525::AID-JCLP5>3.0.CO;2-M

  View details for PubMedID 8877687

• Comparison of PhD programs in clinical and counseling psychology. The Journal of psychology Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 1996; 130 (5): 485-98

  Abstract

  This survey of training directors of all APA-accredited PhD programs in clinical and in counseling psychology explored differences in curricula, program characteristics, predoctoral internships, and postdoctoral placements between the two programs. Minor differences emerged between the two types of programs with regard to curricular emphases, but these differences are far outweighed by similarities. Implications are discussed and support provided for the conclusion that a merger of the two specialties may be possible and desirable.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/00223980.1996.9915016

  View details for PubMedID 8975077

• Substance use, mental health, and health in Alaska: emphasis on Alaska Native peoples. Arctic medical research Brems, C. 1996; 55 (3): 135-47

  Abstract

  It has always been a problem in Alaska to obtain a compilation of accurate and current data with regard to mental health, health, and substance abuse. This paper was designed to pull together different sources of data to present a comprehensive perspective on the substance use, mental health, and health problems facing Alaskans today. The article summarizes the most current substance abuse, mental health, and health data available for the State of Alaska from public, academic, and institutional sources. It emphasizes data relevant to Alaska Native groups, calling for improved efforts in the future to collect data according to ethnicity and gender. The data presented identify a number of significant substance use and mental health problems that are prevalent in Alaska, providing geographic and ethnic data wherever available.

  View details for PubMedID 8885436

• Self-reported levels of psychopathology of drug abusers not currently in treatment JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Fisher, D. G. 1996; 18 (1): 21–34

  View details for DOI 10.1007/BF02229100

  View details for Web of Science ID A1996UP37000002

• The relationship of death anxiety with age and psychosocial maturity. The Journal of psychology Rasmussen, C. A., Brems, C. 1996; 130 (2): 141-4

  Abstract

  For this study, 194 respondents completed a biographical data sheet, the Templer (1970) Death Anxiety Scale and the Constantinople (1973) Inventory of Psychosocial Development to help assess the relationship among death anxiety, age, and psychosocial maturity. Findings showed that psychosocial maturity was a better predictor of death anxiety than age was. However, both variables were significantly negatively correlated with death anxiety, revealing that as psychosocial maturity and age increase, death anxiety decreases.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/00223980.1996.9914996

  View details for PubMedID 8636904

• Concurrent validity of the MMPI-2 feminine gender role (GF) and masculine gender role (GM) scales. Journal of personality assessment Johnson, M. E., Jones, G., Brems, C. 1996; 66 (1): 153-68

  Abstract

  Since the development of the revised Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellege, & Kaemmer, 1989), no independent studies have been conducted to validate the new GF and GM scales, the only published study being based on the original standardization sample. To determine the concurrent validity of these scales, our study correlated GF and GM with scores obtained from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, the Sex Role Behavior Scale, and the Sex Role Identity Scale. Because the sex-role literature has suggested numerous personality correlates of masculinity and femininity, the 16-PF was included to assess this dimension of the new scales, as well as measures of social desirability. Results revealed the GF and GM scales to have low internal consistency and low concurrent validity with established sex-role measures. Relative to construct validity, their patterns of correlation with personality measures suggest that GF and GM are more related to personality traits of interpersonal potency and sensitivity, respectively, than to masculinity and femininity. Overall, although the data yielded by these new scales provide additional information over Scale 5, they do not appear to hold as much promise as hoped for.

  View details for DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_12

  View details for PubMedID 8576829

• A model for working with parents in child clinical practice Journal of Psychological Practice Brems, C. 1996; 2: 11-22
• Sex role conflict, social desirability, and eating-disorder attitudes and behaviors. The Journal of general psychology Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Fischer, P. 1996; 123 (1): 75-87

  Abstract

  The relationship of conflict between sex role ideology and sex role orientation with eating-disorder behaviors and attitudes was examined. American participants were 321 female college students who completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974), Sex Role Ideology Scale (Kalin & Tilby, 1978), and Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI; Garner, Olmsted, & Polivy, 1983). The results indicated that conflict between ideology and self-perception had little effect on responses to the Inventory. Instead, students with higher levels of self-rated social desirability and lower levels of masculinity reported higher prevalence of eating-disorder behaviors and attitudes. Analyses of sex role orientation data revealed that participants categorized as undifferentiated had the most pathological responses to the EDI. Overall, the results suggested that social desirability and masculinity, more than sex role orientation or conflict, are strongly related to eating-disorder behavior, perhaps because of a third mediating factor.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/00221309.1996.9921261

  View details for PubMedID 8901211

• Facing reality: The need for masters level accreditation and licensure in psychology Administration and Policy in Mental Health Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 1996; 23: 271-273
• Validation of the MMPI-2 Low Self-Esteem Content Scale. Journal of personality assessment Brems, C., Lloyd, P. 1995; 65 (3): 550-6

  Abstract

  We explored the concurrent validity of the MMPI-2 Low Self-Esteem (LSE) Content scale by asking 216 undergraduate students to complete the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1991), Harter Adult Self-Perception Profile (Harter, 1986a) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Results suggest the LSE renders a good assessment of global self-esteem as well as being a measure of three distinct components of self-esteem. These specific subscales, identified by factor analysis, were labeled Ineptitude, Negative Self-Value, and Negative Comparison with Others. The LSE and its subscales produced good internal consistency (alpha and Gutman Split Half) coefficients.

  View details for DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa6503_13

  View details for PubMedID 8609587

• PREPARATION OF APPLICATIONS FOR ACADEMIC POSITIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST BREMS, C., LAMPMAN, C., JOHNSON, M. E. 1995; 50 (7): 533-537

  View details for DOI 10.1037/0003-066X.50.7.533

  View details for Web of Science ID A1995RJ10800008

• Differences in family of origin functioning among graduate students of different disciplines. Journal of clinical psychology Brems, C., Tryck, S., Garlock, D., Freemon, M., Bernzott, J. 1995; 51 (3): 434-41

  Abstract

  Compared the degree of dysfunction in the family of origin of psychology graduate students to that of graduate students in the disciplines of business, education, engineering, and health sciences. Students were accessed through University of Alaska Anchorage graduate departments. Family background was assessed with the Index of Family Relations (IFR; Hudson, 1990a), the Self-Report Family Inventory (SFI; Beavers, Hampson, & Hulgus, 1990), and relevant demographics obtained from a biographical questionnaire. Results indicated significant differences among the student groups; psychology graduate students demonstrated higher degrees of family dysfunction than students in other disciplines. Implications of these findings for psychology graduate training programs are discussed.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/1097-4679(199505)51:3<434::aid-jclp2270510319>3.0.co;2-z

  View details for PubMedID 7560148

• ASSESSMENT OF FAIRNESS IN CHILD-CUSTODY DECISIONS CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT BREMS, C., CARSSOW, K. L., SHOOK, C., STURGILL, S., CANNAVA, P. 1995; 19 (3): 345–53

  Abstract

  Court-appointed child advocates, attorneys, guardians ad litem, and therapists were asked to rate preferred traits for mothers and fathers, and to make custody decisions and abuse likelihood ratings for children in one of two vignettes that varied only as to whether mother or father was described as incompetent to parent without threat of further abuse. Results revealed that this sample of professionals did not hold double standards with respect to attributes important for mothers versus fathers. To the contrary, interpersonal sensitivity traits, traditionally identified as most prevalent among women, were valued equally in mothers and fathers and preferred for both parents to interpersonal potency, traditionally ascribed more readily to men. Further, decisions about custody and placement or abuse likelihood were not affected by any sex-role stereotypes professionals held about parents, nor by professionals' gender or specific occupation. The only factor that affected custody judgments and abuse likelihood ratings was the competence of the parent in question. These findings suggest that biases with regard to gender to gender or traditional sex-role preferences for parents are disappearing among professionals who make important placement decisions in the lives of abused children. Future studies must assess whether these theoretical findings translate into actual behavior in real-life abuse cases for the professional groups represented in this sample.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0145-2134(94)00135-9

  View details for Web of Science ID A1995QJ49100011

  View details for PubMedID 9278734

• Women and depression: A comprehensive analysis Handbook of depression (2nd ed.) Brems, C. edited by Beckham, E. E., Leber, W. Guilford Press. 1995: 539–566
• Women and depression: A comprehensive analysis Handbook of depression Brems, C. Guilford. 1995: 539-566
• Parental sexual orientation and therapists' perceptions of family functioning Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Alford-Keating, P. 1995; 2: 1-16
• TAKING THE FEAR OUT OF RESEARCH - A GENTLE APPROACH TO TEACHING AN APPRECIATION FOR RESEARCH TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY BREMS, C. 1994; 21 (4): 241-243

  View details for DOI 10.1207/s15328023top2104_10

  View details for Web of Science ID A1994QB43400010

• Blame of victim and perpetrator in rape versus theft. The Journal of social psychology Brems, C., Wagner, P. 1994; 134 (3): 363-74

  Abstract

  Variables that may affect attribution of responsibility and blame were explored to assess whether societal stereotypes about rape victims still exist among students in Alaska. In ambiguous crime situations, more blame was attributed to victims and less responsibility to perpetrators if the subjects had traditional views about women's roles. The victims were rated as being more responsible for a theft than for a rape, but the perpetrators were rated as being more responsible for a rape than for a theft. Overall, type of crime affected social judgments. Attitudes toward women affected the attribution of blame, but not fault, in ambiguous crime situations.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/00224545.1994.9711741

  View details for PubMedID 8057637

• The child therapist: Personal traits and markers of effectiveness Brems, C. Allyn & Bacon. 1994
• The imposter syndrome as related to teaching evaluations and advising relationships of university faculty members Journal of Higher Education Brems, C., Baldwin, M., Davis, L., Namyniuk, L. 1994; 65: 183-193
• PERSON DRAWINGS BY TRANSSEXUAL CLIENTS, PSYCHIATRIC CLIENTS, AND NONCLIENTS COMPARED - INDICATORS OF SEX-TYPING AND PATHOLOGY ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR BREMS, C., ADAMS, R. L., SKILLMAN, G. D. 1993; 22 (3): 253–64

  Abstract

  The drawings by 31 transsexual clients, 61 psychiatric inpatients, and 62 nonclient college students were compared to derive information about whether they differed with regard to sex-typing and psychopathology. Transsexuals did not differ from nonclients or psychiatric patients as far as their conceptualization of masculinity is concerned, nor are they more or less sex-role stereotyped. However, their conceptualization of femininity of women differs significantly from that of the other groups in that transsexuals view women as more feminine than either of the other groups. Finally, transsexuals differed from both nonclients and psychiatric patients in inconsistent patterns across other variables, indicating that they are neither similar to nonpathological controls, nor to psychiatric inpatients. This uniqueness of the transsexual group is discussed in the context of multiple possible interpretations.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/BF01541770

  View details for Web of Science ID A1993LA69900006

  View details for PubMedID 8494492

• Variables affecting length of psychiatric inpatient treatment. Journal of mental health administration Tucker, P., Brems, C. 1993; 20 (1): 58-65

  Abstract

  To discover whether variables such as gender, ethnicity, pay code, and diagnostic category affect length of psychiatric inpatient treatment, patient records for a recent 18-month period (January 1988 to June 1989) in a Midwestern teaching hospital setting were examined and statistically analyzed. Variables that emerged as related to length of stay are ethnicity, Axis I diagnosis of adjustment disorder, and presence of any Axis II diagnosis. Comparisons with length of stay statistics from an earlier period (1981) lead to conclusions about inpatient psychiatric services since the implementation of diagnosis related groups. Further, implications of this study's findings are discussed in relation to mental health service delivery.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/BF02521403

  View details for PubMedID 10125385

• EMPIRICAL-EVALUATION OF A SELF PSYCHOLOGICALLY ORIENTED PARENT EDUCATION-PROGRAM FAMILY RELATIONS BREMS, C., BALDWIN, M., BAXTER, S. 1993; 42 (1): 26-30

  View details for DOI 10.2307/584917

  View details for Web of Science ID A1993KJ56500004

• A comprehensive guide to child psychotherapy Brems, C. Allyn & Bacon. 1993
• Between two people: Exercises toward intimacy Johnson, M., Fortman, J., Brems, C. American Counseling Association. 1993
• Appropriateness of the Draw-A-Person test with Alaskan Native populations. Journal of clinical psychology Skillman, G., Dabbs, P., Mitchell, M., McGrath, M., Lewis, J., Brems, C. 1992; 48 (4): 561-4

  Abstract

  The appropriateness of the Draw-A-Person test with Alaskan Native populations was assessed by matching 33 White subjects to 33 Alaskan Native subjects, asking them to perform the DAP, and rating their performance according to eight criteria chosen for their clinical relevancy. Results indicated that neither level of commitment to Native culture nor ethnicity per se affected drawing ratings. It is hypothesized that the DAP is a useful clinical tool appropriate for use with Alaskan Native populations.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/1097-4679(199207)48:4<561::aid-jclp2270480419>3.0.co;2-u

  View details for PubMedID 1517451

• Group modification of empathic verbalizations and self-disclosures Journal of Social Psychology Johnson, M., Johnson, M. K., Johnson, M. E. 1992; 132: 189-200
• Levels of learned helplessness in abuse women Journal of Clinical Psychology Wilson, K., Vercella, R., Brems, C., Benning, D., Renfro, N. 1992; 132: 561-564
• Depression and personality disorder: differential diagnosis with the MMPI. Journal of clinical psychology Brems, C. 1991; 47 (5): 669-75

  Abstract

  This study assessed the effectiveness of the MMPI in differentiating four clinically relevant types of depression. MMPI profiles of 53 subjects with major depression and personality disorder, 44 subjects with other depression and personality disorder, 27 subjects with major depression without personality disorder, and 20 subjects with other depression without personality disorder were compared via MANOVA, high-point pair analysis, and discriminant analysis. The instrument was found somewhat effective in differentiating the groups at a statistically significant level, but the differences were too subtle to be considered clinically useful. Thus, while the MMPI has some usefulness in the differential diagnosis of depression, it is best used in conjunction with other test data and relevant historical data.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/1097-4679(199109)47:5<669::aid-jclp2270470507>3.0.co;2-9

  View details for PubMedID 1939713

• Subtle-obvious scales of the MMPI: indicators of profile validity in a psychiatric population. Journal of personality assessment Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 1991; 56 (3): 536-44

  Abstract

  This study explored the usefulness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Subtle-Obvious scales as profile validity indicators with a inpatient psychiatric population. Some 292 MMPI profiles were utilized and divided into overreporters, underreporters, and standard reporters, based on their Subtle-Obvious scale scores. Reporting style was shown to be unrelated to actual patient pathology because of the lack of relationship between reporting style and diagnostic categorization according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev. [DSM-III-R]; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) Axis I and II. Comparisons of MMPI profiles of the three groups revealed that overreporters endorsed more pathology on the MMPI clinical scales than did either underreporters or standard reporters. The same pattern of response style was demonstrated by subjects on another objective measure, the Beck Depression Inventory, whereas on a projective measure, the Rorschach Inkblot Test, there were no differences between groups. These findings suggest that clinicians may want to utilize the Subtle-Obvious scales to gain information about MMPI profile validity. Specifically, profiles of patients identified as overreporters should be interpreted with caution so as to not overstate their level of pathology.

  View details for DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa5603_14

  View details for PubMedID 1865310

• History of clinical psychology Clinical psychology: Historical and research foundations Brems, C., Thevenin, D., Routh, D. edited by Walker, C. G. Plenum Press. 1991: 3–35
• Counselor sex and attitudes toward women's roles: Implications of counselor/client similarity for the counseling relationship Journal of Mental Health Counseling Johnson, M. E., Brems, C. 1991; 13: 131-143
• Comparing theoretical orientations of clinical and counseling psychologists: An objective approach Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Johnson, M. E., Brems, C. 1991; 22: 133-137
• Self psychology and feminism: Integration and expansion American Journal of Psychoanalysis Brems, C. 1991; 51: 145-160
• Defense mechanisms in clients and non-clients as mediated by gender and sex-role. Journal of clinical psychology Brems, C. 1990; 46 (5): 669-75

  Abstract

  This study examined defense mechanism utilization patterns of psychotherapy clients vs. individuals without mental health history, by administering the Defense Mechanism Inventory to 104 subjects. Concurrently, the mediating influence of gender and sex-role on defense mechanism utilization was assessed. Results indicated that gender and sex-role were significant in mediating the use of Turning against Self defenses and Turning against Other defenses, respectively. More importantly, however, psychotherapy clients differed from non-clients in their increased use of Projection and their decreased use of Principalization. Use of Projection was mediated further by a gender by sex-role interaction, which complicates the interpretation of the presence of Projection in an individual for the clinician.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/1097-4679(199009)46:5<669::aid-jclp2270460520>3.0.co;2-z

  View details for PubMedID 2246377

• Further exploration of the Egocentricity Index in an inpatient psychiatric population. Journal of clinical psychology Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 1990; 46 (5): 675-9

  Abstract

  Using the Rorschach protocols from 129 adult psychiatric inpatients, the Egocentricity Index as calculated in the Exner Comprehensive System was investigated relative to MMPI standard and special scales, Beck Depression Inventory, and other Rorschach variables. Results indicate that rather than being a measure of self-focus and self-centeredness, the Index might be related to introversion and introspection. Additionally, the Index may have differential implications about mental health for males vs. females.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/1097-4679(199009)46:5<675::aid-jclp2270460521>3.0.co;2-6

  View details for PubMedID 2246378

• The developmental record: reliability and validity in a clinical population. American journal of mental retardation : AJMR Brems, C., Kowalski, D., Powell, J., Tucker, D. R. 1990; 94 (6): 649-53

  Abstract

  Currently, the Developmental Record is widely used with developmentally disabled adults, at least in the midwestern and southwestern region of the United States. Since it inception in 1974, there have been no subsequent reliability and validity studies confirming its clinical usefulness. For the present study a total of 1,069 Developmental Record protocols were obtained from archival files of a large midwestern facility for mentally retarded persons. Analyses revealed high internal reliabilities, but questionable validity. Specifically, the subscale structure of the instrument was not confirmed by the factor analysis.

  View details for PubMedID 2340141

• Further exploration of the egocentricity index in an inpatient population Journal of Clinical Psychology Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 1990; 46: 675-679
• Differences in interpersonal functioning as related to sex-role Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior Johnson, M. E., Brems, C. 1990; 26: 48-51
• Psychiatric inpatient MMPI profiles: An exploration of racial bias Journal of Counselling Psychology Johnson, M. E., Brems, C. 1990; 37: 213-215
• Re-examination of the Bem Sex Role Inventory: The Interpersonal BSRI Journal of Personality Assessment Johnson, M. E., Brems, C. 1990; 55: 484-498
• Projective identification as a self-psychological change agent in the psychotherapy of a child. American journal of psychotherapy Brems, C. 1989; 43 (4): 598-607

  Abstract

  The psychotherapy of a 10-year-old boy is used to demonstrate the usefulness of idealizing and mirroring transferences to help patients move from a state of lack of selfhood and self-differentiation to the development of self-structures that provide strength and self-esteem. Projective identification is presented as a therapeutic technique that can be used to facilitate this process by aiding the internalization of mirroring and idealization functions.

  View details for DOI 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1989.43.4.598

  View details for PubMedID 2618950

• DIMENSIONALITY OF EMPATHY AND ITS CORRELATES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY BREMS, C. 1989; 123 (4): 329-337

  View details for DOI 10.1080/00223980.1989.10542989

  View details for Web of Science ID A1989AN82300003

• RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OCCURRENCE OF A BIRTHDAY AND PSYCHIATRIC-HOSPITALIZATION PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS BREMS, C. 1989; 64 (3): 1034

  View details for DOI 10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3c.1034

  View details for Web of Science ID A1989AG51500003

• Problem-solving appraisal and coping styles: The influence of sex-role orientation and gender Journal of Psychology Brems, C., Johnson, M. E. 1989; 123: 187-194
• A stress management program for psychiatric inpatients Psychiataric Hospital Brems, C., Amodei, N., Scott, A. 1989; 20: 175-179
• Gender-bound definitions of mental health. The Journal of psychology Brems, C., Schlottmann, R. S. 1988; 122 (1): 5-14

  Abstract

  Fifteen male and 15 female American therapists-in-training (clinical and counseling psychology graduate students) were asked to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) under each of two instructional sets. In one set, they were instructed to respond to the items as a healthy male would respond, and in the other, as a healthy female would respond. The MMPI profiles obtained from male and female subjects were not significantly different, indicating that these male and female therapists-in-training did not differ in their perceptions of healthy men and women. When the data for male and female subjects were combined, however, healthy women were perceived differently than healthy men on several scales, although the MMPI profiles obtained under both instructional sets were well within normal limits.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/00223980.1988.10542937

  View details for PubMedID 3373448