Christopher Sharp, MD

All Publications

• ASO Visual Abstract: Telemedicine Trends in Ambulatory Surgical Oncology-A Five-Year Analysis of Visit Volume and Utilization at a High-Volume Academic Center. Annals of surgical oncology Parameswaran, V., Miller, M., Pritchett, J., Demaerschalk, B., Hu, Y., Tsung, S., Zeng, Y. B., Rosengaus, L., Sharp, C., Lee, B., Shah, S. 2025

  View details for DOI 10.1245/s10434-025-17692-0

  View details for PubMedID 40517204

• Telemedicine Trends in Ambulatory Surgical Oncology: A Five-Year Analysis of Visit Volume and Utilization at a High-Volume Academic Center. Annals of surgical oncology Parameswaran, V., Miller, M., Pritchett, J., Demaerschalk, B., Hu, Y., Tsung, S., Zeng, Y. B., Rosengaus, L., Sharp, C., Lee, B., Shah, S. 2025

  Abstract

  Telemedicine is now a sustained modality of ambulatory surgical oncology care, yet its association with workforce utilization, patient volume, and visit type at high-volume academic centers remains understudied. Characterizing these patterns is essential for guiding clinical operations and long-term integration of telemedicine into surgical oncology practice.We conducted a retrospective cohort study across nine oncology subspecialties at Stanford Medicine's ambulatory surgical oncology clinics from January 2019 to December 2023 to compare yearly visit volumes and telemedicine use. The study included a total of 231,746 visits, including 50,667 new and 181,079 return visits. We measured overall visit volumes, telemedicine utilization, and their association with increase in unique patients served, including both new and return visits.In 2023, visit volumes increased by 44% (46,726 to 67,259), and the clinician workforce grew by 16.8% (107 to 125) compared with 2019. The number of unique patients served rose by 39% (20,620 to 28,711), while visits per patient remained stable (2.3 ± 2.1 to 2.3 ± 2.2). Telemedicine use increased from 0.5% (244/46,726) to 37% (24,906/67,259), correlating with serving more patients per year (r = 0.776, p = 0.030) and return visits (r = 0.796, p = 0.010), but not new visits (r = 0.432, p = 0.245).At this academic medical center, telemedicine use is associated with an expansion of the clinician workforce, an increase in patient volume, and more return visits rather than new visits, without contributing to overall higher healthcare utilization. This suggests that telemedicine can deliver a significant proportion of ambulatory surgical oncological visits while preserving access to care and operational efficiency.

  View details for DOI 10.1245/s10434-025-17592-3

  View details for PubMedID 40498347

  View details for PubMedCentralID 9331038

• Comparing trends in telehealth utilization by medical oncology practices at Stanford Medicine and Mayo Clinic from 2019-2023. Parameswaran, V., Miller, M., Grimm, J., Gullerud, R., Fan, W., Gibbons, D., Oyarzabal, B., Lunde, J., Coffey, J., Harper, S., Rosengaus, L., Sharp, C., Shah, S., Haddad, T. C., Demaerschalk, B., Pritchett, J. C. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2025: e13890

  View details for DOI 10.1200/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.e13890

  View details for Web of Science ID 001509546400001

• A sociotechnical approach to defining clinical responsibilities for patient-generated health data. NPJ digital medicine Griffin, A. C., Moyer, M. F., Anoshiravani, A., Hornsey, S., Sharp, C. D. 2025; 8 (1): 270

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41746-025-01680-5

  View details for PubMedID 40355597

  View details for PubMedCentralID 6550281

• AI in Health Care: The Leadership Role of Board-Certified Clinical Informaticists. Applied clinical informatics Morse, K. E., Pageler, N. M., Shah, N. H., Townsend, T., Sharp, C., Pfeffer, M. A. 2025; 16 (3): 612-613

  View details for DOI 10.1055/a-2556-4698

  View details for PubMedID 40602801

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC12221687

• Integrating a High Blood Pressure Advisory Across a Primary Care Network. JAMA network open Phadke, A., Weng, Y., Johnson, C. B., Winget, M., Mahoney, M., Sharp, C., Sattler, A., Shah, S., Desai, M., Ng, S., Shaw, J. G. 2025; 8 (4): e257313

  Abstract

  Leveraging technology to prompt team-based care might improve ambulatory hypertension care.To assess whether an electronic medical record (EMR) high blood pressure (BP) advisory improves hypertension control.This quality improvement study assessed hypertension control in patients presenting to primary care office visits from March 2018 to February 2020. Data were included from 28 primary care clinics (8 clinics contributed data toward the primary objective and 28 contributed data toward secondary objectives) in a single academic health system in California before and after intervention and concurrent care team observations and interviews assessing implementation. Data were analyzed from November 2019 to October 2020.An EMR high BP advisory combined with team training, audit, and feedback. EMR entry of elevated BP (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg) prompted an interruptive medical assistant-facing advisory to recheck BP. Persistently elevated BP prompted a second interruptive clinician-facing advisory with order panel link.The primary outcome was BP lower than 140 mm Hg systolic and lower than 90 mm Hg diastolic during an office visit within 6 months of an initial primary care visit. Secondary outcomes included BP recheck after initial elevated value, antihypertensive medication change, and new hypertension diagnoses. Qualitative outcomes focused on implementation barriers and facilitators.The primary outcome assessed 2760 control patients and 3018 intervention patients with preexisting hypertension (mean [SD] age, 66.5 [14.4] years; 2847 [49.2%] women, 1746 [30.2%] Asian, 619 [10.7%] Hispanic, and 2407 [41.7%] White). The likelihood of hypertension control increased 18.3% per month on average (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10-1.27; P < .001) in the intervention vs control groups. Modeled rates of adjusted hypertension control over 6 months increased from 82.3% to 92.3% for the intervention cohort and decreased from 71.5% to 70.3% for the control (preintervention) cohort. BP recheck rate increased (from 37.6% to 77.9%; OR, 4.76; 95% CI, 4.45-5.10; P < .001), while ordered antihypertensive medications was unchanged. New hypertension diagnosis increased from 12.1% to 20.6% (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.13-1.58; P = .01). In interviews of 34 care team members (clinicians, medical assistants, and managers) from 6 clinics, implementation barriers included competing priorities and time for BP rechecks, order panel complexity, and mixed clinician engagement; facilitators included intervention visibility, EMR integration, and team-based approach.This quality improvement study of an EMR high BP advisory intervention found significantly improved primary care hypertension control and diagnosis due to the combination of team-based care and technology.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.7313

  View details for PubMedID 40279123

• Physician Perspectives on Ambient AI Scribes. JAMA network open Shah, S. J., Crowell, T., Jeong, Y., Devon-Sand, A., Smith, M., Yang, B., Ma, S. P., Liang, A. S., Delahaie, C., Hsia, C., Shanafelt, T., Pfeffer, M. A., Sharp, C., Lin, S., Garcia, P. 2025; 8 (3): e251904

  Abstract

  Limited qualitative studies exist evaluating ambient artificial intelligence (AI) scribe tools. Such studies can provide deeper insights into ambient AI implementations by capturing lived experiences.To evaluate physician perspectives on ambient AI scribes.A qualitative study using semistructured interviews guided by the Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance/Practical, Robust Implementation, and Sustainability Model (RE-AIM/PRISM) framework, with thematic analysis using both inductive and deductive approaches. Physicians participating in an AI scribe pilot that included community and faculty practices, across primary care and ambulatory specialties, were invited to participate in interviews. This ambient AI scribe pilot at a health care organization in California was conducted from November 2023 to January 2024.Facilitators and barriers to adoption, practical effectiveness, and suggestions for improvement to enhance sustainability.Twenty-two semistructured interviews were conducted with AI pilot physicians from primary care (13 [59%]) and ambulatory specialties (9 [41%]), including physicians from community practices (12 [55%]) and faculty practices (10 [45%]). Facilitators to adoption included ease of use, ease of editing, and generally positive perspectives of tool quality. Physicians expressed positive sentiments about the impact of the ambient AI scribe tool on cognitive demand (16 of 16 comments [100%]), temporal demand (28 comments [62%]), work-life integration (10 of 11 comments [91%]), and overall workload (8 of 9 comments [89%]). Physician perspectives of the impact of the ambient AI scribe tool on their engagement with patients were mostly positive (38 of 56 comments [68%]). Barriers to adoption included limited functionality with non-English speaking patients and lack of access for physicians without a specific device. Physician perspectives on accuracy and style were largely negative, particularly regarding note length and editing requirements. Several specific suggestions for tool improvement were identified, and physicians were optimistic regarding the potential for long-term use of ambient AI scribes.In this qualitative study, ambient AI scribes were found to positively impact physician workload, work-life integration, and patient engagement. Key facilitators and barriers to adoption were identified, along with specific suggestions for tool improvement. These findings suggest the potential for ambient AI scribes to reduce clinician burden, with user-centered recommendations offering practical guidance on ways to improve future iterations and improve adoption.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.1904

  View details for PubMedID 40126477

• Ambient artificial intelligence scribes: utilization and impact on documentation time. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA Ma, S. P., Liang, A. S., Shah, S. J., Smith, M., Jeong, Y., Devon-Sand, A., Crowell, T., Delahaie, C., Hsia, C., Lin, S., Shanafelt, T., Pfeffer, M. A., Sharp, C., Garcia, P. 2024

  Abstract

  To quantify utilization and impact on documentation time of a large language model-powered ambient artificial intelligence (AI) scribe.This prospective quality improvement study was conducted at a large academic medical center with 45 physicians from 8 ambulatory disciplines over 3 months. Utilization and documentation times were derived from electronic health record (EHR) use measures.The ambient AI scribe was utilized in 9629 of 17 428 encounters (55.25%) with significant interuser heterogeneity. Compared to baseline, median time per note reduced significantly by 0.57 minutes. Median daily documentation, afterhours, and total EHR time also decreased significantly by 6.89, 5.17, and 19.95 minutes/day, respectively.An early pilot of an ambient AI scribe demonstrated robust utilization and reduced time spent on documentation and in the EHR. There was notable individual-level heterogeneity.Large language model-powered ambient AI scribes may reduce documentation burden. Further studies are needed to identify which users benefit most from current technology and how future iterations can support a broader audience.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocae304

  View details for PubMedID 39688515

• Ambient artificial intelligence scribes: physician burnout and perspectives on usability and documentation burden. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA Shah, S. J., Devon-Sand, A., Ma, S. P., Jeong, Y., Crowell, T., Smith, M., Liang, A. S., Delahaie, C., Hsia, C., Shanafelt, T., Pfeffer, M. A., Sharp, C., Lin, S., Garcia, P. 2024

  Abstract

  This study evaluates the pilot implementation of ambient AI scribe technology to assess physician perspectives on usability and the impact on physician burden and burnout.This prospective quality improvement study was conducted at Stanford Health Care with 48 physicians over a 3-month period. Outcome measures included burden, burnout, usability, and perceived time savings.Paired survey analysis (n = 38) revealed large statistically significant reductions in task load (-24.42, p <.001) and burnout (-1.94, p <.001), and moderate statistically significant improvements in usability scores (+10.9, p <.001). Post-survey responses (n = 46) indicated favorable utility with improved perceptions of efficiency, documentation quality, and ease of use.In one of the first pilot implementations of ambient AI scribe technology, improvements in physician task load, burnout, and usability were demonstrated.Ambient AI scribes like DAX Copilot may enhance clinical workflows. Further research is needed to optimize widespread implementation and evaluate long-term impacts.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocae295

  View details for PubMedID 39657021

• "Covering provider": an effort to streamline clinical communication chaos. JAMIA open Joshi, M., Gokhale, A., Ma, S., Pendrey, A., Wozniak, L., Moturu, A., Schwartz, N. U., Wilson, A., Darmawan, K., Phillips, B., Cullum, S., Sharp, C., Brown, G., Shieh, L., Schmiesing, C. 2024; 7 (3): ooae057

  Abstract

  This report describes a root cause analysis of incorrect provider assignments and a standardized workflow developed to improve the clarity and accuracy of provider assignments.A multidisciplinary working group involving housestaff was assembled. Key drivers were identified using value stream mapping and fishbone analysis. A report was developed to allow for the analysis of correct provider assignments. A standardized workflow was created and piloted with a single service line. Pre- and post-pilot surveys were administered to nursing staff and participating housestaff on the unit.Four key drivers were identified. A standardized workflow was created with an exclusive treatment team role in Epic held by a single provider at any given time, with a corresponding patient list column displaying provider information for each patient. Pre- and post-survey responses report decreased confusion, decreased provider identification errors, and increased user satisfaction among RNs and residents with sustained uptake over time.This work demonstrates structured root cause analysis, notably engaging housestaff, to develop a standardized workflow for an understudied and growing problem. The development of tools and strategies to address the widespread burdens resulting from clinical communication failures is needed.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooae057

  View details for PubMedID 38974405

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11226879

• Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence-Generated Responses to Patient Messages. JAMA network open Kim, J., Chen, M. L., Rezaei, S. J., Liang, A. S., Seav, S. M., Onyeka, S., Lee, J. J., Vedak, S. C., Mui, D., Lal, R. A., Pfeffer, M. A., Sharp, C., Pageler, N. M., Asch, S. M., Linos, E. 2024; 7 (10): e2438535

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.38535

  View details for PubMedID 39412810

• Standing on FURM Ground: A Framework for Evaluating Fair, Useful, and Reliable AI Models in Health Care Systems NEJM CATALYST INNOVATIONS IN CARE DELIVERY Callahan, A., McElfresh, D., Banda, J. M., Bunney, G., Char, D., Chen, J., Corbin, C. K., Dash, D., Downing, N. L., Jain, S. S., Kotecha, N., Masterson, J., Mello, M. M., Morse, K., Nallan, S., Pandya, A., Revri, A., Sharma, A., Sharp, C., Thapa, R., Wornow, M., Youssef, A., Pfeffer, M. A., Shah, N. H. 2024; 5 (10)

  View details for DOI 10.1056/CAT.24.0131

  View details for Web of Science ID 001422126900001

• Effect of an Electronic Health Record-Based Intervention on Documentation Practices. Applied clinical informatics Shah, S., Bedgood, M., Devon-Sand, A., Dolphin-Dempsey, C., Cherukuri, V., Weng, K., Lin, S., Sharp, C. 2024

  Abstract

  Please see title page and main document for latest version of abstract.

  View details for DOI 10.1055/a-2367-8564

  View details for PubMedID 39019475

• AI-Generated Draft Replies Integrated Into Health Records and Physicians' Electronic Communication. JAMA network open Tai-Seale, M., Baxter, S. L., Vaida, F., Walker, A., Sitapati, A. M., Osborne, C., Diaz, J., Desai, N., Webb, S., Polston, G., Helsten, T., Gross, E., Thackaberry, J., Mandvi, A., Lillie, D., Li, S., Gin, G., Achar, S., Hofflich, H., Sharp, C., Millen, M., Longhurst, C. A. 2024; 7 (4): e246565

  Abstract

  Importance: Timely tests are warranted to assess the association between generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) use and physicians' work efforts.Objective: To investigate the association between GenAI-drafted replies for patient messages and physician time spent on answering messages and the length of replies.Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized waiting list quality improvement (QI) study from June to August 2023 in an academic health system. Primary care physicians were randomized to an immediate activation group and a delayed activation group. Data were analyzed from August to November 2023.Exposure: Access to GenAI-drafted replies for patient messages.Main Outcomes and Measures: Time spent (1) reading messages, (2) replying to messages, (3) length of replies, and (4) physician likelihood to recommend GenAI drafts. The a priori hypothesis was that GenAI drafts would be associated with less physician time spent reading and replying to messages. A mixed-effects model was used.Results: Fifty-two physicians participated in this QI study, with 25 randomized to the immediate activation group and 27 randomized to the delayed activation group. A contemporary control group included 70 physicians. There were 18 female participants (72.0%) in the immediate group and 17 female participants (63.0%) in the delayed group; the median age range was 35-44 years in the immediate group and 45-54 years in the delayed group. The median (IQR) time spent reading messages in the immediate group was 26 (11-69) seconds at baseline, 31 (15-70) seconds 3 weeks after entry to the intervention, and 31 (14-70) seconds 6 weeks after entry. The delayed group's median (IQR) read time was 25 (10-67) seconds at baseline, 29 (11-77) seconds during the 3-week waiting period, and 32 (15-72) seconds 3 weeks after entry to the intervention. The contemporary control group's median (IQR) read times were 21 (9-54), 22 (9-63), and 23 (9-60) seconds in corresponding periods. The estimated association of GenAI was a 21.8% increase in read time (95% CI, 5.2% to 41.0%; P=.008), a -5.9% change in reply time (95% CI, -16.6% to 6.2%; P=.33), and a 17.9% increase in reply length (95% CI, 10.1% to 26.2%; P<.001). Participants recognized GenAI's value and suggested areas for improvement.Conclusions and Relevance: In this QI study, GenAI-drafted replies were associated with significantly increased read time, no change in reply time, significantly increased reply length, and some perceived benefits. Rigorous empirical tests are necessary to further examine GenAI's performance. Future studies should examine patient experience and compare multiple GenAIs, including those with medical training.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.6565

  View details for PubMedID 38619840

• Artificial Intelligence-Generated Draft Replies to Patient Inbox Messages. JAMA network open Garcia, P., Ma, S. P., Shah, S., Smith, M., Jeong, Y., Devon-Sand, A., Tai-Seale, M., Takazawa, K., Clutter, D., Vogt, K., Lugtu, C., Rojo, M., Lin, S., Shanafelt, T., Pfeffer, M. A., Sharp, C. 2024; 7 (3): e243201

  Abstract

  The emergence and promise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) represent a turning point for health care. Rigorous evaluation of generative AI deployment in clinical practice is needed to inform strategic decision-making.To evaluate the implementation of a large language model used to draft responses to patient messages in the electronic inbox.A 5-week, prospective, single-group quality improvement study was conducted from July 10 through August 13, 2023, at a single academic medical center (Stanford Health Care). All attending physicians, advanced practice practitioners, clinic nurses, and clinical pharmacists from the Divisions of Primary Care and Gastroenterology and Hepatology were enrolled in the pilot.Draft replies to patient portal messages generated by a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant electronic health record-integrated large language model.The primary outcome was AI-generated draft reply utilization as a percentage of total patient message replies. Secondary outcomes included changes in time measures and clinician experience as assessed by survey.A total of 197 clinicians were enrolled in the pilot; 35 clinicians who were prepilot beta users, out of office, or not tied to a specific ambulatory clinic were excluded, leaving 162 clinicians included in the analysis. The survey analysis cohort consisted of 73 participants (45.1%) who completed both the presurvey and postsurvey. In gastroenterology and hepatology, there were 58 physicians and APPs and 10 nurses. In primary care, there were 83 physicians and APPs, 4 nurses, and 8 clinical pharmacists. The mean AI-generated draft response utilization rate across clinicians was 20%. There was no change in reply action time, write time, or read time between the prepilot and pilot periods. There were statistically significant reductions in the 4-item physician task load score derivative (mean [SD], 61.31 [17.23] presurvey vs 47.26 [17.11] postsurvey; paired difference, -13.87; 95% CI, -17.38 to -9.50; P < .001) and work exhaustion scores (mean [SD], 1.95 [0.79] presurvey vs 1.62 [0.68] postsurvey; paired difference, -0.33; 95% CI, -0.50 to -0.17; P < .001).In this quality improvement study of an early implementation of generative AI, there was notable adoption, usability, and improvement in assessments of burden and burnout. There was no improvement in time. Further code-to-bedside testing is needed to guide future development and organizational strategy.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3201

  View details for PubMedID 38506805

• MEDALIGN: A Clinician-Generated Dataset for Instruction Following with Electronic Medical Records Fleming, S. L., Lozano, A., Haberkorn, W. J., Jindal, J. A., Reis, E., Thapa, R., Blankemeier, L., Genkins, J. Z., Steinberg, E., Nayak, A., Patel, B., Chiang, C., Callahan, A., Huo, Z., Gatidis, S., Adams, S., Fayanju, O., Shah, S. J., Savage, T., Goh, E., Chaudhari, A. S., Aghaeepour, N., Sharp, C., Pfeffer, M. A., Liang, P., Chen, J. H., Morse, K. E., Brunskill, E. P., Fries, J. A., Shah, N. H., Wooldridge, M., Dy, J., Natarajan, S. ASSOC ADVANCEMENT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. 2024: 22021-22030

  View details for Web of Science ID 001239985800017

• Drivers of telemedicine in primary care clinics at a large academic medical centre. Journal of telemedicine and telecare Parameswaran, V., Koos, H., Kalwani, N., Qureshi, L., Rosengaus, L., Dash, R., Scheinker, D., Rodriguez, F., Johnson, C. B., Stange, K., Aron, D., Lyytinen, K., Sharp, C. 2023: 1357633X231219311

  Abstract

  COVID-19 disrupted healthcare routines and prompted rapid telemedicine implementation. We investigated the drivers of visit modality selection (telemedicine versus in-person) in primary care clinics at an academic medical centre.We used electronic medical record data from March 2020 to May 2022 from 13 primary care clinics (N = 21,031 new, N = 207,292 return visits), with 55% overall telemedicine use. Hierarchical logistic regression and cross-validation methods were used to estimate the variation in visit modality explained by the patient, clinician and visit factors as measured by the mean-test area under the curve (AUC).There was significant variation in telemedicine use across clinicians (ranging from 0-100%) for the same visit diagnosis. The strongest predictors of telemedicine were the clinician seen for new visits (mean AUC of 0.79) and the primary visit diagnosis for return visits (0.77). Models based on all patient characteristics combined accounted for relatively little variation in modality selection, 0.54 for new and 0.58 for return visits, respectively. Amongst patient characteristics, males, patients over 65 years, Asians and patient's with non-English language preferences used less telemedicine; however, those using interpreter services used significantly more telemedicine.Clinician seen and primary visit diagnoses were the best predictors of visit modality. The distinction between new and return visits and the minimal impact of patient characteristics on visit modality highlights the complexity of clinical care and warrants research approaches that go beyond linear models to uncover the emergent causal effects of specific technology features mediated by tasks, people and organisations.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1357633X231219311

  View details for PubMedID 38130140

• Perspectives on the Intersection of Electronic Health Records and Health Care Team Communication, Function, and Well-being. JAMA network open Amano, A., Brown-Johnson, C. G., Winget, M., Sinha, A., Shah, S., Sinsky, C. A., Sharp, C., Shanafelt, T., Skeff, K. 2023; 6 (5): e2313178

  Abstract

  Understanding of the interplay between the electronic health record (EHR), health care team relations, and physician well-being is currently lacking. Approaches to cultivate interpersonal interactions may be necessary to complement advancements in health information technology with high-quality team function.To examine ways in which the EHR, health care team functioning, and physician well-being intersect and interact.Secondary qualitative analysis of semistructured interview data from 2 studies used keyword-in-context approaches to identify excerpts related to teams. Thematic analysis was conducted using pattern coding, then organized using the relationship-centered organization model. Two health care organizations in California from March 16 to October 13, 2017, and February 28 to April 21, 2022, participated, with respondents including attending and resident physicians.Across data sets, themes centered around the interactions between the EHR, health care team functioning, and physician well-being. The first study data focused on EHR-related distressing events and their role in attending physician and resident physician emotions and actions. The second study focused on EHR use and daily EHR irritants.The 73 respondents included attending physicians (53 [73%]) and resident physicians (20 [27%]). Demographic data were not collected. Participants worked in ambulatory specialties (33 [45%]), hospital medicine (10 [14%]), and surgery (10 [14%]). The EHR was reported to be the dominant communication modality among all teams. Interviewees indicated that the EHR facilitates task-related communication and is well suited to completing simple, uncomplicated tasks. However, EHR-based communication limited the rich communication and social connection required for building relationships and navigating conflict. The EHR was found to negatively impact team function by promoting disagreement and introducing areas of conflict into team relationships related to medical-legal pressures, role confusion, and undefined norms around EHR-related communication. In addition, interviewees expressed that physician EHR-related distress affects interactions within the team, eroding team well-being.In this study, the EHR supported task-oriented and efficient communication among team members to get work done and care for patients; however, participants felt that the technology shifts attention away from the human needs of the care team that are necessary for developing relationships, building trust, and resolving conflicts. Interventions to cultivate interpersonal interactions and team function are necessary to complement the efficiency benefits of health information technology.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.13178

  View details for PubMedID 37171816

• Drivers of Visit Modality in Primary Care Clinics at an Academic Medical Center Parameswaran, V., Koos, H., Bajra, R., Kalwani, E. M., Qureshi, L., Rosengaus, L., Scheinker, D., Cola, P., Dash, R., Stange, K., Lyytinen, K., Sharp, C. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023

  View details for DOI 10.1161/circ.147.suppl_1.P372

  View details for Web of Science ID 001002143900371

• The impact of expanded telehealth availability on primary care utilization. NPJ digital medicine Dixit, R. A., Ratwani, R. M., Bishop, J. A., Schulman, K., Sharp, C., Palakanis, K., Booker, E. 2022; 5 (1): 141

  Abstract

  The expanded availability of telehealth due to the COVID-19 pandemic presents a concern that telehealth may result in an unnecessary increase in utilization. We analyzed 4,114,651 primary care encounters (939,134 unique patients) from three healthcare systems between 2019 and 2021 and found little change in utilization as telehealth became widely available. Results suggest telehealth availability is not resulting in additional primary care visits and federal policies should support telehealth use.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41746-022-00685-8

  View details for PubMedID 36085158

• Interruptive Electronic Alerts for Choosing Wisely Recommendations: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA Ho, V. T., Aikens, R. C., Tso, G., Heidenreich, P. A., Sharp, C., Asch, S. M., Chen, J. H., Shah, N. K. 2022

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of interruptive electronic alerts in improving adherence to the American Board of Internal Medicine's Choosing Wisely recommendations to reduce unnecessary laboratory testing.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We administered 5 cluster randomized controlled trials simultaneously, using electronic medical record alerts regarding prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, acute sinusitis treatment, vitamin D testing, carotid artery ultrasound screening, and human papillomavirus testing. For each alert, we assigned 5 outpatient clinics to an interruptive alert and 5 were observed as a control. Primary and secondary outcomes were the number of postalert orders per 100 patients at each clinic and number of triggered alerts divided by orders, respectively. Post hoc analysis evaluated whether physicians experiencing interruptive alerts reduced their alert-triggering behaviors.RESULTS: Median postalert orders per 100 patients did not differ significantly between treatment and control groups; absolute median differences ranging from 0.04 to 0.40 for PSA testing. Median alerts per 100 orders did not differ significantly between treatment and control groups; absolute median differences ranged from 0.004 to 0.03. In post hoc analysis, providers receiving alerts regarding PSA testing in men were significantly less likely to trigger additional PSA alerts than those in the control sites (Incidence Rate Ratio 0.12, 95% CI [0.03-0.52]).DISCUSSION: Interruptive point-of-care alerts did not yield detectable changes in the overall rate of undesired orders or the order-to-alert ratio between active and silent sites. Complementary behavioral or educational interventions are likely needed to improve efforts to curb medical overuse.CONCLUSION: Implementation of interruptive alerts at the time of ordering was not associated with improved adherence to 5 Choosing Wisely guidelines.TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02709772.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocac139

  View details for PubMedID 36018731

• Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinician ambulatory electronic health record use (vol 29, pg 453, 2022) JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL INFORMATICS ASSOCIATION Holmgren, A., Downing, N., Tang, M., Sharp, C., Longhurst, C., Huckman, R. S. 2022; 29 (4): 749

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocab288

  View details for Web of Science ID 000769066500021

  View details for PubMedID 35020882

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC8922166

• Using AI to Empower Collaborative Team Workflows: Two Implementations for Advance Care Planning and Care Escalation NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery Li, R., Smith, M., Lu, J., Avati, A., Wang, S., Teuteberg, W., Shum, K., Hong, G., Seevaratnam, B., Westphal, J., Dougherty, M., Rao, P., Asch, S., Lin, S., Sharp, C., Shieh, L., Shah, N. 2022; 3 (4)

  View details for DOI 10.1056/CAT.21.0457

• Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinician ambulatory electronic health record use. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA Holmgren, A. J., Downing, N. L., Tang, M., Sharp, C., Longhurst, C., Huckman, R. S. 2021

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic changed clinician electronic health record (EHR) work in a multitude of ways. To evaluate how, we measure ambulatory clinician EHR use in the United States throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We use EHR meta-data from ambulatory care clinicians in 366 health systems using the Epic EHR system in the United States from December 2019 to December 2020. We used descriptive statistics for clinician EHR use including active-use time across clinical activities, time after-hours, and messages received. Multivariable regression to evaluate total and after-hours EHR work adjusting for daily volume and organizational characteristics, and to evaluate the association between messages and EHR time.RESULTS: Clinician time spent in the EHR per day dropped at the onset of the pandemic but had recovered to higher than prepandemic levels by July 2020. Time spent actively working in the EHR after-hours showed similar trends. These differences persisted in multivariable models. In-Basket messages received increased compared with prepandemic levels, with the largest increase coming from messages from patients, which increased to 157% of the prepandemic average. Each additional patient message was associated with a 2.32-min increase in EHR time per day (P < .001).DISCUSSION: Clinicians spent more total and after-hours time in the EHR in the latter half of 2020 compared with the prepandemic period. This was partially driven by increased time in Clinical Review and In-Basket messaging.CONCLUSIONS: Reimbursement models and workflows for the post-COVID era should account for these demands on clinician time that occur outside the traditional visit.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocab268

  View details for PubMedID 34888680

• Novel Nonproprietary Measures of Ambulatory Electronic Health Record Use Associated with Physician Work Exhaustion. Applied clinical informatics Sinha, A., Shanafelt, T. D., Trockel, M., Wang, H., Sharp, C. 2021; 12 (3): 637-646

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence indicates an association between physician electronic health record (EHR) use after work hours and occupational distress including burnout. These studies are based on either physician perception of time spent in EHR through surveys which may be prone to bias or by utilizing vendor-defined EHR use measures which often rely on proprietary algorithms that may not take into account variation in physician's schedules which may underestimate time spent on the EHR outside of scheduled clinic time. The Stanford team developed and refined a nonproprietary EHR use algorithm to track the number of hours a physician spends logged into the EHR and calculates the Clinician Logged-in Outside Clinic (CLOC) time, the number of hours spent by a physician on the EHR outside of allocated time for patient care.OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to measure the association between CLOC metrics and validated measures of physician burnout and professional fulfillment.METHODS: Physicians from adult outpatient Internal Medicine, Neurology, Dermatology, Hematology, Oncology, Rheumatology, and Endocrinology departments who logged more than 8hours of scheduled clinic time per week and answered the annual wellness survey administered in Spring 2019 were included in the analysis.RESULTS: We observed a statistically significant positive correlation between CLOC ratio (defined as the ratio of CLOC time to allocated time for patient care) and work exhaustion (Pearson's r=0.14; p=0.04), but not interpersonal disengagement, burnout, or professional fulfillment.CONCLUSION: The CLOC metrics are potential objective EHR activity-based markers associated with physician work exhaustion. Our results suggest that the impact of time spent on EHR, while associated with exhaustion, does not appear to be a dominant factor driving the high rates of occupational burnout in physicians.

  View details for DOI 10.1055/s-0041-1731678

  View details for PubMedID 34261173

• Distress Screening Through Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) at an Academic Cancer Center and Network Site: Implementation of a Hybrid Model. JCO oncology practice Neal, J. W., Roy, M. n., Bugos, K. n., Sharp, C. n., Galatin, P. S., Falconer, P. n., Rosenthal, E. L., Blayney, D. W., Modaressi, S. n., Robinson, A. n., Ramchandran, K. n. 2021: OP2000473

  Abstract

  Cancer care guidelines recommend regular distress screening of patients, with approximately one in three patients with cancer experiencing significant distress. However, the implementation of such programs is variable and inconsistent. We sought to assess the feasibility of implementing a hybrid electronic and paper screening tool for distress in all patients coming to a large academic cancer center and an associated integrated network site.Patients at an academic cancer center (Stanford Cancer Center) and its associated integrated network site received either an electronic or on-paper modified Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Global Health questionnaire, to assess overall health and distress. We used the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance implementation framework to test and report on the feasibility of using this questionnaire. Iterative workflow changes were made to implement the questionnaire throughout the healthcare system, including processes to integrate with existing electronic health records.From June 2015 to December 2017, 53,954 questionnaires representing 26,242 patients were collected. Approximately 30% of the questionnaires were completed before the visit on an electronic patient portal. The number of patients meeting the positive screen threshold remained around 40% throughout the study period. Following assessment, there were 3,763 referrals to cancer supportive services. Of note, those with a positive screen were more likely to have a referral to supportive care (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% CI, 5.8 to 6.9; P < .0001).The hybrid electronic and on-paper use of a commonly available patient-reported outcome tool, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Global Health, as a large-scale distress screening method, is feasible at a large integrated cancer center.

  View details for DOI 10.1200/OP.20.00473

  View details for PubMedID 33830852

• Effect of electronic clinical decision support on inappropriate prescriptions in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Singhal, S., Krishnamurthy, A., Wang, B., Weng, Y., Sharp, C., Shah, N., Ahuja, N., Hosamani, P., Periyakoil, V. S., Hom, J. 2021

  View details for DOI 10.1111/jgs.17608

  View details for PubMedID 34877652

• Using a Real-Time Locating System to Evaluate the Impact of Telemedicine in an Emergency Department During COVID-19: Observational Study. Journal of medical Internet research Patel, B., Vilendrer, S., Kling, S. M., Brown, I., Ribeira, R., Eisenberg, M., Sharp, C. 2021

  Abstract

  Telemedicine has been deployed by healthcare systems in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to enable healthcare workers to provide remote care for both outpatients and inpatients. Although it is reasonable to suspect telemedicine visits limit unnecessary personal contact and thus decrease the risk of infection transmission, the impact of the use of such technology on clinician workflows in the emergency department is unknown.To use real-time locating systems (RTLS) to evaluate the impact of a new telemedicine platform, which permitted clinicians located outside patient rooms to interact with patients who were under isolation precautions in the emergency department, on in-person interaction between healthcare workers and patients.A pre-post analysis was conducted using a badge-based RTLS platform to collect movement data including entrances and duration of stay within patient rooms of the emergency department for nursing and physician staff. Movement data was captured between March 2nd, 2020, the date of the first patient screened for COVID-19 in the emergency department, and April 20th, 2020. A new telemedicine platform was deployed on March 29th, 2020. Number of entrances and duration of in-person interactions per patient encounter, adjusted for patient length of stay, were obtained for pre- and post-implementation phases and compared with t-tests to determine statistical significance.There were 15,741 RTLS events linked to 2,662 encounters for patients screened for COVID-19. There was no significant change in number of in-person interactions between the pre- and post-implementation phases for both nurses (5.7 vs 7.0 entrances per patient, p=0.07) and physicians (1.3 vs 1.5 entrances per patient, p=0.12). Total duration of in-person interaction did not change (56.4 vs 55.2 minutes per patient, p=0.74) despite significant increases in telemedicine videoconference frequency (0.6 vs 1.3 videoconferences per patient, p<0.01 for change in daily average) and duration (4.3 vs 12.3 minutes per patient, p<0.01 for change in daily average).Telemedicine was rapidly adopted with the intent of minimizing pathogen exposure to healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet RTLS movement data did not reveal significant changes for in-person interactions between staff and patients under investigation for COVID-19 infection. Additional research is needed to better understand how telemedicine technology may be better incorporated into emergency departments to improve workflows for frontline healthcare clinicians.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/29240

  View details for PubMedID 34236993

• Physicians Leading Physicians: A Physician Engagement Intervention Decreases Inappropriate Use of IICU Level of Care Accommodations. American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality Ruiz Colón, G. n., Yang, J. n., Svec, D. n., Heidenreich, P. n., Britt, P. n., Smith, M. n., Sharp, C. n., Shieh, L. n. 2021

  Abstract

  Following the adoption of an acuity-adaptable unit model in an academic medical center, a $13M increase in cost of intermediate intensive care unit (IICU) accommodations was observed. The authors followed A3 methodology to determine the root cause of this increase and developed a 3-prong intervention centered on physician engagement, given that physicians have the ability to order a patient's level of care. This intervention consisted of: (1) identifying physician champions to promote appropriate IICU use, (2) visual changes to essential electronic medical record tools, and (3) data-driven feedback to physician champions. In the year following intervention deployment, average IICU length of stay decreased from 1.08 to 0.62 days and average IICU use decreased from 21.4% to 12.3%, corresponding to ~$5.7M cost savings with no significant change in balancing measures observed. Together, these results demonstrate that a multicomponent intervention aimed at engaging physicians reduced inappropriate IICU use with no increase in adverse events.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/01.JMQ.0000735480.43566.f9

  View details for PubMedID 33883423

• Assessment of Electronic Health Record Use Between US and Non-US Health Systems. JAMA internal medicine Holmgren, A. J., Downing, N. L., Bates, D. W., Shanafelt, T. D., Milstein, A., Sharp, C. D., Cutler, D. M., Huckman, R. S., Schulman, K. A. 2020

  Abstract

  Importance: Understanding how the electronic health record (EHR) system changes clinician work, productivity, and well-being is critical. Little is known regarding global variation in patterns of use.Objective: To provide insights into which EHR activities clinicians spend their time doing, the EHR tools they use, the system messages they receive, and the amount of time they spend using the EHR after hours.Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study analyzed the deidentified metadata of ambulatory care health systems in the US, Canada, Northern Europe, Western Europe, the Middle East, and Oceania from January 1, 2019, to August 31, 2019. All of these organizations used the EHR software from Epic Systems and represented most of Epic Systems's ambulatory customer base. The sample included all clinicians with scheduled patient appointments, such as physicians and advanced practice practitioners.Exposures: Clinician EHR use was tracked by deidentified and aggregated metadata across a variety of clinical activities.Main Outcomes and Measures: Descriptive statistics for clinician EHR use included time spent on clinical activities, note documentation (as measured by the percentage of characters in the note generated by automated or manual data entry source), messages received, and time spent after hours.Results: A total of 371 health systems were included in the sample, of which 348 (93.8%) were located in the US and 23 (6.2%) were located in other countries. US clinicians spent more time per day actively using the EHR compared with non-US clinicians (mean time, 90.2 minutes vs 59.1 minutes; P<.001). In addition, US clinicians vs non-US clinicians spent significantly more time performing 4 clinical activities: notes (40.7 minutes vs 30.7 minutes; P<.001), orders (19.5 minutes vs 8.75 minutes; P<.001), in-basket messages (12.5 minutes vs 4.80 minutes; P<.001), and clinical review (17.6 minutes vs 14.8 minutes; P=.01). Clinicians in the US composed more automated note text than their non-US counterparts (77.5% vs 60.8% of note text; P<.001) and received statistically significantly more messages per day (33.8 vs 12.8; P<.001). Furthermore, US clinicians used the EHR for a longer time after hours, logging in 26.5 minutes per day vs 19.5 minutes per day for non-US clinicians (P=.01). The median US clinician spent as much time actively using the EHR per day (90.1 minutes) as a non-US clinician in the 99th percentile of active EHR use time per day (90.7 minutes) in the sample. These results persisted after controlling for organizational characteristics, including structure, type, size, and daily patient volume.Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that US clinicians compared with their non-US counterparts spent substantially more time actively using the EHR for a wide range of clinical activities or tasks. This finding suggests that US clinicians have a greater EHR burden that may be associated with nontechnical factors, which policy makers and health system leaders should consider when addressing clinician wellness.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7071

  View details for PubMedID 33315048

• Rapid Deployment of Inpatient Telemedicine In Response to COVID-19 Across Three Health Systems (vol 27, pg 1102, 2020) JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL INFORMATICS ASSOCIATION Vilendrer, S., Patel, B., Chadwick, W., Hwa, M., Asch, S., Pageler, N., Ramdeo, R., Saliba-Gustafsson, E. A., Strong, P., Sharp, C. 2020; 27 (11): 1830

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocaa182

  View details for Web of Science ID 000594986600031

  View details for PubMedID 33051682

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7665560

• "MAKING A LIST AND CHECKING IT TWICE": A HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ADVISORY IN PRIMARY CARE Phadke, A., Sattler, A., Shah, S., Mahoney, M., Sharp, C., Ng, S., Kim, M., Weng, Y. I., Safaeinili, N., Brown-Johnson, C., Desai, M. SPRINGER. 2020: S702

  View details for Web of Science ID 000567143602227

• IT TAKES A VILLAGE: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE PROVIDER ENGAGEMENT FOR WEIGHT MANAGEMENT AT AN ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER Shah, S., Lu, C., Tsai, S. A., Reisenberg, A., Calugar, A., Filipowicz, H., Sharp, C., Phadke, A. SPRINGER. 2020: S667–S668

  View details for Web of Science ID 000567143602165

• Distress screening through PROMIS at an academic cancer center and network site: Implementation of a hybrid model. Roy, M., Neal, J. W., Bugos, K., Sharp, C., Falconer, P., Rosenthal, E., Blayney, D. W., Modaressi, S., Robinson, A., Ramchandran, K. AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. 2020

  View details for Web of Science ID 000560368301136

• Metrics for assessing physician activity using electronic health record log data. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA Sinsky, C. A., Rule, A., Cohen, G., Arndt, B. G., Shanafelt, T. D., Sharp, C. D., Baxter, S. L., Tai-Seale, M., Yan, S., Chen, Y., Adler-Milstein, J., Hribar, M. 2020

  Abstract

  Electronic health record (EHR) log data have shown promise in measuring physician time spent on clinical activities, contributing to deeper understanding and further optimization of the clinical environment. In this article, we propose 7 core measures of EHR use that reflect multiple dimensions of practice efficiency: total EHR time, work outside of work, time on documentation, time on prescriptions, inbox time, teamwork for orders, and an aspirational measure for the amount of undivided attention patients receive from their physicians during an encounter, undivided attention. We also illustrate sample use cases for these measures for multiple stakeholders. Finally, standardization of EHR log data measure specifications, as outlined here, will foster cross-study synthesis and comparative research.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocz223

  View details for PubMedID 32027360

• E-HeaRT BPA: electronic health record telemetry BPA. Postgraduate medical journal Chin, K. K., Svec, D. n., Leung, B. n., Sharp, C. n., Shieh, L. n. 2020

  Abstract

  Ccontinuous cardiac monitoring in non-critical care settings is expensive and overutilised. As such, it is an important target of hospital interventions to establish cost-effective, high-quality care. Since inappropriate telemetry use was persistently elevated at our institution, we devised an electronic best practice alert (BPA) and tested it in a randomised controlled fashion.Between 4 March 2018 and 5 July 2018 at our 600-bed academic hospital, all non-critical care patients who had at least one telemetry order were randomised to the control or intervention group. The intervention group received daily BPAs if telemetry was active.275 and 283 patients were randomised to the intervention and control groups, respectively. The intervention group triggered 1042 alerts and trended toward fewer telemetry days (3.8 vs 5.0, p=0.017). The intervention group stopped telemetry 31.7% of the alerted patient-days compared with 23.3% for the control group (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.88, p<0.001). There were no significant differences in length of stay, rapid responses, code blues, or mortality between the two groups.Using a randomised controlled design, we show that BPAs significantly reduce telemetry without negatively affecting patient outcomes. They should have a role in promoting high-value telemetry use.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-137421

  View details for PubMedID 32467108

• Five Takeaways Digital Health System Leaders Learned through Covid-19 Response Efforts NEJM Catalyst Haas, L., Sharp, C. D. 2020

  View details for DOI 10.1056/CAT.20.0532

• Rapid Deployment of Inpatient Telemedicine In Response to COVID-19 Across Three Health Systems. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA Vilendrer, S. n., Patel, B. n., Chadwick, W. n., Hwa, M. n., Asch, S. n., Pageler, N. n., Ramdeo, R. n., Saliba-Gustafsson, E. A., Strong, P. n., Sharp, C. n. 2020

  Abstract

  To reduce pathogen exposure, conserve personal protective equipment, and facilitate health care personnel work participation in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic, three affiliated institutions rapidly and independently deployed inpatient telemedicine programs during March 2020. We describe key features and early learnings of these programs in the hospital setting.Relevant clinical and operational leadership from an academic medical center, pediatric teaching hospital, and safety net county health system met to share learnings shortly after deploying inpatient telemedicine. A summative analysis of their learnings was re-circulated for approval.All three institutions faced pressure to urgently standup new telemedicine systems while still maintaining secure information exchange. Differences across patient demographics and technological capabilities led to variation in solution design, though key technical considerations were similar. Rapid deployment in each system relied on readily available consumer-grade technology, given the existing familiarity to patients and clinicians and minimal infrastructure investment. Preliminary data from the academic medical center over one month suggested positive adoption with 631 inpatient video calls lasting an average (standard deviation) of 16.5 minutes (19.6) based on inclusion criteria.The threat of an imminent surge of COVID-19 patients drove three institutions to rapidly develop inpatient telemedicine solutions. Concurrently, federal and state regulators temporarily relaxed restrictions that would have previously limited these efforts. Strategic direction from executive leadership, leveraging off-the-shelf hardware, vendor engagement, and clinical workflow integration facilitated rapid deployment.The rapid deployment of inpatient telemedicine is feasible across diverse settings as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocaa077

  View details for PubMedID 32495830

• Resident Presentation Effects of EMR-Based Advisories on Benzodiazepine and Sedative-Hypnotic Prescriptions in Older Adults Krishnamurthy, A., Singhal, S., Wang, B., Weng, Y., Sharp, C., Shah, N., Ahuja, N., Hosamani, P., Periyakoil, V., Hom, J. WILEY. 2019: S284

  View details for Web of Science ID 000463149000824

• Technology-Enabled Consumer Engagement: Promising Practices At Four Health Care Delivery Organizations. Health affairs (Project Hope) Tai-Seale, M., Downing, N. L., Jones, V. G., Milani, R. V., Zhao, B., Clay, B., Sharp, C. D., Chan, A. S., Longhurst, C. A. 2019; 38 (3): 383–90

  Abstract

  Patients' journeys across the care continuum can be improved with patient-centered technology integrated into the care process. Misaligned financial incentives, change management challenges, and privacy concerns are some of the hurdles that have prevented health systems from deploying technology that engages patients along the care continuum. Despite these sociotechnical challenges, some health care organizations have developed innovative approaches to engaging patients. We describe promising technology-enabled consumer engagement practices at two community-based delivery organizations and two academic medical centers to demonstrate the approaches, sociotechnical challenges, and outcomes associated with their implementation. Leadership commitment and payer policies that align with the quadruple aim-enhancing patient experience, improving population health, reducing costs, and improving the work life of health care providers-would encourage further deployment and lead to greater consumer engagement along the care continuum.

  View details for DOI 10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05027

  View details for PubMedID 30830826

• Effect of Electronic Clinical Decision Support on 25(OH) Vitamin D Testing. Journal of general internal medicine Chin, K. K., Hom, J. n., Tan, M. n., Sharp, C. n., Wang, S. n., Chen, Y. R., Chen, D. n. 2019

  View details for PubMedID 31090033

• Effect of Electronic Clinical Decision Support on Imaging for the Evaluation of Acute Low Back Pain in the Ambulatory Care Setting. World neurosurgery Chen, D. n., Bhambhvani, H. P., Hom, J. n., Mahoney, M. n., Wintermark, M. n., Sharp, C. n., Ratliff, J. n., Chen, Y. R. 2019

  Abstract

  To assess the effectiveness of a clinical decision support tool consisting of an electronic medical record Best Practice Alert (BPA) on the frequency of lumbar imaging in patients with acute low back pain (LBP) in the ambulatory care setting. To understand why providers order imaging outside of clinical guidelines.We implemented a BPA pop-up alert on 3/23/16 that informed the ordering physician of the Choosing Wisely recommendation to not order imaging within the first 6 weeks of low back pain in the absence of red flags. We measured imaging rates 1 year before and after implementation of the BPA. To override the BPA, providers could ignore the alert or explain their rationale for ordering imaging using either pre-set options or free-text submission. We tracked pre-set options and manually reviewed 125 free-text submissions.Significant decreases in both total imaging rate (9.6% decrease, p = 0.02) and MRI rate (14.9% decrease, p < 0.01) were observed after implementation of the BPA. No change was found in the rates of x-ray or CT ordering. 64% of providers used pre-set options in overriding the BPA, while 36% of providers entered a free-text submission. Among those providers using a free-text submission, 56% entered a non-guideline supported rationale.The present study demonstrates the effectiveness of a simple, low-cost clinical decision support tool in reducing imaging rates for patients with acute low back pain. We additionally identify reasons providers order imaging outside of clinical guidelines.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.031

  View details for PubMedID 31733384

• When order sets do not align with clinician workflow: assessing practice patterns in the electronic health record. BMJ quality & safety Li, R. C., Wang, J. K., Sharp, C. n., Chen, J. H. 2019

  Abstract

  Order sets are widely used tools in the electronic health record (EHR) for improving healthcare quality. However, there is limited insight into how well they facilitate clinician workflow. We assessed four indicators based on order set usage patterns in the EHR that reflect potential misalignment between order set design and clinician workflow needs.We used data from the EHR on all orders of medication, laboratory, imaging and blood product items at an academic hospital and an itemset mining approach to extract orders that frequently co-occurred with order set use. We identified the following four indicators: infrequent ordering of order set items, rapid retraction of medication orders from order sets, additional a la carte ordering of items not included in order sets and a la carte ordering of items despite being listed in the order set.There was significant variability in workflow alignment across the 11 762 order set items used in the 77 421 inpatient encounters from 2014 to 2017. The median ordering rate was 4.1% (IQR 0.6%-18%) and median medication retraction rate was 4% (IQR 2%-10%). 143 (5%) medications were significantly less likely while 68 (3%) were significantly more likely to be retracted than if the same medication was ordered a la carte. 214 (39%) order sets were associated with least one additional item frequently ordered a la carte and 243 (45%) order sets contained at least one item that was instead more often ordered a la carte.Order sets often do not align with what clinicians need at the point of care. Quantitative insights from EHRs may inform how order sets can be optimised to facilitate clinician workflow.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008968

  View details for PubMedID 31164486

• Implementation and evaluation of Stanford Health Care store-and-forward teledermatology consultation workflow built within an existing electronic health record system. Journal of telemedicine and telecare Kim, G. E., Afanasiev, O. K., O'Dell, C., Sharp, C., Ko, J. M. 2018: 1357633X18799805

  Abstract

  Introduction Teledermatology services that function separately from patients' primary electronic health record (EHR) can lead to fragmented care, poor provider communication, privacy concerns and billing challenges. This study addresses these challenges by developing PhotoCareMD, a store-and-forward (SAF) teledermatology consultation workflow built entirely within an existing Epic-based EHR. Methods Thirty-six primary care physicians (PCPs) from eight outpatient clinics submitted 215 electronic consults (eConsults) for 211 patients to a Stanford Health Care dermatologist via PhotoCareMD. Comparisons were made with in-person referrals for this same dermatologist prior to initiation of PhotoCareMD. Results Compared to traditional in-person dermatology clinic visits, eConsults decreased the time to diagnosis and treatment from 23 days to 16 hours. The majority (73%) of eConsults were resolved electronically. In-person referrals from PhotoCareMD (27%) had a 50% lower cancellation rate compared with traditional referrals (11% versus 22%). The average in-person visit and documentation was 25 minutes compared with 8 minutes for an eConsult. PhotoCareMD saved 13 additional clinic hours to be made available to the dermatologist over the course of the pilot. At four patients per hour, this opens 52 dermatology clinic slots. Over 96% of patients had a favourable experience and 95% felt this service saved them time. Among PCPs, 100% would recommend PhotoCareMD to their colleagues and 95% said PhotoCareMD was a helpful educational tool. Discussion An internal SAF teledermatology workflow can be effectively implemented to increase access to and quality of dermatologic care. Our workflow can serve as a successful model for other hospitals and specialties.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1357633X18799805

  View details for PubMedID 30301409

• Health information exchange policies of 11 diverse health systems and the associated impact on volume of exchange. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association Downing, N. L., Adler-Milstein, J., Palma, J. P., Lane, S., Eisenberg, M., Sharp, C., Longhurst, C. A. 2017; 24 (1): 113-122

  Abstract

  Provider organizations increasingly have the ability to exchange patient health information electronically. Organizational health information exchange (HIE) policy decisions can impact the extent to which external information is readily available to providers, but this relationship has not been well studied.Our objective was to examine the relationship between electronic exchange of patient health information across organizations and organizational HIE policy decisions. We focused on 2 key decisions: whether to automatically search for information from other organizations and whether to require HIE-specific patient consent.We conducted a retrospective time series analysis of the effect of automatic querying and the patient consent requirement on the monthly volume of clinical summaries exchanged. We could not assess degree of use or usefulness of summaries, organizational decision-making processes, or generalizability to other vendors.Between 2013 and 2015, clinical summary exchange volume increased by 1349% across 11 organizations. Nine of the 11 systems were set up to enable auto-querying, and auto-querying was associated with a significant increase in the monthly rate of exchange (P = .006 for change in trend). Seven of the 11 organizations did not require patient consent specifically for HIE, and these organizations experienced a greater increase in volume of exchange over time compared to organizations that required consent.Automatic querying and limited consent requirements are organizational HIE policy decisions that impact the volume of exchange, and ultimately the information available to providers to support optimal care. Future efforts to ensure effective HIE may need to explicitly address these factors.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocw063

  View details for PubMedID 27301748

• Novel Metrics for Improving Professional Fulfillment. Annals of internal medicine DiAngi, Y. T., Lee, T. C., Sinsky, C. A., Bohman, B. D., Sharp, C. D. 2017; 167 (10): 740–41

  View details for PubMedID 29052698

• Electronic Release of Pathology and Radiology Results to Patients: Opinions and Experiences of Oncologists. Journal of oncology practice / American Society of Clinical Oncology Winget, M., Haji-Sheikhi, F., Brown-Johnson, C., Rosenthal, E. L., Sharp, C., Buyyounouski, M. K., Asch, S. M. 2016; 12 (8): e792-9

  Abstract

  There is an emerging standard to provide patients rapid electronic access to elements of their medical records. Although surveys of patients generally support it, this practice is controversial among oncologists, because few empiric data are available for scenarios of potentially life-threatening conditions like cancer. We report the views of oncologists about patient electronic access to radiology and pathology results that could potentially indicate disease progression.Four months before oncologists were surveyed, final results of radiology/pathology reports were routinely made available to patients online through a secure portal after a 7-day, hold to provide clinicians time to review and communicate results with the patients. Mixed methods were used to assess physician attitudes and experiences toward this change.One hundred twenty-nine oncologists were surveyed, and 82 (64%) responded. A small majority (54%) responded that the release of reports was somewhat or very beneficial for patients who received normal radiology/pathology results before discussion with a physician, but 87% said it was somewhat or very harmful for patients to receive abnormal results before discussion. Forty-nine percent reported that release of reports had a somewhat or very negative impact on communication with their patients.Almost half of oncologists reported that sharing digital radiology and pathology records had a negative impact on their communication with patients. Patient surveys in similar cancer populations would complement the physician perspective. Efforts are needed to improve consensus among oncologists and patients on how to best communicate such results in a timely fashion.

  View details for DOI 10.1200/JOP.2016.011098

  View details for PubMedID 27382001

• Oncologists' opinions and experiences with electronic release of radiology and pathology results to patients. Winget, M., Sheikhi, F., Rosenthal, E., Sharp, C., Buyyounouski, M. K., Asch, S. AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. 2016

  View details for DOI 10.1200/jco.2016.34.7_suppl.162

  View details for Web of Science ID 000378109900158

• A User-Centered Design Approach to Information Sharing for Older Patients and Their Families. JAMA internal medicine Nath, P. A., Sharp, C. D. 2015; 175 (9): 1498-1499

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2907

  View details for PubMedID 26147128

• An Exponential Increase in Regional Health Information Exchange With Collaborative Policies and Technologies. Studies in health technology and informatics Downing, N. L., Lane, S., Eisenberg, M., Sharp, C., Palma, J., Longhurst, C. 2015; 216: 931-?

  Abstract

  In the United States, the ability to securely exchange health information between organization has been limited by technical interoperability, patient identity matching, and variable institutional policies. Here, we examine the regional experience in a national health information exchange network by examining clinical data sharing between eleven Northern California organizations using the same health information exchange (HIE) platform between 2013-2014. We identify key policies and technologies that have led to a dramatic increase in health information exchange.

  View details for PubMedID 26262233

• An Exponential Increase in Regional Health Information Exchange With Collaborative Policies and Technologies Downing, N., Lane, S., Eisenberg, M., Sharp, C., Palma, J., Longhurst, C., Northern Calif HIE Working Grp, Sarkar, I. N., Georgiou, A., Marques, P. M. IOS PRESS. 2015: 931

  View details for DOI 10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-931

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455836700235

• The electronic health record as a healthcare management strategy and implications for obstetrics and gynecologic practice. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology Eisenberg, M., Hom, J., Sharp, C. 2013; 25 (6): 476-481

  Abstract

  To review the current trends, utilities, impacts and strategy for electronic health records (EHRs) as related to obstetrics and gynecology.Adoption and utilization of EHRs are increasing rapidly but variably, given pressures of financial incentives, policy and technological advancement. Adoption is outpacing published evidence, but there is a growing body of descriptive literature regarding incentives, benefits, risks and costs of adoption and utilization. Further, there is a rising body of evidence that EHRs can bring benefits to processes and outcomes, and that their implementation can be considered as a healthcare management strategy. Obstetrics and gynecology practices have specific needs, which must be addressed in the adoption of such technology. Specialty specific literature is sparse but should be considered as part of any strategy aimed at achieving quality improvement and practice behavior change.Obstetrics and gynecologic practice presents unique challenges to the effective adoption and use of EHR technologies, but there is promise as the technologies, integration and usability are rapidly improving. This technology will have an increasing impact on the practice of obstetrics and gynecology in the coming years.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000029

  View details for PubMedID 24185005