Ian Gabalski

All Publications

• Distinguishing the XUV-induced Coulomb explosion dynamics of iodobenzene using covariance analysis JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS Walmsley, T., Allum, F., Harries, J. R., Kumagai, Y., Lim, S., McManus, J., Nagaya, K., Britton, M., Brouard, M., Bucksbaum, P., Fushitani, M., Gabalski, I., Gejo, T., Hockett, P., Howard, A. J., Iwayama, H., Kukk, E., Lam, C., Minns, R. S., Niozu, A., Nishimuro, S., Niskanen, J., Owada, S., Razmus, W. O., Rolles, D., Somper, J., Ueda, K., Unwin, J., Wada, S., Woodhouse, J. L., Forbes, R., Burt, M., Warne, E. M. 2024; 57 (23)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/1361-6455/ad8799

  View details for Web of Science ID 001342250200001

• Time-Resolved Probing of the Iodobenzene C-Band Using XUV-Induced Electron Transfer Dynamics. ACS physical chemistry Au Unwin, J., Razmus, W. O., Allum, F., Harries, J. R., Kumagai, Y., Nagaya, K., Britton, M., Brouard, M., Bucksbaum, P., Fushitani, M., Gabalski, I., Gejo, T., Hockett, P., Howard, A. J., Iwayama, H., Kukk, E., Lam, C. S., McManus, J., Minns, R. S., Niozu, A., Nishimuro, S., Niskanen, J., Owada, S., Pickering, J. D., Rolles, D., Somper, J., Ueda, K., Wada, S. I., Walmsley, T., Woodhouse, J. L., Forbes, R., Burt, M., Warne, E. M. 2024; 4 (6): 620-631

  Abstract

  Time-resolved extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy was used to investigate photodissociation within the iodobenzene C-band. The carbon-iodine bond of iodobenzene was photolyzed at 200 nm, and the ensuing dynamics were probed at 10.3 nm (120 eV) over a 4 ps range. Two product channels were observed and subsequently isolated by using a global fitting method. Their onset times and energetics were assigned to distinct electron transfer dynamics initiated following site-selective ionization of the iodine photoproducts, enabling the electronic states of the phenyl fragments to be identified using a classical over-the-barrier model for electron transfer. In combination with previous theoretical work, this allowed the corresponding neutral photochemistry to be assigned to (1) dissociation via the 7B2, 8A2, and 8B1 states to give ground-state phenyl, Ph(X), and spin-orbit excited iodine and (2) dissociation through the 7A1 and 8B2 states to give excited-state phenyl, Ph(A), and ground-state iodine. The branching ratio was determined to be 87 ± 4% Ph(X) and 13 ± 4% Ph(A). Similarly, the corresponding amount of energy deposited into the internal phenyl modes in these channels was determined to be 44 ± 10 and 65 ± 21%, respectively, and upper bounds to the channel rise times were found to be 114 ± 6 and 310 ± 60 fs.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acsphyschemau.4c00036

  View details for PubMedID 39634650

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11613270

• Quantitative x-ray scattering of free molecules JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS Ma, L., Goff, N., Carrascosa, A., Nelson, S., Liang, M., Cheng, X., Yong, H., Gabalski, I., Huang, L., Crane, S. W., Green, A. E., Allum, F., Lenzen, P., Muvva, S., Heald, L. F., Liu, Y., Bhattacharyya, S., Larsen, K. A., Grassl, M., Forbes, R., Centurion, M., Wolf, T. A., Kirrander, A., Minitti, M. P., Weber, P. M. 2024; 57 (20)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/1361-6455/ad78d0

  View details for Web of Science ID 001316206100001

• Time-Resolved Probing of the Iodobenzene C-Band Using XUV-Induced Electron Transfer Dynamics ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU Unwin, J., Razmus, W. O., Allum, F., Harries, J. R., Kumagai, Y., Nagaya, K., Britton, M., Brouard, M., Bucksbaum, P., Fushitani, M., Gabalski, I., Gejo, T., Hockett, P., Howard, A. J., Iwayama, H., Kukk, E., Lam, C., McManus, J., Minns, R. S., Niozu, A., Nishimuro, S., Niskanen, J., Owada, S., Pickering, J. D., Rolles, D., Somper, J., Ueda, K., Wada, S., Walmsley, T., Woodhouse, J. L., Forbes, R., Burt, M., Warne, E. M. 2024

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acsphyschemau.4c00036

  View details for Web of Science ID 001289123200001

• Exploring the ultrafast and isomer-dependent photodissociation of iodothiophenes via site-selective ionization. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP Razmus, W. O., Allum, F., Harries, J., Kumagai, Y., Nagaya, K., Bhattacharyya, S., Britton, M., Brouard, M., Bucksbaum, P. H., Cheung, K., Crane, S. W., Fushitani, M., Gabalski, I., Gejo, T., Ghrist, A., Heathcote, D., Hikosaka, Y., Hishikawa, A., Hockett, P., Jones, E., Kukk, E., Iwayama, H., Lam, H. V., McManus, J. W., Milesevic, D., Mikosch, J., Minemoto, S., Niozu, A., Orr-Ewing, A. J., Owada, S., Rolles, D., Rudenko, A., Townsend, D., Ueda, K., Unwin, J., Vallance, C., Venkatachalam, A., Wada, S. I., Walmsley, T., Warne, E. M., Woodhouse, J. L., Burt, M., Ashfold, M. N., Minns, R. S., Forbes, R. 2024

  Abstract

  C-I bond extension and fission following ultraviolet (UV, 262 nm) photoexcitation of 2- and 3-iodothiophene is studied using ultrafast time-resolved extreme ultraviolet (XUV) ionization in conjunction with velocity map ion imaging. The photoexcited molecules and eventual I atom products are probed by site-selective ionization at the I 4d edge using intense XUV pulses, which induce multiple charges initially localized to the iodine atom. At C-I separations below the critical distance for charge transfer (CT), charge can redistribute around the molecule leading to Coulomb explosion and charged fragments with high kinetic energy. At greater C-I separations, beyond the critical distance, CT is no longer possible and the measured kinetic energies of the charged iodine atoms report on the neutral dissociation process. The time and momentum resolved measurements allow determination of the timescales and the respective product momentum and kinetic energy distributions for both isomers, which are interpreted in terms of rival 'direct' and 'indirect' dissociation pathways. The measurements are compared with a classical over the barrier model, which reveals that the onset of the indirect dissociation process is delayed by ∼1 ps relative to the direct process. The kinetics of the two processes show no discernible difference between the two parent isomers, but the branching between the direct and indirect dissociation channels and the respective product momentum distributions show isomer dependencies. The greater relative yield of indirect dissociation products from 262 nm photolysis of 3-iodothiophene (cf. 2-iodothiophene) is attributed to the different partial cross-sections for (ring-centred) π∗ ← π and (C-I bond localized) σ∗ ← (n/π) excitation in the respective parent isomers.

  View details for DOI 10.1039/d3cp06079a

  View details for PubMedID 38616653

• X-ray induced Coulomb explosion imaging of transient excited-state structural rearrangements in CS₂ COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS Unwin, J., Allum, F., Britton, M., Gabalski, I., Bromberger, H., Brouard, M., Bucksbaum, P. H., Driver, T., Ekanayake, N., Garg, D., Gougoula, E., Heathcote, D., Howard, A. J., Hockett, P., Holland, D. P., Kumar, S., Lam, C., Lee, J. L., Mcmanus, J., Mikosch, J., Milesevic, D., Minns, R. S., Papadopoulou, C. C., Passow, C., Razmus, W. O., Roeder, A., Rouzee, A., Schuurman, M., Simao, A., Stolow, A., Tul-Noor, A., Vallance, C., Walmsley, T., Rolles, D., Erk, B., Burt, M., Forbes, R. 2023; 6 (1)

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s42005-023-01414-7

  View details for Web of Science ID 001095830300001

• Femtosecond Electronic and Hydrogen Structural Dynamics in Ammonia Imaged with Ultrafast Electron Diffraction. Physical review letters Champenois, E. G., List, N. H., Ware, M., Britton, M., Bucksbaum, P. H., Cheng, X., Centurion, M., Cryan, J. P., Forbes, R., Gabalski, I., Hegazy, K., Hoffmann, M. C., Howard, A. J., Ji, F., Lin, M. F., Nunes, J. P., Shen, X., Yang, J., Wang, X., Martinez, T. J., Wolf, T. J. 2023; 131 (14): 143001

  Abstract

  Directly imaging structural dynamics involving hydrogen atoms by ultrafast diffraction methods is complicated by their low scattering cross sections. Here we demonstrate that megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction is sufficiently sensitive to follow hydrogen dynamics in isolated molecules. In a study of the photodissociation of gas phase ammonia, we simultaneously observe signatures of the nuclear and corresponding electronic structure changes resulting from the dissociation dynamics in the time-dependent diffraction. Both assignments are confirmed by ab initio simulations of the photochemical dynamics and the resulting diffraction observable. While the temporal resolution of the experiment is insufficient to resolve the dissociation in time, our results represent an important step towards the observation of proton dynamics in real space and time.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.143001

  View details for PubMedID 37862660

• Time-Resolved X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Ultrafast Dynamics in CS2 Probed at the S 2p Edge. The journal of physical chemistry letters Gabalski, I., Allum, F., Seidu, I., Britton, M., Brenner, G., Bromberger, H., Brouard, M., Bucksbaum, P. H., Burt, M., Cryan, J. P., Driver, T., Ekanayake, N., Erk, B., Garg, D., Gougoula, E., Heathcote, D., Hockett, P., Holland, D. M., Howard, A. J., Kumar, S., Lee, J. W., Li, S., McManus, J., Mikosch, J., Milesevic, D., Minns, R. S., Neville, S., Papadopoulou, C. C., Passow, C., Razmus, W. O., Röder, A., Rouzée, A., Simao, A., Unwin, J., Vallance, C., Walmsley, T., Wang, J., Rolles, D., Stolow, A., Schuurman, M. S., Forbes, R. 2023: 7126-7133

  Abstract

  Recent developments in X-ray free-electron lasers have enabled a novel site-selective probe of coupled nuclear and electronic dynamics in photoexcited molecules, time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TRXPS). We present results from a joint experimental and theoretical TRXPS study of the well-characterized ultraviolet photodissociation of CS2, a prototypical system for understanding non-adiabatic dynamics. These results demonstrate that the sulfur 2p binding energy is sensitive to changes in the nuclear structure following photoexcitation, which ultimately leads to dissociation into CS and S photoproducts. We are able to assign the main X-ray spectroscopic features to the CS and S products via comparison to a first-principles determination of the TRXPS based on ab initio multiple-spawning simulations. Our results demonstrate the use of TRXPS as a local probe of complex ultrafast photodissociation dynamics involving multimodal vibrational coupling, nonradiative transitions between electronic states, and multiple final product channels.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01447

  View details for PubMedID 37534743

• Filming enhanced ionization in an ultrafast triatomic slingshot. Communications chemistry Howard, A. J., Britton, M., Streeter, Z. L., Cheng, C., Forbes, R., Reynolds, J. L., Allum, F., McCracken, G. A., Gabalski, I., Lucchese, R. R., McCurdy, C. W., Weinacht, T., Bucksbaum, P. H. 2023; 6 (1): 81

  Abstract

  Filming atomic motion within molecules is an active pursuit of molecular physics and quantum chemistry. A promising method is laser-induced Coulomb Explosion Imaging (CEI) where a laser pulse rapidly ionizes many electrons from a molecule, causing the remaining ions to undergo Coulomb repulsion. The ion momenta are used to reconstruct the molecular geometry which is tracked over time (i.e., filmed) by ionizing at an adjustable delay with respect to the start of interatomic motion. Results are distorted, however, by ultrafast motion during the ionizing pulse. We studied this effect in water and filmed the rapid "slingshot" motion that enhances ionization and distorts CEI results. Our investigation uncovered both the geometry and mechanism of the enhancement which may inform CEI experiments in many other polyatomic molecules.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s42004-023-00882-w

  View details for PubMedID 37106058

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10140156

• Transient vibration and product formation of photoexcited CS2 measured by time-resolved x-ray scattering. The Journal of chemical physics Gabalski, I., Sere, M., Acheson, K., Allum, F., Boutet, S., Dixit, G., Forbes, R., Glownia, J. M., Goff, N., Hegazy, K., Howard, A. J., Liang, M., Minitti, M. P., Minns, R. S., Natan, A., Peard, N., Rasmus, W. O., Sension, R. J., Ware, M. R., Weber, P. M., Werby, N., Wolf, T. J., Kirrander, A., Bucksbaum, P. H. 2022; 157 (16): 164305

  Abstract

  We have observed details of the internal motion and dissociation channels in photoexcited carbon disulfide (CS2) using time-resolved x-ray scattering (TRXS). Photoexcitation of gas-phase CS2 with a 200nm laser pulse launches oscillatory bending and stretching motion, leading to dissociation of atomic sulfur in under a picosecond. During the first 300fs following excitation, we observe significant changes in the vibrational frequency as well as some dissociation of the C-S bond, leading to atomic sulfur in the both 1D and 3P states. Beyond 1400fs, the dissociation is consistent with primarily 3P atomic sulfur dissociation. This channel-resolved measurement of the dissociation time is based on our analysis of the time-windowed dissociation radial velocity distribution, which is measured using the temporal Fourier transform of the TRXS data aided by a Hough transform that extracts the slopes of linear features in an image. The relative strength of the two dissociation channels reflects both their branching ratio and differences in the spread of their dissociation times. Measuring the time-resolved dissociation radial velocity distribution aids the resolution of discrepancies between models for dissociation proposed by prior photoelectron spectroscopy work.

  View details for DOI 10.1063/5.0113079

  View details for PubMedID 36319419

• Multichannel photodissociation dynamics in CS2 studied by ultrafast electron diffraction. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP Razmus, W. O., Acheson, K., Bucksbaum, P., Centurion, M., Champenois, E., Gabalski, I., Hoffman, M. C., Howard, A., Lin, M., Liu, Y., Nunes, P., Saha, S., Shen, X., Ware, M., Warne, E. M., Weinacht, T., Wilkin, K., Yang, J., Wolf, T. J., Kirrander, A., Minns, R. S., Forbes, R. 2022

  Abstract

  The structural dynamics of photoexcited gas-phase carbon disulfide (CS2) molecules are investigated using ultrafast electron diffraction. The dynamics were triggered by excitation of the optically bright 1B2(1Sigmau+) state by an ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulse centred at 200 nm. In accordance with previous studies, rapid vibrational motion facilitates a combination of internal conversion and intersystem crossing to lower-lying electronic states. Photodissociation via these electronic manifolds results in the production of CS fragments in the electronic ground state and dissociated singlet and triplet sulphur atoms. The structural dynamics are extracted from the experiment using a trajectory-fitting filtering approach, revealing the main characteristics of the singlet and triplet dissociation pathways. Finally, the effect of the time-resolution on the experimental signal is considered and an outlook to future experiments provided.

  View details for DOI 10.1039/d2cp01268e

  View details for PubMedID 35707953

• X-ray scattering signatures of early-time accelerations in iodine dissociation JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS Gabalski, I., Ware, M. R., Bucksbaum, P. H. 2020; 53 (24)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/1361-6455/abc22a

  View details for Web of Science ID 000590718800001