Dessi Zaharieva
Instructor, Pediatrics - Endocrinology and Diabetes
Bio
Dr. Dessi P. Zaharieva is an Instructor, Certified Exercise Physiologist (CEP), and Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist (CDCES) currently working in Pediatric Endocrinology at Stanford University – School of Medicine in collaboration with Dr. David M. Maahs, Division Chief of Pediatric Endocrinology. Her research focuses on strategies to manage blood glucose concentrations around exercise in youth and adults with type 1 diabetes. She is currently the Principal Investigator (PI) of the 4T Exercise Study that implements exercise education and monitors physical activity patterns in newly diagnosed youth with type 1 diabetes with support from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. She is also working on integrating wearable physical activity tracker data (e.g., heart rate, step count, energy expenditure) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data into the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and our Timely Interventions for Diabetes Excellence (TIDE) remote monitoring platform. This data overlay will allow healthcare professionals and diabetes educators to visualize and integrate exercise discussions into standard diabetes care visits.
Dr. Zaharieva completed her Ph.D. at York University in Toronto, Canada under the supervision of leading exercise physiologist, Dr. Michael C. Riddell. She has published numerous research articles on glucose regulation and exercise with topics ranging from the effects of caffeine on exercise metabolism to hypoglycemia prevention strategies using automated insulin delivery systems (i.e., closed loop technology) during exercise. She has also served as a regular presenter at academic conferences and various industry partners on the use of technology to better manage diabetes and volunteers with non-profit organizations such as I Challenge Diabetes (ICD) and Connect in Motion (CIM).
Dr. Zaharieva has also been living with type 1 diabetes for over 27 years and is a second-degree black belt in taekwondo and purple belt in Brazilian jiu jitsu. She has represented Team Canada in taekwondo for many years and earned a bronze medal at the World Championships in 2013. Dr. Zaharieva has a passion for helping people like herself better manage their diabetes, especially with the challenges faced during exercise.
Honors & Awards
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Outstanding Oral Presentation Award, 12th Annual Pediatrics Research Retreat (April 2021)
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Top 10 Reviewers for 2020, Canadian Journal of Diabetes (Jan 2021)
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ISPAD-JDRF Research Fellowship, International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) (Dec 2020)
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Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (2015-2018)
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Winner of 'Inspirational Females', Best Health Magazine (Jun 2014)
Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations
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Northern California (NorCal) JDRF Board Member, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) (2022 - Present)
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Guest Editor, Frontiers in Endocrinology - Special Issue (2022 - Present)
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Advisory Board Member, Dexcom (2022 - Present)
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National Youth Strategies Committee Member, American Diabetes Association (2021 - Present)
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Research Committee Member, Stanford Pediatrics Advancing Anti-Racism Coalition (SPAARC) (2021 - 2023)
Professional Education
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Certified Diabetes Educator, Certification Board for Diabetes Care and Education (CBDCE) (2022)
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Certified Exercise Physiologist, Health and Fitness Federation of Canada (HFFC) (2019)
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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), York University (2018)
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Master of Science (MSc), York University (2014)
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Bachelor of Kinesiology (BKIN), Brock University (2011)
Current Research and Scholarly Interests
The 4T (Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control) Exercise Study focuses on addressing the attitudes & barriers to exercise for families and newly diagnosed youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We are currently establishing feasibility and understanding physical activity patterns and behaviours in newly diagnosed youth with T1D using wearable activity trackers. This work also involves delivering structured exercise education to families and youth with T1D over telehealth.
Clinical Trials
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Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric T1D - 4T Study
Not Recruiting
The 4Ts program encompasses: Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control. These methods will help patients better manage their condition of Type 1 Diabetes with improved patient reported outcomes.
Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial.
All Publications
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Project ECHO Diabetes Trial Improves Outcomes for Medically Underserved People.
Diabetes care
2024
Abstract
The Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) model is used in 180 countries to address chronic disease care through a provider empowerment, tele-education approach. Few studies have rigorously evaluated the impact of the program on patient outcomes using randomized designs.Implementation of an ECHO Diabetes program was evaluated using a stepped-wedge design with recruitment of 20 federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) across California and Florida with randomized, phased-in intervention entry. Participating FQHCs (referred to as "spokes") provided aggregate data, including the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) and diabetes technology use. Patients were recruited from spokes, and data collection involved historical and prospective HbA1c measures, HEDIS markers, and pre/post surveys. Linear mixed models were used to generate patient-level monthly HbA1c estimates and evaluate change over time; Poisson regression was used to model clinic-level technology use.The spoke-level cohort included 32,796 people with type 1 diabetes (T1D; 3.4%) and type 2 diabetes (T2D; 96.6%), of whom 72.7% were publicly insured or uninsured. The patient-level cohort included 582 adults with diabetes (33.0% with T1D, 67.0% with T2D). Their mean age was 51.1 years, 80.7% were publicly insured or uninsured, 43.7% were non-Hispanic White, 31.6% were Hispanic, 7.9% were non-Hispanic Black, and 16.8% were in other race/ethnicity categories. At the spoke level, there were statistically significant reductions before and after the intervention in the proportion of people with HbA1c >9% (range 31.7% to 26.7%; P = 0.033). At the patient level, there were statistically significant increases in those using continuous glucose monitoring (range 25.1% to 36.8%; P < 0.0001) and pump use (range 15.3% to 18.3%; P < 0.001) before and after the intervention.The ECHO model demonstrates promise for reducing health disparities in diabetes and contributes to our understanding of program benefits beyond the provider level.
View details for DOI 10.2337/dc24-2100
View details for PubMedID 39688288
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The use of automated insulin delivery around physical activity and exercise in type 1 diabetes: a position statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD).
Diabetologia
2024
Abstract
Regular physical activity and exercise (PA) are cornerstones of diabetes care for individuals with type 1 diabetes. In recent years, the availability of automated insulin delivery (AID) systems has improved the ability of people with type 1 diabetes to achieve the recommended glucose target ranges. PA provide additional health benefits but can cause glucose fluctuations, which challenges current AID systems. While an increasing number of clinical trials and reviews are being published on different AID systems and PA, it seems prudent at this time to collate this information and develop a position statement on the topic. This joint European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)/International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) position statement reviews current evidence on AID systems and provides detailed clinical practice points for managing PA in children, adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes using AID technology. It discusses each commercially available AID system individually and provides guidance on their use in PA. Additionally, it addresses different glucose responses to PA and provides stratified therapy options to maintain glucose levels within the target ranges for these age groups.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s00125-024-06308-z
View details for PubMedID 39653802
View details for PubMedCentralID 10107219
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The Use of Automated Insulin Delivery around Physical Activity and Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes: A Position Statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD).
Hormone research in paediatrics
2024: 1-28
Abstract
Regular physical activity and exercise (PA) are cornerstones of diabetes care for individuals with type 1 diabetes. In recent years, the availability of automated insulin delivery (AID) systems has improved the ability of people with type 1 diabetes to achieve the recommended glucose target ranges. PA provides additional health benefits but can cause glucose fluctuations, which challenges current AID systems. While an increasing number of clinical trials and reviews are being published on different AID systems and PA, it seems prudent at this time to collate this information and develop a position statement on the topic. This joint European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)/International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) position statement reviews current evidence on AID systems and provides detailed clinical practice points for managing PA in children, adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes using AID technology. It discusses each commercially available AID system individually and provides guidance on its use in PA. Additionally, it addresses different glucose responses to PA and provides stratified therapy options to maintain glucose levels within the target ranges for these age groups.
View details for DOI 10.1159/000542287
View details for PubMedID 39657609
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Psychosocial outcomes in a diverse sample of youth and their families who initiated continuous glucose monitoring within the first year of type 1 diabetes diagnosis.
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism
2024
Abstract
Psychosocial impacts of early continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) initiation in youth soon after type 1 diabetes diagnosis are underexplored. We report parent/guardian and youth patient-reported outcomes (PROs) that measure psychosocial states for families in 4T Study 1.Of the 133 families in the 4T Study 1, 132 parent/guardian and 66 youth (≥11 years) were eligible to complete PROs. PROs evaluated included diabetes distress, global health, diabetes technology attitudes and CGM benefits/burden scales. Temporal trends of PROs were assessed via generalised linear mixed effects regression. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with PROs were evaluated. Psychosocial associations were evaluated by regressing parental distress on youth distress.PRO completion rates were 85.6% and varied between parent/guardian and youth. Throughout the study, parent/guardian and youth distress remained low and youth had increased technology acceptance (p = 0.046). Each additional month of CGM use was associated with a 14% decrease in the odds of experiencing diabetes distress (aOR = 0.86, 95% CI [0.76, 0.99], p = 0.029). Additionally, higher time-in-range was associated with decreased diabetes distress (p = 0.048). Age, diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis, gender, ethnicity, insurance status and language spoken were not associated with PROs.Initiation of CGM shortly after type 1 diabetes diagnosis does not have unintended negative psychological consequences. Longer duration of CGM use was associated with decreased youth distress and technology acceptance increased throughout the study.
View details for DOI 10.1111/dom.16093
View details for PubMedID 39604317
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Sex Differences in Glycemia and Self-Management Strategies for Exercise in an Active Adults Cohort with Type 1 Diabetes.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
2024
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine potential differences in glucose levels during and after exercise between sexes in adults with type 1 diabetes.METHODS: The T1DEXI study was a prospective, 4-week free-living observational study in adults with type 1 diabetes. Ninety-one females were matched on age and insulin-modality to 91 males. Participants completed exercise study videos and personal exercise sessions. Study-collected food, insulin, exercise, and glucose data surrounding exercise and on sedentary days were compared between sexes to examine how they impact glucose levels during and after exercise.RESULTS: Female participants had higher glucose levels than male participants when starting study exercise (8.5 ± 2.8 vs. 8.0 ± 2.8 mmol/L, p=0.01) and when starting personal exercise activities (8.4 ± 2.9 vs. 7.8 ± 2.7 mmol/L, p=0.05). Glucose declines during study exercise were comparable between female and male participants (adjusted mean: -0.8 vs. -1.0 mmol/L respectively, p=0.11), but smaller in female participants during personal exercise (adjusted mean: -0.9 vs. -1.4 mmol/L, p<0.001). 24-hour mean glucose levels were also higher in female participants on sedentary days (p=0.04). Daily macronutrient consumption was similar between sexes after adjusting for weight, as were food, exercise, and insulin habits surrounding exercise.CONCLUSIONS: Female participants had higher pre-exercise glucose levels compared to male participants, and smaller glucose declines during personal exercise, but there were no observable differences in food, exercise, and insulin habits.
View details for DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgae792
View details for PubMedID 39541426
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Not all healthcare inequities in diabetes are equal: a comparison of two medically underserved cohorts.
BMJ open diabetes research & care
2024; 12 (4)
Abstract
Diabetes disparities exist based on socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity. The aim of this study is to compare two cohorts with diabetes from California and Florida to better elucidate how health outcomes are stratified within underserved communities according to state location, race, and ethnicity.Two cohorts were recruited for comparison from 20 Federally Qualified Health Centers as part of a larger ECHO Diabetes program. Participant-level data included surveys and HbA1c collection. Center-level data included Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set metrics. Demographic characteristics were summarized overall and stratified by state (frequencies, percentages, means (95% CIs)). Generalized linear mixed models were used to compute and compare model-estimated rates and means.Participant-level cohort: 582 adults with diabetes were recruited (33.0% type 1 diabetes (T1D), 67.0% type 2 diabetes (T2D)). Mean age was 51.1 years (95% CI 49.5, 52.6); 80.7% publicly insured or uninsured; 43.7% non-Hispanic white (NHW), 31.6% Hispanic, 7.9% non-Hispanic black (NHB) and 16.8% other. Center-level cohort: 32 796 adults with diabetes were represented (3.4% with T1D, 96.6% with T2D; 72.7% publicly insured or uninsured). Florida had higher rates of uninsured (p<0.0001), lower continuous glucose monitor (CGM) use (18.3% Florida; 35.9% California, p<0.0001), and pump use (10.2% Florida; 26.5% California, p<0.0001), and higher proportions of people with T1D/T2D>9% HbA1c (p<0.001). Risk was stratified within states with NHB participants having higher HbA1c (mean 9.5 (95% CI 8.9, 10.0) compared with NHW with a mean of 8.4 (95% CI 7.8, 9.0), p=0.0058), lower pump use (p=0.0426) and CGM use (p=0.0192). People who prefer to speak English were more likely to use a CGM (p=0.0386).Characteristics of medically underserved communities with diabetes vary by state and by race and ethnicity. Florida's lack of Medicaid expansion could be a factor in worsened risks for vulnerable communities with diabetes.
View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004229
View details for PubMedID 39242122
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Haptoglobin phenotype and levels in type 2 diabetes and effects of fenofibrate.
Journal of diabetes investigation
2024
Abstract
In diabetes haptoglobin (Hp) 2 vs Hp 1 allelic product is associated with cardiac and renal complications. Few studies report both Hp phenotype and Hp levels. In a Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) trial substudy we evaluated the Hp phenotype, Hp levels, and fenofibrate effects.In 480 adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) the Hp phenotype was assessed and the Hp level quantified (both using ELISAs assays) in plasma from baseline, after 6 weeks of fenofibrate, and (in n = 200) at 2 years post-randomization to fenofibrate or placebo.The Hp phenotypes 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 frequencies were 15%, 49%, and 36%, respectively. Baseline Hp levels differed by phenotype (P < 0.0001) and decreased (median 21%) after 6 weeks fenofibrate in all phenotypes (adjusted mean (95% CI): -0.27 (-0.32, -0.23) mg/mL in Hp 1-1, -0.29 (-0.31, -0.27) mg/mL in Hp 2-1 and -0.05 (-0.07, -0.02) mg/mL in Hp 2-2 (P = 0.005 and P = 0.055 vs Hp 1-1 and Hp 2-1, respectively)). At 2 years post-randomization the Hp levels in the placebo group had returned to baseline, whilst the fenofibrate-group levels remained similar to the 6 week levels.In type 2 diabetes, Hp levels differ by Hp phenotype and are decreased by fenofibrate in all phenotypes, but the effect is diminished in Hp 2-2.
View details for DOI 10.1111/jdi.14290
View details for PubMedID 39171747
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Refining Insulin on Board with netIOB for Automated Insulin Delivery.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
2024: 19322968241267820
Abstract
Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems enhance glucose management by lowering mean glucose level, reducing hyperglycemia, and minimizing hypoglycemia. One feature of most AID systems is that they allow the user to view "insulin on board" (IOB) to help confirm a recent bolus and limit insulin stacking. This metric, along with viewing glucose concentrations from a continuous glucose monitoring system, helps the user understand bolus insulin action and the future "threat" of hypoglycemia. However, the current presentation of IOB in AID systems can be misleading, as it does not reflect true insulin action or automatic, dynamic insulin adjustments. This commentary examines the evolution of IOB from a bolus-specific metric to its contemporary use in AID systems, highlighting its limitations in capturing real-time insulin modulation during varying physiological states.
View details for DOI 10.1177/19322968241267820
View details for PubMedID 39143692
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'We're taught green is good': Perspectives on time in range and time in tight range from youth with type 1 diabetes, and parents of youth with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association
2024: e15423
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are standard of care for youth with type 1 diabetes with the goal of spending >70% time in range (TIR; 70-180 mg/dL, 3.9-10 mmol/L). We aimed to understand paediatric CGM user experiences with TIR metrics considering recent discussion of shifting to time in tight range (TITR; >50% time between 70 and 140 mg/dL, 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/L).Semi-structured interviews and focus groups with adolescents with type 1 diabetes and parents of youth with type 1 diabetes focused on experiences with TIR goals and reactions to TITR. Groups and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using content analysis.Thirty participants (N = 19 parents: age 43.6 ± 5.3 years, 79% female, 47% non-Hispanic White, 20 ± 5 months since child's diagnosis; N = 11 adolescents: age 15.3 ± 2 years, 55% female, 55% non-Hispanic White, 16 ± 3 months since diagnosis) attended. Participants had varying levels of understanding of TIR. Some developed personally preferred glucose ranges. Parents often aimed to surpass 70% TIR. Many described feelings of stress and disappointment when they did not meet a TIR goal. Concerns about TITR included increased stress and burden; risk of hypoglycaemia; and family conflict. Some participants said TITR would not change their daily lives; others said it would improve their diabetes management. Families requested care team support and a clear scientific rationale for TITR.The wealth of CGM data creates frequent opportunities for assessing diabetes management and carries implications for management burden. Input from people with type 1 diabetes and their families will be critical in considering a shift in glycaemic goals and targets.
View details for DOI 10.1111/dme.15423
View details for PubMedID 39118381
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Changing Glucose Levels during the Menstrual Cycle as Observed in the Type 1 Diabetes Exercise Initiative Study.
Canadian journal of diabetes
2024
Abstract
Evidence suggests that glucose levels in menstruating females with type 1 diabetes change throughout the menstrual cycle, reaching a peak during the luteal phase. The Type 1 Diabetes Exercise Initiative (T1DEXI) study provided the opportunity to assess glycemic metrics between early and late phases of the menstrual cycle, and whether differences could be explained by exercise, insulin, and carbohydrate intake.One hundred and sixty two adult females were included in the analysis. Glycemic metrics, carbohydrate intake, insulin requirements, and exercise habits during the early vs. late phases of the menstrual cycles (i.e. 2-4 days after vs. 2-4 days before reported menstruation start date) were compared.Mean glucose increased from 8.2±1.5 mmol/L (148±27 mg/dL) during the early follicular phase to 8.6±1.6 mmol/L (155±29 mg/dL) during the late luteal phase (p<0.001). Mean percent time-in-range (3.9-10.0 mmol/L [70-180 mg/dL] ) decreased from 73±17% to 70±18% (p=0.002), and median percent time >10.0 mmol/L (>180 mg/dL) increased from 21% to 23% (p<0.001). Median total daily insulin requirements increased from 37.4 units during the early follicular to 38.5 units during the late luteal phase (p=0.02) and mean daily carbohydrate consumption increased slightly from 127±47 g to 133±47 g (p=0.05), but the difference in mean glucose during early follicular vs. late luteal phase was not explained by differences in exercise duration, total daily insulin units, or reported carbohydrate intake.Glucose levels during the late luteal phase were higher than the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. These glycemic changes suggest that glucose management for females with type 1 diabetes may need to be fine-tuned within the context of their menstrual cycles.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jcjd.2024.06.004
View details for PubMedID 38972477
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Automated Insulin Delivery Systems in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
2024: 19322968241248404
Abstract
This narrative review assesses the use of automated insulin delivery (AID) systems in managing persons with type 1 diabetes (PWD) in the pediatric population. It outlines current research, the differences between various AID systems currently on the market and the challenges faced, and discusses potential opportunities for further advancements within this field. Furthermore, the narrative review includes various expert opinions on how different AID systems can be used in the event of challenges with rapidly changing insulin requirements. These include examples, such as during illness with increased or decreased insulin requirements and during physical activity of different intensities or durations. Case descriptions give examples of scenarios with added user-initiated actions depending on the type of AID system used. The authors also discuss how another AID system could have been used in these situations.
View details for DOI 10.1177/19322968241248404
View details for PubMedID 38785359
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Equitable implementation of a precision digital health program for glucose management in individuals with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes.
Nature medicine
2024
Abstract
Few young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) meet glucose targets. Continuous glucose monitoring improves glycemia, but access is not equitable. We prospectively assessed the impact of a systematic and equitable digital-health-team-based care program implementing tighter glucose targets (HbA1c < 7%), early technology use (continuous glucose monitoring starts <1 month after diagnosis) and remote patient monitoring on glycemia in young people with newly diagnosed T1D enrolled in the Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control (4T Study 1). Primary outcome was HbA1c change from 4 to 12 months after diagnosis; the secondary outcome was achieving the HbA1c targets. The 4T Study 1 cohort (36.8% Hispanic and 35.3% publicly insured) had a mean HbA1c of 6.58%, 64% with HbA1c < 7% and mean time in the range (70-180 mg dl-1) of 68% at 1 year after diagnosis. Clinical implementation of the 4T Study 1 met the prespecified primary outcome and improved glycemia without unexpected serious adverse events. The strategies in the 4T Study 1 can be used to implement systematic and equitable care for individuals with T1D and translate to care for other chronic diseases. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT04336969 .
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41591-024-02975-y
View details for PubMedID 38702523
View details for PubMedCentralID 9764665
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Assessment of Glycemia Risk Index and Standard Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics in a Real-World Setting of Exercise in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Post-Hoc Analysis of the Type 1 Diabetes and Exercise Initiative.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
2024: 19322968241246458
Abstract
Standardized reporting of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics does not provide extra weighting for very high or very low glucose, despite their distinct clinical significance, and thus may underestimate glycemic risk in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) during exercise. Glycemia Risk Index (GRI) is a novel composite metric incorporating clinician-validated extra weighting for glycemic extremes, which may provide a novel summary index of glycemia risk around exercise.Adults (≥18 years) in the T1D EXercise Initiative study wore CGM and activity trackers for four weeks. For this analysis, exercise days were defined as 24 hours following ≥20 minutes of exercise, with no other exercise in the 24-hour period. Sedentary days were defined as any 24 hours with no recorded exercise within that period or the preceding 24 hours. Linear mixed-effects regression was used to evaluate exercise effects on GRI and CGM metrics within 24 hours postexercise.In 408 adults with T1D with >70% CGM and activity data, GRI on exercise (N = 3790) versus sedentary days (N = 1865) was significantly lower (mean [SD]: 29.9 [24.0] vs 34.0 [26.1], respectively, absolute mean difference -1.70 [-2.73, -0.67], P < .001), a ~5% reduction in glycemic risk. Percent time in range (TIR; 70-180 mg/dL) increased on exercise days (absolute mean difference 2.67 [1.83, 3.50], P < .001), as did time below range (TBR; relative mean difference 1.17 [1.12, 1.22], P < .001), while time above range (TAR) decreased (relative mean difference 0.84 [0.79, 0.88], P < .001).Glycemia Risk Index improved on exercise versus sedentary days, despite increased TBR, which is weighted most heavily in the GRI calculation, due to a robust reduction in TAR.
View details for DOI 10.1177/19322968241246458
View details for PubMedID 38629861
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Exercising Safely with the MiniMed™ 780G Automated Insulin Delivery System.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2024; 26 (S3): 84-96
Abstract
The physical and psychological benefits of exercise are particularly pertinent to people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The variability in subcutaneous insulin absorption and the delay in offset and onset in glucose lowering action impose limitations, given the rapidly varying insulin requirements with exercise. Simultaneously, there are challenges to glucose monitoring. Consequently, those with T1D are less likely to exercise because of concerns regarding glucose instability. While glucose control with exercise can be enhanced using automated insulin delivery (AID), all commercially available AID systems remain limited by the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous insulin delivery. Although glycemic responses may vary with exercises of differing intensities and durations, the principles providing the foundation for guidelines include minimization of insulin on board before exercise commencement, judicious and timely carbohydrate supplementation, and when possible, a reduction in insulin delivered in anticipation of planned exercise. There is an increasing body of evidence in support of superior glucose control with AID over manual insulin dosing in people in T1D who wish to exercise. The MiniMed™ 780G AID system varies basal insulin delivery with superimposed automated correction boluses. It incorporates a temporary (elevated glucose) target of 8.3 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) and when it is functioning, the autocorrection boluses are stopped. As the device has recently become commercially available, there are limited data assessing glucose control with the MiniMed™ 780G under exercise conditions. Importantly, when exercise was planned and implemented within consensus guidelines, %time in range and %time below range targets were met. A practical approach to exercising with the device is provided with illustrative case studies. While there are limitations to spontaneity imposed on any AID device due to the pharmacokinetics associated with the subcutaneous delivery of current insulin formulations, the MiniMed™ 780G system provides people with T1D an excellent option for exercising safely if the appropriate strategies are implemented.
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2023.0420
View details for PubMedID 38377316
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Advances in Exercise and Nutrition as Therapy in Diabetes.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2024; 26 (S1): S141-S152
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2024.2509
View details for PubMedID 38441443
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Smart Start - Designing Powerful Clinical Trials Using Pilot Study Data.
NEJM evidence
2024; 3 (2): EVIDoa2300164
Abstract
Using Pilot Study Data to Design Clinical TrialsDigital health interventions are often studied in a pilot trial before full evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. The authors introduce Smart Start, a framework for using pilot study data to optimize the intervention and design the subsequent randomized controlled trial to maximize the chance of success.
View details for DOI 10.1056/EVIDoa2300164
View details for PubMedID 38320487
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"It changed everything we do": A mixed methods study of youth and parent experiences with a pilot exercise education intervention following new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.
Journal of diabetes and its complications
2023; 38 (1): 108651
Abstract
This pilot study delivered a comprehensive exercise education intervention to youth with new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their parents to increase knowledge and confidence with physical activity (PA) shortly after diagnosis.Youth initiated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and PA trackers within 1 month of diagnosis. Youth and their parents received the 4-session intervention over 12 months. Participants completed self-report questionnaires at baseline, 6- and 12-months. Surveys were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups explored experiences with the exercise education intervention. Groups and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis.A total of 16 parents (aged 46 ± 7 years; 88 % female; 67 % non-Hispanic White) and 17 youth (aged 14 ± 2 years; 41 % female; 65 % non-Hispanic White) participated. Worry about hypoglycemia did not worsen throughout the study duration. Parents and youth reported increased knowledge and confidence in managing T1D safely and preventing hypoglycemia during PA following receiving the tailored exercise education intervention.This study assessed a novel structured exercise education program for youth and their parents shortly following T1D diagnosis. These results support the broad translation and acceptability of a structured exercise education program in new-onset T1D.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108651
View details for PubMedID 38043358
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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with a higher hemoglobin A1c even with intensive insulin management.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2023
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis is associated with short- and long-term complications. We assessed the relationship between DKA status and hemoglobin A1c (A1c) levels in the first year following type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis.The Pilot 4T study offered continuous glucose monitoring to youth with T1D within 1 month of diagnosis. A1c levels were compared between historical (n=271) and Pilot 4T (n=135) cohorts stratified by DKA status at diagnosis (DKA: historical=94, 4T=67 vs without DKA historical=177, 4T=68). A1c was evaluated using locally estimated scatter plot smoothing. Change in A1c from 4- to 12-months post-diagnosis was evaluated using a linear mixed model.Median age was 9.7 [IQR: 6.6, 12.7] vs 9.7 [IQR: 6.8, 12.7] years, 49% vs 47% female, 44% vs 39% Non-Hispanic White in historical vs Pilot 4T. In historical and 4T cohorts, DKA at diagnosis demonstrated higher A1c at 6 (0.5% [95%CI: 0.21, 0.79; p<0.01] and 0.38% [95% CI: 0.02, 0.74; p=0.04], respectively) and 12 months (0.62% [95% CI: -0.06, 1.29; p=0.07] and 0.39% [95% CI: -0.32, 1.10; p=0.29], respectively). The highest % time in range (TIR; 70-180 mg/dL) was seen between weeks 15-20 (69%) vs 25-30 (75%) post-diagnosis for youth with vs without DKA in Pilot 4T, respectively.Pilot 4T improved A1c outcomes vs the historical cohort, but those with DKA at diagnosis had persistently elevated A1c throughout the study and intensive diabetes management did not mitigate this difference. DKA prevention at diagnosis may translate into better glycemic outcomes in the first year post-diagnosis.
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2023.0405
View details for PubMedID 37955644
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Sex influences health: reporting on female characteristics should be mandatory in exercise and physical activity-related diabetes research.
Diabetologia
2023
View details for DOI 10.1007/s00125-023-06022-2
View details for PubMedID 37794258
View details for PubMedCentralID 8475204
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The Promising Success of Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) Diabetes: Case Series.
JMIR diabetes
2023; 8: e46050
Abstract
In the United States, there are over 37 million people with diabetes but only 8000 endocrinologists. Therefore, many people with diabetes receive care exclusively from primary care providers (PCPs). To democratize knowledge regarding insulin-requiring diabetes through tele-education, Stanford University and the University of Florida developed Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) Diabetes.ECHO Diabetes uses a Hub and Spoke model connecting specialists (the "Hub") with PCPs (the "Spokes"). One-hour, weekly sessions include Hub diabetes didactic presentations and Spoke deidentified case presentations. Lessons learned during these sessions target provider knowledge and confidence surrounding diabetes management and patient care.Spokes were asked to provide short descriptions of people with diabetes whose diabetes management improved directly or indirectly from their providers' participation or their involvement with a Diabetes Support Coach (DSC). We provide a case series to describe individuals and outcomes. Because this study was not a randomized controlled trial and was a prospective observation of patients with the intervention delivered to providers, the trial is not registered in a public trials registry.A case series of 11 people with diabetes was compiled from 10 PCPs and 1 DSC from California and Florida between 2021 and 2022. The principal impact of ECHO Diabetes is the education amplified from PCPs and DSCs to people with diabetes. In all cases, people with diabetes reported increased engagement and improved diabetes management. Several cases reflected increased access to diabetes technology, improvement in glycemic outcomes, and positive trends in mental health measures.This case series elucidates the potential value of the ECHO Diabetes program to people with diabetes who receive their diabetes care from PCPs. Those matched with a DSC saw clinically significant improvements in hemoglobin A1c and mental health outcomes.
View details for DOI 10.2196/46050
View details for PubMedID 37535407
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"Empowering Us": A Community-Led Survey of Real-World Perspectives of Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Using Insulin Pumps and Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Manage Their Glucose Levels.
Diabetes research and clinical practice
2023: 110830
Abstract
To conduct an Australian community-led survey of adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D), identifying priorities for, and barriers to, optimal use of advanced glucose management technologies.A 30-question online survey of current or past users of insulin pump therapy (IPT), real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM), or intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM) explored perceptions regarding device design, access, education, outcomes, and support.Between November 2021 and January 2022, surveys were completed by 3,380 participants (age [mean±SD] 45±16 years; 62% female; 20±14 years diabetes), with 55%, 82%, and 55% reporting experience with IPT, RT-CGM, and isCGM, respectively. Overall, most considered diabetes technology '(extremely) important' for maintaining target glucose levels (98%) and reducing hypoglycaemia severity and frequency (93%). For most, technology contributed positively to emotional well-being (IPT 89%; RT-CGM 91%; isCGM 87%), which was associated with device effectiveness in maintaining glucose in range, comfort, and convenience. Barriers included affordability (IPT 68%; RT-CGM 81%; isCGM 69%) and insufficient information for informed choices about device suitability (IPT 39%; RT-CGM 41%; isCGM 36%).Technology is perceived by adults with T1D as important for managing glycaemia and emotional well-being. Modifiable barriers to use include affordability, and information regarding device suitability.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110830
View details for PubMedID 37451626
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A Comparison of Faster Insulin Aspart to Standard Insulin Aspart using Hybrid Automated Insulin Delivery System in Active Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind Crossover Trial.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2023
Abstract
To evaluate the use of faster-acting and standard insulin aspart with hybrid automated insulin delivery (AID) in active youth with type 1 diabetes.In this double-blind, multinational, randomized, crossover trial, 30 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (16 females; aged 15.0±1.7 years; baseline HbA1c 7.5±0.9%[58±9.8mmol/mol]) underwent two unrestricted four-week periods using hybrid AID with either faster-acting insulin aspart or standard insulin aspart in random order. During both interventions, participants were using the hybrid AID (investigational version of MiniMedTM 780G, Medtronic). Participants were encouraged to exercise as frequently as possible, capturing physical activity with an activity monitor. The primary outcome was the percentage of sensor glucose time above range (180 mg/dL[10.0mmol/L]) measured by continuous glucose monitoring.In an intention-to-treat analysis, mean time above range was 31%±15% at baseline, 19%±6% during faster-acting and 20%±6% during standard insulin aspart use with no difference between treatments: mean difference= -0.9%; 95%CI: -2.4% to 0.6%; P = 0.23. Similarly, there was no difference in mean time in range (78% and 77%) or median time below range (2.5% and 2.8%). Glycemic outcomes during exercise or postprandial periods were comparable for the two treatment arms. No severe hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis events occurred.Faster-acting insulin aspart was not superior to standard aspart with hybrid AID system use in physically active children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nonetheless, both insulin formulations enabled high overall time in range and low time above and below range, even during and after documented exercise.
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2023.0178
View details for PubMedID 37404205
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A quantitative model to ensure capacity sufficient for timely access to care in a remote patient monitoring program.
Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism
2023: e435
Abstract
Algorithm-enabled remote patient monitoring (RPM) programs pose novel operational challenges. For clinics developing and deploying such programs, no standardized model is available to ensure capacity sufficient for timely access to care. We developed a flexible model and interactive dashboard of capacity planning for whole-population RPM-based care for T1D.Data were gathered from a weekly RPM program for 277 paediatric patients with T1D at a paediatric academic medical centre. Through the analysis of 2 years of observational operational data and iterative interviews with the care team, we identified the primary operational, population, and workforce metrics that drive demand for care providers. Based on these metrics, an interactive model was designed to facilitate capacity planning and deployed as a dashboard.The primary population-level drivers of demand are the number of patients in the program, the rate at which patients enrol and graduate from the program, and the average frequency at which patients require a review of their data. The primary modifiable clinic-level drivers of capacity are the number of care providers, the time required to review patient data and contact a patient, and the number of hours each provider allocates to the program each week. At the institution studied, the model identified a variety of practical operational approaches to better match the demand for patient care.We designed a generalizable, systematic model for capacity planning for a paediatric endocrinology clinic providing RPM for T1D. We deployed this model as an interactive dashboard and used it to facilitate expansion of a novel care program (4 T Study) for newly diagnosed patients with T1D. This model may facilitate the systematic design of RPM-based care programs.
View details for DOI 10.1002/edm2.435
View details for PubMedID 37345227
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Swimming With the Omnipod 5 Automated Insulin Delivery System: Connectivity in the Water.
Diabetes care
2023
View details for DOI 10.2337/dc23-0470
View details for PubMedID 37311429
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An Overview of Diet and Physical Activity for Healthy Weight in Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Lessons Learned from the ACT1ON Consortium.
Nutrients
2023; 15 (11)
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) now parallels that of the general population. Excess adiposity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is already elevated up to 10-fold in T1D, underscoring a compelling need to address weight management as part of routine T1D care. Sustainable weight management requires both diet and physical activity (PA). Diet and PA approaches must be optimized towards the underlying metabolic and behavioral challenges unique to T1D to support glycemic control throughout the day. Diet strategies for people with T1D need to take into consideration glycemic management, metabolic status, clinical goals, personal preferences, and sociocultural considerations. A major barrier to weight management in this high-risk population is the challenge of integrating regular PA with day-to-day management of T1D. Specifically, exercise poses a substantial challenge due to the increased risk of hypoglycemia and/or hyperglycemia. Indeed, about two-thirds of individuals with T1D do not engage in the recommended amount of PA. Hypoglycemia presents a serious health risk, yet prevention and treatment often necessitates the consumption of additional calories, which may prohibit weight loss over time. Exercising safely is a concern and challenge with weight management and maintaining cardiometabolic health for individuals living with T1D and many healthcare professionals. Thus, a tremendous opportunity exists to improve exercise participation and cardiometabolic outcomes in this population. This article will review dietary strategies, the role of combined PA and diet for weight management, current resources for PA and glucose management, barriers to PA adherence in adults with T1D, as well as findings and lessons learned from the Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network (ACT1ON).
View details for DOI 10.3390/nu15112500
View details for PubMedID 37299463
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Practical Aspects and Exercise Safety Benefits of Automated Insulin Delivery Systems in Type 1 Diabetes.
Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association
2023; 36 (2): 127-136
Abstract
Regular exercise is essential to overall cardiovascular health and well-being in people with type 1 diabetes, but exercise can also lead to increased glycemic disturbances. Automated insulin delivery (AID) technology has been shown to modestly improve glycemic time in range (TIR) in adults with type 1 diabetes and significantly improve TIR in youth with type 1 diabetes. Available AID systems still require some user-initiated changes to the settings and, in some cases, significant pre-planning for exercise. Many exercise recommendations for type 1 diabetes were developed initially for people using multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pump therapy. This article highlights recommendations and practical strategies for using AID around exercise in type 1 diabetes.
View details for DOI 10.2337/dsi22-0018
View details for PubMedID 37193203
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10182962
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Disparities in Hemoglobin A1c Levels in the First Year After Diagnosis Among Youths With Type 1 Diabetes Offered Continuous Glucose Monitoring.
JAMA network open
2023; 6 (4): e238881
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is associated with improvements in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in youths with type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, youths from minoritized racial and ethnic groups and those with public insurance face greater barriers to CGM access. Early initiation of and access to CGM may reduce disparities in CGM uptake and improve diabetes outcomes.To determine whether HbA1c decreases differed by ethnicity and insurance status among a cohort of youths newly diagnosed with T1D and provided CGM.This cohort study used data from the Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control (4T) study, a clinical research program that aims to initiate CGM within 1 month of T1D diagnosis. All youths with new-onset T1D diagnosed between July 25, 2018, and June 15, 2020, at Stanford Children's Hospital, a single-site, freestanding children's hospital in California, were approached to enroll in the Pilot-4T study and were followed for 12 months. Data analysis was performed and completed on June 3, 2022.All eligible participants were offered CGM within 1 month of diabetes diagnosis.To assess HbA1c change over the study period, analyses were stratified by ethnicity (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic) or insurance status (public vs private) to compare the Pilot-4T cohort with a historical cohort of 272 youths diagnosed with T1D between June 1, 2014, and December 28, 2016.The Pilot-4T cohort comprised 135 youths, with a median age of 9.7 years (IQR, 6.8-12.7 years) at diagnosis. There were 71 boys (52.6%) and 64 girls (47.4%). Based on self-report, participants' race was categorized as Asian or Pacific Islander (19 [14.1%]), White (62 [45.9%]), or other race (39 [28.9%]); race was missing or not reported for 15 participants (11.1%). Participants also self-reported their ethnicity as Hispanic (29 [21.5%]) or non-Hispanic (92 [68.1%]). A total of 104 participants (77.0%) had private insurance and 31 (23.0%) had public insurance. Compared with the historical cohort, similar reductions in HbA1c at 6, 9, and 12 months postdiagnosis were observed for Hispanic individuals (estimated difference, -0.26% [95% CI, -1.05% to 0.43%], -0.60% [-1.46% to 0.21%], and -0.15% [-1.48% to 0.80%]) and non-Hispanic individuals (estimated difference, -0.27% [95% CI, -0.62% to 0.10%], -0.50% [-0.81% to -0.11%], and -0.47% [-0.91% to 0.06%]) in the Pilot-4T cohort. Similar reductions in HbA1c at 6, 9, and 12 months postdiagnosis were also observed for publicly insured individuals (estimated difference, -0.52% [95% CI, -1.22% to 0.15%], -0.38% [-1.26% to 0.33%], and -0.57% [-2.08% to 0.74%]) and privately insured individuals (estimated difference, -0.34% [95% CI, -0.67% to 0.03%], -0.57% [-0.85% to -0.26%], and -0.43% [-0.85% to 0.01%]) in the Pilot-4T cohort. Hispanic youths in the Pilot-4T cohort had higher HbA1c at 6, 9, and 12 months postdiagnosis than non-Hispanic youths (estimated difference, 0.28% [95% CI, -0.46% to 0.86%], 0.63% [0.02% to 1.20%], and 1.39% [0.37% to 1.96%]), as did publicly insured youths compared with privately insured youths (estimated difference, 0.39% [95% CI, -0.23% to 0.99%], 0.95% [0.28% to 1.45%], and 1.16% [-0.09% to 2.13%]).The findings of this cohort study suggest that CGM initiation soon after diagnosis is associated with similar improvements in HbA1c for Hispanic and non-Hispanic youths as well as for publicly and privately insured youths. These results further suggest that equitable access to CGM soon after T1D diagnosis may be a first step to improve HbA1c for all youths but is unlikely to eliminate disparities entirely.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04336969.
View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.8881
View details for PubMedID 37074715
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10116368
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Perceived Knowledge and Confidence for Providing Youth-Specific Type 1 Diabetes Exercise Recommendations amongst Pediatric Diabetes Healthcare Professionals: An International, Cross-Sectional, Online Survey
PEDIATRIC DIABETES
2023; 2023
View details for DOI 10.1155/2023/8462291
View details for Web of Science ID 000947907700001
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Advances in Exercise and Nutrition as Therapy in Diabetes.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2023; 25 (S1): S146-S160
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2023.2509
View details for PubMedID 36802193
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Project ECHO Diabetes Cost Modeling to Support the Replication and Expansion of Tele-mentoring Programs in Non-research Settings.
Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders
2023
Abstract
Project ECHO Diabetes is a tele-education learning model for primary care providers (PCPs) seeking to improve care for patients with diabetes from marginalized communities. Project ECHO Diabetes utilized expert "hub" teams comprising endocrinologists, dieticians, nurses, psychologists, and social workers and "spokes" consisting of PCPs and their patients with diabetes. This Project ECHO Diabetes model provided diabetes support coaches to provide additional support to patients. We sought to estimate the costs of operating a Project ECHO Diabetes hub, inclusive of diabetes support coach costs.Data from Project ECHO Diabetes from June 2021 to June 2022 and wages from national databases were used to estimate hub and diabetes support coach costs to operate a 6-month, 24-session Project ECHO Diabetes program at hubs (University of Florida and Stanford University) and spokes (PCP clinic sites in Florida and California).Hub costs for delivering a 6-month Project ECHO Diabetes program to five spoke clinics were $96,873. Personnel costs were the principal driver. Mean cost was $19,673 per spoke clinic and $11.37 per spoke clinic patient. Diabetes support coach costs were estimated per spoke clinic and considered scalable in that they would increase proportionately with the number of spoke clinics in a Project ECHO Diabetes cohort. Mean diabetes support coach costs were $6,506 per spoke clinic and $3.72 per patient. Total program costs per hub were $129,404. Mean cost per clinic was $25,881. Mean cost per patient was $15.03.Herein, we document real-world costs to operate a Project ECHO Diabetes hub and diabetes support coaches. Future analysis of Project ECHO Diabetes will include estimates of spoke participation costs and changes in health care costs and savings. As state agencies, insurers, and philanthropies consider the replication of Project ECHO Diabetes, this analysis provides important initial information regarding primary operating costs.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s13300-022-01364-3
View details for PubMedID 36680682
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ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes.
Pediatric diabetes
2022; 23 (8): 1341-1372
View details for DOI 10.1111/pedi.13452
View details for PubMedID 36537529
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Associations of disordered eating with the intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids among young adults with type 1 diabetes.
Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD
2022
Abstract
Disordered eating (DE) in type 1 diabetes (T1D) includes insulin restriction for weight loss with serious complications. Gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFA) may benefit host metabolism but are reduced in T1D. We evaluated the hypothesis that DE and insulin restriction were associated with reduced SCFA-producing gut microbes, SCFA, and intestinal microbial diversity in adults with T1D.We collected stool samples at four timepoints in a hypothesis-generating gut microbiome pilot study ancillary to a weight management pilot in young adults with T1D. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing measured the normalized abundance of SCFA-producing intestinal microbes. Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry measured SCFA (total, acetate, butyrate, and propionate). The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R) assessed DE and insulin restriction. Covariate-adjusted and Bonferroni-corrected generalized estimating equations modeled the associations. COVID-19 interrupted data collection, so models were repeated restricted to pre-COVID-19 data. Data were available for 45 participants at 109 visits, which included 42 participants at 65 visits pre-COVID-19. Participants reported restricting insulin "At least sometimes" at 53.3% of visits. Pre-COVID-19, each 5-point DEPS-R increase was associated with a -0.34 (95% CI -0.56, -0.13, p = 0.07) lower normalized abundance of genus Anaerostipes; and the normalized abundance of Lachnospira genus was -0.94 (95% CI -1.5, -0.42), p = 0.02 lower when insulin restriction was reported "At least sometimes" compared to "Rarely or Never".DE and insulin restriction were associated with a reduced abundance of SCFA-producing gut microbes pre-COVID-19. Additional studies are needed to confirm these associations to inform microbiota-based therapies in T1D.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.11.017
View details for PubMedID 36586772
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A model to design financially sustainable algorithm-enabled remote patient monitoring for pediatric type 1 diabetes care.
Frontiers in endocrinology
2022; 13: 1021982
Abstract
Population-level algorithm-enabled remote patient monitoring (RPM) based on continuous glucose monitor (CGM) data review has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in diabetes patients, especially children. However, existing reimbursement models are geared towards the direct provision of clinic care, not population health management. We developed a financial model to assist pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) clinics design financially sustainable RPM programs based on algorithm-enabled review of CGM data.Data were gathered from a weekly RPM program for 302 pediatric patients with T1D at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital. We created a customizable financial model to calculate the yearly marginal costs and revenues of providing diabetes education. We consider a baseline or status quo scenario and compare it to two different care delivery scenarios, in which routine appointments are supplemented with algorithm-enabled, flexible, message-based contacts delivered according to patient need. We use the model to estimate the minimum reimbursement rate needed for telemedicine contacts to maintain revenue-neutrality and not suffer an adverse impact to the bottom line.The financial model estimates that in both scenarios, an average reimbursement rate of roughly $10.00 USD per telehealth interaction would be sufficient to maintain revenue-neutrality. Algorithm-enabled RPM could potentially be billed for using existing RPM CPT codes and lead to margin expansion.We designed a model which evaluates the financial impact of adopting algorithm-enabled RPM in a pediatric endocrinology clinic serving T1D patients. This model establishes a clear threshold reimbursement value for maintaining revenue-neutrality, as well as an estimate of potential RPM reimbursement revenue which could be billed for. It may serve as a useful financial-planning tool for a pediatric T1D clinic seeking to leverage algorithm-enabled RPM to provide flexible, more timely interventions to its patients.
View details for DOI 10.3389/fendo.2022.1021982
View details for PubMedID 36440201
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC9691757
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The Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Association with Advanced Metrics of Glycemia and Adiposity Among Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity.
Current developments in nutrition
2022; 6 (10): nzac107
Abstract
Background: Comanagement of glycemia and adiposity is the cornerstone of cardiometabolic risk reduction in type 1 diabetes (T1D), but targets are often not met. The intestinal microbiota and microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) influence glycemia and adiposity but have not been sufficiently investigated in longstanding T1D.Objectives: We evaluated the hypothesis that an increased abundance of SCFA-producing gut microbes, fecal SCFAs, and intestinal microbial diversity were associated with improved glycemia but increased adiposity in young adults with longstanding T1D.Methods: Participants provided stool samples at ≤4 time points (NCT03651622: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03651622). Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene measured abundances of SCFA-producing intestinal microbes. GC-MS measured total and specific SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, propionate). DXA (body fat percentage and percentage lean mass) and anthropometrics (BMI) measured adiposity. Continuous glucose monitoring [percentage of time in range (70-180mg/dL), above range (>180mg/dL), and below range (54-69mg/dL)] and glycated hemoglobin (i.e., HbA1c) assessed glycemia. Adjusted and Bonferroni-corrected generalized estimating equations modeled the associations of SCFA-producing gut microbes, fecal SCFAs, and intestinal microbial diversity with glycemia and adiposity. COVID-19 interrupted data collection, so models were repeated restricted to pre-COVID-19 visits.Results: Data were available for ≤45 participants at 101 visits (including 40 participants at 54 visits pre-COVID-19). Abundance of Eubacterium hallii was associated inversely with BMI (all data). Pre-COVID-19, increased fecal propionate was associated with increased percentage of time above range and reduced percentage of time in target and below range; and abundances of 3 SCFA-producing taxa (Ruminococcus gnavus, Eubacterium ventriosum, and Lachnospira) were associated inversely with body fat percentage, of which two microbes were positively associated with percentage lean mass. Abundance of Anaerostipes was associated with reduced percentage of time in range (all data) and with increased body fat percentage and reduced percentage lean mass (pre-COVID-19).Conclusions: Unexpectedly, fecal propionate was associated with detriment to glycemia, whereas most SCFA-producing intestinal microbes were associated with benefit to adiposity. Future studies should confirm these associations and determine their potential causal linkages in T1D.This study is registered at clinical.trials.gov (NCT03651622; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03651622).
View details for DOI 10.1093/cdn/nzac107
View details for PubMedID 36349343
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Weight Management in Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: The Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial Pilot Results.
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism
2022
Abstract
AIMS: Co-management of weight and glycemia is critical yet challenging in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We evaluated the effect of a hypocaloric low carbohydrate, hypocaloric moderate low fat, and Mediterranean diet without calorie restriction on weight and glycemia in young adults with T1D and overweight or obesity.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We implemented a nine-month Sequential, Multiple Assignment, Randomized Trial pilot among adults aged 19-30years with T1D for ≥1 year and BMI 27-39.9 kg/m2 . Re-randomization occurred at 3- and 6-months if the assigned diet was not acceptable or not effective. We report results from the initial three-month diet period and rerandomization statistics prior to shutdowns due to COVID-19 for primary (weight, hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], percent of time below range [%TBR] <70 mg/dL) and secondary outcomes (body fat percentage [BFP], percent of time in range [70-180 mg/dL], and %TBR <54 mg/dL). Models adjusted for design, demographic, and clinical covariates tested changes in outcomes and diet differences.RESULTS: Adjusted weight and HbA1c (n=38) changed by -2.7 kg (95%CI -3.8, -1.5, p<0.0001) and -0.91 percentage points (95%CI -1.5, -0.30, p=0.005), respectively, while adjusted BFP remained stable, on average (p=0.21). Hypoglycemia indices remained unchanged, on average, following adjustment (n=28, p>0.05). Variability in all outcomes, including weight change, was considerable (57.9% were re-randomized primarily due to loss of <2% body weight). No outcomes varied by diet.CONCLUSIONS: Three months of a diet, irrespective of macronutrient distribution or caloric restriction, resulted in weight loss while improving HbA1c levels without increasing hypoglycemia in adults with T1D. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
View details for DOI 10.1111/dom.14911
View details for PubMedID 36314293
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Late Afternoon Vigorous Exercise Increases Post-Meal but Not Overnight Hypoglycemia in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Automated Insulin Delivery.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2022
Abstract
AIM To assess evening and overnight hypoglycemia risk following late afternoon exercise compared with a non-exercise control day in adults with type 1 diabetes using automated insulin delivery (AID). METHODS Thirty adults with type 1 diabetes (Mean [SD] Age 38[9] Years; 14Female; HbA1c 7.1[1.0] % / 54[11 ] mmol/mol ) using AID (Minimed 670G) performed in random order 40-minutes high-intensity (HIE), resistance (RE), and moderate-intensity (MIE) exercise each separated by >1 week. Exercise commenced at ~16:00. A standardized meal was eaten at ~20:40. Hypoglycemic events were defined as a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) reading <70mg/dL for ≥15 min. Four-hour post-evening meal and overnight (MN-06:00) CGM metrics for exercise were compared with the prior non-exercise (control) day. RESULTS There was no severe hypoglycemia. Between 00:00-06:00, the proportion of nights with hypoglycemia did not differ post-exercise vs control for HIE (18% vs. 11%; p=0.688), RE (4% vs. 14%; p=0.375) and MIE (7% vs. 14%; p=0.625). Time in Range (70-180mg/dL), >75% for all nights, did not differ between exercise conditions and control. Hypoglycemia episodes post-meal following exercise vs. control did not differ for HIE (22% vs 7%; p=0.219) and MIE (10% vs. 14%; p>0.999) but were greater post RE (39% vs. 10%; p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS Overnight TIR was excellent with AID without an increase in hypoglycemia post-exercise between 00:00-06:00 compared with non-exercise days. In contrast the risk for hypoglycemia was increased following the first meal post-RE, suggesting the importance of greater vigilance and specific guidelines for meal-time dosing, particularly with vigorous RE.
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2022.0279
View details for PubMedID 36094458
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An Evaluation of Point-of-Care HbA1c, HbA1c Home Kits, and Glucose Management Indicator: Potential Solutions for Telehealth Glycemic Assessments.
Diabetology
2022; 3 (3): 494-501
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, fewer in-person clinic visits resulted in fewer point-of-care (POC) HbA1c measurements. In this sub-study, we assessed the performance of alternative glycemic measures that can be obtained remotely, such as HbA1c home kits and Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) values from Dexcom Clarity. Home kit HbA1c (n = 99), GMI, (n = 88), and POC HbA1c (n = 32) were collected from youth with T1D (age 9.7 ± 4.6 years). Bland-Altman analyses and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (rhoc) were used to characterize the agreement between paired HbA1c measures. Both the HbA1c home kit and GMI showed a slight positive bias (mean difference 0.18% and 0.34%, respectively) and strong concordance with POC HbA1c (rhoc = 0.982 [0.965, 0.991] and 0.823 [0.686, 0.904], respectively). GMI showed a slight positive bias (mean difference 0.28%) and fair concordance (rhoc = 0.750 [0.658, 0.820]) to the HbA1c home kit. In conclusion, the strong concordance of GMI and home kits to POC A1c measures suggest their utility in telehealth visits assessments. Although these are not candidates for replacement, these measures can facilitate telehealth visits, particularly in the context of other POC HbA1c measurements from an individual.
View details for DOI 10.3390/diabetology3030037
View details for PubMedID 37163187
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Relationship Between Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Glycemia Among Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity: Results from the Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network (ACT1ON) Study.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2022
Abstract
AIMS: Using data from the ACT1ON study, we conducted secondary analyses to assess the relationship between minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and glycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and overweight or obesity.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants (n=66) with T1D provided measures of glycemia (HbA1c, percent of time below range [TBR, <70mg/dL], time-in-range [TIR, 70-180mg/dL], time above range [TAR, >180mg/dL]) and self-reported physical activity (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), Previous Day Physical Activity Recalls (PDPAR)) at baseline, 3-, 6-, & 9-months post-intervention. Wearable activity data was available for a subset of participants (n=27). Associations were estimated using mixed effects regression models adjusted for design, demographic, clinical, and dietary covariates.RESULTS: Among young adults aged 19-30 with a baseline HbA1c of 7.9 ± 1.4% and BMI of 30.3 (IQR 27.9, 33.8), greater habitual weekly MVPA minutes were associated with higher HbA1c via the GPAQ (p<0.01) and wearable activity data (p=0.01). We did not observe a significant association between habitual MVPA and any continuous glucose monitoring metrics. Using PDPAR data, however, we observed that greater daily MVPA minutes were associated with more TAR (p<0.01) and reduced TIR (p<0.01) on the day following reported physical activity.CONCLUSIONS: Among young adults with T1D and overweight or obesity, increased MVPA was associated with worsened glycemia. As physical activity is vital to cardiovascular health and weight management, additional research is needed to determine how to best support young adults with T1D and overweight or obesity in their efforts to increase physical activity.
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2022.0253
View details for PubMedID 35984327
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Advancements and future directions in the teamwork, targets, technology, and tight control-the 4T study: improving clinical outcomes in newly diagnosed pediatric type 1 diabetes.
Current opinion in pediatrics
2022; 34 (4): 423-429
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The benefits of intensive diabetes management have been established by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. However, challenges with optimizing glycemic management in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) remain across pediatric clinics in the United States. This article will review our Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control (4T) study that implements emerging diabetes technology into clinical practice with a team approach to sustain tight glycemic control from the onset of T1D and beyond to optimize clinical outcomes.RECENT FINDINGS: During the 4T Pilot study and study 1, our team-based approach to intensive target setting, education, and remote data review has led to significant improvements in hemoglobin A1c throughout the first year of T1D diagnosis in youth, as well as family and provider satisfaction.SUMMARY: The next steps include refinement of the current 4T study 1, developing a business case, and broader implementation of the 4T study. In study 2, we are including a more pragmatic cadence of remote data review and disseminating exercise education and activity tracking to both English- and Spanish-speaking families. The overall goal is to create and implement a translatable program that can facilitate better outcomes for pediatric clinics across the USA.
View details for DOI 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001140
View details for PubMedID 35836400
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"Much more convenient, just as effective:" Experiences of starting continuous glucose monitoring remotely following Type 1 diabetes diagnosis.
Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association
2022: e14923
Abstract
Initiating continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) shortly after Type 1 diabetes diagnosis has glycemic and quality of life benefits for youth with Type 1 diabetes and their families. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to a rapid shift to virtual delivery of CGM initiation visits. We aimed to understand parents' experiences receiving virtual care to initiate CGM within 30 days of diagnosis.We held focus groups and interviews using a semi-structured interview guide with parents of youth who initiated CGM over telehealth within 30 days of diagnosis during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Questions aimed to explore experiences of starting CGM virtually. Groups and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis.Participants were 16 English-speaking parents (age 43±6 years; 63% female) of 15 youth (age 9±4 years; 47% female; 47% non-Hispanic White, 20% Hispanic, 13% Asian, 7% Black, 13% other). They described multiple benefits of the virtual visit including convenient access to high-quality care; integrating Type 1 diabetes care into daily life; and being in the comfort of home. A minority experienced challenges with virtual care delivery; most preferred the virtual format. Participants expressed that clinics should offer a choice of virtual or in-person to families initiating CGM in the future.Most parents appreciated receiving CGM initiation education via telehealth and felt it should be an option offered to all families. Further efforts can continue to enhance CGM initiation teaching virtually to address identified barriers.
View details for DOI 10.1111/dme.14923
View details for PubMedID 35899591
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More hypoglycemia not associated with increasing estimated adiposity in youth with type 1 diabetes.
Pediatric research
2022
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread clinical perception that hypoglycemia may drive weight gain in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D), there is an absence of published evidence supporting this hypothesis.METHODS: We estimated the body fat percentage (eBFP) of 211 youth (HbA1c 8.0-13.0%, age 13-16) at baseline, 6, and 18 months of the Flexible Lifestyles Empowering Change trial using validated equations. Group-based trajectory modeling assigned adolescents to sex-specific eBFP groups. Using baseline 7-day blinded continuous glucose monitoring data, "more" vs. "less" percent time spent in hypoglycemia was defined by cut-points using sample median split and clinical guidelines. Adjusted logistic regression estimated the odds of membership in an increasing eBFP group comparing youth with more vs. less baseline hypoglycemia.RESULTS: More time spent in clinical hypoglycemia (defined by median split) was associated with 0.29 the odds of increasing eBFP in females (95% CI: 0.12, 0.69; p=0.005), and 0.33 the odds of stable/increasing eBFP in males (95% CI: 0.14, 0.78; p=0.01).CONCLUSIONS: Hypoglycemia may not be a major driver of weight gain in US youth with T1D and HbA1c ≥8.0. Further studies in different sub-groups are needed to clarify for whom hypoglycemia may drive weight gain and focus future etiological studies and interventions.IMPACT: We contribute epidemiological evidence that hypoglycemia may not be a major driver of weight gain in US youth with type 1 diabetes and HbA1c ≥8.0% and highlight the need for studies to prospectively test this hypothesis rooted in clinical perception. Future research should examine the relationship between hypoglycemia and adiposity together with psychosocial, behavioral, and other clinical factors among sub-groups of youth with type 1 diabetes (i.e., who meet glycemic targets or experience a frequency/severity of hypoglycemia above a threshold) to further clarify for whom hypoglycemia may drive weight gain and progress etiological understanding of and interventions for healthy weight maintenance.
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41390-022-02129-1
View details for PubMedID 35729217
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Strengths and Challenges of Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery During Exercise in People With Type 1 Diabetes: Potential Future Directions.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
2022: 19322968221088327
Abstract
Exercise has many physical and psychological benefits and is recommended for people with type 1 diabetes; however, there are many barriers to exercise, including glycemic instability and fear of hypoglycemia. Closed-loop (CL) systems have shown benefit in the overall glycemic management of type 1 diabetes, including improving HbA1c levels and reducing the incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia; however, these systems are challenged by the rapidly changing insulin needs with exercise. This commentary focuses on the principles, strengths, and challenges of CL in the management of exercise, and discusses potential approaches, including the use of additional physiological signals, to address their shortcomings in the pursuit of fully automated CL systems.
View details for DOI 10.1177/19322968221088327
View details for PubMedID 35466723
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Design of the advancing care for type 1 diabetes and obesity network energy metabolism and sequential multiple assignment randomized trial nutrition pilot studies: An integrated approach to develop weight management solutions for individuals with type 1 diabetes.
Contemporary clinical trials
2022: 106765
Abstract
Young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) often have difficulty co-managing weight and glycemia. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among individuals with T1D now parallels that of the general population and contributes to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and risk for cardiovascular disease. There is a compelling need to develop a program of research designed to optimize two key outcomes-weight management and glycemia-and to address the underlying metabolic processes and behavioral challenges unique to people with T1D. For an intervention addressing these dual outcomes to be effective, it must be appropriate to the unique metabolic phenotype of T1D, and to biological and behavioral responses to glycemia (including hypoglycemia) that relate to weight management. The intervention must also be safe, feasible, and accepted by young adults with T1D. In 2015, we established a consortium called ACT1ON: Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network, a transdisciplinary team of scientists at multiple institutions. The ACT1ON consortium designed a multi-phase study which, in parallel, evaluated the mechanistic aspects of the unique metabolism and energy requirements of individuals with T1D, alongside a rigorous adaptive behavioral intervention to simultaneously facilitate weight management while optimizing glycemia. This manuscript describes the design of our integrative study-comprised of an inpatient mechanistic phase and an outpatient behavioral phase-to generate metabolic, behavioral, feasibility, and acceptability data to support a future, fully powered sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial to evaluate the best approaches to prevent and treat obesity while co-managing glycemia in people with T1D. Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers: NCT03651622 and NCT03379792. The present study references can be found here: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03651622 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03379792?term=NCT03379792&draw=2&rank=1 Submission Category: "Study Design, Statistical Design, Study Protocols".
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106765
View details for PubMedID 35460915
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Mindfulness, disordered eating, and impulsivity in relation to glycemia among adolescents with type 1 diabetes and suboptimal glycemia from the Flexible Lifestyles Empowering Change (FLEX) Intervention Trial.
Pediatric diabetes
2022
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between mindfulness and glycemia among adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with suboptimal glycemia, and evaluate the potential mediation by ingestive behaviors, including disordered eating, and impulsivity.METHODS: We used linear mixed models for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and linear regression for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to study the relationship of mindfulness [Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM)] and glycemia in adolescents with T1D from the 18-month Flexible Lifestyles Empowering Change (FLEX) trial. We tested for mediation of the mindfulness-glycemia relationship by ingestive behaviors, including disordered eating (Diabetes Eating Problem Survey - Revised), restrained eating, and emotional eating (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire); and impulsivity (total, attentional, and motor, Barrett Impulsiveness Scale).RESULTS: At baseline, participants (n=152) had a mean age of 14.9 ±1.1years and HbA1c of 9.4 ±1.2% [79±13mmol/mol]. The majority of adolescents were non-Hispanic white (83.6%), 50.7% were female, and 73.0% used insulin pumps. From adjusted mixed models, a 5-point increase in mindfulness scores was associated with a -0.19% (95%CI -0.29, -0.08, p=0.0006) reduction in HbA1c. We did not find statistically significant associations between mindfulness and CGM metrics. Mediation of the relationship between mindfulness and HbA1c by ingestive behaviors and impulsivity was not found to be statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescents with T1D and suboptimal glycemia, increased mindfulness was associated with lower HbA1c levels. Future studies may consider mindfulness-based interventions as a component of treatment for improving glycemia among adolescents with T1D, though more data are needed to assess feasibility and efficacy. Words: 250/250 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
View details for DOI 10.1111/pedi.13334
View details for PubMedID 35297136
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Advances in Exercise and Nutrition as Therapy in Diabetes.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2022; 24 (S1): S129-S142
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2022.2508
View details for PubMedID 35475701
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A Randomized Crossover Trial Comparing Glucose Control During Moderate-Intensity, High-Intensity, and Resistance Exercise With Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery While Profiling Potential Additional Signals in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
DIABETES CARE
2022; 45 (1): 194-203
Abstract
To compare glucose control with hybrid closed-loop (HCL) when challenged by high intensity exercise (HIE), moderate intensity exercise (MIE), and resistance exercise (RE) while profiling counterregulatory hormones, lactate, ketones, and kinetic data in adults with type 1 diabetes.This study was an open-label multisite randomized crossover trial. Adults with type 1 diabetes undertook 40 min of HIE, MIE, and RE in random order while using HCL (Medtronic MiniMed 670G) with a temporary target set 2 h prior to and during exercise and 15 g carbohydrates if pre-exercise glucose was <126 mg/dL to prevent hypoglycemia. Primary outcome was median (interquartile range) continuous glucose monitoring time-in-range (TIR; 70-180 mg/dL) for 14 h post-exercise commencement. Accelerometer data and venous glucose, ketones, lactate, and counterregulatory hormones were measured for 280 min post-exercise commencement.Median TIR was 81% (67, 93%), 91% (80, 94%), and 80% (73, 89%) for 0-14 h post-exercise commencement for HIE, MIE, and RE, respectively (n = 30), with no difference between exercise types (MIE vs. HIE; P = 0.11, MIE vs. RE, P = 0.11; and HIE vs. RE, P = 0.90). Time-below-range was 0% for all exercise bouts. For HIE and RE compared with MIE, there were greater increases, respectively, in noradrenaline (P = 0.01 and P = 0.004), cortisol (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001), lactate (P ≤ 0.001 and P ≤ 0.001), and heart rate (P = 0.007 and P = 0.015). During HIE compared with MIE, there were greater increases in growth hormone (P = 0.024).Under controlled conditions, HCL provided satisfactory glucose control with no difference between exercise type. Lactate, counterregulatory hormones, and kinetic data differentiate type and intensity of exercise, and their measurement may help inform insulin needs during exercise. However, their potential utility as modulators of insulin dosing will be limited by the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous insulin delivery.
View details for DOI 10.2337/dc21-1593
View details for Web of Science ID 000797976500035
View details for PubMedID 34789504
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Adding glycemic and physical activity metrics to a multimodal algorithm-enabled decision-support tool for type 1 diabetes care: Keys to implementation and opportunities.
Frontiers in endocrinology
2022; 13: 1096325
Abstract
Algorithm-enabled patient prioritization and remote patient monitoring (RPM) have been used to improve clinical workflows at Stanford and have been associated with improved glucose time-in-range in newly diagnosed youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This novel algorithm-enabled care model currently integrates continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data to prioritize patients for weekly reviews by the clinical diabetes team. The use of additional data may help clinical teams make more informed decisions around T1D management. Regular exercise and physical activity are essential to increasing cardiovascular fitness, increasing insulin sensitivity, and improving overall well-being of youth and adults with T1D. However, exercise can lead to fluctuations in glycemia during and after the activity. Future iterations of the care model will integrate physical activity metrics (e.g., heart rate and step count) and physical activity flags to help identify patients whose needs are not fully captured by CGM data. Our aim is to help healthcare professionals improve patient care with a better integration of CGM and physical activity data. We hypothesize that incorporating exercise data into the current CGM-based care model will produce specific, clinically relevant information such as identifying whether patients are meeting exercise guidelines. This work provides an overview of the essential steps of integrating exercise data into an RPM program and the most promising opportunities for the use of these data.
View details for DOI 10.3389/fendo.2022.1096325
View details for PubMedID 36714600
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Tele-education model for primary care providers to advance diabetes equity: Findings from Project ECHO Diabetes.
Frontiers in endocrinology
2022; 13: 1066521
Abstract
Introduction: In the US, many individuals with diabetes do not have consistent access to endocrinologists and therefore rely on primary care providers (PCPs) for their diabetes management. Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) Diabetes, a tele-education model, was developed to empower PCPs to independently manage diabetes, including education on diabetes technology initiation and use, to bridge disparities in diabetes.Methods: PCPs (n=116) who participated in Project ECHO Diabetes and completed pre- and post-intervention surveys were included in this analysis. The survey was administered in California and Florida to participating PCPs via REDCap and paper surveys. This survey aimed to evaluate practice demographics, protocols with adult and pediatric T1D management, challenges, resources, and provider knowledge and confidence in diabetes management. Differences and statistical significance in pre- and post-intervention responses were evaluated via McNemar's tests.Results: PCPs reported improvement in all domains of diabetes education and management. From baseline, PCPs reported improvement in their confidence to serve as the T1D provider for their community (pre vs post: 43.8% vs 68.8%, p=0.005), manage insulin therapy (pre vs post: 62.8% vs 84.3%, p=0.002), and identify symptoms of diabetes distress (pre vs post: 62.8% vs 84.3%, p=0.002) post-intervention. Compared to pre-intervention, providers reported significant improvement in their confidence in all aspects of diabetes technology including prescribing technology (41.2% vs 68.6%, p=0.001), managing insulin pumps (41.2% vs 68.6%, p=0.001) and hybrid closed loop (10.2% vs 26.5%, p=0.033), and interpreting sensor data (41.2% vs 68.6%, p=0.001) post-intervention.Discussion: PCPs who participated in Project ECHO Diabetes reported increased confidence in diabetes management, with notable improvement in their ability to prescribe, manage, and troubleshoot diabetes technology. These data support the use of tele-education of PCPs to increase confidence in diabetes technology management as a feasible strategy to advance equity in diabetes management and outcomes.
View details for DOI 10.3389/fendo.2022.1066521
View details for PubMedID 36589850
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Current and Novel Strategies to Reduce Fear of Hypoglycemia as a Barrier to Physical Activity in Adults and Youth With Type 1 Diabetes.
Canadian journal of diabetes
2022; 46 (1): 1-2
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.12.004
View details for PubMedID 35144756
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Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes: Pilot 4T Study.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
2021
Abstract
CONTEXT: Youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) do not meet hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) targets.OBJECTIVE: To assess HbA1c outcomes in children with new onset T1D enrolled in the Teamwork, Targets, Technology and Tight Control (4T) Study.METHOD: HbA1c levels were compared between the 4T and Historical cohorts. HbA1c differences between cohorts were estimated using locally estimated scatter plot smoothing (LOESS). The change from nadir HbA1c (month 4) to 12 months post-diagnosis was estimated by cohort using a piecewise mixed effects regression model accounting for age at diagnosis, sex, ethnicity, and insurance type.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We recruited 135 youth with newly diagnosed T1D at Stanford Children's Health.INTERVENTION: Starting July 2018, all youth within the first month of T1D diagnosis were offered continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) initiation and remote CGM data review was added in March 2019.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: HbA1c.RESULTS: HbA1c at 6, 9, and 12 months post-diagnosis was lower in the 4T cohort than in the Historic cohort (-0.54%, -0.52%, and -0.58%, respectively). Within the 4T cohort, HbA1c at 6, 9, and 12 months post-diagnosis was lower in those patients with Remote Monitoring than those without (-0.14%, -0.18%, -0.14%, respectively). Multivariable regression analysis showed that the 4T cohort experienced a significantly lower increase in HbA1c between months 4 and 12 (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: A technology-enabled team-based approach to intensified new onset education involving target setting, CGM initiation, and remote data review significantly decreased HbA1c in youth with T1D 12 months post-diagnosis.
View details for DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgab859
View details for PubMedID 34850024
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Opportunities and challenges in closed-loop systems in type 1 diabetes.
The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology
2021
View details for DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00289-8
View details for PubMedID 34762835
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Comparable glucose control with fast-acting insulin aspart versus insulin aspart using a second-generation hybrid closed-loop system during exercise.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2021
Abstract
Background We aimed to compare glucose control with FiAsp versus insulin aspart following moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) and high-intensity exercise (HIE) using a second-generation closed-loop (CL) system in people with type 1 diabetes. Materials and methods This randomised crossover study compared FiAsp versus insulin aspart over four sessions during MIE and HIE with CL insulin delivery by the MiniMed TM Medtronic Advanced hybrid CL system. Participants were randomly assigned FiAsp and insulin aspart each for six weeks and within each period performed, in random order, 40min MIE (~50% VO2max) and HIE (6x2min ~80% VO2max; 5min recovery). The primary outcome was continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) time in range (TIR, 3.9-10.0mmol/L) for 24h following exercise. Results Sixteen adults (nine male; age 48 [37, 57] years; HbA1c 7.0 [6.4, 7.2] %; duration diabetes 30 [17, 41] years) were recruited. In the 24h post-exercise, median TIR was >81%, time in hypoglycemia (<3.9mmol/L) was <4% and time in hyperglycemia (>10mmol/L) was <17% for both exercise conditions and insulin formations, with no significant differences between insulins (P>0.05). In the 2h post-exercise and overnight the TIR approached 100% for all conditions. Conclusions There were no differences in TIR during and 24h after MIE or HIE when comparing insulin aspart with FiAsp delivered by a second-generation CL system. Insulin formations with an offset in action greater than FiAsp are needed to provide a meaningful improvement in CL glucose control with exercise. Trial registration: ACTRN12619000469112.
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2021.0221
View details for PubMedID 34524022
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Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart Versus Insulin Aspart Using a Second-Generation Hybrid Closed-Loop System in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized, Open-Label, Crossover Trial.
Diabetes care
2021
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate glucose control using fast-acting insulin aspart (faster aspart) compared with insulin aspart (IAsp) delivered by the MiniMed Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop (AHCL) system in adults with type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this randomized, open-label, crossover study, participants were assigned to receive faster aspart or IAsp in random order. Stages 1 and 2 comprised of 6 weeks in closed loop, preceded by 2 weeks in open loop. This was followed by stage 3, whereby participants changed directly back to the insulin formulation used in stage 1 for 1 week in closed loop. Participants chose their own meals except for two standardized meal tests, a missed meal bolus and late meal bolus. The primary outcome was the percentage of time sensor glucose values were from 70 to 180 mg/dL (time in range; [TIR]).RESULTS: Twenty-five adults (52% male) were recruited; the median (interquartile range) age was 48 (37, 57) years, and the median HbA1c was 7.0% (6.6, 7.2) (53 [49, 55] mmol/mol). Faster aspart demonstrated greater overall TIR compared with IAsp (82.3% [78.5, 83.7] vs. 79.6% [77.0, 83.4], respectively; mean difference 1.9% [0.5, 3.3]; P = 0.007). Four-hour postprandial glucose TIR was higher using faster aspart compared with IAsp for all meals combined (73.6% [69.4, 80.2] vs. 72.1% [64.5, 78.5], respectively; median difference 3.5% [1.0, 7.3]; P = 0.003). There was no ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia.CONCLUSIONS: Faster aspart safely improved glucose control compared with IAsp in a group of adults with well-controlled type 1 diabetes using AHCL. The modest improvement was mainly related to mealtime glycemia. While the primary outcome demonstrated statistical significance, the clinical impact may be small, given an overall difference in TIR of 1.9%.
View details for DOI 10.2337/dc21-0814
View details for PubMedID 34362816
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First Randomized Controlled Trial of Hybrid Closed Loop Versus Multiple Daily Injections or Insulin Pump using Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Free-Living Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Undertaking Exercise.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
2021: 19322968211035110
View details for DOI 10.1177/19322968211035110
View details for PubMedID 34315271
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Advances in Exercise and Nutrition as Therapy in Diabetes.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2021; 23 (S2): S131-S142
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2021.2509
View details for PubMedID 34061626
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Glucose management for exercise using continuous glucose monitoring: should sex and prandial state be additional considerations? Reply to Yardley JE and Sigal RJ [letter].
Diabetologia
2021
View details for DOI 10.1007/s00125-020-05374-3
View details for PubMedID 33538843
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Clinically serious hypoglycemia is rare and not associated with time-in-range in youth with new-onset type 1 diabetes.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
2021
Abstract
Early initiation of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is advocated for youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Data to guide CGM use on time-in-range (TIR), hypoglycemia, and the role of partial clinical remission (PCR) are limited. Our aims were to assess whether: 1) an association between increased TIR and hypoglycemia exists, and 2) how time in hypoglycemia varies by PCR status.We analyzed 80 youth who were started on CGM shortly after T1D diagnosis and were followed for up to 1-year post-diagnosis. TIR and hypoglycemia rates were determined by CGM data and retrospectively analyzed. PCR was defined as (visit-HbA1c)+(4*units/kg/day) <9.Youth were started on CGM 8.0 (IQR 6.0-13.0) days post-diagnosis. Time spent <70mg/dL remained low despite changes in TIR (highest TIR 74.6±16.7%, 2.4±2.4% hypoglycemia at 1 month post-diagnosis; lowest TIR 61.3±20.3%, 2.1±2.7% hypoglycemia at 12 months post-diagnosis). No events of severe hypoglycemia occurred. Hypoglycemia was rare and there was minimal difference for PCR versus non-PCR youth (54-70mg/dL: 1.8% vs 1.2%, p=0.04; <54mg/dL: 0.3% vs 0.3%, p=0.55). Approximately 50% of the time spent in hypoglycemia was in the 65-70mg/dL range.As TIR gradually decreased over 12 months post-diagnosis, hypoglycemia was limited with no episodes of severe hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia rates did not vary in a clinically meaningful manner by PCR status. With CGM being started earlier, consideration needs to be given to modifying CGM hypoglycemia education, including alarm settings. These data support a trial in the year post-diagnosis to determine alarm thresholds for youth who wear CGM.
View details for DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgab522
View details for PubMedID 34265059
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"I was ready for it at the beginning": Parent experiences with early introduction of continuous glucose monitoring following their child's Type 1 diabetes diagnosis.
Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association
2021: e14567
Abstract
To capture the experience of parents of youth with recent onset Type 1 diabetes who initiated use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology soon after diagnosis, which is a new practice.Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with parents of youth with Type 1 diabetes who had early initiation of CGM as part of a new clinical protocol. Interviewers used a semi-structured interview guide to elicit feedback and experiences with starting CGM within 30 days of diagnosis, and the benefits and barriers they experienced when adjusting to this technology. Groups and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis.Participants were 16 parents (age 44.13±8.43 years; 75% female; 56.25% non-Hispanic White) of youth (age 12.38±4.15 years; 50% female; 50% non-Hispanic White; diabetes duration 10.35±3.89 months) who initiated CGM 11.31±7.33 days after diabetes diagnosis. Overall, parents reported high levels of satisfaction with starting CGM within a month of diagnosis and described a high level of reliance on the technology to help manage their child's diabetes. All participants recommended early CGM initiation for future families and were committed to continue using the technology for the foreseeable future, provided that insurance covered it.Parents experienced CGM initiation shortly after their child's Type 1 diabetes diagnosis as a highly beneficial and essential part of adjusting to living with diabetes.
View details for DOI 10.1111/dme.14567
View details for PubMedID 33772862
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The Development of an Exercise Advisor App for Type 1 Diabetes: Digitization Facilitates More Individualized Guidance.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
2020: 1932296820979811
Abstract
Maintaining blood glucose levels in the target range during exercise can be onerous for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Using evidence-based research and consensus guidelines, we developed an exercise advisor app to reduce some of the burden associated with diabetes management during exercise. The app will guide the user on carbohydrate feeding strategies and insulin management strategies before, during, and after exercise and provide targeted and individualized recommendations. As a basis for the recommendations, the decision trees for the app use various factors including the type of insulin regimen, time of activity, previous insulin boluses, and current glucose level. The app is designed to meet the various needs of people with T1D for different activities to promote safe exercise practices.
View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296820979811
View details for PubMedID 33345601
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Carbohydrate Requirements for Prolonged, Fasted Exercise With and Without Basal Rate Reductions in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes on Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion.
Diabetes care
2020
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Exercising while fasted with type 1 diabetes facilitates weight loss; however, the best strategy to maintain glucose stability remains unclear.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifteen adults on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion completed three sessions of fasted walking (120 min at 45% VOmax) in a randomized crossover design: 50% basal rate reduction, set 90 min pre-exercise (-90min50%BRR); usual basal rate with carbohydrate intake of (0.3 g/kg/h) (CHO-only); and combined 50% basal rate reduction set at exercise onset with carbohydrate intake of 0.3 g/kg/h (Combo).RESULTS: Combo had a smaller change in glucose (5 ± 47 mg/dL) versus CHO-only (-49 ± 61 mg/dL, P = 0.03) or -90min50%BRR (-34 ± 45 mg/dL). The -90min50%BRR strategy produced higher beta-hydroxybutyrate levels (0.4 ± 0.3 vs. 0.1 ± 0.1 mmol/L) and greater fat oxidation (0.51 ± 0.2 vs. 0.39 ± 0.1 g/min) than CHO-only (both P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: All strategies examined produced stable glycemia for fasted exercise, but a 50% basal rate reduction, set 90 min pre-exercise, eliminates carbohydrate needs and enhances fat oxidation better than carbohydrate feeding with or without a basal rate reduction set at exercise onset.
View details for DOI 10.2337/dc20-1554
View details for PubMedID 33328284
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Differences in Physiological Responses to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Adults With and Without Type 1 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis.
Diabetes care
2020
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate physiological responses to cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing in adults with type 1 diabetes compared with age-, sex-, and BMI-matched control participants without type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We compared results from CPX tests on a cycle ergometer in individuals with type 1 diabetes and control participants without type 1 diabetes. Parameters were peak and threshold variables of VO2, heart rate, and power output. Differences between groups were investigated through restricted maximum likelihood modeling and post hoc tests. Differences between groups were explained by stepwise linear regressions (P < 0.05).RESULTS: Among 303 individuals with type 1 diabetes (age 33 [interquartile range 22; 43] years, 93 females, BMI 23.6 [22; 26] kg/m2, HbA1c 6.9% [6.2; 7.7%] [52 (44; 61) mmol/mol]), VO2peak (32.55 [26.49; 38.72] vs. 42.67 ± 10.44 mL/kg/min), peak heart rate (179 [170; 187] vs. 184 [175; 191] beats/min), and peak power (216 [171; 253] vs. 245 [200; 300] W) were lower compared with 308 control participants without type 1 diabetes (all P < 0.001). Individuals with type 1 diabetes displayed an impaired degree and direction of the heart rate-to-performance curve compared with control participants without type 1 diabetes (0.07 [-0.75; 1.09] vs. 0.66 [-0.28; 1.45]; P < 0.001). None of the exercise physiological responses were associated with HbA1c in individuals with type 1 diabetes.CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with type 1 diabetes show altered responses to CPX testing, which cannot be explained by HbA1c. Intriguingly, the participants in our cohort were people with recent-onset type 1 diabetes; heart rate dynamics were altered during CPX testing.
View details for DOI 10.2337/dc20-1496
View details for PubMedID 33184152
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Differences in physiological Response to cardio-pulmonary Graded Exercise Stress Test in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Non-diabetics - A pooled Analysis
SPRINGER WIEN. 2020: S347–S348
View details for Web of Science ID 000589995100027
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Glucose Management during physical Activity/Sport by Using continuous Glucose Meters (CGM/isCGM) in Type 1 Diabetes - EASD/ISPAD Position Statement, supported by ADA and JDRF
SPRINGER WIEN. 2020: S340–S341
View details for Web of Science ID 000589995100017
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Weight Management in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity: Challenges and Possible Solutions.
Current obesity reports
2020
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review highlights challenges associated with weight management in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our purpose is to propose potential solutions to improve weight outcomes in youth with T1D.RECENT FINDINGS: A common barrier to weight management in T1D is reluctance to engage in exercise for fear of hypoglycemia. Healthcare practitioners generally provide limited guidance for insulin dosing and carbohydrate modifications to maintain stable glycemia during exercise. Adherence to dietary guidelines is associated with improved glycemia; however, youth struggle to meet recommendations. When psychosocial factors are addressed in combination with glucose trends, this often leads to successful T1D management. Newer medications also hold promise to potentially aid in glycemia and weight management, but further research is necessary. Properly addressing physical activity, nutrition, pharmacotherapy, and psychosocial factors while emphasizing weight management may reduce the likelihood of obesity development and its perpetuation in this population.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s13679-020-00411-z
View details for PubMedID 33108635
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Glucose management for exercise using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM) systems in type 1 diabetes: position statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) endorsed by JDRF and supported by the American Diabetes Association (ADA).
Pediatric diabetes
2020
Abstract
Physical exercise is an important component in the management of type 1 diabetes across the lifespan. Yet, acute exercise increases the risk of dysglycaemia, and the direction of glycaemic excursions depends, to some extent, on the intensity and duration of the type of exercise. Understandably, fear of hypoglycaemia is one of the strongest barriers to incorporating exercise into daily life. Risk of hypoglycaemia during and after exercise can be lowered when insulin-dose adjustments are made and/or additional carbohydrates are consumed. Glycaemic management during exercise has been made easier with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) systems; however, because of the complexity of CGM and isCGM systems, both individuals with type 1 diabetes and their healthcare professionals may struggle with the interpretation of given information to maximise the technological potential for effective use around exercise (ie, before, during and after). This position statement highlights the recent advancements in CGM and isCGM technology, with a focus on the evidence base for their efficacy to sense glucose around exercise and adaptations in the use of these emerging tools, and updates the guidance for exercise in adults, children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
View details for DOI 10.1111/pedi.13105
View details for PubMedID 33047481
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Glucose management for exercise using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM) systems in type 1 diabetes: position statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) endorsed by JDRF and supported by the American Diabetes Association (ADA).
Diabetologia
2020
Abstract
Physical exercise is an important component in the management of type 1 diabetes across the lifespan. Yet, acute exercise increases the risk of dysglycaemia, and the direction of glycaemic excursions depends, to some extent, on the intensity and duration of the type of exercise. Understandably, fear of hypoglycaemia is one of the strongest barriers to incorporating exercise into daily life. Risk of hypoglycaemia during and after exercise can be lowered when insulin-dose adjustments are made and/or additional carbohydrates are consumed. Glycaemic management during exercise has been made easier with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) systems; however, because of the complexity of CGM and isCGM systems, both individuals with type 1 diabetes and their healthcare professionals may struggle with the interpretation of given information to maximise the technological potential for effective use around exercise (i.e. before, during and after). This position statement highlights the recent advancements in CGM and isCGM technology, with a focus on the evidence base for their efficacy to sense glucose around exercise and adaptations in the use of these emerging tools, and updates the guidance for exercise in adults, children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s00125-020-05263-9
View details for PubMedID 33047169
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The competitive athlete with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetologia
2020
Abstract
Regular exercise is important for health, fitness and longevity in people living with type 1 diabetes, and many individuals seek to train and compete while living with the condition. Muscle, liver and glycogen metabolism can be normal in athletes with diabetes with good overall glucose management, and exercise performance can be facilitated by modifications to insulin dose and nutrition. However, maintaining normal glucose levels during training, travel and competition can be a major challenge for athletes living with type 1 diabetes. Some athletes have low-to-moderate levels of carbohydrate intake during training and rest days but tend to benefit, from both a glucose and performance perspective, from high rates of carbohydrate feeding during long-distance events. This review highlights the unique metabolic responses to various types of exercise in athletes living with type 1 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s00125-020-05183-8
View details for PubMedID 32533229
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Clinically Significant Hypoglycemia Is Rare in Youth with T1D during Partial Clinical Remission
AMER DIABETES ASSOC. 2020
View details for DOI 10.2337/db20-1294-P
View details for Web of Science ID 000554509803068
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Early Introduction of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Is Well Accepted by Youth and Parents
AMER DIABETES ASSOC. 2020
View details for DOI 10.2337/db20-159-LB
View details for Web of Science ID 000554509800310
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Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Show Steady Decline in Glucose Time-in-Range (TIR) over 1 Year: Pilot Study
AMER DIABETES ASSOC. 2020
View details for DOI 10.2337/db20-1295-P
View details for Web of Science ID 000554509803069
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TITLE: CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING VERSUS SELF-MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE TO ASSESS GLYCEMIA IN GESTATIONAL DIABETES.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2020
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) management using self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) does not normalise pregnancy outcomes.We aimed to conduct an observational study to explore if Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) could identify elevated glucose levels not apparent in women with GDM managed using SMBG.A 7-day masked-CGM (iPro, Medtronic) was performed within 2 weeks of GDM diagnosis, immediately post-GDM education but prior to insulin commencement as determined by SMBG. CGM data regarding hyperglycemia (sensor glucose >126 mg/dL [06:00-00:00hrs] and > 99 mg/dL [00:00-06:00hrs] for >10% of time), time with healthcare professionals (HCP), treatment, and pregnancy outcome were collected. Comparisons (Mann-Whitney test) were performed between subjects subsequently commenced on insulin versus those continued with diet and lifestyle measures alone.Ninety women of Mean (SD) gestational age weeks 27(1) were studied. Those prescribed insulin (n=34) compared with those managed with diet and lifestyle alone (n=56) had a greater time in hyperglycemia (p=0.0001). Of those not prescribed insulin, 35/56 (61%) breached CGM cut-offs between 00:00-06:00hrs; 11/56 (20%) breached 6.00-00.00hrs CGM cut-offs for >10% of the time; and 21/45 (47%) with optimal CGM glucose levels during the daytime spent >10% time in hyperglycaemia between 00.00-06:00 hrs. In contrast, SMBG measurements exceeded the clinical targets of <120mg/dL post-dinner in 5.4% and <100mg/dL fasting in 0% of the subjects.CGM provides a more comprehensive assessment of nocturnal hyperglycemia than SMBG and could improve targeting of interventions in GDM. Larger studies to better define CGM targets are required which once established will inform studies aimed at targeting nocturnal glucose levels.
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2020.0073
View details for PubMedID 32324046
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No Disadvantage to Insulin Pump Off vs Pump On During Intermittent High-Intensity Exercise in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.
Canadian journal of diabetes
2020; 44 (2): 162-168
Abstract
Evidence suggests that patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) performing aerobic exercise with their insulin pump connected (pump on) vs pump disconnected (pump off) have an increased risk of hypoglycemia. It has not been examined whether this risk remains during high-intensity exercise. This study compared the effects of pump on (50% basal insulin at exercise onset) vs pump off (0% basal insulin at exercise onset) on glucose concentrations during intermittent high-intensity exercise in adults with T1D and on patients' own perspective of their glycemia.Twelve adults with T1D using insulin pump therapy completed two 40-min intermittent high-intensity exercise bouts. Insulin adjustments included: 1) pump set to 50% of usual basal rate (pump on) or 2) pump suspended (pump off) during exercise, in random order. Blood glucose was recorded every 10 min during exercise and, after providing subjects with an initial reference glucose value before exercise, participants were asked to estimate their glucose during exercise.Glucose levels were higher in pump off (8.1±1.3 mmol/L) vs pump on (7.4±2.1 mmol/L) at exercise start (p<0.05), but were similar by the end of exercise (p=0.9). During exercise, hypoglycemia incidence did not differ between conditions (1 of 12 for both). However, the percentage of time in hypoglycemia at 12 h after exercise was 5±8% vs 1±2% for pump on vs pump off, respectively (p=0.3). Participants were better able to estimate their own glucose during pump on vs pump off (r2=0.46 vs r2=0.11).Pump on vs pump off at exercise onset showed no significant differences in blood glucose concentrations during 40 min of intermittent high-intensity exercise.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.05.015
View details for PubMedID 31416695
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Advances in Exercise, Physical Activity, and Diabetes.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2020; 22 (S1): S109-S118
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2020.2508
View details for PubMedID 32069147
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Glucose Control During Physical Activity and Exercise Using Closed Loop Technology in Adults and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.
Canadian journal of diabetes
2020
Abstract
Guidelines for safe exercise strategies exist for both pediatric and adult patients living with type 1 diabetes. The management of type 1 diabetes during exercise is complex, but making insulin dosing adjustments in advance of activity can yield positive outcomes and reduce the likelihood of hypoglycemia. Closed loop (also known as automated insulin delivery) systems are able to partially automate insulin delivery and can assist in exercise and overall management of type 1 diabetes. Current exercise guidelines, however, focus primarily on management strategies for patients using multiple daily injections or open loop insulin pump therapy. Closed loop systems require strategic approaches to type 1 diabetes management, including appropriate timing and duration of exercise targets and carbohydrates around exercise that have yet to be standardized. This review aims to showcase how closed loop technology has evolved over the last decade and summarizes a number of closed loop and exercise studies both in free-living conditions and clinical trials. This review also highlights strategies and approaches for exercise and type 1 diabetes management using closed loop systems. Some differences in closed loop strategies for exercise include the importance of pump suspension if disconnecting during exercise, fewer grams of uncovered carbohydrates before exercise and these should be taken close to exercise onset to avoid a rise in automated insulin delivery. A primary goal for future closed loop systems is to detect exercise without user input, so that patients are not required to preset exercise targets well in advance of activity, as are the current recommendations.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.06.003
View details for PubMedID 33011134
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Improving Clinical Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control-The 4T Study.
Frontiers in endocrinology
2020; 11: 360
Abstract
Many youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) do not achieve hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) targets. The mean HbA1c of youth in the USA is higher than much of the developed world. Mean HbA1c in other nations has been successfully modified following benchmarking and quality improvement methods. In this review, we describe the novel 4T approach-teamwork, targets, technology, and tight control-to diabetes management in youth with new-onset T1D. In this program, the diabetes care team (physicians, nurse practitioners, certified diabetes educators, dieticians, social workers, psychologists, and exercise physiologists) work closely to deliver diabetes education from diagnosis. Part of the education curriculum involves early integration of technology, specifically continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and developing a curriculum around using the CGM to maintain tight control and optimize quality of life.
View details for DOI 10.3389/fendo.2020.00360
View details for PubMedID 32733375
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7363838
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Lag Time Remains with Newer Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Technology During Aerobic Exercise in Adults Living with Type 1 Diabetes.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2019; 21 (6): 313-321
Abstract
Background: Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices help detect glycemic excursions associated with exercise, meals, and insulin dosing in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the delay between interstitial and blood glucose may result in CGM underestimating the true change in glycemia during activity. The purpose of this study was to examine CGM discrepancies during exercise and the meal postexercise versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Methods: Seventeen adults with T1D using insulin pump therapy and CGM completed 60 min of aerobic exercise on three occasions. A standardized meal was given 30 min postexercise. SMBG was measured during exercise and in recovery using OmniPod® Personal Diabetes Manager (PDM; Insulet, Billerica, MA) with built-in glucose meter (FreeStyle; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL), while CGM was measured with Dexcom G4® with 505 algorithm (n = 4) or G5® (n = 13), which were calibrated with subjects' own PDM. Results: SMBG showed a large drop in glycemia during exercise, while CGM showed a lag of 12 ± 11 (mean ± standard deviation) minutes and bias of -7 ± 19 mg/dL/min during activity. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) for CGM versus SMBG was 13 (6-22)% [median (interquartile range)] during exercise and 8 (5-14)% during mealtime. Clarke error grids showed CGM values were in zones A and B 94%-99% of the time for SMBG. Conclusion: In summary, the drop in CGM lags behind the drop in blood glucose during prolonged aerobic exercise by 12 ± 11 min, and MARD increases to 13 (6-22)% during exercise as well. Therefore, if hypoglycemia is suspected during exercise, individuals should confirm glucose levels with a capillary glucose measurement.
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2018.0364
View details for PubMedID 31059282
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6551983
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Improved Open-Loop Glucose Control With Basal Insulin Reduction 90 Minutes Before Aerobic Exercise in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes on Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion.
Diabetes care
2019; 42 (5): 824-831
Abstract
To reduce exercise-associated hypoglycemia, individuals with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion typically perform basal rate reductions (BRRs) and/or carbohydrate feeding, although the timing and amount of BRRs necessary to prevent hypoglycemia are unclear. The goal of this study was to determine if BRRs set 90 min pre-exercise better attenuate hypoglycemia versus pump suspension (PS) at exercise onset.Seventeen individuals completed three 60-min treadmill exercise (∼50% of VO2peak) visits in a randomized crossover design. The insulin strategies included 1) PS at exercise onset, 2) 80% BRR set 90 min pre-exercise, and 3) 50% BRR set 90 min pre-exercise.Blood glucose level at exercise onset was higher with 50% BRR (191 ± 49 mg/dL) vs. 80% BRR (164 ± 41 mg/dL; P < 0.001) and PS (164 ± 45 mg/dL; P < 0.001). By exercise end, 80% BRR showed the smallest drop (-31 ± 58 mg/dL) vs. 50% BRR (-47 ± 50 mg/dL; P = 0.04) and PS (-67 ± 41 mg/dL; P < 0.001). With PS, 7 out of 17 participants developed hypoglycemia versus 1 out of 17 in both BRR conditions (P < 0.05). Following a standardized meal postexercise, glucose rose with PS and 50% BRR (both P < 0.05), but failed to rise with 80% BRR (P = 0.16). Based on interstitial glucose, overnight mean percent time in range was 83%, 83%, and 78%, and time in hypoglycemia was 2%, 1%, and 5% with 80% BRR, 50% BRR, and PS, respectively (all P > 0.05).Overall, a 50-80% BRR set 90 min pre-exercise improves glucose control and decreases hypoglycemia risk during exercise better than PS at exercise onset, while not compromising the postexercise meal glucose control.
View details for DOI 10.2337/dc18-2204
View details for PubMedID 30796112
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Advances in Exercise, Physical Activity, and Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2019; 21 (S1): S112-S122
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2019.2509
View details for PubMedID 30785316
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Individual glucose responses to prolonged moderate intensity aerobic exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: The higher they start, the harder they fall.
Pediatric diabetes
2019; 20 (1): 99-106
Abstract
To evaluate the pattern of change in blood glucose concentrations and hypoglycemia risk in response to prolonged aerobic exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) that had a wide range in pre-exercise blood glucose concentrations.Individual blood glucose responses to prolonged (~60 minutes) moderate-intensity exercise were profiled in 120 youth with T1D.The mean pre-exercise blood glucose concentration was 178 ± 66 mg/dL, ranging from 69 to 396 mg/dL, while the mean change in glucose during exercise was -76 ± 55 mg/dL (mean ± SD), ranging from +83 to -257 mg/dL. Only 4 of 120 youth (3%) had stable glucose levels during exercise (ie, ± ≤10 mg/dL), while 4 (3%) had a rise in glucose >10 mg/dL, and the remaining (93%) had a clinically significant drop (ie, >10 mg/dL). A total of 53 youth (44%) developed hypoglycemia (≤70 mg/dL) during exercise. The change in glucose was negatively correlated with the pre-exercise glucose concentration (R2 = 0.44, P < 0.001), and tended to be greater in those on multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) vs continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) (-98 ± 15 vs -65 ± 7 mg/dL, P = 0.05). No other collected variables appeared to predict the change in glucose including age, weight, height, body mass index, disease duration, daily insulin dose, HbA1c , or sex.Youth with T1D have variable glycemic responses to prolonged aerobic exercise, but this variability is partially explained by their pre-exercise blood glucose levels. When no implementation strategies are in place to limit the drop in glycemia, the incidence of exercise-associated hypoglycemia is ~44% and having a high pre-exercise blood glucose concentration is only marginally protective.
View details for DOI 10.1111/pedi.12799
View details for PubMedID 30467929
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The Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Flash Glucose Monitoring During Aerobic Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
2019; 13 (1): 140-141
View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296818804550
View details for PubMedID 30295040
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6313274
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Accuracy of Wrist-Worn Activity Monitors During Common Daily Physical Activities and Types of Structured Exercise: Evaluation Study.
JMIR mHealth and uHealth
2018; 6 (12): e10338
Abstract
Wrist-worn activity monitors are often used to monitor heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) in a variety of settings including more recently in medical applications. The use of real-time physiological signals to inform medical systems including drug delivery systems and decision support systems will depend on the accuracy of the signals being measured, including accuracy of HR and EE. Prior studies assessed accuracy of wearables only during steady-state aerobic exercise.The objective of this study was to validate the accuracy of both HR and EE for 2 common wrist-worn devices during a variety of dynamic activities that represent various physical activities associated with daily living including structured exercise.We assessed the accuracy of both HR and EE for two common wrist-worn devices (Fitbit Charge 2 and Garmin vívosmart HR+) during dynamic activities. Over a 2-day period, 20 healthy adults (age: mean 27.5 [SD 6.0] years; body mass index: mean 22.5 [SD 2.3] kg/m2; 11 females) performed a maximal oxygen uptake test, free-weight resistance circuit, interval training session, and activities of daily living. Validity was assessed using an HR chest strap (Polar) and portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed). Accuracy of the commercial wearables versus research-grade standards was determined using Bland-Altman analysis, correlational analysis, and error bias.Fitbit and Garmin were reasonably accurate at measuring HR but with an overall negative bias. There was more error observed during high-intensity activities when there was a lack of repetitive wrist motion and when the exercise mode indicator was not used. The Garmin estimated HR with a mean relative error (RE, %) of -3.3% (SD 16.7), whereas Fitbit estimated HR with an RE of -4.7% (SD 19.6) across all activities. The highest error was observed during high-intensity intervals on bike (Fitbit: -11.4% [SD 35.7]; Garmin: -14.3% [SD 20.5]) and lowest error during high-intensity intervals on treadmill (Fitbit: -1.7% [SD 11.5]; Garmin: -0.5% [SD 9.4]). Fitbit and Garmin EE estimates differed significantly, with Garmin having less negative bias (Fitbit: -19.3% [SD 28.9], Garmin: -1.6% [SD 30.6], P<.001) across all activities, and with both correlating poorly with indirect calorimetry measures.Two common wrist-worn devices (Fitbit Charge 2 and Garmin vívosmart HR+) show good HR accuracy, with a small negative bias, and reasonable EE estimates during low to moderate-intensity exercise and during a variety of common daily activities and exercise. Accuracy was compromised markedly when the activity indicator was not used on the watch or when activities involving less wrist motion such as cycle ergometry were done.
View details for DOI 10.2196/10338
View details for PubMedID 30530451
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6305876
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A Pilot Study Validating Select Research-Grade and Consumer-Based Wearables Throughout a Range of Dynamic Exercise Intensities in Persons With and Without Type 1 Diabetes: A Novel Approach.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
2018; 12 (3): 569-576
Abstract
The increasing popularity of wearable technology necessitates the evaluation of their accuracy to differentiate physical activity (PA) intensities. These devices may play an integral role in customizing PA interventions for primary prevention and secondary management of chronic diseases. For example, in persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D), PA greatly affects glucose concentrations depending on the intensity, mode (ie, aerobic, anaerobic, mixed), and duration. This variability in glucose responses underscores the importance of implementing dependable wearable technology in emerging avenues such as artificial pancreas systems.Participants completed three 40-minute, dynamic non-steady-state exercise sessions, while outfitted with multiple research (Fitmate, Metria, Bioharness) and consumer (Garmin, Fitbit) grade wearables. The data were extracted according to the devices' maximum sensitivity (eg, breath by breath, beat to beat, or minute time stamps) and averaged into minute-by-minute data. The variables of interest, heart rate (HR), breathing frequency, and energy expenditure (EE), were compared to validated criterion measures.Compared to deriving EE by laboratory indirect calorimetry standard, the Metria activity patch overestimates EE during light-to-moderate PA intensities (L-MI) and moderate-to-vigorous PA intensities (M-VI) (mean ± SD) (0.28 ± 1.62 kilocalories· minute-1, P < .001, 0.64 ± 1.65 kilocalories· minute-1, P < .001, respectively). The Metria underestimates EE during vigorous-to-maximal PA intensity (V-MI) (-1.78 ± 2.77 kilocalories · minute-1, P < .001). Similarly, compared to Polar HR monitor, the Bioharness underestimates HR at L-MI (-1 ± 8 bpm, P < .001) and M-VI (5 ± 11 bpm, P < .001), respectively. A significant difference in EE was observed for the Garmin device, compared to the Fitmate ( P < .001) during continuous L-MI activity.Overall, our study demonstrates that current research-grade wearable technologies operate within a ~10% error for both HR and EE during a wide range of dynamic exercise intensities. This level of accuracy for emerging research-grade instruments is considered both clinically and practically acceptable for research-based or consumer use. In conclusion, research-grade wearable technology that uses EE kilocalories · minute-1 and HR reliably differentiates PA intensities.
View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296817750401
View details for PubMedID 29320885
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6154246
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Insulin Management Strategies for Exercise in Diabetes.
Canadian journal of diabetes
2017; 41 (5): 507-516
Abstract
There is no question that regular exercise can be beneficial and lead to improvements in overall cardiovascular health. However, for patients with diabetes, exercise can also lead to challenges in maintaining blood glucose balance, particularly if patients are prescribed insulin or certain oral hypoglycemic agents. Hypoglycemia is the most common adverse event associated with exercise and insulin therapy, and the fear of hypoglycemia is also the greatest barrier to exercise for many patients. With the appropriate insulin dose adjustments and, in some cases, carbohydrate supplementation, blood glucose levels can be better managed during exercise and in recovery. In general, insulin strategies that help facilitate weight loss with regular exercise and recommendations around exercise adjustments to prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are often not discussed with patients because the recommendations can be complex and may differ from one individual to the next. This is a review of the current published literature on insulin dose adjustments and starting-point strategies for patients with diabetes in preparation for safe exercise.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.07.004
View details for PubMedID 28942788
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The Effects of Basal Insulin Suspension at the Start of Exercise on Blood Glucose Levels During Continuous Versus Circuit-Based Exercise in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes on Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion.
Diabetes technology & therapeutics
2017; 19 (6): 370-378
Abstract
Exercise causes glycemic disturbances in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (CON) generally lowers blood glucose (BG) levels and often leads to hypoglycemia. In comparison, circuit-based exercise (CIRC) may attenuate the drop in BG. The goal of this study is to contrast the effects of basal insulin suspension at the onset of two different forms of exercise (CON vs. CIRC).Twelve individuals (six men and six women) with T1D on insulin pump therapy were recruited for the study. All participants completed a maximal aerobic fitness test and two 40-min exercise sessions, consisting of either continuous treadmill walking or a circuit workout. Basal insulin infusion was stopped at the onset of exercise and resumed in recovery. After providing an initial reference value, volunteers were blinded to their [BG] and were asked to estimate their levels during exercise.Oxygen consumption (47.5 ± 7.5 vs. 54.5 ± 13.5 mL·kg-1·min-1, P = 0.03) and heart rate (122 ± 20 vs. 144 ± 20 bpm, P = 0.003) were lower in CON vs. CIRC. Despite the lower workload, BG levels dropped more with CON vs. CIRC (delta BG = -3.8 ± 1.5 vs. -0.5 ± 3.0 mmol/L for CON vs. CIRC, respectively, P = 0.001). Participants were able to estimate their BG more accurately during CON (r = 0.83) vs. CIRC (r = 0.33) based on a regression analysis.Despite a lower intensity of exercise, with full basal insulin suspension at the start of exercise, CON results in a larger drop in BG vs. CIRC. These findings have implications for single hormone-based artificial pancreas development for exercise. While this study does not negate the importance of frequent capillary BG monitoring during exercise, it does suggest that if persons are knowledgeable about their pre-exercise BG levels, they can accurately perceive the changes in BG during CON, but not during CIRC.
View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2017.0010
View details for PubMedID 28613947
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5510047
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Effects of acute caffeine supplementation on reducing exercise-associated hypoglycaemia in individuals with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association
2016; 33 (4): 488-96
Abstract
To determine the effects of acute caffeine ingestion on glycaemia during moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise and in recovery in individuals with Type 1 diabetes.A total of 13 patients with Type 1 diabetes [eight women, five men: mean ± sd age 25.9 ± 8.8 years, BMI 71.9 ± 11.0 kg, maximal oxygen consumption 46.6 ± 12.7 ml/kg/min, body fat 19.9 ± 7.2%, duration of diabetes 14.4 ± 10.1 years and HbA1c 55 ± 8 mmol/mol (7.4 ± 0.8%)] were recruited. Participants ingested capsules that contained gelatin or pure caffeine (6.0 mg/kg body mass) and performed afternoon exercise for 45 min at 60% maximal oxygen consumption on two separate visits with only circulating basal insulin levels.The main finding was that a single caffeine dose attenuates the drop in glycaemia by 1.8 ± 2.8 mmol/l compared with placebo intake during exercise (P=0.056). Continuous glucose monitoring data, however, showed that caffeine was associated with elevated glycaemia at bedtime after exercise, compared with placebo, but lower glucose concentrations in the early morning the next day.Caffeine intake should be considered as another strategy that may modestly attenuate hypoglycaemia in individuals with Type 1 diabetes during exercise, but should be taken with precautionary measures as it may increase the risk of late-onset hypoglycaemia.
View details for DOI 10.1111/dme.12857
View details for PubMedID 26173655
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Classification of Physical Activity: Information to Artificial Pancreas Control Systems in Real Time.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
2015; 9 (6): 1200-7
Abstract
Physical activity has a wide range of effects on glucose concentrations in type 1 diabetes (T1D) depending on the type (ie, aerobic, anaerobic, mixed) and duration of activity performed. This variability in glucose responses to physical activity makes the development of artificial pancreas (AP) systems challenging. Automatic detection of exercise type and intensity, and its classification as aerobic or anaerobic would provide valuable information to AP control algorithms. This can be achieved by using a multivariable AP approach where biometric variables are measured and reported to the AP at high frequency. We developed a classification system that identifies, in real time, the exercise intensity and its reliance on aerobic or anaerobic metabolism and tested this approach using clinical data collected from 5 persons with T1D and 3 individuals without T1D in a controlled laboratory setting using a variety of common types of physical activity. The classifier had an average sensitivity of 98.7% for physiological data collected over a range of exercise modalities and intensities in these subjects. The classifier will be added as a new module to the integrated multivariable adaptive AP system to enable the detection of aerobic and anaerobic exercise for enhancing the accuracy of insulin infusion strategies during and after exercise.
View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296815609369
View details for PubMedID 26443291
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4667299
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Exercise and the Development of the Artificial Pancreas: One of the More Difficult Series of Hurdles.
Journal of diabetes science and technology
2015; 9 (6): 1217-26
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) promotes numerous health benefits for people living with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, PA also complicates blood glucose control. Factors affecting blood glucose fluctuations during PA include activity type, intensity and duration as well as the amount of insulin and food in the body at the time of the activity. To maintain equilibrium with blood glucose concentrations during PA, the rate of glucose appearance (Ra) to disappearance (Rd) in the bloodstream must be balanced. In nondiabetics, there is a rise in glucagon and a reduction in insulin release at the onset of mild to moderate aerobic PA. During intense aerobic -anaerobic work, insulin release first decreases and then rises rapidly in early recovery to offset a more dramatic increase in counterregulatory hormones and metabolites. An "exercise smart" artificial pancreas (AP) must be capable of sensing glucose and perhaps other physiological responses to various types and intensities of PA. The emergence of this new technology may benefit active persons with T1D who are prone to hypo and hyperglycemia.
View details for DOI 10.1177/1932296815609370
View details for PubMedID 26428933
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4667314
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The "ups" and "downs" of a bike race in people with type 1 diabetes: dramatic differences in strategies and blood glucose responses in the Paris-to-Ancaster Spring Classic.
Canadian journal of diabetes
2015; 39 (2): 105-10
Abstract
Recommendations for insulin adjustments and carbohydrate intake exist for individuals with type 1 diabetes who are undertaking moderate exercise. Very few guidelines exist for athletes with type 1 diabetes who are competing in events of higher intensity or longer duration. This observational study reports the strategies adopted by 6 habitually active men with type 1 diabetes (glycated hemoglobin = 8.3%±2.0%) undertaking a relatively intense endurance cycling event.Participants wore continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors for 24 hours before competition, while racing and overnight postrace. They were asked to eat their regular meals and snacks and make their usual insulin adjustments before, during and after competition. All food intake and insulin adjustments were recorded in detail.Participants used a variety of adjustments for exercise. Of 6 participants, 4 decreased their insulin dosages and all participants consumed carbohydrates during the race (mean = 87±57 g). In spite of these strategies, 3 of the 6 participants experienced mild to moderate hypoglycemia (not requiring assistance) during the event. Hyperglycemia was seen in all participants 3 hours postexercise. There were no incidents of nocturnal hypoglycemia.Individuals with type 1 diabetes can compete in intensive long-distance athletic events using a variety of nutrition- and insulin-adjustment strategies. In addition to finely tuned insulin adjustments and increased carbohydrate intake, vigilance will always be required to maintain some semblance of glycemic control during events of extended duration.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.09.003
View details for PubMedID 25492557
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Prevention of exercise-associated dysglycemia: a case study-based approach.
Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association
2015; 28 (1): 55-62
View details for DOI 10.2337/diaspect.28.1.55
View details for PubMedID 25717279
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4334080
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Effects of selective and non-selective glucocorticoid receptor II antagonists on rapid-onset diabetes in young rats.
PloS one
2014; 9 (3): e91248
Abstract
The blockade of glucocorticoid (GC) action through antagonism of the glucocorticoid receptor II (GRII) has been used to minimize the undesirable effects of chronically elevated GC levels. Mifepristone (RU486) is known to competitively block GRII action, but not exclusively, as it antagonizes the progesterone receptor. A number of new selective GRII antagonists have been developed, but limited testing has been completed in animal models of overt type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, two selective GRII antagonists (C113176 and C108297) were tested to determine their effects in our model of GC-induced rapid-onset diabetes (ROD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (∼ six weeks of age) were placed on a high-fat diet (60%), surgically implanted with pellets containing corticosterone (CORT) or wax (control) and divided into five treatment groups. Each group was treated with either a GRII antagonist or vehicle for 14 days after surgery: CORT pellets (400 mg/rat) + antagonists (80 mg/kg/day); CORT pellets + drug vehicle; and wax pellets (control) + drug vehicle. After 10 days of CORT treatment, body mass gain was increased with RU486 (by ∼20% from baseline) and maintained with C113176 administration, whereas rats given C108297 had similar body mass loss (∼15%) to ROD animals. Fasting glycemia was elevated in the ROD animals (>20 mM), normalized completely in animals treated with RU486 (6.2±0.1 mM, p<0.05) and improved in animals treated with C108297 and C113176 (14.0±1.6 and 8.8±1.6 mM, p<0.05 respectively). Glucose intolerance was normalized with RU486 treatment, whereas acute insulin response was improved with RU486 and C113176 treatment. Also, peripheral insulin resistance was attenuated with C113176 treatment along with improved levels of β-cell function while C108297 antagonism only provided modest improvements. In summary, C113176 is an effective agent that minimized some GC-induced detrimental metabolic effects and may provide an alternative to the effective, but non-selective, GRII antagonist RU486.
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0091248
View details for PubMedID 24642683
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3958344
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Caffeine and glucose homeostasis during rest and exercise in diabetes mellitus.
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme
2013; 38 (8): 813-22
Abstract
Caffeine is a substance that has been used in our society for generations, primarily for its effects on the central nervous system that causes wakefulness. Caffeine supplementation has become increasingly more popular as an ergogenic aid for athletes and considerable scientific evidence supports its effectiveness. Because of their potential to alter energy metabolism, the effects of coffee and caffeine on glucose metabolism in diabetes have also been studied both epidemiologically and experimentally. Predominantly targeting the adenosine receptors, caffeine causes alterations in glucose homeostasis by decreasing glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, thereby causing elevations in blood glucose concentration. Caffeine intake has also been proposed to increase symptomatic warning signs of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes and elevate blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Other effects include potential increases in glucose counterregulatory hormones such as epinephrine, which can also decrease peripheral glucose disposal. Despite these established physiological effects, increased coffee intake has been associated with reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes in large-scale epidemiological studies. This review paper highlights the known effects of caffeine on glucose homeostasis and diabetes metabolism during rest and exercise.
View details for DOI 10.1139/apnm-2012-0471
View details for PubMedID 23855268