Harold Mooney
Paul S. and Billie Achilles Professor in Environmental Biology, Emeritus
Bio
Stanford ecologist Harold “Hal” Mooney is the Paul S. Achilles Professor of Environmental Biology, emeritus, in the School of Humanities and Science’s Department of Biology and senior fellow, emeritus, with the Stanford Woods Institute as well as the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Mooney helped pioneer the field of physiological ecology and is an internationally recognized expert on environmental sciences. Through his six-decade academic career, Mooney has demonstrated how plant species and groups of species respond to their environments and developed research methodologies for assessing how plants interact with their biotic environments. To date he has authored more than 400 scientific books, papers and articles.
Mooney's recent research focuses on assessing the impacts of global environmental change on terrestrial ecosystems, especially on ecosystem function, productivity and biodiversity. Recent research includes studying the environmental and social consequences of industrialized animal production systems and examining factors that promote the invasion of non-indigenous plant species.
Mooney has played an international leadership role in numerous research settings, especially with problems related to biodiversity, invasive species, global warming and Mediterranean climates. In addition, he has been active in building up worldwide communities and networks of ecologists and scientists in other disciplines and arranging international conferences on the environment. He played a central role in the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP), building up an international organization of scientists and having an influential part in setting the guidelines for the formulation of environmental policies. He also has advanced numerous international research programs as Secretary General and Vice-President of the International Council for Science (ICSU).
Mooney earned his Ph.D. from Duke University in 1960 and started as an assistant professor at UCLA that same year. In 1968 he was recruited to Stanford University, where he was later appointed the Paul S. Achilles Professor of Environmental Biology in the School of Humanities and Science’s Department of Biology. A senior fellow with the Stanford Woods Institute as well as the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Mooney has led a wide range of national and international scientific activities related to environment and conservation.
Notable roles included coordinating the 1995 Global Biodiversity Assessment, co-chairing the Assessment Panel of the 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, establishing and leading the Global Invasive Species Program and serving as lead review editor for the ongoing global assessment of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. His many accolades and awards include the 1990 ECI Prize in terrestrial ecology, the 1992 Max Planck Research Award in biosciences, the 1996 Eminent Ecologist Award from the Ecological Society of America, the 2000 Nevada Medal, the 2002 Blue Planet Prize, the 2007 Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology, the 2008 Tyler Prize, the 2008 BBVA Foundation Award for Biodiversity Conservation, and the 2010 Volvo Environment Prize.
Academic Appointments
-
Professor, Biology
-
Emeritus Faculty, Acad Council, Natural Sciences
-
Senior Fellow, Emeritus, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment
Program Affiliations
-
Center for Latin American Studies
Professional Education
-
Ph.D., Duke University, Biology (1960)
-
B.A., University of California, Santa Barbara, Biology (1957)
2023-24 Courses
-
Independent Studies (6)
- Directed Individual Study in Earth Systems
EARTHSYS 297 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Directed Reading in Environment and Resources
ENVRES 398 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Directed Research
EARTHSYS 250 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Directed Research in Environment and Resources
ENVRES 399 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Honors Program in Earth Systems
EARTHSYS 199 (Aut, Sum) - Teaching Practicum in Biology
BIO 290 (Spr)
- Directed Individual Study in Earth Systems
All Publications
-
Integrating agroecological production in a robust post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.
Nature ecology & evolution
2020
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41559-020-1262-y
View details for PubMedID 32690908
-
The IPBES Global Assessment: Pathways to Action.
Trends in ecology & evolution
2020; 35 (5): 407–14
Abstract
The first Global Assessment of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) found widespread, accelerating declines in Earth's biodiversity and associated benefits to people from nature. Addressing these trends will require science-based policy responses to reduce impacts, especially at national to local scales. Effective scaling of science-policy efforts, driven by global and national assessments, is a major challenge for turning assessment into action and will require unprecedented commitment by scientists to engage with communities of policy and practice. Fulfillment of science's social contract with society, and with nature, will require strong institutional support for scientists' participation in activities that transcend conventional research and publication.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.tree.2020.01.009
View details for PubMedID 32294422
-
Seasonal patterns of growth phenology and nutrient dynamics in four matorral shrubs in Central Chile
GAYANA BOTANICA
2019; 76 (2): 208–19
View details for Web of Science ID 000525948500006
-
A global test of ecoregions (vol 2, pg 1889, 2018)
NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
2019; 3 (4): 708
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41559-019-0858-6
View details for Web of Science ID 000462542100034
-
Author Correction: A global test of ecoregions.
Nature ecology & evolution
2019
Abstract
The original paper was published without unique DOIs for GBIF occurrence downloads. These have now been inserted as references 70-76, and the error has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the article.
View details for PubMedID 30858593
-
Tradeoffs in demographic mechanisms underlie differences in species abundance and stability.
Nature communications
2018; 9 (1): 5047
Abstract
Understanding why some species are common and others are rare is a central question in ecology, and is critical for developing conservation strategies under global change. Rare species are typically considered to be more prone to extinction-but the fact they are rare can impede a general understanding of rarity vs. abundance. Here we develop and empirically test a framework to predict species abundances and stability using mechanisms governing population dynamics. Our results demonstrate that coexisting species with similar abundances can be shaped by different mechanisms (specifically, higher growth rates when rare vs. weaker negative density-dependence). Further, these dynamics influence population stability: species with higher intrinsic growth rates but stronger negative density-dependence were more stable and less sensitive to climate variability, regardless of abundance. This suggests that underlying mechanisms governing population dynamics, in addition to population size, may be critical indicators of population stability in an increasingly variable world.
View details for PubMedID 30487548
-
A global test of ecoregions.
Nature ecology & evolution
2018
Abstract
A foundational paradigm in biological and Earth sciences is that our planet is divided into distinct ecoregions and biomes demarking unique assemblages of species. This notion has profoundly influenced scientific research and environmental policy. Given recent advances in technology and data availability, however, we are now poised to ask whether ecoregions meaningfully delimit biological communities. Using over 200 million observations of plants, animals and fungi we show compelling evidence that ecoregions delineate terrestrial biodiversity patterns. We achieve this by testing two competing hypotheses: the sharp-transition hypothesis, positing that ecoregion borders divide differentiated biotic communities; and the gradual-transition hypothesis, proposing instead that species turnover is continuous and largely independent of ecoregion borders. We find strong support for the sharp-transition hypothesis across all taxa, although adherence to ecoregion boundaries varies across taxa. Although plant and vertebrate species are tightly linked to sharp ecoregion boundaries, arthropods and fungi show weaker affiliations to this set of ecoregion borders. Our results highlight the essential value of ecological data for setting conservation priorities and reinforce the importance of protecting habitats across as many ecoregions as possible. Specifically, we conclude that ecoregion-based conservation planning can guide investments that simultaneously protect species-, community- and ecosystem-level biodiversity, key for securing Earth's life support systems into the future.
View details for PubMedID 30397301
-
Importing food damages domestic environment: Evidence from global soybean trade
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2018; 115 (21): 5415–19
Abstract
Protecting the environment and enhancing food security are among the world's Sustainable Development Goals and greatest challenges. International food trade is an important mechanism to enhance food security worldwide. Nonetheless, it is widely concluded that in international food trade importing countries gain environmental benefits, while exporting countries suffer environmental problems by using land and other resources to produce food for exports. Our study shows that international food trade can also lead to environmental pollution in importing countries. At the global level, our metaanalysis indicates that there was increased nitrogen (N) pollution after much farmland for domestically cultivated N-fixing soybeans in importing countries was converted to grow high N-demanding crops (wheat, corn, rice, and vegetables). The findings were further verified by an intensive study at the regional level in China, the largest soybean-importing country, where the conversion of soybean lands to corn fields and rice paddies has also led to N pollution. Our study provides a sharp contrast to the conventional wisdom that only exports contribute substantially to environmental woes. Our results suggest the need to evaluate environmental consequences of international trade of all other major goods and products in all importing countries, which have significant implications for fundamental rethinking in global policy-making and debates on environmental responsibilities among consumers, producers, and traders across the world.
View details for PubMedID 29735661
- The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Testing the Limits of Interdisciplinary and Multi-scale Science Ecology, Economy and Society - Essays in Honour of Kanchan Chopra Springer, Singapore. 2018: 49–61
-
Valuing Chaparral Ecological, Socio-Economic, and Management Perspectives Foreword
VALUING CHAPARRAL: ECOLOGICAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC, AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES
2018: V-VII
View details for Web of Science ID 000461944900001
- Foreword Valuing Chaparral - Ecological, Socio-Economic, and Management Perspectives Springer. 2018
-
The Shenzhen Declaration on Plant SciencesUniting plant sciences and society to build a green, sustainable Earth
JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION
2017; 55 (5): 415–16
View details for DOI 10.1111/jse.12283
View details for Web of Science ID 000410947300002
-
The Shenzhen Declaration on Plant Sciences Uniting plant sciences and society to build a green, sustainable Earth
PHYTOKEYS
2017: 3–7
View details for DOI 10.3897/phytokeys.86.20859
View details for Web of Science ID 000411804800002
View details for PubMedID 29033666
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5624181
-
Socio-Environmental Systems (SES) Research: what have we learned and how can we use this information in future research programs
CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2016; 19: 160-168
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2016.04.001
View details for Web of Science ID 000378029700019
-
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: testing the limits of interdisciplinary and multi-scale science
CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2016; 19: 40-46
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2015.11.009
View details for Web of Science ID 000378029700006
-
Toward a national, sustained U.S. ecosystem assessment.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
2016; 354 (6314): 838–39
View details for PubMedID 27856870
-
Government: Plan for ecosystem services.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
2016; 351 (6277): 1037
View details for PubMedID 26941310
-
National indicators for observing ecosystem service change
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS
2015; 35: 12-21
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.014
View details for Web of Science ID 000366767100002
-
Linking biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being: three challenges for designing research for sustainability
CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2015; 14: 76-85
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2015.03.007
View details for Web of Science ID 000366330500010
-
The IPBES Conceptual Framework - connecting nature and people
CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2015; 14: 1-16
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2014.11.002
View details for Web of Science ID 000366330500002
-
Systems integration for global sustainability
SCIENCE
2015; 347 (6225): 963-?
Abstract
Global sustainability challenges, from maintaining biodiversity to providing clean air and water, are closely interconnected yet often separately studied and managed. Systems integration—holistic approaches to integrating various components of coupled human and natural systems—is critical to understand socioeconomic and environmental interconnections and to create sustainability solutions. Recent advances include the development and quantification of integrated frameworks that incorporate ecosystem services, environmental footprints, planetary boundaries, human-nature nexuses, and telecoupling. Although systems integration has led to fundamental discoveries and practical applications, further efforts are needed to incorporate more human and natural components simultaneously, quantify spillover systems and feedbacks, integrate multiple spatial and temporal scales, develop new tools, and translate findings into policy and practice. Such efforts can help address important knowledge gaps, link seemingly unconnected challenges, and inform policy and management decisions.
View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1258832
View details for Web of Science ID 000349958900029
-
Sustainability. Systems integration for global sustainability.
Science
2015; 347 (6225)
Abstract
Global sustainability challenges, from maintaining biodiversity to providing clean air and water, are closely interconnected yet often separately studied and managed. Systems integration—holistic approaches to integrating various components of coupled human and natural systems—is critical to understand socioeconomic and environmental interconnections and to create sustainability solutions. Recent advances include the development and quantification of integrated frameworks that incorporate ecosystem services, environmental footprints, planetary boundaries, human-nature nexuses, and telecoupling. Although systems integration has led to fundamental discoveries and practical applications, further efforts are needed to incorporate more human and natural components simultaneously, quantify spillover systems and feedbacks, integrate multiple spatial and temporal scales, develop new tools, and translate findings into policy and practice. Such efforts can help address important knowledge gaps, link seemingly unconnected challenges, and inform policy and management decisions.
View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1258832
View details for PubMedID 25722418
- Ecosystems of California University of California Press. 2015
-
Fauna in decline: global assessments.
Science
2014; 345 (6199): 885-?
View details for DOI 10.1126/science.345.6199.885-a
View details for PubMedID 25146278
-
IPBES: biodiversity panel should play by rules.
Nature
2014; 506 (7487): 159
View details for DOI 10.1038/506159a
View details for PubMedID 24522591
-
Restoring Native Forest Understory: The Influence of Ferns and Light in a Hawaiian Experiment
SUSTAINABILITY
2013; 5 (3): 1317-1339
View details for DOI 10.3390/su5031317
View details for Web of Science ID 000324047700030
-
Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2013; 110: 3665-3672
Abstract
Efforts to develop a global understanding of the functioning of the Earth as a system began in the mid-1980s. This effort necessitated linking knowledge from both the physical and biological realms. A motivation for this development was the growing impact of humans on the Earth system and need to provide solutions, but the study of the social drivers and their consequences for the changes that were occurring was not incorporated into the Earth System Science movement, despite early attempts to do so. The impediments to integration were many, but they are gradually being overcome, which can be seen in many trends for assessments, such as the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, as well as both basic and applied science programs. In this development, particular people and events have shaped the trajectories that have occurred. The lessons learned should be considered in such emerging research programs as Future Earth, the new global program for sustainability research. The transitioning process to this new program will take time as scientists adjust to new colleagues with different ideologies, methods, and tools and a new way of doing science.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1107484110
View details for Web of Science ID 000315842100003
View details for PubMedID 23297237
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3586612
-
A Global System for Monitoring Ecosystem Service Change
BIOSCIENCE
2012; 62 (11): 977-986
View details for DOI 10.1525/bio.2012.62.11.7
View details for Web of Science ID 000311661000008
-
Finding Common Ground for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
BIOSCIENCE
2012; 62 (5): 503-507
View details for DOI 10.1525/bio.2012.62.5.12
View details for Web of Science ID 000304025000010
-
Building a global observing system for biodiversity
CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2012; 4 (1): 139-146
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2011.12.005
View details for Web of Science ID 000302507600018
-
Biodiversity and ecosystem services science for a sustainable planet: the DIVERSITAS vision for 2012-20
CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2012; 4 (1): 101-105
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2012.01.007
View details for Web of Science ID 000302507600012
-
Biodiversity and ecosystem services science for a sustainable planet: the DIVERSITAS vision for 2012-20.
Current opinion in environmental sustainability
2012; 4 (1): 101-105
Abstract
DIVERSITAS, the international programme on biodiversity science, is releasing a strategic vision presenting scientific challenges for the next decade of research on biodiversity and ecosystem services: "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Science for a Sustainable Planet". This new vision is a response of the biodiversity and ecosystem services scientific community to the accelerating loss of the components of biodiversity, as well as to changes in the biodiversity science-policy landscape (establishment of a Biodiversity Observing Network - GEO BON, of an Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services - IPBES, of the new Future Earth initiative; and release of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020). This article presents the vision and its core scientific challenges.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2012.01.007
View details for PubMedID 25104977
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4121961
-
Ecosystem services, targets, and indicators for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
2011; 9 (9): 512-520
View details for DOI 10.1890/100212
View details for Web of Science ID 000296701000019
-
Non-natives: 141 scientists object
NATURE
2011; 475 (7354): 36-36
View details for Web of Science ID 000292461300028
-
Intervention Ecology: Applying Ecological Science in the Twenty-first Century
BIOSCIENCE
2011; 61 (6): 442-450
View details for DOI 10.1525/bio.2011.61.6.6
View details for Web of Science ID 000291333700006
-
Conservation. Ecosystem services for 2020.
Science
2010; 330 (6002): 323-324
View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1196431
View details for PubMedID 20947748
-
The Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: moving a step closer to an IPCC-like mechanism for biodiversity
CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2010; 2 (1-2): 9-14
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.006
View details for Web of Science ID 000282613400003
-
Biodiversity targets after 2010
CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2010; 2 (1-2): 3-8
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.003
View details for Web of Science ID 000282613400002
-
The ecosystem-service chain and the biological diversity crisis
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
2010; 365 (1537): 31-39
Abstract
The losses that are being incurred of the Earth's biological diversity, at all levels, are now staggering. The trend lines for future loss are steeply upward as new adverse drivers of change come into play. The political processes for matching this crisis are now inadequate and the science needs to address this issue are huge and slow to fulfil, even though strong advances have been made. A more integrated approach to evaluating biodiversity in terms that are meaningful to the larger community is needed that can provide understandable metrics of the consequences to society of the losses that are occurring. Greater attention is also needed in forecasting likely diversity-loss scenarios in the near term and strategies for alleviating detrimental consequences. At the international level, the Convention on Biological Diversity must be revisited to make it more powerful to meet the needs that originally motivated its creation. Similarly, at local and regional levels, an ecosystem-service approach to conservation can bring new understanding to the value, and hence the need for protection, of the existing natural capital.
View details for DOI 10.1098/rstb.2009.0223
View details for Web of Science ID 000272647200005
View details for PubMedID 20008383
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2842713
-
International cooperation in the solution to trade-related invasive species risks
YEAR IN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2010
2010; 1195: 198-212
Abstract
In this paper, we consider the factors behind the growth of invasive species as a global problem, and the scope for international cooperation and coordination in addressing that problem. This is limited by the terms of the various international agreements governing trade, health, and biodiversity. The default strategy in most cases has two parts: border protection and the control of or adaptation to introduced species that have escaped detection at the border. Most invasive species policy involves unilateral national defensive action as opposed to coordinated international action. We argue that an important part of the solution to the problem lies in global coordination and cooperation in the management of both pathways and sanitary and phytosanitary risks at all scales. More particularly, because invasive species are an externality of trade, transport, and travel that involve public goods, they require collective regulation of international markets that goes beyond that admitted under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. We argue that it is important to bring that agreement into conformity with the International Health Regulations (IHR), and to develop an international mechanism to generate and disseminate information on invasive species risks and their impacts.
View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05453.x
View details for Web of Science ID 000282828200011
View details for PubMedID 20536824
-
Developing a common strategy for integrative global environmental change research and outreach: the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) Strategy paper
CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2009; 1 (1): 4-13
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.013
View details for Web of Science ID 000282413600002
-
Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services
CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
2009; 1 (1): 46-54
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.006
View details for Web of Science ID 000282413600007
-
Biodiversity Policy Challenges
SCIENCE
2009; 325 (5947): 1474-1474
View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1180935
View details for Web of Science ID 000269887900001
View details for PubMedID 19762609
-
Invasive species, ecosystem services and human well-being
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
2009; 24 (9): 497-504
Abstract
Although the effects of invasive alien species (IAS) on native species are well documented, the many ways in which such species impact ecosystem services are still emerging. Here we assess the costs and benefits of IAS for provisioning, regulating and cultural services, and illustrate the synergies and tradeoffs associated with these impacts using case studies that include South Africa, the Great Lakes and Hawaii. We identify services and interactions that are the least understood and propose a research and policy framework for filling the remaining knowledge gaps. Drawing on ecology and economics to incorporate the impacts of IAS on ecosystem services into decision making is key to restoring and sustaining those life-support services that nature provides and all organisms depend upon.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.016
View details for Web of Science ID 000270016800010
View details for PubMedID 19577817
-
Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2009; 106 (5): 1305-1312
Abstract
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) introduced a new framework for analyzing social-ecological systems that has had wide influence in the policy and scientific communities. Studies after the MA are taking up new challenges in the basic science needed to assess, project, and manage flows of ecosystem services and effects on human well-being. Yet, our ability to draw general conclusions remains limited by focus on discipline-bound sectors of the full social-ecological system. At the same time, some polices and practices intended to improve ecosystem services and human well-being are based on untested assumptions and sparse information. The people who are affected and those who provide resources are increasingly asking for evidence that interventions improve ecosystem services and human well-being. New research is needed that considers the full ensemble of processes and feedbacks, for a range of biophysical and social systems, to better understand and manage the dynamics of the relationship between humans and the ecosystems on which they rely. Such research will expand the capacity to address fundamental questions about complex social-ecological systems while evaluating assumptions of policies and practices intended to advance human well-being through improved ecosystem services.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0808772106
View details for Web of Science ID 000263074600006
View details for PubMedID 19179280
-
Ecosystem services in decision making: time to deliver
FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
2009; 7 (1): 21-28
View details for DOI 10.1890/080025
View details for Web of Science ID 000262934500004
-
How can high seas biodiversity be assessed in order to inform decision-making? Introduction
International Seminar Towards a New Governance of High Seas Biodiversity
INST OCEANOGRAPHIQUE. 2009: 41–42
View details for Web of Science ID 000279738900003
-
Omora Ethnobotanical Park and the UNESCO Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve
ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY
2008; 13 (2)
View details for Web of Science ID 000262291600003
-
Should agricultural policies encourage land sparing or wildlife-friendly farming?
FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
2008; 6 (7): 382-387
View details for DOI 10.1890/070019
View details for Web of Science ID 000259308000020
-
A checklist for ecological management of landscapes for conservation
ECOLOGY LETTERS
2008; 11 (1): 78-91
Abstract
The management of landscapes for biological conservation and ecologically sustainable natural resource use are crucial global issues. Research for over two decades has resulted in a large literature, yet there is little consensus on the applicability or even the existence of general principles or broad considerations that could guide landscape conservation. We assess six major themes in the ecology and conservation of landscapes. We identify 13 important issues that need to be considered in developing approaches to landscape conservation. They include recognizing the importance of landscape mosaics (including the integration of terrestrial and aquatic areas), recognizing interactions between vegetation cover and vegetation configuration, using an appropriate landscape conceptual model, maintaining the capacity to recover from disturbance and managing landscapes in an adaptive framework. These considerations are influenced by landscape context, species assemblages and management goals and do not translate directly into on-the-ground management guidelines but they should be recognized by researchers and resource managers when developing guidelines for specific cases. Two crucial overarching issues are: (i) a clearly articulated vision for landscape conservation and (ii) quantifiable objectives that offer unambiguous signposts for measuring progress.
View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01114.x
View details for Web of Science ID 000251629500008
View details for PubMedID 17927771
-
International trade in meat: The tip of the pork chop
AMBIO
2007; 36 (8): 622-629
Abstract
This paper provides an original account of global land, water, and nitrogen use in support of industrialized livestock production and trade, with emphasis on two of the fastest-growing sectors, pork and poultry. Our analysis focuses on trade in feed and animal products, using a new model that calculates the amount of "virtual" nitrogen, water, and land used in production but not embedded in the product. We show how key meat-importing countries, such as Japan, benefit from "virtual" trade in land, water, and nitrogen, and how key meat-exporting countries, such as Brazil, provide these resources without accounting for their true environmental cost. Results show that Japan's pig and chicken meat imports embody the virtual equivalent of 50% of Japan's total arable land, and half of Japan's virtual nitrogen total is lost in the US. Trade links with China are responsible for 15% of the virtual nitrogen left behind in Brazil due to feed and meat exports, and 20% of Brazil's area is used to grow soybean exports. The complexity of trade in meat, feed, water, and nitrogen is illustrated by the dual roles of the US and The Netherlands as both importers and exporters of meat. Mitigation of environmental damage from industrialized livestock production and trade depends on a combination of direct-pricing strategies, regulatory approaches, and use of best management practices. Our analysis indicates that increased water- and nitrogen-use efficiency and land conservation resulting from these measures could significantly reduce resource costs.
View details for Web of Science ID 000251979900002
View details for PubMedID 18240675
-
Long-term data reveal complex dynamics in grassland in relation to climate and disturbance
ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
2007; 77 (4): 545-568
View details for DOI 10.1890/06-1530.1
View details for Web of Science ID 000250915400004
-
Shifting plant phenology in response to global change
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
2007; 22 (7): 357-365
Abstract
Plants are finely tuned to the seasonality of their environment, and shifts in the timing of plant activity (i.e. phenology) provide some of the most compelling evidence that species and ecosystems are being influenced by global environmental change. Researchers across disciplines have observed shifting phenology at multiple scales, including earlier spring flowering in individual plants and an earlier spring green-up' of the land surface revealed in satellite images. Experimental and modeling approaches have sought to identify the mechanisms causing these shifts, as well as to make predictions regarding the consequences. Here, we discuss recent advances in several fields that have enabled scaling between species responses to recent climatic changes and shifts in ecosystem productivity, with implications for global carbon cycling.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.tree.2007.04.003
View details for Web of Science ID 000247962700005
View details for PubMedID 17478009
-
Responses of temporal distribution of gastropods to individual and combined effects of elevated CO2 and N deposition in annual grassland
ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
2007; 31 (3): 343-352
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.actao.2007.01.005
View details for Web of Science ID 000246909800013
-
Invasive alien species in an era of globalization
ESA Conference on Ecology in an Era of Globalization - Challenges and Opportunities for Environmental Scientists in the Americas
ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER. 2007: 199–208
View details for Web of Science ID 000246414500005
-
The nature and value of ecosystem services: An overview highlighting hydrologic services
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES
2007; 32: 67-98
View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev.energy.32.031306.102758
View details for Web of Science ID 000251280300004
-
Interactive effects of fire, elevated carbon dioxide, nitrogen deposition, and precipitation on a California annual grassland
ECOSYSTEMS
2006; 9 (7): 1066-1075
View details for DOI 10.1007/s10021-005-0077-7
View details for Web of Science ID 000242334600003
-
Reconciling carbon-cycle concepts, terminology, and methods
ECOSYSTEMS
2006; 9 (7): 1041-1050
View details for DOI 10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7
View details for Web of Science ID 000242334600001
-
Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2006; 103 (37): 13740-13744
Abstract
Shifting plant phenology (i.e., timing of flowering and other developmental events) in recent decades establishes that species and ecosystems are already responding to global environmental change. Earlier flowering and an extended period of active plant growth across much of the northern hemisphere have been interpreted as responses to warming. However, several kinds of environmental change have the potential to influence the phenology of flowering and primary production. Here, we report shifts in phenology of flowering and canopy greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in response to four experimentally simulated global changes: warming, elevated CO(2), nitrogen (N) deposition, and increased precipitation. Consistent with previous observations, warming accelerated both flowering and greening of the canopy, but phenological responses to the other global change treatments were diverse. Elevated CO(2) and N addition delayed flowering in grasses, but slightly accelerated flowering in forbs. The opposing responses of these two important functional groups decreased their phenological complementarity and potentially increased competition for limiting soil resources. At the ecosystem level, timing of canopy greenness mirrored the flowering phenology of the grasses, which dominate primary production in this system. Elevated CO(2) delayed greening, whereas N addition dampened the acceleration of greening caused by warming. Increased precipitation had no consistent impacts on phenology. This diversity of phenological changes, between plant functional groups and in response to multiple environmental changes, helps explain the diversity in large-scale observations and indicates that changing temperature is only one of several factors reshaping the seasonality of ecosystem processes.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0600815103
View details for Web of Science ID 000240648300035
View details for PubMedID 16954189
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1560087
-
Habitat loss, trophic collapse, and the decline of ecosystem services
ECOLOGY
2006; 87 (8): 1915-1924
Abstract
The provisioning of sustaining goods and services that we obtain from natural ecosystems is a strong economic justification for the conservation of biological diversity. Understanding the relationship between these goods and services and changes in the size, arrangement, and quality of natural habitats is a fundamental challenge of natural resource management. In this paper, we describe a new approach to assessing the implications of habitat loss for loss of ecosystem services by examining how the provision of different ecosystem services is dominated by species from different trophic levels. We then develop a mathematical model that illustrates how declines in habitat quality and quantity lead to sequential losses of trophic diversity. The model suggests that declines in the provisioning of services will initially be slow but will then accelerate as species from higher trophic levels are lost at faster rates. Comparison of these patterns with empirical examples of ecosystem collapse (and assembly) suggest similar patterns occur in natural systems impacted by anthropogenic change. In general, ecosystem goods and services provided by species in the upper trophic levels will be lost before those provided by species lower in the food chain. The decrease in terrestrial food chain length predicted by the model parallels that observed in the oceans following overexploitation. The large area requirements of higher trophic levels make them as susceptible to extinction as they are in marine systems where they are systematically exploited. Whereas the traditional species-area curve suggests that 50% of species are driven extinct by an order-of-magnitude decline in habitat abundance, this magnitude of loss may represent the loss of an entire trophic level and all the ecosystem services performed by the species on this trophic level.
View details for Web of Science ID 000239833400006
View details for PubMedID 16937628
-
Reduced nitrate leaching and enhanced denitrifier activity and efficiency in organically fertilized soils
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2006; 103 (12): 4522-4527
Abstract
Conventional agriculture has improved in crop yield but at large costs to the environment, particularly off-site pollution from mineral N fertilizers. In response to environmental concerns, organic agriculture has become an increasingly popular option. One component of organic agriculture that remains in question is whether it can reduce agricultural N losses to groundwater and the atmosphere relative to conventional agriculture. Here we report reduced N pollution from organic and integrated farming systems compared with a conventional farming system. We evaluated differences in denitrification potential and a suite of other soil biological and chemical properties in soil samples taken from organic, integrated, and conventional treatments in an experimental apple orchard. Organically farmed soils exhibited higher potential denitrification rates, greater denitrification efficiency, higher organic matter, and greater microbial activity than conventionally farmed soils. The observed differences in denitrifier function were then assessed under field conditions after fertilization. N(2)O emissions were not significantly different among treatments; however, N(2) emissions were highest in organic plots. Annual nitrate leaching was 4.4-5.6 times higher in conventional plots than in organic plots, with the integrated plots in between. This study demonstrates that organic and integrated fertilization practices support more active and efficient denitrifier communities, shift the balance of N(2) emissions and nitrate losses, and reduce environmentally damaging nitrate losses. Although this study specifically examines a perennial orchard system, the ecological and biogeochemical processes we evaluated are present in all agroecosystems, and the reductions in nitrate loss in this study could also be achievable in other cropping systems.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0600359103
View details for Web of Science ID 000236362600037
View details for PubMedID 16537377
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1450204
-
Gastropod herbivory in response to elevated CO2 and N addition impacts plant community composition
ECOLOGY
2006; 87 (3): 686-694
Abstract
In this study, the influence of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N) deposition on gastropod herbivory was investigated for six annual species in a California annual grassland community. These experimentally simulated global changes increased availability of important resources for plant growth, leading to the hypothesis that species with the most positive growth and foliar nutrient responses would experience the greatest increase in herbivory. Counter to the expectations, shifts in tissue N and growth rates caused by N deposition did not predict shifts in herbivore consumption rates. N deposition increased seedling N concentrations and growth rates but did not increase herbivore consumption overall, or for any individual species. Elevated CO2 did not influence growth rates nor have a statistically significant influence on seedling N concentrations. Elevated CO2 at ambient N levels caused a decline in the number of seedlings consumed, but the interaction between CO2 and N addition differed among species. The results of this study indicate that shifting patterns of herbivory will likely influence species composition as environmental conditions change in the future; however, a simple trade-off between shifting growth rates and palatability is not evident.
View details for Web of Science ID 000236289600017
View details for PubMedID 16602298
-
Herbivore control of annual grassland composition in current and future environments
ECOLOGY LETTERS
2006; 9 (1): 86-94
Abstract
Selective consumption by herbivores influences the composition and structure of a range of plant communities. Anthropogenically driven global environmental changes, including increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)), warming, increased precipitation, and increased N deposition, directly alter plant physiological properties, which may in turn modify herbivore consumption patterns. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that responses of annual grassland composition to global changes can be predicted exclusively from environmentally induced changes in the consumption patterns of a group of widespread herbivores, the terrestrial gastropods. This was done by: (1) assessing gastropod impacts on grassland composition under ambient conditions; (2) quantifying environmentally induced changes in gastropod feeding behaviour; (3) predicting how grassland composition would respond to global-change manipulations if influenced only by herbivore consumption preferences; and (4) comparing these predictions to observed responses of grassland community composition to simulated global changes. Gastropod herbivores consume nearly half of aboveground production in this system. Global changes induced species-specific changes in plant leaf characteristics, leading gastropods to alter the relative amounts of different plant types consumed. These changes in gastropod feeding preferences consistently explained global-change-induced responses of functional group abundance in an intact annual grassland exposed to simulated future environments. For four of the five global change scenarios, gastropod impacts explained > 50% of the quantitative changes, indicating that herbivore preferences can be a major driver of plant community responses to global changes.
View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00847.x
View details for Web of Science ID 000235306400012
View details for PubMedID 16958872
-
Agriculture. Losing the links between livestock and land.
Science
2005; 310 (5754): 1621-1622
View details for PubMedID 16339432
-
Responses of grassland production to single and multiple global environmental changes
PLOS BIOLOGY
2005; 3 (10): 1829-1837
Abstract
In this century, increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are expected to cause warmer surface temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns. At the same time, reactive nitrogen is entering natural systems at unprecedented rates. These global environmental changes have consequences for the functioning of natural ecosystems, and responses of these systems may feed back to affect climate and atmospheric composition. Here, we report plant growth responses of an ecosystem exposed to factorial combinations of four expected global environmental changes. We exposed California grassland to elevated CO2, temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition for five years. Root and shoot production did not respond to elevated CO2 or modest warming. Supplemental precipitation led to increases in shoot production and offsetting decreases in root production. Supplemental nitrate deposition increased total production by an average of 26%, primarily by stimulating shoot growth. Interactions among the main treatments were rare. Together, these results suggest that production in this grassland will respond minimally to changes in CO2 and winter precipitation, and to small amounts of warming. Increased nitrate deposition would have stronger effects on the grassland. Aside from this nitrate response, expectations that a changing atmosphere and climate would promote carbon storage by increasing plant growth appear unlikely to be realized in this system.
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030319
View details for Web of Science ID 000232404600016
View details for PubMedID 16076244
-
Ecosystem services of tropical dry forests: Insights from long-term ecological and social research on the Pacific Coast of Mexico
ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY
2005; 10 (1)
View details for Web of Science ID 000230237900031
-
Native harvester ants threatened with widespread displacement exert localized effects on serpentine grassland plant community composition
OIKOS
2005; 109 (2): 351-359
View details for Web of Science ID 000227391200013
-
Confronting the human dilemma
NATURE
2005; 434 (7033): 561-562
View details for DOI 10.1038/434561a
View details for Web of Science ID 000228011000019
View details for PubMedID 15800597
-
Disruption of ecosystem processes in western North America by invasive species
REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL
2004; 77 (3): 411-437
View details for Web of Science ID 000224114200003
-
The millennium ecosystem assessment: what is it all about?
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
2004; 19 (5): 221-224
Abstract
Hundreds of scientists from over 70 nations are now engaged in an intensive effort to assess what we know about the status of the world's ecosystems. Here, we describe the fundamental nature of this assessment, what it hopes to accomplish and how it will go about its work. The results of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment will serve as a baseline for future assessments, as well as a blueprint for action for sustaining the ecosystem services upon which we all depend for our well being.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.005
View details for Web of Science ID 000221435600003
View details for PubMedID 16701257
-
Grassland responses to three years of elevated temperature, CO2, precipitation, and N deposition
ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
2003; 73 (4): 585-604
View details for Web of Science ID 000187291000005
-
Additive effects of simulated climate changes, elevated CO2, and nitrogen deposition on grassland diversity
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2003; 100 (13): 7650-7654
Abstract
Biodiversity responses to ongoing climate and atmospheric changes will affect both ecosystem processes and the delivery of ecosystem goods and services. Combined effects of co-occurring global changes on diversity, however, are poorly understood. We examined plant diversity responses in a California annual grassland to manipulations of four global environmental changes, singly and in combination: elevated CO2, warming, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition. After 3 years, elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition each reduced plant diversity, whereas elevated precipitation increased it and warming had no significant effect. Diversity responses to both single and combined global change treatments were driven overwhelmingly by gains and losses of forb species, which make up most of the native plant diversity in California grasslands. Diversity responses across treatments also showed no consistent relationship to net primary production responses, illustrating that the diversity effects of these environmental changes could not be explained simply by changes in productivity. In two- to four-way combinations, simulated global changes did not interact in any of their effects on diversity. Our results show that climate and atmospheric changes can rapidly alter biological diversity, with combined effects that, at least in some settings, are simple, additive combinations of single-factor effects.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0932734100
View details for Web of Science ID 000183845800045
View details for PubMedID 12810960
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC164642
-
Assessing environmental changes in grasslands - Response
SCIENCE
2003; 299 (5614): 1844-1845
View details for Web of Science ID 000181669700022
-
Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2
SCIENCE
2002; 298 (5600): 1987-1990
Abstract
Simulated global changes, including warming, increased precipitation, and nitrogen deposition, alone and in concert, increased net primary production (NPP) in the third year of ecosystem-scale manipulations in a California annual grassland. Elevated carbon dioxide also increased NPP, but only as a single-factor treatment. Across all multifactor manipulations, elevated carbon dioxide suppressed root allocation, decreasing the positive effects of increased temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition on NPP. The NPP responses to interacting global changes differed greatly from simple combinations of single-factor responses. These findings indicate the importance of a multifactor experimental approach to understanding ecosystem responses to global change.
View details for Web of Science ID 000179629200044
View details for PubMedID 12471257
-
Viewing invasive species removal in a whole-ecosystem context
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
2001; 16 (8): 454-459
View details for Web of Science ID 000170031300012
-
The evolutionary impact of invasive species
National-Academy-of-Sciences Colloquium on the Future of Evolution
NATL ACAD SCIENCES. 2001: 5446–51
Abstract
Since the Age of Exploration began, there has been a drastic breaching of biogeographic barriers that previously had isolated the continental biotas for millions of years. We explore the nature of these recent biotic exchanges and their consequences on evolutionary processes. The direct evidence of evolutionary consequences of the biotic rearrangements is of variable quality, but the results of trajectories are becoming clear as the number of studies increases. There are examples of invasive species altering the evolutionary pathway of native species by competitive exclusion, niche displacement, hybridization, introgression, predation, and ultimately extinction. Invaders themselves evolve in response to their interactions with natives, as well as in response to the new abiotic environment. Flexibility in behavior, and mutualistic interactions, can aid in the success of invaders in their new environment.
View details for Web of Science ID 000168623300016
View details for PubMedID 11344292
-
Contrasting effects of elevated CO2 on old and new soil carbon pools
SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY
2001; 33 (3): 365-373
View details for Web of Science ID 000167199100010
-
An International Biodiversity Observation Year
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
2001; 16 (1): 52-54
View details for Web of Science ID 000168453700024
-
Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies
NATURE
2000; 405 (6790): 1017-1024
Abstract
Global production of farmed fish and shellfish has more than doubled in the past 15 years. Many people believe that such growth relieves pressure on ocean fisheries, but the opposite is true for some types of aquaculture. Farming carnivorous species requires large inputs of wild fish for feed. Some aquaculture systems also reduce wild fish supplies through habitat modification, wild seedstock collection and other ecological impacts. On balance, global aquaculture production still adds to world fish supplies; however, if the growing aquaculture industry is to sustain its contribution to world fish supplies, it must reduce wild fish inputs in feed and adopt more ecologically sound management practices.
View details for Web of Science ID 000087871700035
View details for PubMedID 10890435
-
Biodiversity - Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100
SCIENCE
2000; 287 (5459): 1770-1774
Abstract
Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.
View details for Web of Science ID 000085775300030
-
Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100.
Science
2000; 287 (5459): 1770-1774
Abstract
Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.
View details for PubMedID 10710299
-
Carbon metabolism of the terrestrial biosphere: A multitechnique approach for improved understanding
ECOSYSTEMS
2000; 3 (2): 115-130
View details for Web of Science ID 000087071600001
-
Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
1999; 14 (4): 135-139
Abstract
Biological invasions are gaining attention as a major threat to biodiversity and an important element of global change. Recent research indicates that other components of global change, such as increases in nitrogen deposition and atmospheric CO2 concentration, favor groups of species that share certain physiological or life history traits. New evidence suggests that many invasive species share traits that will allow them to capitalize on the various elements of global change. Increases in the prevalence of some of these biological invaders would alter basic ecosystem properties in ways that feed back to affect many components of global change.
View details for Web of Science ID 000079417500006
-
Ecological science and the human predicament
SCIENCE
1998; 282 (5390): 879-879
View details for Web of Science ID 000076727300020
-
Downward flux of water through roots (ie inverse hydraulic lift) in dry Kalahari sands
OECOLOGIA
1998; 115 (4): 460-462
View details for Web of Science ID 000075128300002
-
The terrestrial carbon cycle: Implications for the Kyoto Protocol
SCIENCE
1998; 280 (5368): 1393-1394
View details for Web of Science ID 000073883400038
-
Broadening the extinction debate: Population deletions and additions in California and Western Australia
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
1998; 12 (2): 271-283
View details for Web of Science ID 000073215200005
-
Carbon isotope ratios of Atacama Desert plants reflect hyperaridity of region in northern Chile
REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL
1998; 71 (1): 79-86
View details for Web of Science ID 000073983800007
-
Ecosystem water fluxes for two grasslands in elevated CO2: a modeling analysis
OECOLOGIA
1998; 113 (4): 537-546
View details for Web of Science ID 000072196300011
-
: a modeling analysis.
Oecologia
1998; 113 (4): 537-546
Abstract
The need to combine data from CO2 field experiments with climate data remains urgent, particularly because each CO2 experiment cannot run for decades to centuries. Furthermore, predictions for a given biome need to take into account differences in productivity and leaf area index (LAI) independent of CO2-derived changes. In this study, we use long-term weather records and field data from the Jasper Ridge CO2 experiment in Palo Alto, California, to model the effects of CO2 and climate variability on ecosystem water fluxes. The sandstone and serpentine grasslands at Jasper Ridge provide a range of primary productivity and LAI, with the sandstone as the more productive system. Modeled soil water availability agreed well with published observations of time-domain reflectometry in the CO2 experiment. Simulated water fluxes based on 10-year weather data (January 1985-December 1994) showed that the sandstone grassland had a much greater proportion of water movement through plants than did the serpentine; transpiration accounted for approximately 30% of annual fluxes in the sandstone and only 10% in the serpentine. Although simulated physiological and biomass changes were similar in both grasslands, the consequences of elevated CO2 were greater for the sandstone water budget. Elevated CO2 increased soil drainage by 20% in the sandstone, despite an approximately one-fifth increase in plant biomass; in the serpentine, drainage increased by <10% and soil evaporation was unchanged for the same simulated biomass change. Phenological changes, simulated by a 15-day lengthening of the growing season, had minimal impacts on the water budget. Annual variation in the timing and amount of rainfall was important for water fluxes in both grasslands. Elevated CO2 increased sandstone drainage >50 mm in seven of ten years, but the relative increase in drainage varied from 10% to 300% depending on the year. Early-season transpiration in the sandstone decreased between 26% and 41%, with elevated CO2 resulting in a simulated water savings of 54-76 mm. Even in years when precipitation was similar (e.g., 505 and 479 mm in years 3 and 4), the effect of CO2 varied dramatically. The response of grassland water budgets to CO2 depends on the productivity and structure of the grassland, the amount and timing of rainfall, and CO2-induced changes in physiology. In systems with low LAI, large physiological changes may not necessarily alter total ecosystem water budgets dramatically.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s004420050407
View details for PubMedID 28308034
-
Mangrove biodiversity and ecosystem function
International Workshop on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Marine Ecosystems
WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC. 1998: 3–14
View details for Web of Science ID 000074252300002
-
Ecosystem consequences of changing biodiversity - Experimental evidence and a research agenda for the future
BIOSCIENCE
1998; 48 (1): 45-52
View details for Web of Science ID 000071023800009
-
Disproportional increases in photosynthesis and plant biomass in a Californian grassland exposed to elevated CO2: a simulation analysis
FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY
1997; 11 (6): 696-704
View details for Web of Science ID 000071560300004
-
The fate of carbon in grasslands under carbon dioxide enrichment
NATURE
1997; 388 (6642): 576-579
View details for Web of Science ID A1997XP72200047
-
Human domination of Earth's ecosystems
SCIENCE
1997; 277 (5325): 494-499
View details for Web of Science ID A1997XM86700030
-
A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1997; 94 (14): 7362-7366
Abstract
Global biogeochemical models have improved dramatically in the last decade in their representation of the biosphere. Although leaf area data are an important input to such models and are readily available globally, global root distributions for modeling water and nutrient uptake and carbon cycling have not been available. This analysis provides global distributions for fine root biomass, length, and surface area with depth in the soil, and global estimates of nutrient pools in fine roots. Calculated root surface area is almost always greater than leaf area, more than an order of magnitude so in grasslands. The average C:N:P ratio in living fine roots is 450:11:1, and global fine root carbon is more than 5% of all carbon contained in the atmosphere. Assuming conservatively that fine roots turn over once per year, they represent 33% of global annual net primary productivity.
View details for Web of Science ID A1997XJ87600044
View details for PubMedID 11038557
-
Modeling the Exchanges of Energy, Water, and Carbon Between Continents and the Atmosphere
Science (New York, N.Y.)
1997; 275 (5299): 502-9
Abstract
Atmospheric general circulation models used for climate simulation and weather forecasting require the fluxes of radiation, heat, water vapor, and momentum across the land-atmosphere interface to be specified. These fluxes are calculated by submodels called land surface parameterizations. Over the last 20 years, these parameterizations have evolved from simple, unrealistic schemes into credible representations of the global soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer system as advances in plant physiological and hydrological research, advances in satellite data interpretation, and the results of large-scale field experiments have been exploited. Some modern schemes incorporate biogeochemical and ecological knowledge and, when coupled with advanced climate and ocean models, will be capable of modeling the biological and physical responses of the Earth system to global change, for example, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
View details for PubMedID 8999789
-
Modeling the exchanges of energy, water, and carbon between continents and the atmosphere
SCIENCE
1997; 275 (5299): 502-509
View details for Web of Science ID A1997WE25700036
-
Adapting GePSi (generic plant simulator) for modeling studies in the Jasper Ridge CO2 project
ECOLOGICAL MODELLING
1997; 94 (1): 81-88
View details for Web of Science ID A1997WM97900008
-
Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale
OECOLOGIA
1996; 108 (4): 583-595
View details for Web of Science ID A1996VX11000001
-
A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes
OECOLOGIA
1996; 108 (3): 389-411
View details for Web of Science ID A1996VW51200001
-
Rooting depth, water availability, and vegetation cover along an aridity gradient in Patagonia
OECOLOGIA
1996; 108 (3): 503-511
View details for Web of Science ID A1996VW51200014
-
Elevated CO2 increases belowground respiration in California grasslands
OECOLOGIA
1996; 108 (1): 130-137
Abstract
This study was designed to identify potential effects of elevated CO2 on belowground respiration (the sum of root and heterotrophic respiration) in field and microcosm ecosystems and on the annual carbon budget. We made three sets of respiration measurements in two CO2 treatments, i.e., (1) monthly in the sandstone grassland and in microcosms from November 1993 to June 1994; (2) at the annual peak of live biomass (March and April) in the serpentine and sandstone grasslands in 1993 and 1994; and (3) at peak biomass in the microcosms with monocultures of seven species in 1993. To help understand ecosystem carbon cycling, we also made supplementary measurements of belowground respiration monthly in sandstone and serpentine grasslands located within 500 m of the CO2 experiment site. The seasonal average respiration rate in the sandstone grassland was 2.12 μmol m(-2) s(-1) in elevated CO2, which was 42% higher than the 1.49 μmol m(-2) s(-1) measured in ambient CO2 (P=0.007). Studies of seven individual species in the microcosms indicated that respiration was positively correlated with plant biomass and increased, on average, by 70% with CO2. Monthly measurements revealed a strong seasonality in belowground respiration, being low (0-0.5 μmol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in the two grasslands adjacent to the CO2 site) in the summer dry season and high (2-4 μmol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in the sandstone grassland and 2-7 μmol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in the microcosms) during the growing season from the onset of fall rains in November to early spring in April and May. Estimated annual carbon effluxes from the soil were 323 and 440 g C m(-2) year(-1) for the sandstone grasslands in ambient and elevated CO2. That CO2-stimulated increase in annual soil carbon efflux is more than twice as big as the increase in aboveground net primary productivity (NPPa) and approximately 60% of NPPa in this grassland in the current CO2 environment. The results of this study suggest that below-ground respiration can dissipate most of the increase in photosynthesis stimulated by elevated CO2.
View details for Web of Science ID A1996VL38300017
-
increases belowground respiration in California grasslands.
Oecologia
1996; 108 (1): 130-137
Abstract
This study was designed to identify potential effects of elevated CO2 on belowground respiration (the sum of root and heterotrophic respiration) in field and microcosm ecosystems and on the annual carbon budget. We made three sets of respiration measurements in two CO2 treatments, i.e., (1) monthly in the sandstone grassland and in microcosms from November 1993 to June 1994; (2) at the annual peak of live biomass (March and April) in the serpentine and sandstone grasslands in 1993 and 1994; and (3) at peak biomass in the microcosms with monocultures of seven species in 1993. To help understand ecosystem carbon cycling, we also made supplementary measurements of belowground respiration monthly in sandstone and serpentine grasslands located within 500 m of the CO2 experiment site. The seasonal average respiration rate in the sandstone grassland was 2.12 μmol m(-2) s(-1) in elevated CO2, which was 42% higher than the 1.49 μmol m(-2) s(-1) measured in ambient CO2 (P=0.007). Studies of seven individual species in the microcosms indicated that respiration was positively correlated with plant biomass and increased, on average, by 70% with CO2. Monthly measurements revealed a strong seasonality in belowground respiration, being low (0-0.5 μmol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in the two grasslands adjacent to the CO2 site) in the summer dry season and high (2-4 μmol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in the sandstone grassland and 2-7 μmol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in the microcosms) during the growing season from the onset of fall rains in November to early spring in April and May. Estimated annual carbon effluxes from the soil were 323 and 440 g C m(-2) year(-1) for the sandstone grasslands in ambient and elevated CO2. That CO2-stimulated increase in annual soil carbon efflux is more than twice as big as the increase in aboveground net primary productivity (NPPa) and approximately 60% of NPPa in this grassland in the current CO2 environment. The results of this study suggest that below-ground respiration can dissipate most of the increase in photosynthesis stimulated by elevated CO2.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00333224
View details for PubMedID 28307743
-
Effects of CO2 and nutrient enrichment on tissue quality of two California annuals
OECOLOGIA
1996; 107 (4): 433-440
Abstract
The effects of CO2 enrichment and soil nutrient status on tissue quality were investigated and related to the potential effect on growth and decomposition. Two California annuals, Avena fatua and Plantago erecta, were grown at ambient and ambient plus 35 Pa atmospheric CO2 in nutrient unamended and amended serpentine soil. Elevated CO2 led to significantly increased Avena shoot nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient amended treatment. It also led to decreased lignin concentrations in Avena roots in both nutrient treatments, and in Plantago shoots and roots with nutrient addition. Concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) and carbon did not change with elevated CO2 in either species. As a consequence of increased biomass accumulation, increased CO2 led to larger total pools of TNC, lignin, total carbon, and total nitrogen in Avena with nutrient additions. Doubling CO2 had no significant effect on Plantago. Given the limited changes in the compounds related to decomposibility and plant growth, effects of increased atmospheric CO2 mediated through tissue composition on Avena and Plantago are likely to be minor and depend on site fertility. This study suggests that other factors such as litter moisture, whether or not litter is on the ground, and biomass allocation among roots and shoots, are likely to be more important in this California grassland ecosystem. CO2 could influence those directly as well as indirectly.
View details for Web of Science ID A1996VH67200003
-
and nutrient enrichment on tissue quality of two California annuals.
Oecologia
1996; 107 (4): 433-440
Abstract
The effects of CO2 enrichment and soil nutrient status on tissue quality were investigated and related to the potential effect on growth and decomposition. Two California annuals, Avena fatua and Plantago erecta, were grown at ambient and ambient plus 35 Pa atmospheric CO2 in nutrient unamended and amended serpentine soil. Elevated CO2 led to significantly increased Avena shoot nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient amended treatment. It also led to decreased lignin concentrations in Avena roots in both nutrient treatments, and in Plantago shoots and roots with nutrient addition. Concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) and carbon did not change with elevated CO2 in either species. As a consequence of increased biomass accumulation, increased CO2 led to larger total pools of TNC, lignin, total carbon, and total nitrogen in Avena with nutrient additions. Doubling CO2 had no significant effect on Plantago. Given the limited changes in the compounds related to decomposibility and plant growth, effects of increased atmospheric CO2 mediated through tissue composition on Avena and Plantago are likely to be minor and depend on site fertility. This study suggests that other factors such as litter moisture, whether or not litter is on the ground, and biomass allocation among roots and shoots, are likely to be more important in this California grassland ecosystem. CO2 could influence those directly as well as indirectly.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00333932
View details for PubMedID 28307384
-
Resource heterogeneity generated by shrubs and topography on coastal sand dunes
VEGETATIO
1996; 122 (1): 83-93
View details for Web of Science ID A1996TU86400008
-
MAPPING THE LAND-SURFACE FOR GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE MODELS - TOWARD CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS OF VEGETATIONS FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
1995; 100 (D10): 20867-20882
View details for Web of Science ID A1995TD50700007
-
STOMATAL RESPONSES TO INCREASED CO2 - IMPLICATIONS FROM THE PLANT TO THE GLOBAL-SCALE
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
1995; 18 (10): 1214-1225
View details for Web of Science ID A1995TA94000011
-
GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND STORAGE OF CARBOHYDRATES AND NITROGEN IN PHASEOLUS-LUNATUS IN RELATION TO RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
OECOLOGIA
1995; 104 (1): 17-23
View details for Web of Science ID A1995RZ35900003
-
Long-term CO2 stimulation of carbon influx into global terrestrial ecosystems: Issues and approaches
JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY
1995; 22 (4-5): 797-803
View details for Web of Science ID A1995UK05300024
-
Photosynthesis, growth and density for the dominant species in a CO2-enriched grassland
1st Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems Science Conference
WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC. 1995: 221–25
View details for Web of Science ID A1995TR05500008
-
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN CALIFORNIA ANNUAL GRASSLAND - RESULTS FROM A LONG-TERM STUDY
JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE
1995; 6 (1): 43-56
View details for Web of Science ID A1995QW12100007
-
PREDICTING RESPONSES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ROOT FRACTION TO ELEVATED [CO2](A) - INTERACTIONS AMONG CARBON, NITROGEN, AND GROWTH
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
1994; 17 (11): 1195-1204
View details for Web of Science ID A1994PP94800003
-
FUTURE-DIRECTIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
1994; 9 (10): 371-372
View details for Web of Science ID A1994PE12200010
View details for PubMedID 21236895
-
CO2 ALTERS WATER-USE, CARBON GAIN, AND YIELD FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES IN A NATURAL GRASSLAND
OECOLOGIA
1994; 98 (3-4): 257-262
View details for Web of Science ID A1994PE43200003
-
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA IN RELATION TO STORAGE OF STARCH AND NITRATE IN THE WILD-TYPE AND IN STARCH-DEFICIENT AND NITRATE-UPTAKE-DEFICIENT MUTANTS
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
1994; 17 (7): 795-809
View details for Web of Science ID A1994NV53600002
-
COMPENSATION AS A PLANT-RESPONSE TO OZONE AND ASSOCIATED STRESSES - AN ANALYSIS OF ROPIS EXPERIMENTS
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
1994; 23 (3): 429-436
View details for Web of Science ID A1994NM67000004
-
THE IMPACT OF RISING CO2 CONCENTRATIONS ON THE TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE
AMBIO
1994; 23 (1): 74-76
View details for Web of Science ID A1994NA33600012
-
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTION - A PROCESS MODEL-BASED ON GLOBAL SATELLITE AND SURFACE DATA
GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
1993; 7 (4): 811-841
View details for Web of Science ID A1993MM23400006
-
SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE USE
ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
1993; 3 (4): 564-566
View details for Web of Science ID A1993MF07000008
-
PATTERNS OF STEM PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN 2 INVASIVE LEGUMES (SPARTIUM-JUNCEUM, CYTISUS-SCOPARIUS) OF THE CALIFORNIA COASTAL REGION
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY
1993; 80 (10): 1126-1136
View details for Web of Science ID A1993MD09200004
-
DECREASED RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE-OXYGENASE IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO TRANSFORMED WITH ANTISENSE RBCS .5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE, STORAGE STRATEGY, BIOMASS ALLOCATION AND VEGETATIVE PLANT-GROWTH AT 3 DIFFERENT NITROGEN SUPPLIES
PLANTA
1993; 190 (1): 1-9
View details for Web of Science ID A1993KY17300001
-
RESPONSE OF RADISH TO MULTIPLE STRESSES .2. INFLUENCE OF SEASON AND GENOTYPE ON PLANT-RESPONSE TO OZONE AND SOIL-MOISTURE DEFICIT
NEW PHYTOLOGIST
1993; 123 (1): 153-163
View details for Web of Science ID A1993KQ71800018
-
SEASONAL PATTERNS OF ACID FLUCTUATIONS AND RESOURCE STORAGE IN THE ARBORESCENT CACTUS OPUNTIA-EXCELSA IN RELATION TO LIGHT AVAILABILITY AND SIZE
OECOLOGIA
1992; 92 (2): 166-171
View details for Web of Science ID A1992JY89500003
-
Seasonal patterns of acid fluctuations and resource storage in the arborescent cactus Opuntia excelsa in relation to light availability and size.
Oecologia
1992; 92 (2): 166-171
Abstract
We investigated relationships between light availability, diel acid fluctuation, and resource storage in the arborescent cactus Opuntia excelsa growing in western Mexico. We compared canopy and understory individuals from a deciduous forest as well as open-grown plants of the same approximate size as those in the understory. During the wet season light availability and daily fluctuations in titratable acidity (an index of carbon uptake) were lower in the understory than in unshaded habitats. In the dry season all plants had reduced levels of acid fluctuation, with the smallest individuals, regardless of habitat, showing the greatest reduction. These data suggest that light availability in the forest understory constrains carbon assimilation during the wet season, but that a factor associated with plant size, possibly water status, limits carbon gain during the dry season. Plants in all habitats remained physiologically active for at least five months into the dry season. We suggest that this was possible due to the maintenance of constant concentrations of water and nitrogen in the photosynthetically active chlorenchyma. Parenchyma in terminal cladodes showed a different seasonal pattern of resource storage; water content and nitrogen concentration were reduced from the wet to the dry season in the parenchyma. Using the parenchyma to supply photosynthetic tissues during times of reduced resource availability allows O. excelsa to assimilate carbon during times of the year when most other trees in the forest are leafless.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00317359
View details for PubMedID 28313046
-
DECREASED RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE-OXYGENASE IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO TRANSFORMED WITH ANTISENSE RBCS .4. IMPACT ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN CONDITIONS OF ALTERED NITROGEN SUPPLY
PLANTA
1992; 188 (4): 522-531
Abstract
The effect of nitrogen supply during growth on the contribution of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39) to the control of photosynthesis was examined in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Transgenic plants transformed with antisense rbcS to produce a series of plants with a progressive decrease in the amount of Rubisco were used to allow the calculation of the flux-control coefficient of Rubisco for photosynthesis (CR). Several points emerged from the data: (i) The strength of Rubisco control of photosynthesis, as measured by CR, was altered by changes in the short-term environmental conditions. Generally, CR was increased in conditions of increased irradiance or decreased CO2. (ii) The amount of Rubisco in wild-type plants was reduced as the nitrogen supply during growth was reduced and this was associated with an increase in CR. This implied that there was a specific reduction in the amount of Rubisco compared with other components of the photosynthetic machinery. (iii) Plants grown with low nitrogen and which had genetically reduced levels of Rubisco had a higher chlorophyll content and a lower chlorophyll a/b ratio than wild-type plants. This indicated that the nitrogen made available by genetically reducing the amount of Rubisco had been re-allocated to other cellular components including light-harvesting and electron-transport proteins. It is argued that there is a "luxury" additional investment of nitrogen into Rubisco in tobacco plants grown in high nitrogen, and that Rubisco can also be considered a nitrogen-store, all be it one where the opportunity cost of the nitrogen storage is higher than in a non-functional storage protein (i.e. it allows for a slightly higher water-use efficiency and for photosynthesis to respond to temporarily high irradiance).
View details for Web of Science ID A1992JZ02900010
View details for PubMedID 24178384
-
LACK OF NITROGEN CYCLING IN THE ATACAMA DESERT
NATURE
1992; 359 (6393): 316-318
View details for Web of Science ID A1992JP50300054
-
CARBOHYDRATE, WATER AND NITROGEN STORAGE IN VINES OF A TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST
BIOTROPICA
1992; 24 (2): 134-139
View details for Web of Science ID A1992JB54900004
-
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
1992; 7 (4): 107-108
View details for Web of Science ID A1992HL42900002
View details for PubMedID 21235972
-
enrichment and the acquisition and allocation of carbon and nitrogen in wild radish.
Oecologia
1992; 89 (4): 580-587
Abstract
The effects of CO2 enrichment on plant growth, carbon and nitrogen acquisition and resource allocation were investigated in order to examine several hypotheses about the mechanisms that govern dry matter partitioning between shoots and roots. Wild radish plants (Raphanus sativus × raphanistrum) were grown for 25 d under three different atmospheric CO2 concentrations (200 ppm, 330 ppm and 600 ppm) with a stable hydroponic 150 μmol 1(-1) nitrate supply. Radish biomass accumulation, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, nitrogen per unit leaf area, and starch and soluble sugar levels in leaves increased with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, whereas specific leaf area and nitrogen concentration of leaves significantly decreased. Despite substantial changes in radish growth, resource acquisition and resource partitioning, the rate at which leaves accumulated starch over the course of the light period and the partitioning of biomass between roots and shoots were not affected by CO2 treatment. This phenomenon was consistent with the hypothesis that root/shoot partitioning is related to the daily rate of starch accumulation by leaves during the photoperiod, but is inconsistent with hypotheses suggesting that root/shoot partitioning is controlled by some aspect of plant C/N balance.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00317167
View details for PubMedID 28311891
-
CONTROLS OF BIOMASS PARTITIONING BETWEEN ROOTS AND SHOOTS - ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT AND THE ACQUISITION AND ALLOCATION OF CARBON AND NITROGEN IN WILD RADISH
OECOLOGIA
1992; 89 (4): 580-587
Abstract
The effects of CO2 enrichment on plant growth, carbon and nitrogen acquisition and resource allocation were investigated in order to examine several hypotheses about the mechanisms that govern dry matter partitioning between shoots and roots. Wild radish plants (Raphanus sativus × raphanistrum) were grown for 25 d under three different atmospheric CO2 concentrations (200 ppm, 330 ppm and 600 ppm) with a stable hydroponic 150 μmol 1(-1) nitrate supply. Radish biomass accumulation, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, nitrogen per unit leaf area, and starch and soluble sugar levels in leaves increased with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, whereas specific leaf area and nitrogen concentration of leaves significantly decreased. Despite substantial changes in radish growth, resource acquisition and resource partitioning, the rate at which leaves accumulated starch over the course of the light period and the partitioning of biomass between roots and shoots were not affected by CO2 treatment. This phenomenon was consistent with the hypothesis that root/shoot partitioning is related to the daily rate of starch accumulation by leaves during the photoperiod, but is inconsistent with hypotheses suggesting that root/shoot partitioning is controlled by some aspect of plant C/N balance.
View details for Web of Science ID A1992HL79100019
-
RESPONSES OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS TO THE CHANGING ATMOSPHERE - A RESOURCE-BASED APPROACH
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS
1992; 23: 201-235
View details for Web of Science ID A1992JZ28100009
-
ACCLIMATION TO OZONE STRESS IN RADISH - LEAF DEMOGRAPHY AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
NEW PHYTOLOGIST
1991; 118 (3): 417-423
View details for Web of Science ID A1991FY87500008
-
THE SUSTAINABLE BIOSPHERE INITIATIVE - AN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH AGENDA
REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL
1991; 64 (1): 175-226
View details for Web of Science ID A1991JD56000016
-
THE SUSTAINABLE BIOSPHERE INITIATIVE - AN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH AGENDA - A REPORT FROM THE ECOLOGICAL-SOCIETY-OF-AMERICA
ECOLOGY
1991; 72 (2): 371-412
View details for Web of Science ID A1991FE24800001
-
A SUSTAINABLE BIOSPHERE - THE GLOBAL IMPERATIVE
REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL
1991; 64 (1): 227-235
View details for Web of Science ID A1991JD56000017
-
PREDICTING ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES TO ELEVATED CO2 CONCENTRATIONS
BIOSCIENCE
1991; 41 (2): 96-104
View details for Web of Science ID A1991EU71900010
-
EFFECTS OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY AND GOPHER DISTURBANCE ON SERPENTINE ANNUAL GRASSLAND DYNAMICS
ECOLOGY
1991; 72 (1): 59-68
View details for Web of Science ID A1991EU72300008
-
PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY - DETERMINANTS OF PROGRESS
CONF ON NEW DIRECTIONS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD. 1991: 127–35
View details for Web of Science ID A1991FH53200002
-
CONSEQUENCES OF EVOLVING RESISTANCE TO AIR-POLLUTANTS
SYMP ON ECOLOGICAL GENETICS AND AIR POLLUTION
SPRINGER-VERLAG. 1991: 177–202
View details for Web of Science ID A1991BT93U00010
-
RESPONSE OF RADISH TO MULTIPLE STRESSES .1. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND GROWTH-RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN OZONE AND NITROGEN
INTERNATIONAL CONF ON SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS. 1990: 439–46
View details for Web of Science ID A1990DR97900004
-
WATER TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES OF VINE AND TREE STEMS IN A TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY
1990; 77 (6): 742-749
View details for Web of Science ID A1990DJ52600005
-
EFFECTS OF SOIL RESOURCES ON PLANT INVASION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN CALIFORNIAN SERPENTINE GRASSLAND
ECOLOGY
1990; 71 (2): 478-491
View details for Web of Science ID A1990CV62800008
-
ANTHROPOGENIC STRESS AND NATURAL-SELECTION - VARIABILITY IN RADISH BIOMASS ACCUMULATION INCREASES WITH INCREASING SO2 DOSE
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE
1990; 68 (1): 102-106
View details for Web of Science ID A1990CQ24700014
-
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND GROWTH-RATES OF 4 CALIFORNIA ANNUAL GRASSES
ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
1990; 11 (4): 453-468
View details for Web of Science ID A1990EN39000001
-
THE ECOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF STORAGE IN PLANTS
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS
1990; 21: 423-447
View details for Web of Science ID A1990EK83300017
-
exposure and decreasing nitrate availability.
Oecologia
1989; 81 (1): 124-131
Abstract
Acclimation of wild radish plants to a simultaneous combination of SO2 fumigation and decreasing nitrate availability was investigated. Plants were grown for 24 d under continuous daytime (10h) exposure to 0 or 0.4 ppm SO2 and were grown in a nutrient solution with stable nitrate concentrations of 100 μM for the first 15 d, 50 μM from day 15 to day 19, and 25 μM from day 19 to day 24. Analysis of relative growth rates (RGR) showed that radish plants responded rapidly to changes in nitrate availability and that SO2 treatment affected those responses. Shoot RGR of plants from both treatments and root RGR of control plants showed rapid declines and subsequent recoveries in response to decreasing nitrate availability. Root RGR of SO2-treated plants declined rapidly in response to decreased nitrate availability, but did not recover as quickly or completely as root RGR of control plants. Analysis of specific leaf weights and tissue nitrogen concentrations showed that control plants had significantly higher amounts of nitrogen in tissues after nitrate availability was lowered, and had higher rates of nitrate uptake in comparison to SO2-treated plants; especially when nitrate availability was highest. Furthermore, control plants had temporarily higher rates of root respiration in comparison to SO2-treated plants, suggesting that control plants temporarily allocated more resources to physiological processes occurring in roots, such as nutrient uptake. Although SO2-induced changes in growth and resource allocation of plants were relatively small, it was probable that SO2 treatment of radish plants affected plant nitrogen balance, and subsequently affected the ability of plants to respond to decreased nitrate availibility, by affecting resource partitioning to nitrate uptake and root growth.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00377021
View details for PubMedID 28312168
-
BIOLOGY OF VINES
TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
1989; 4 (8): 224-224
View details for Web of Science ID A1989AJ99400002
-
THE DEPENDENCE OF PLANT-ROOT - SHOOT RATIOS ON INTERNAL NITROGEN CONCENTRATION
ANNALS OF BOTANY
1989; 64 (1): 71-75
View details for Web of Science ID A1989AJ96300011
-
CARBON-NUTRIENT BALANCE HYPOTHESIS IN WITHIN-SPECIES PHYTOCHEMICAL VARIATION OF SALIX-LASIOLEPIS
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY
1989; 15 (4): 1117-1131
View details for Web of Science ID A1989U337800002
-
LEAF, STEM, AND METAMER CHARACTERISTICS OF VINES IN A TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST IN JALISCO, MEXICO
BIOTROPICA
1989; 21 (1): 41-49
View details for Web of Science ID A1989U013600007
-
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LEAF CONSTRUCTION COST, LEAF LONGEVITY, AND LIGHT ENVIRONMENT IN RAIN-FOREST PLANTS OF THE GENUS PIPER
AMERICAN NATURALIST
1989; 133 (2): 198-211
View details for Web of Science ID A1989T251800004
-
RESPONSES OF WILD PLANTS TO NITRATE AVAILABILITY - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROWTH-RATE AND NITRATE UPTAKE PARAMETERS, A CASE-STUDY WITH 2 BROMUS SPECIES, AND A SURVEY
OECOLOGIA
1989; 79 (4): 542-550
View details for Web of Science ID A1989AA66500017
-
EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE STRESSES ON RADISH GROWTH AND RESOURCE-ALLOCATION .1. RESPONSES OF WILD RADISH PLANTS TO A COMBINATION OF SO2 EXPOSURE AND DECREASING NITRATE AVAILABILITY
OECOLOGIA
1989; 81 (1): 124-131
View details for Web of Science ID A1989AT03300021
-
CARBON ISOTOPE RATIOS OF PLANTS OF A TROPICAL DRY FOREST IN MEXICO
FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY
1989; 3 (2): 137-142
View details for Web of Science ID A1989U489300002
-
THE NITROGEN-BALANCE OF RAPHANUS-SATIVUS X RAPHANISTRUM PLANTS .2. GROWTH, NITROGEN REDISTRIBUTION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS UNDER NO3- DEPRIVATION
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
1988; 11 (8): 755-767
View details for Web of Science ID A1988R606200011
-
TOPOGRAPHIC POSITION EFFECTS ON GROWTH DEPRESSION OF CALIFORNIA SIERRA-NEVADA PINES DURING THE 1982-83 EL-NINO
ARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH
1988; 20 (3): 352-357
View details for Web of Science ID A1988P939900010
-
-induced photosynthetic reduction in radish.
Oecologia
1988; 75 (4): 502-506
Abstract
Exposure of plants to SO2 reduced their photosynthetic performance due tio reductions in carboxylating capacity. Although the reduced carbon gain resulted in a lower growth rate of SO2-exposed plants over that of controls, their loss of potential growth was minimized because of proportional increases in allocation to new leaf material.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00776411
View details for PubMedID 28312422
-
fumigation studies with irrigated and unirrigated field grown Diplacus aurantiacus and Heteromeles arbutifolia.
Oecologia
1988; 75 (3): 386-393
Abstract
Experiments were performed on an evergreen (Heteromeles arbutifolia) and a drought deciduous shrub (Diplacus aurantiacus) to determine, 1) whether approaches for evaluating SO2 absorption by leaves in laboratory studies could be extended to field studies, 2) the effects of irrigation on metabolism and SO2 responses of the study species during a season when water was limiting, 3) to interpret SO2 responses on the basis of SO2 flux rates. Laboratory-developed approaches for evaluating SO2 absorption by leaves were found to be suitable for use with field plants, despite field plants having lower gas exchange rates. Supplementing water during times of deficit did not override all the biological and environmental factors that limited photosynthesis (A). Irrigation increased leaf longevity of D. aurantiacus, and stomatal conductance to water vapour (g); g was also shown to increase with H. arbutifolia on irrigation. Irrigation profoundly influenced plant response to SO2. Unwatered D. aurantiacus had only a small g and therefore a reduced capacity to absorb SO2 and respond to SO2; which resulted in apparent SO2 avoidance. Water availability and SO2 both affect g and therefore, SO2 flux rates into the mesophyll. Different ambient SO2 concentrations of 8.3 and 26.2 μmol m(-3) (0.2 and 0.6 ppm) were both found to result in similar SO2 flux rates into the leaf, due to variations in g in response to water availability. Changes in g did not always result in changes in A, implying that carbon fixation may be little affected by some SO2 exposures, although still potentially affecting such processes as maintenance of leaf water potential, transpirational cooling and nutrient uptake.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00376941
View details for PubMedID 28312686
-
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER ADDITION AND SUBSEQUENT GOPHER DISTURBANCE ON A SERPENTINE ANNUAL GRASSLAND COMMUNITY
OECOLOGIA
1988; 75 (2): 291-295
View details for Web of Science ID A1988M374700021
-
GAS-EXCHANGE AND SO2 FUMIGATION STUDIES WITH IRRIGATED AND UNIRRIGATED FIELD-GROWN DIPLACUS-AURANTIACUS AND HETEROMELES-ARBUTIFOLIA
OECOLOGIA
1988; 75 (3): 386-393
View details for Web of Science ID A1988M677700010
-
COMPENSATING EFFECTS TO GROWTH OF CARBON PARTITIONING CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO SO2-INDUCED PHOTOSYNTHETIC REDUCTION IN RADISH
OECOLOGIA
1988; 75 (4): 502-506
Abstract
Exposure of plants to SO2 reduced their photosynthetic performance due tio reductions in carboxylating capacity. Although the reduced carbon gain resulted in a lower growth rate of SO2-exposed plants over that of controls, their loss of potential growth was minimized because of proportional increases in allocation to new leaf material.
View details for Web of Science ID A1988N205500003
-
Effects of applications of fungicide, phosphorus and nitrogen on the structure and productivity of an annual serpentine plant community
FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY
1988; 2 (3): 335-344
View details for Web of Science ID 000208584400009
-
COMPENSATING EFFECTS TO GROWTH OF CHANGES IN DRY-MATTER ALLOCATION IN RESPONSE TO VARIATION IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS INDUCED BY PHOTOPERIOD, LIGHT AND NITROGEN
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
1988; 15 (1-2): 287-298
View details for Web of Science ID A1988P516800020
-
ESTIMATION OF TISSUE CONSTRUCTION COST FROM HEAT OF COMBUSTION AND ORGANIC NITROGEN-CONTENT
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
1987; 10 (9): 725-734
View details for Web of Science ID A1987L482600003
-
EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS BETWEEN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND THE ATMOSPHERE
SCIENCE
1987; 238 (4829): 926-932
Abstract
Many biogenic trace gases are increasing in concentration or flux or both in the atmosphere as a consequence of human activities. Most of these gases have demonstrated or potential effects on atmospheric chemistry, climate, and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Focused studies of the interactions between the atmosphere and the biosphere that regulate trace gases can improve both our understanding of terrestrial ecosystems and our ability to predict regional-and global-scale canges in atmospheric chemistry.
View details for Web of Science ID A1987K781000026
View details for PubMedID 17829357
-
A SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING THE ROOT AND SHOOT ENVIRONMENT FOR PLANT-GROWTH STUDIES
ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY
1987; 27 (4): 365-377
View details for Web of Science ID A1987K587400001
-
SPATIAL VARIATION IN INOCULUM POTENTIAL OF VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI CAUSED BY FORMATION OF GOPHER MOUNDS
NEW PHYTOLOGIST
1987; 107 (1): 173-182
View details for Web of Science ID A1987K329000015
-
REVEGETATION OF SERPENTINE SUBSTRATES - RESPONSE TO PHOSPHATE APPLICATION
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
1987; 11 (4): 563-567
View details for Web of Science ID A1987K075900012
-
LEAF AND SHOOT DEMOGRAPHY IN BACCHARIS SHRUBS OF DIFFERENT AGES
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY
1987; 74 (7): 1111-1115
View details for Web of Science ID A1987J221100017
-
THE ECOLOGY OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
ENVIRONMENT
1987; 29 (5): 10-?
View details for Web of Science ID A1987J182800006
-
Nuclear winter debate.
Science
1987; 235 (4791): 832b-?
View details for PubMedID 17778849
-
Midday wilting in a tropical pioneer tree
FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY
1987; 1 (1): 3-11
View details for Web of Science ID 000208583900002
-
GOPHER MOUND SOIL REDUCES GROWTH AND AFFECTS ION UPTAKE OF 2 ANNUAL GRASSLAND SPECIES
OECOLOGIA
1987; 72 (2): 284-290
View details for Web of Science ID A1987H075400019
-
PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY TODAY
BIOSCIENCE
1987; 37 (1): 18-20
View details for Web of Science ID A1987F421700006
-
CONTRASTING MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF HELIOTROPIUM-CURASSAVICUM L PLANTS FROM DESERT AND COASTAL POPULATIONS
ACTA OECOLOGICA-OECOLOGIA PLANTARUM
1987; 8 (2): 99-112
View details for Web of Science ID A1987H792000001
-
A FIELD PORTABLE GAS-EXCHANGE SYSTEM FOR MEASURING CARBON-DIOXIDE AND WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE-RATES OF LEAVES DURING FUMIGATION WITH SO2
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
1986; 9 (9): 711-719
View details for Web of Science ID A1986F290500007
-
BIOMASS ACCUMULATION AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN COOCCURRING GRASSLAND ANNUALS
OECOLOGIA
1986; 70 (4): 555-558
View details for Web of Science ID A1986E694200012
-
TISSUE WATER RELATIONS OF 4 COOCCURRING CHAPARRAL SHRUBS
OECOLOGIA
1986; 70 (4): 527-535
View details for Web of Science ID A1986E694200008
-
COMMUNITY CHANGES FOLLOWING SHRUB INVASION OF GRASSLAND
OECOLOGIA
1986; 70 (4): 508-513
View details for Web of Science ID A1986E694200005
-
WATER-USE PATTERNS OF 4 COOCCURRING CHAPARRAL SHRUBS
OECOLOGIA
1986; 70 (2): 172-177
View details for Web of Science ID A1986E065100002
-
RESOURCE SHARING AMONG RAMETS IN THE CLONAL HERB, FRAGARIA-CHILOENSIS
OECOLOGIA
1986; 70 (2): 227-233
View details for Web of Science ID A1986E065100010
-
THE NITROGEN-BALANCE OF RAPHANUS-SATIVUS X RAPHANISTRUM PLANTS .1. DAILY NITROGEN USE UNDER HIGH NITRATE SUPPLY
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
1985; 8 (9): 713-720
View details for Web of Science ID A1985AYE5700010
-
on native Hawaiian plants.
Oecologia
1985; 66 (3): 387-393
Abstract
Plant species reflected SO2-stress gradients that existed with increased distance from Hawaiian volcano vents which emit SO2. These changes relate, in part at least, to species differences in stomatal responses to SO2. The sensitive leaves do not close their stomata when exposed to elevated atmospheric SO2 concentrations.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00378304
View details for PubMedID 28310868
-
Allocation to reproduction in the chaparral shrub, Diplacus aurantiacus.
Oecologia
1985; 66 (3): 309-316
Abstract
The semi-drought-deciduous shrub, Diplacus aurantiacus, allocates a large, relatively constant proportion of carbon and nitrogen to sexual reproduction. Experimental manipulation at a site in the chaparral of coastal central California showed that both reproduction and vegetative growth were strongly limited by water and little affected by shade or by addition of nutrients unless accompanied by water. Potential competition for carbon between growth and reproduction is reduced by photosynthesis within reproductive structures; competition is also constrained by localization of translocation. Results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that allocation to reproduction in Diplacus has been selected to maximize reproductive success.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00378291
View details for PubMedID 28310855
-
ALLOCATION TO REPRODUCTION IN THE CHAPARRAL SHRUB, DIPLACUS-AURANTIACUS
OECOLOGIA
1985; 66 (3): 309-316
Abstract
The semi-drought-deciduous shrub, Diplacus aurantiacus, allocates a large, relatively constant proportion of carbon and nitrogen to sexual reproduction. Experimental manipulation at a site in the chaparral of coastal central California showed that both reproduction and vegetative growth were strongly limited by water and little affected by shade or by addition of nutrients unless accompanied by water. Potential competition for carbon between growth and reproduction is reduced by photosynthesis within reproductive structures; competition is also constrained by localization of translocation. Results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that allocation to reproduction in Diplacus has been selected to maximize reproductive success.
View details for Web of Science ID A1985AKG5000001
-
VEGETATIVE REGROWTH FOLLOWING CUTTING IN THE SHRUB BACCHARIS-PILULARIS SSP CONSANGUINEA (DC) WOLF,C.B.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY
1985; 72 (4): 514-519
View details for Web of Science ID A1985AKJ4300004
-
ECOLOGY OF SO2 RESISTANCE .5. EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC SO2 ON NATIVE HAWAIIAN PLANTS
OECOLOGIA
1985; 66 (3): 387-393
View details for Web of Science ID A1985AKG5000014
-
COMPARATIVE WATER RELATIONS OF ADJACENT CALIFORNIA SHRUB AND GRASSLAND COMMUNITIES
OECOLOGIA
1985; 66 (4): 522-529
View details for Web of Science ID A1985ALM5300011
-
COMMUNITY AND POPULATION-DYNAMICS OF SERPENTINE GRASSLAND ANNUALS IN RELATION TO GOPHER DISTURBANCE
OECOLOGIA
1985; 67 (3): 342-351
View details for Web of Science ID A1985ARK0500006
-
THE CARBON BALANCE OF FLOWERS OF DIPLACUS-AURANTIACUS (SCROPHULARIACEAE)
OECOLOGIA
1985; 66 (4): 530-535
View details for Web of Science ID A1985ALM5300012
-
RESOURCE LIMITATION IN PLANTS - AN ECONOMIC ANALOGY
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS
1985; 16: 363-392
View details for Web of Science ID A1985AUL3900014
-
Herbivory on Diplacus aurantiacus shrubs in sun and shade.
Oecologia
1984; 64 (2): 173-176
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that carbon allocation to the production of leaf antiherbivore chemicals reflects the intensity of herbivory and interacts with resource allocation to photosynthesis. The amount of herbivory by Euphydryas chalcedona butterfly larvae was measured on Diplacus aurantiacus shrubs growing in different daily solar irradiance regimes. The amount of herbivory sustained by plants was directly related to the degree of solar irradiance the shrubs received and to characteristics which vary with light intensity, e.g. leaf specific weight, but not to leaf resin or nitrogen content. Carbon allocation to the defense of leaf area was marginally related to the light regime, but was not directly related to photosynthetic income.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00376867
View details for PubMedID 28312335
-
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS OF MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS LEAVES .2. BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY ANALYSIS
ACTA OECOLOGICA-OECOLOGIA PLANTARUM
1984; 5 (3): 211-229
View details for Web of Science ID A1984TC30200001
-
HERBIVORY ON DIPLACUS-AURANTIACUS SHRUBS IN SUN AND SHADE
OECOLOGIA
1984; 64 (2): 173-176
View details for Web of Science ID A1984TN84700006
-
THE SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF LEAF RESIN, NITROGEN, AND HERBIVORE DAMAGE IN ERIODICTYON-CALIFORNICUM AND THEIR PARALLELS IN DIPLACUS-AURANTIACUS
OECOLOGIA
1984; 61 (3): 398-402
Abstract
The chaparral shrub Eriodictyon californicum produces a flavonoid leaf resin with a chemically similar composition to that previously reported for the sympatric shrub Diplacus aurantiacus. We determined the phenology, resin content, and nitrogen content of Eriodictyon leaves and the leaf area lost to herbivores. Nitrogen content and resin content were both negatively correlated with leaf age at each sampling date, but nitrogen decreased during the growing season while resin increased. The fraction of leaf area lost during the growing season averaged less than 7% and was highest on the oldest leaves. The seasonal pattern of resin production in Eriodictyon corresponds to that in Diplacus, indicating that the similar environments of Eriodyctyon and Diplacus have led to convergent leaf resins. This convergence in these two plants has implications for chemicals of similar function in other chaparral shrubs.
View details for Web of Science ID A1984SH65700019
-
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ON STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE IN A SHRUB OF THE HUMID TROPICS
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
1983; 80 (5): 1295-1297
Abstract
Leaves of Piper hispidum, a shrub native to the lowland tropics of Mexico, have a strong stomatal response to humidity that results in similar rates of water loss under a wide range of leaf-to-air water-vapor concentration gradients. Stomatal conductance of these leaves is insensitive to CO(2) concentration and increases in response to high humidity even in the dark.
View details for PubMedID 16593286
-
LONG-TERM BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR-WAR
SCIENCE
1983; 222 (4630): 1293-1300
Abstract
Subfreezing temperatures, low light levels, and high doses of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation extending for many months after a large-scale nuclear war could destroy the biological support systems of civilization, at least in the Northern Hemisphere. Productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems could be severely restricted for a year or more. Postwar survivors would face starvation as well as freezing conditions in the dark and be exposed to near-lethal doses of radiation. If, as now seems possible, the Southern Hemisphere were affected also, global disruption of the biosphere could ensue. In any event, there would be severe consequences, even in the areas not affected directly, because of the interdependence of the world economy. In either case the extinction of a large fraction of the Earth's animals, plants, and microorganisms seems possible. The population size of Homo sapiens conceivably could be reduced to prehistoric levels or below, and extinction of the human species itself cannot be excluded.
View details for Web of Science ID A1983RU75600006
View details for PubMedID 6658451
-
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORM, FUNCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF 2 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS SPECIES (ERICACEAE) AND THEIR PUTATIVE HYBRIDS
ACTA OECOLOGICA-OECOLOGIA PLANTARUM
1983; 4 (2): 153-164
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QM14000005
-
CARBON-GAINING CAPACITY AND ALLOCATION PATTERNS OF MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE PLANTS
ECOLOGICAL STUDIES
1983; 43: 103-119
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QY83000006
-
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS ON PLANT-CHEMICAL DEFENSES
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
1983; 208: 21-36
View details for Web of Science ID A1983PZ16500002
-
PHENOLOGY AND RESOURCE USE IN 3 CO-OCCURRING GRASSLAND ANNUALS
OECOLOGIA
1983; 58 (1): 33-42
Abstract
Water resource partitioning among three co-occurring species of the California annual grassland was investigated. Plantago erecta, Clarkia rubicunda and Hemizonia luzulifolia differ in lifespan. The lifespan of Plantago is coincident with the October-May rainy season, but the other two species reproduce during summer when no precipitation occurs, and thus depend on stored water.Field studies indicated differential access to stored water commensurate with the phenology of each species. Studies of artificial stands under controlled conditions showed no difference in the species' ability to exploit stored water in the soil. However there was a striking difference in root behavior between Plantago and Hemizonia when plants were grown in a soil layer above a non-nutritive, waterstoring substrate.We concluded that Hemizonia, the longest lived species, survives on water stored in decomposed rock below the soil layer. Clarkia is restricted to cooler slope faces where a slightly longer growing season appears just suficient to complete reproduction.Productivity is enhanced by addition of later blooming species to the community, but there is no indication that the mixture is the most productive system.
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QM48400005
-
STOMATAL RESPONSES TO HUMIDITY OF COASTAL AND INTERIOR POPULATIONS OF A CALIFORNIAN SHRUB
OECOLOGIA
1983; 57 (1-2): 148-150
Abstract
Plants of two populations of Diplacus aurantiacus, a subshrub of the Californian chaparral, were compared for their stomatal response to water vapor concentration gradients. Plants of a coastal and an interior population were compared when grown under both low and high humidities. When grown at high humidity the coastal plants exhibited higher conductances and higher transpiration/photosynthesis ratios at all leaf-to-air water vapor concentration gradients than did the interior plants. Although all of the plants examined showed a pronounced stomatal response to humidity the response did not result in the degree of regulation of water-use efficiency reported for other Californian coastal species.
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QG36400020
-
COMPROMISES BETWEEN WATER-USE EFFICIENCY AND NITROGEN-USE EFFICIENCY IN 5 SPECIES OF CALIFORNIA EVERGREENS
OECOLOGIA
1983; 60 (3): 384-389
View details for Web of Science ID A1983RV18900018
-
PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTIC OF SOUTH-AFRICAN SCLEROPHYLLS
OECOLOGIA
1983; 58 (3): 398-401
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QY89200019
-
LEAF AGE AND SEASONAL EFFECTS ON LIGHT, WATER, AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY IN A CALIFORNIA SHRUB
OECOLOGIA
1983; 56 (2-3): 348-355
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QD66500029
-
PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS OF A CALIFORNIAN COOL COASTAL ENVIRONMENT
OECOLOGIA
1983; 57 (1-2): 38-42
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QG36400007
-
EXTINCTION, SUBSTITUTION, AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
BIOSCIENCE
1983; 33 (4): 248-254
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QX72700006
-
A PORTABLE SYSTEM FOR MEASURING CARBON-DIOXIDE AND WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE OF LEAVES
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
1982; 5 (2): 179-186
View details for Web of Science ID A1982NL68100009
-
resistance : IV. Predicting metabolic responses of fumigated shrubs and trees.
Oecologia
1982; 52 (1): 16-21
Abstract
10 broadleafed trees and shrubs native to the mediterranean climactic zone in California were surveyed for their photosynthetic and stomatal responses to SO2. These species ranged from drought deciduous to evergreen and had diverse responses to SO2. These results suggest an approach for predicting SO2 resistances of plants.We found that conductance values of plants in SO2-free air can be used to estimate the quantity of SO2 which plants absorb. These estimates are based on conductance values for plants in non-limiting environmental conditions. SO2 absorption quantities are then used to predict relative photosynthesis following the fumigation. Thus, relative photosynthesis of plants following fumigation can be predicted on the basis of conductance in SO2-free air. This approach to predicting SO2 resistances of plants includes analysis of their stomatal responses to fumigation, their characteristics of SO2 adsorption and absorption, and their change in photosynthesis resulting from SO2 stress.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00349006
View details for PubMedID 28310103
-
exchange analysis.
Oecologia
1982; 53 (2): 208-213
Abstract
Gas exchange and leaf growth analysis were used in conjunction to determine leaf-construction and maintenance costs in three co-occurring shrubs of the california chaparral, one evergreen, Heteromeles arbutifolia, and two drougth deciduous species, Lepechinia calycina, and Diplacus aurantiacus. The construction costs per unit of leaf weight were similar among the three species and very close to values reported for other evergreens but considerably higher than leaf construction costs for other deciduous or herbaceous plants. Maintenance costs per unit of leaf weight were significantly greater in one deciduous species, L. calycina, than in the evergreen. Maintenance costs for all species were in the range reported for herbaceous species and considerably above those reported for other evergreens.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00545665
View details for PubMedID 28311111
-
ENDOMYCORRHIZAL ROLE FOR INTERSPECIFIC TRANSFER OF PHOSPHORUS IN A COMMUNITY OF ANNUAL PLANTS
SCIENCE
1982; 217 (4563): 941-943
Abstract
Phosphorus-32 applied to leaves of Plantago erecta in a serpentine annual grassland reached the shoots of about 20 percent of the close neighbors. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae connect the root systems of neighbors of different species and probably mediate nutrient transfers among them. Spatial patterns of transfer show that taxonomic affinity, distance from donor, and size of recipient do not serve as predictors of transfer and that models of transfer by simple diffusion are not appropriate. No alternative predictor was discovered. The results underscore the importance of belowground interactions in explaining neighbor effects, but the factors controlling nutrient transfer and its consequences for community structure appear complex.
View details for Web of Science ID A1982PC84100030
View details for PubMedID 17747956
-
ECOLOGY OF SO2 RESISTANCE .4. PREDICTING METABOLIC RESPONSES OF FUMIGATED SHRUBS AND TREES
OECOLOGIA
1982; 52 (1): 16-21
View details for Web of Science ID A1982MY20700004
-
CONSTRAINTS ON LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN REFERENCE TO HERBIVORY
BIOSCIENCE
1982; 32 (3): 198-?
View details for Web of Science ID A1982NG63300017
-
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION AND PLASTICITY TO WATER-STRESS OF COASTAL AND DESERT POPULATIONS OF HELIOTROPIUM-CURASSAVICUM L
OECOLOGIA
1982; 52 (3): 370-375
View details for Web of Science ID A1982NH64800011
-
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS OF MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS LEAVES .1. GROWTH AND CO2 EXCHANGE ANALYSIS
OECOLOGIA
1982; 53 (2): 208-213
View details for Web of Science ID A1982NR56400010
-
Parallel evolution of leaf pubescence in Encelia in coastal deserts of North and South America.
Oecologia
1981; 49 (1): 38-41
Abstract
Members of the shrub genus Encelia occur in the arid coastal regions of western North America and South America along gradients of precipitation extending from less than 50 mm annually to somewhat over 350 mm. At moist ends of the gradient species possess glabrate, green leaves. Proceeding to drier regions, the species possess progressively more pubescent, whiter leaves. Leaf absorptance to solar radiation decreases with precipitation in an identical pattern along gradients in both North and South America.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00376895
View details for PubMedID 28309446
-
PHOTOSYSTEM-II PHOTOSYNTHETIC UNIT SIZES FROM FLUORESCENCE INDUCTION IN LEAVES - CORRELATION TO PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
1981; 67 (3): 570-579
Abstract
The use of fluorescence induction measurements in leaves infiltrated with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea has been evaluated as a routine method for estimation of the concentration of the reaction centers of photosystem II relative to total chlorophyll in a wide variety of plant species. The procedure is based on a simple theory that takes into account the attenuation of light in passing through the leaf and the linear dependence of the fluorescence induction time from different parts of the leaf on the inverse of the local light intensity. A formula to calculate the reaction center concentration of photosystem II was obtained. The effect of the light attenuation is accounted for by a correction factor which could become practically insignificant by an optimal choice of the excitation and emission wavelengths and the geometry of the photodetector with respect to the sample. Estimation of quantum yields for primary photochemistry and influence of light scattering were considered. The results demonstrate the effect of the above factors under various circumstances and are in agreement, to a first approximation, with the theory.THE UTILITY OF THE METHOD IS DEMONSTRATED BY A DETAILED STUDY OF FOUR DESERT PLANT SPECIES: estimation of reaction center concentrations of both photosystem I (by estimation of P700) and photosystem II (by the fluorescence induction method) were made and were compared to the rates of CO(2) fixation. There was a good quantitative correlation between the photosynthetic rates and the concentration of photosystem II reaction centers (expressed as per chlorophyll or per unit area of the leaf), but no such correlation was found with photosystem I reaction centers.The ratio of total chlorophyll per reaction centers II varied in the range of about 200 to 800 in different species, but there was no variation of this parameter in any single species.
View details for Web of Science ID A1981LH50100036
View details for PubMedID 16661716
-
RATES OF EMISSION OF H2S FROM PLANTS AND PATTERNS OF STABLE SULFUR ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION
NATURE
1981; 289 (5799): 672-673
View details for Web of Science ID A1981LC53800040
-
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CHECKERSPOT BUTTERFLY, EUPHYDRYAS-CHALCEDONA AND ITS PRINCIPAL FOOD SOURCE, THE CALIFORNIAN SHRUB, DIPLACUS-AURANTIACUS
OECOLOGIA
1981; 50 (2): 195-198
View details for Web of Science ID A1981ME90900011
-
PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF LEAF PUBESCENCE IN ENCELIA IN COASTAL DESERTS OF NORTH-AMERICA AND SOUTH-AMERICA
OECOLOGIA
1981; 49 (1): 38-41
View details for Web of Science ID A1981LR37200006
-
PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY IN RELATION TO LEAF POSITION IN DESERT VERSUS OLD-FIELD ANNUALS
OECOLOGIA
1981; 50 (1): 109-112
View details for Web of Science ID A1981MD22000015
-
fumigations.
Oecologia
1980; 46 (1): 49-54
Abstract
The photosynthetic processes of two ecologically-matched, herbaceous Atriplex species differed in their response to SO2 fumigations. Atriplex triangularis, a C3 species, was more sensitive than the C4 species, A. sabulosa. This difference in sensitivity can be attributed in part to the higher conductance of the C3 species in normal air and saturating light as well as greater stimulation of stomatal opening following exposure to SO2. In addition, photosynthetic mechanisms of the C3 species had higher intrinsic SO2 sensitivity than the C4 species. Differences between photosynthetic responses of these two species may also reflect differences in morphological configuration of mesophyll tissues and greater SO2 sensitivity of the initial photosynthetic carboxlating enzyme of the C3 species. It is likely that certain of the differences in photosynthetic SO2 sensitivity of these contrasting C3 and C4 Atriplex species are characteristic of C3 and C4 plants in general.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00346965
View details for PubMedID 28310625
-
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLASTICITY OF POPULATIONS OF HELIOTROPIUM-CURASSAVICUM L ORIGINATING FROM DIFFERING THERMAL REGIMES
OECOLOGIA
1980; 45 (3): 372-376
View details for Web of Science ID A1980KA29200014
-
ATMOSPHERIC WATER-UPTAKE BY AN ATACAMA DESERT SHRUB
SCIENCE
1980; 209 (4457): 693-694
Abstract
Nolana mollis, a succulent-leaved shrub of the extreme coastal desert of Chile, has the capacity to condense water on its leaves out of unsaturated atmospheres, Metabolic energy would have to be expended to move this water either from the leaf surface directly to the mesophyll or, when dripped to the soil, from there into the roots. Because of the unusual aridity of its habitat and of the utilization of water-use-efficient metabolism by Nolana, at least during certain periods, such an energy expenditure could be effective.
View details for Web of Science ID A1980KB38000023
View details for PubMedID 17821192
-
RESPONSES OF HAWAIIAN PLANTS TO VOLCANIC SULFUR-DIOXIDE - STOMATAL BEHAVIOR AND FOLIAR INJURY
SCIENCE
1980; 210 (4471): 789-791
Abstract
Hawaiian plants exposed to volcanic sulfur dioxide showed interspecific differences in leaf injury that are related to sulfur dioxide-induced changes in stomatal condutance. Species with leaves that did not close stomata developed either chlorosis or necrosis, whereas leaves of Metrosideros collina closed stomata and showed no visual symptoms of sulfur dioxide stress.
View details for Web of Science ID A1980KP31500024
View details for PubMedID 17739550
-
STUDY OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF TROPICAL PLANTS - CURRENT STATUS AND NEEDS
BIOSCIENCE
1980; 30 (1): 22-26
View details for Web of Science ID A1980JA69300009
-
ECOLOGY OF SO2 RESISTANCE .1. EFFECTS OF FUMIGATIONS ON GAS-EXCHANGE OF DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN SHRUBS
OECOLOGIA
1980; 44 (3): 290-295
View details for Web of Science ID A1980JH91600002
-
PATTERNS OF DROUGHT RESPONSE IN LEAF-SUCCULENT SHRUBS OF THE COASTAL ATACAMA DESERT IN NORTHERN CHILE
OECOLOGIA
1980; 46 (2): 196-200
View details for Web of Science ID A1980KH52500010
-
ECOLOGY OF SO2 RESISTANCE .3. METABOLIC CHANGES OF C-3 AND C-4 ATRIPLEX SPECIES DUE TO SO2 FUMIGATIONS
OECOLOGIA
1980; 46 (1): 49-54
View details for Web of Science ID A1980KC11900009
-
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE WATER RELATIONS OF PROSOPIS-TAMARUGO OF THE NORTHERN ATACAMA DESERT
OECOLOGIA
1980; 44 (2): 177-180
View details for Web of Science ID A1980JF39300006
-
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ON THE SEASONALITY OF A DROUGHT DECIDUOUS SHRUB, DIPLACUS-AURANTIACUS AND ITS PREDATOR, THE CHECKERSPOT BUTTERFLY, EUPHYDRYAS-CHALCEDONA
OECOLOGIA
1980; 45 (2): 143-146
View details for Web of Science ID A1980JU34600001
-
ORIENTATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR COPIAPOA (CACTACEAE) IN THE ATACAMA DESERT
OECOLOGIA
1980; 46 (1): 63-67
View details for Web of Science ID A1980KC11900011
-
ECOLOGY OF SO2 RESISTANCE .2. PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHANGES OF SHRUBS IN RELATION TO SO2 ABSORPTION AND STOMATAL BEHAVIOR
OECOLOGIA
1980; 44 (3): 296-302
View details for Web of Science ID A1980JH91600003
-
MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR CARBON-DIOXIDE AND WATER EXCHANGE ANALYSIS
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
1980; 3 (5): 371-375
View details for Web of Science ID A1980KQ90700010
-
NUTRIENT RELATIONS OF THE EVERGREEN SHRUB, ADENOSTOMA-FASCICULATUM, IN THE CALIFORNIA CHAPARRAL
BOTANICAL GAZETTE
1979; 140 (1): 109-113
View details for Web of Science ID A1979GW66800016
-
resistance: I. Effects of fumigations on gas exchange of deciduous and evergreen shrubs.
Oecologia
1979; 44 (3): 290-295
Abstract
A unique gas exchange system is described in which photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance can be measured on leaves during SO2 fumigations. SO2 concentrations can be continuously monitored and manipulated between 0 and 2.0 ppm. Rates of total SO2 uptake and SO2 absorption through stomates of a fumigated leaf can also be determined.Using this system we compared the effects of SO2 on the gas exchange rates of two shrub species that co-occur in the Califormian chaparral. Diplacus aurantiacus, a deciduous shrub, was more sensitive to SO2 fumigation than Heteromeles arbutifolia, an evergreen shrub. The differences in photosynthetic sensitivity could be attributed, in large part, to differential SO2 absorption rates.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00545230
View details for PubMedID 28310282
-
absorption and stomatal behavior.
Oecologia
1979; 44 (3): 296-302
Abstract
In an effort to predict SO2 sensitivity of plants from their morphological and physiological features, the effects of SO2 on photosynthesis were partitioned between stomatal and nonstomatal components for a drought deciduous shrub, Diplacus aurantiacus, and an evergreen shrub, Heteromeles arbutifolia. As predicted, the drought deciduous shrub had the higher gas conductance, and hence SO2 absorptance. However, nonstomatal components also play a role in determining SO2 sensitivity. Apparently a plant with a high intrinsic photosynthetic capacity will be more sensitive to SO2 than one with a lower capacity.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00545231
View details for PubMedID 28310283
-
SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND COMPETITION IN A CHILEAN DESERT CACTUS
OECOLOGIA
1979; 44 (1): 40-43
View details for Web of Science ID A1980JA23800008
-
RESISTANCE TO WATER TRANSFER IN DESERT SHRUBS NATIVE TO DEATH-VALLEY, CALIFORNIA
PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM
1979; 46 (2): 139-146
View details for Web of Science ID A1979HB86700012
-
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND MICROCLIMATE OF CAMISSONIA-CLAVIFORMIS, A DESERT WINTER ANNUAL
ECOLOGY
1979; 60 (2): 280-286
View details for Web of Science ID A1979HD78300005
-
WATER RELATIONS OF SOME DESERT PLANTS IN DEATH-VALLEY, CALIFORNIA
FLORA
1979; 168 (4): 405-427
View details for Web of Science ID A1979HB90200007
-
CONVERGENCE VERSUS NON-CONVERGENCE IN MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE ECOSYSTEMS
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS
1978; 9: 265-321
View details for Web of Science ID A1978FY09200012
-
LEAF HAIRS - EFFECTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY AND ADAPTIVE VALUE TO A DESERT SHRUB
OECOLOGIA
1978; 37 (2): 183-200
View details for Web of Science ID A1978GC12600004
-
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION TO TEMPERATURE IN DESERT SHRUB, LARREA-DIVARICATA .1. CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTACT LEAVES
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
1978; 61 (3): 406-410
Abstract
Larrea divaricata, a desert evergreen shrub, has a remarkable ability to adjust its photosynthetic temperature response characteristics to changing temperature conditions. In its native habitat on the floor of Death Valley, California, plants of this C(3) species when provided with adequate water are able to maintain a relatively high and constant photosynthetic activity throughout the year even though the mean daily maximum temperature varies by nearly 30 C from winter to summer. The temperature dependence of light-saturated net photosynthesis varies in concert with these seasonal temperature changes whereas the photosynthetic rate at the respective optimum temperatures shows little change.Experiments on plants of the same age, grown at day/night temperatures of 20/15, 35/25, and 45/33 C with the same conditions of day length and other environmental factors, showed a similar photosynthetic acclimation response as observed in nature. An analysis was made of a number of factors that potentially can contribute to the observed changes in the temperature dependence of net CO(2) uptake at normal CO(2) and O(2) levels. These included stomatal conductance, respiration, O(2) inhibition of photosynthesis, and nonstomatal limitations of CO(2) diffusive transport. None of these factors, separately or taken together, can account for the observed acclimation responses. Measurements under high saturating CO(2) concentrations provide additional evidence that the observed adaptive responses are primarily the result of changes in intrinsic characteristics of the photosynthetic machinery at the cellular or subcellular levels. Two apparently separate effects of the growth temperature regime can be distinguished: one involves an increased capacity for photosynthesis at low, rate-limiting temperatures with decreased growth temperature, and the other an increased thermal stability of key components of the photosynthetic apparatus with increased growth temperature.
View details for Web of Science ID A1978ES65400024
View details for PubMedID 16660303
-
ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATIONS OF ATACAMAN DESERT CACTUS COPIAPOA-HASELTONIANA
FLORA
1977; 166 (2): 117-124
View details for Web of Science ID A1977DE08800005
-
CARBON ISOTOPE RATIO MEASUREMENTS OF SUCCULENT PLANTS IN SOUTHERN-AFRICA
OECOLOGIA
1977; 30 (4): 295-305
View details for Web of Science ID A1977EA50200001
-
ENERGY-BALANCE OF LEAVES OF EVERGREEN DESERT SHRUB ATRIPLEX-HYMENELYTRA
OECOLOGIA
1977; 29 (4): 301-310
View details for Web of Science ID A1977DT91200002
-
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN 2 DESERT SHRUBS, ATRIPLEX-HYMENELYTRA AND TIDESTROMIA-OBLONGIFOLIA IN DEATH-VALLEY, CALIFORNIA
JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
1977; 65 (3): 831-838
View details for Web of Science ID A1977EA87700006
-
VARIABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIOS OF DUDLEYA SPECIES GROWING IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
OECOLOGIA
1977; 30 (4): 307-311
View details for Web of Science ID A1977EA50200002
-
HIGH PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY OF A WINTER ANNUAL IN DEATH-VALLEY
SCIENCE
1976; 194 (4262): 322-324
Abstract
Camissonia claviformis, a winter annual of Death Valley, California, that fixes carbon dioxide by the C(3) mechanism, has an in situ photosynthetic rate at midday in spring of nearly 6 nanomoles of carbon dioxide per square centimeter per second-an exceptionally high rate. Camissonia fixes absorbed noon sunlight in the 400- to 700-nanometer region into chemical energy with an efficiency of 8.5 percent, which is 80 percent of that theoretically possible for intact leaves. This performance is primarily due to an unusual capacity to utilize high irradiances. Factors associated with this include a high stomatal conductance to carbon dioxide and high levels of soluble protein and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase.
View details for Web of Science ID A1976CF53900021
View details for PubMedID 17738049
-
LEAF PUBESCENCE - EFFECTS ON ABSORPTANCE AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN A DESERT SHRUB
SCIENCE
1976; 192 (4237): 376-377
Abstract
The presence of leaf pubescence (leaf hairs) in Encelia farinosa, a desert species of the Composite family, reduces the absorptance of photosynthetically active radiation (400 to 700 nanometers) by as much as 56 percent more than a closely related but nonpubescent species, E. californica, a native of the relatively moist southern California coast. Pubescence in E. farinosa, which increases through the growing season, modifies the leaf energy balance and dramatically reduces the photosynthetic rate. The reduction in the photosynthetic rate is caused by decreased light absorption rather than decreased carbon dioxide conductance through the boundary layer.
View details for Web of Science ID A1976BM85500021
View details for PubMedID 17758964
-
ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ON A CALIFORNIA EVERGREEN SHRUB
OECOLOGIA
1975; 19 (4): 293-301
View details for Web of Science ID A1975AG43900003
-
ADAPTATION TO SERPENTINE SOILS IN CALIFORNIA OF ANNUAL SPECIES LINANTHUS-ANDROSACEUS (POLEMONIACEAE)
BULLETIN OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
1975; 102 (5): 232-238
View details for Web of Science ID A1975BM27300002
-
MECHANISM OF MONOTERPENE VOLATILIZATION IN SALVIA-MELLIFERA
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
1975; 14 (12): 2555-2557
View details for Web of Science ID A1975BB37300004
-
Seasonal variation in the production of tannins and cyanogenic glucosides in the chaparral shrub, Heteromeles arbutifolia.
Oecologia
1974; 15 (1): 65-76
Abstract
The seasonal quantitative variation in tannin and cyanogenic glucoside levels was examined in a population of Heteromeles arbutifolia, an evergreen sclerophyll shrub, during the growing seasons of 1972 and 1973. The seasonal syntheses of these presumed herbivore defensive compounds relates to patterns of carbon gain and allocation as well as nutrient status in this plant: 1. Leaves exhibit high levels of both tannins and cyanogenic glucosides at the time of their initiation. It is postulated that these high levels are possible because of favorable balance of carbon and nutrients prior to leaf initiation. 2. Levels of the nitrogen-containing cyanogenic glucosides in the leaves correlate positively with available nitrogen in this plant which varies seasonally. 3. Fruits exhibit a long maturation period characterized by low levels of predation. On maturation the fruits are rapidly removed by birds. Natural products seem to play a role in this system. Immature fruit exhibits extremely high tannin levels as well as puly cyanogenic glucosides. On maturation the tannin levels decline and the glucosides are shifted from the pulp to the seeds.
View details for DOI 10.1007/BF00345228
View details for PubMedID 28308617
-
SEASONAL-CHANGES IN NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF ATRIPLEX-HYMENELYTRA SHRUBS GROWING IN DEATH-VALLEY, CALIFORNIA
OECOLOGIA
1974; 17 (2): 111-119
View details for Web of Science ID A1974U676500002
-
PHOTOSYNTHETIC MECHANISMS AND PALEOECOLOGY FROM CARBON ISOTOPE RATIOS IN ANCIENT SPECIMENS OF C4 AND CAM PLANTS
SCIENCE
1974; 185 (4151): 610-612
Abstract
Carbon istotope ratios of modern, 10,000-year-old, and more than 40,000-year-old Atriplex confertifolia (C(4)) material from Nevada caves indicate that the C(4) photosynthetic pathway was operating in these plants over that period. Samples of a plant with crassulacean acid metabolism, Opuntia polyacantha, were also measured, and a shift in the 8(13)C value from -21.9 per mil (more than 40,000 years ago) to -13.9 per mil (10,000 years ago) was observed. This provides unique physiological evidence to support the hypothesis that the late Pleistocene pluvial climate in the region already had become drier about 10,000 years ago.
View details for Web of Science ID A1974T733900020
View details for PubMedID 17791235
-
COMPARATIVE PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITIES OF INTERTIDAL ALGAE UNDER EXPOSED AND SUBMERGED CONDITIONS
ECOLOGY
1974; 55 (2): 450-453
View details for Web of Science ID A1974S694900024
-
VOLATILIZATION OF TERPENES FROM SALVIA-MELLIFERA
NATURE
1974; 252 (5479): 119-120
View details for Web of Science ID A1974U582100036
-
COMPARATIVE CARBON BALANCE AND REPRODUCTIVE MODES OF 2 CALIFORNIAN AESCULUS SPECIES
BOTANICAL GAZETTE
1974; 135 (4): 306-313
View details for Web of Science ID A1974W299800007
-
SEASONAL-VARIATION IN PRODUCTION OF TANNINS AND CYANOGENIC GLUCOSIDES IN CHAPARRAL SHRUB, HETEROMELES-ARBUTIFOLIA
OECOLOGIA
1974; 15 (1): 65-76
Abstract
The seasonal quantitative variation in tannin and cyanogenic glucoside levels was examined in a population of Heteromeles arbutifolia, an evergreen sclerophyll shrub, during the growing seasons of 1972 and 1973. The seasonal syntheses of these presumed herbivore defensive compounds relates to patterns of carbon gain and allocation as well as nutrient status in this plant: 1. Leaves exhibit high levels of both tannins and cyanogenic glucosides at the time of their initiation. It is postulated that these high levels are possible because of favorable balance of carbon and nutrients prior to leaf initiation. 2. Levels of the nitrogen-containing cyanogenic glucosides in the leaves correlate positively with available nitrogen in this plant which varies seasonally. 3. Fruits exhibit a long maturation period characterized by low levels of predation. On maturation the fruits are rapidly removed by birds. Natural products seem to play a role in this system. Immature fruit exhibits extremely high tannin levels as well as puly cyanogenic glucosides. On maturation the tannin levels decline and the glucosides are shifted from the pulp to the seeds.
View details for Web of Science ID A1974S993500004
-
DROUGHT ADAPTATIONS IN 2 CALIFORNIAN-EVERGREEN-SCLEROPHYLLS
OECOLOGIA
1974; 15 (3): 205-222
View details for Web of Science ID A1974T321600001
-
SEASONAL CARBON ALLOCATION IN HETEROMELES-ARBUTIFOLIA, A CALIFORNIA EVERGREEN SHRUB
OECOLOGIA
1974; 14 (4): 295-306
Abstract
The seasonal patterning of carbon gain and allocation was studied in the California evergreen sclerophyll shrub, Heteromeles arbutifolia. Specifically an analysis was made of the seasonal structural allocations to stems, leaves, roots and reproductive parts as well as to functional categories of cell structure, metabolism, storage, and secondary compounds (predator protection).The differential partitioning during the various seasons is viewed in terms of the overall carbon economy of the shrub. It is suggested that not all functions can be met simultaneously, even though there is year round carbon gain, because of the heavy allocation demands to meet a particular environmental stress during a given season. For example, during the spring there is a priority allocation to the development of the canopy, apparently for competitive purposes, with little going to reproduction, storage and secondary compounds.
View details for Web of Science ID A1974S700200001
-
CARBOHYDRATE STORAGE CYCLES IN 2 CALIFORNIAN MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE TREES
FLORA
1973; 162 (3): 295-304
View details for Web of Science ID A1973Q015600009
-
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ADAPTATION TO HIGH-TEMPERATURES - FIELD STUDY IN DEATH VALLEY, CALIFORNIA
SCIENCE
1972; 175 (4023): 786-?
Abstract
The photosynthesis of Tidestromia oblongifolia (Amranthaceae) is remarkably well adapted to operate at the very high summer temperatures of the native habitat on the floor of Death Valley. The photosynthetic rate was very high and reached its daily maximum when the light intensity reached its noon maximum at the high leaf temperatures of 460 degrees to 50 degrees C which occurred at this time. At the intensity of noon sunlight the rate decreased markedly when the leaf temperature was experimentally reduced to below 44 degrees C. The optimum rate occurred at 47 degrees C. At this temperature the photosynthetic rate was essentially directly proportional to light intensity up to full sunlight.
View details for Web of Science ID A1972L621300037
View details for PubMedID 17836139
-
MOBILE LABORATORY FOR GAS EXCHANGE MEASUREMENTS
PHOTOSYNTHETICA
1971; 5 (2): 128-?
View details for Web of Science ID A1971J728900006
-
EFFECT OF SEA WATER ON CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE BY HALOPHYTE LIMONIUM-CALIFORNICUM (BOISS) HELLER
ANNALS OF BOTANY
1970; 34 (134): 117-?
View details for Web of Science ID A1970F665500010
-
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION OF MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE EVERGREEN SCLEROPHYLL SHRUBS
EVOLUTION
1970; 24 (2): 292-?
View details for Web of Science ID A1970G835200004
View details for PubMedID 28565060
-
BEHAVIOUR OF LARREA DIVARICATA (CREOSOTE BUSH) IN RESPONSE TO RAINFALL IN CALIFORNIA
JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
1969; 57 (1): 37-?
View details for Web of Science ID A1969D234800003
-
TRANSPIRATION INTENSITY AS RELATED TO VEGETATION ZONATION IN WHITE MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA
AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
1968; 80 (2): 407-?
View details for Web of Science ID A1968C065500007
-
ECOLOGY OF ARCTIC AND ALPINE PLANTS
BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
1968; 43 (4): 481-?
View details for Web of Science ID A1968C024200004
-
WINTERTIME PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF BRISTLECONE PINE (PINUS ARISTATA) IN WHITE MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA
ECOLOGY
1967; 48 (6): 1044-?
View details for Web of Science ID A1967A465800034
-
FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF METABOLIC RESPONSES OF BRISTLECONE PINE AND BIG SAGEBRUSH IN WHITE MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA
BOTANICAL GAZETTE
1966; 127 (2-3): 105-?
View details for Web of Science ID A19668382600005
-
POPULATION VARIABILITY OF CERCOCARPUS IN WHITE MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA AS RELATED TO HABITAT
EVOLUTION
1966; 20 (3): 383-?
View details for Web of Science ID A19668352400010
-
TRANSPIRATION RATES OF ALPINE PLANTS IN SIERRA NEVADA OF CALIFORNIA
AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
1965; 74 (2): 374-?
View details for Web of Science ID A19657021100011
-
PINYON WOODLAND ZONE IN WHITE MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA
AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
1965; 73 (1): 225-?
View details for Web of Science ID A19656987400015
-
SUBSTRATE-ORIENTED DISTRIBUTION OF BRISTLECONE PINE IN WHITE MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA
AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
1965; 73 (2): 257-?
View details for Web of Science ID A19656987500001
-
COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF ARCTIC AND ALPINE POPULATIONS OF OXYRIA DIGYNA
ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS
1961; 31 (1): 1-?
View details for Web of Science ID A19611161B00003
-
THE ANNUAL CARBOHYDRATE CYCLE OF ALPINE PLANTS AS RELATED TO GROWTH
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY
1960; 47 (7): 594-598
View details for Web of Science ID A1960WN12200010
-
AN APPARENT FROST HUMMOCK-SORTED POLYGON CYCLE IN THE ALPINE TUNDRA OF WYOMING
ECOLOGY
1959; 40 (1): 16-20
View details for Web of Science ID A1959WR63200003