Jesus Miguens Blanco

All Publications

• 3D printed rectal swabs for assessing the gut microbiome, metabolome and inflammation. Scientific reports Perry, R. W., Mullish, B. H., Alexander, J. L., Shah, R., Danckert, N. P., Blanco, J. M., Roberts, L., Liu, Z., Chrysostomou, D., Radhakrishnan, S. T., Balarajah, S., Barry, R., Hicks, L. C., Williams, H. R., Marchesi, J. R. 2024; 14 (1): 16613

  Abstract

  Investigating the gut microbiome and metabolome frequently requires faecal samples, which can be difficult to obtain. Previous studies have shown that rectal swabs are comparable to faecal samples for analysing gut microbiota composition and key metabolites. In this study, 3D printed rectal swabs were compared with conventional flocked swabs and faecal samples, due to the potential advantages 3D printing as a technique offers for swab production and development. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, qPCR and metabolite profiling (using 1H-NMR spectroscopy) were performed on swab and faecal samples from healthy participants. Faecal calprotectin and total protein analysis were performed on samples from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. There were no significant differences between both swab types and faecal samples when assessing key measures of alpha and beta diversity, and differences in the abundance of major phyla. There was a strong correlation between both swab types and faecal samples for all combined metabolites detected by NMR. In IBD patients, there was no significant difference in faecal calprotectin and total protein levels between both swab types and faecal samples. These data lead us to conclude that 3D printed swabs are equivalent to flocked swabs for the analysis of the gut microbiome, metabolome and inflammation.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-67457-0

  View details for PubMedID 39026025

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11258137

• Diet shapes the metabolite profile in the intact human ileum, which affects PYY release SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE Dagbasi, A., Byrne, C., Blunt, D., Serrano-Contreras, J., Becker, G., Blanco, J., Camuzeaux, S., Chambers, E., Danckert, N., Edwards, C., Bernal, A., Garcia, M., Hanyaloglu, A., Holmes, E., Ma, Y., Marchesi, J., Martinez-Gili, L., Mendoza, L., Tashkova, M., Perez-Moral, N., Garcia-Perez, I., Robles, A., Sands, C., Wist, J., Murphy, K. G., Frost, G. 2024; 16 (752): eadm8132

  Abstract

  The human ileum contains a high density of enteroendocrine L-cells, which release the appetite-suppressing hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in response to food intake. Recent evidence highlighted the potential role of food structures in PYY release, but the link between food structures, ileal metabolites, and appetite hormone release remains unclear owing to limited access to intact human ileum. In a randomized crossover trial (ISRCTN11327221; isrctn.com), we investigated the role of human ileum in GLP-1 and PYY release by giving healthy volunteers diets differing in fiber and food structure: high-fiber (intact or disrupted food structures) or low-fiber disrupted food structures. We used nasoenteric tubes to sample chyme from the intact distal ileum lumina of humans in the fasted state and every 60 min for 480 min postprandially. We demonstrate the highly dynamic, wide-ranging molecular environment of the ileum over time, with a substantial decrease in ileum bacterial numbers and bacterial metabolites after food intake. We also show that high-fiber diets, independent of food structure, increased PYY release compared with a low-fiber diet during 0 to 240 min postprandially. High-fiber diets also increased ileal stachyose, and a disrupted high-fiber diet increased certain ileal amino acids. Treatment of human ileal organoids with ileal fluids or an amino acid and stachyose mixture stimulated PYY expression in a similar profile to blood PYY concentrations, confirming the role of ileal metabolites in PYY release. Our study demonstrates the diet-induced changes over time in the metabolite environment of intact human ileum, which play a role in PYY release.

  View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.adm8132

  View details for Web of Science ID 001281751700001

  View details for PubMedID 38896603

• Safety and preliminary efficacy of pembrolizumab following trans-arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: the PETAL phase Ib study. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research Pinato, D. J., D'Alessio, A., Fulgenzi, C. A., Schlaak, A. E., Celsa, C., Killmer, S., Blanco, J. M., Ward, C., Stikas, C., Openshaw, M. R., Acuti, N., Nteliopoulos, G., Balcells, C., Keun, H. C., Goldin, R. D., Ross, P. J., Cortellini, A., Thomas, R., Young, A. M., Danckert, N., Tait, P., Marchesi, J. R., Bengsch, B., Sharma, R. 2024

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: TACE may prime adaptive immunity and enhance immunotherapy efficacy. PETAL evaluated safety, preliminary activity of TACE plus pembrolizumab and explored mechanisms of efficacy.METHODS: Patients with liver-confined HCC were planned to receive up to 2 rounds of TACE followed by pembrolizumab 200 mg every 21 days commencing 30-days post-TACE until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity for up to 1 year. Primary endpoint was safety, 21-days dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) from pembrolizumab initiation. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS) and evaluation of tumour and host determinants of response.RESULTS: Fifteen patients were included in the safety and efficacy population: 73% had non-viral cirrhosis, median age was 72 years. Child-Pugh (CP) class was A in 14 patients. Median tumour size was 4 cm. Ten patients (67%) received pembrolizumab after 1 TACE, 5 patients after 2 (33%). Pembrolizumab yielded no synergistic toxicity nor DLTs post-TACE. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 93% of patients most commonly skin rash (40%), fatigue and diarrhoea (27%). After a median follow-up of 38.5 months, objective response rate (ORR) 12 weeks post-TACE was 53%. PFS rate at 12 weeks was 93% and median PFS was 8.95 months (95%CI 7.30-NA). Median duration of response was 7.3 months (95%CI: 6.3-8.3). Median OS was 33.5 months (95%CI: 11.6-NA). Dynamic changes in peripheral T-cell subsets, circulating tumour DNA, serum metabolites and in stool bacterial profiles highlight potential mechanisms of action of multi-modal therapy.CONCLUSIONS: TACE plus pembrolizumab was tolerable with no evidence of synergistic toxicity, encouraging further clinical development of immunotherapy alongside TACE.

  View details for DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-24-0177

  View details for PubMedID 38578610

• A synthetic biology approach to engineering circuits in immune cells. Immunological reviews Hoces, D., Miguens Blanco, J., Hernandez-Lopez, R. A. 2023

  Abstract

  A synthetic circuit in a biological system involves the designed assembly of genetic elements, biomolecules, or cells to create a defined function. These circuits are central in synthetic biology, enabling the reprogramming of cellular behavior and the engineering of cells with customized responses. In cancer therapeutics, engineering T cells with circuits have the potential to overcome the challenges of current approaches, for example, by allowing specific recognition and killing of cancer cells. Recent advances also facilitate engineering integrated circuits for the controlled release of therapeutic molecules at specified locations, for example, in a solid tumor. In this review, we discuss recent strategies and applications of synthetic receptor circuits aimed at enhancing immune cell functions for cancer immunotherapy. We begin by introducing the concept of circuits in networks at the molecular and cellular scales and provide an analysis of the development and implementation of several synthetic circuits in T cells that have the goal to overcome current challenges in cancer immunotherapy. These include specific targeting of cancer cells, increased T-cell proliferation, and persistence in the tumor microenvironment. By harnessing the power of synthetic biology, and the characteristics of certain circuit architectures, it is now possible to engineer a new generation of immune cells that recognize cancer cells, while minimizing off-target toxicities. We specifically discuss T-cell circuits for antigen density sensing. These circuits allow targeting of solid tumors that share antigens with normal tissues. Additionally, we explore designs for synthetic circuits that could control T-cell differentiation or T-cell fate as well as the concept of synthetic multicellular circuits that leverage cellular communication and division of labor to achieve improved therapeutic efficacy. As our understanding of cell biology expands and novel tools for genome, protein, and cell engineering are developed, we anticipate further innovative approaches to emerge in the design and engineering of circuits in immune cells.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/imr.13244

  View details for PubMedID 37464881

• Short-chain fatty and carboxylic acid changes associated with fecal microbiota transplant communally influence microglial inflammation HELIYON Churchward, M. A., Michaud, E. R., Mullish, B. H., Blanco, J., Perez, I., Marchesi, J. R., Xu, H., Kao, D., Todd, K. G. 2023; 9 (6): e16908

  Abstract

  The intestinal microbiota has been proposed to influence human mental health and cognition through the gut-brain axis. Individuals experiencing recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) frequently report depressive symptoms, which are improved after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT); however, mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. Short-chain fatty acids and carboxylic acids (SCCA) produced by the intestinal microbiota cross the blood brain barrier and have been proposed to contribute to gut-brain communication. We hypothesized that changes in serum SCCA measured before and after successful FMT for rCDI influences the inflammatory response of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Serum SCCA were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy from 38 patients who participated in a randomized trial comparing oral capsule-vs colonoscopy-delivered FMT for rCDI, and quality of life was assessed by SF-36 at baseline, 4, and 12 weeks after FMT treatment. Successful FMT was associated with improvements in mental and physical health, as well as significant changes in a number of circulating SCCA, including increased butyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate, and decreased 2-hydroxybutyrate. Primary cultured microglia were treated with SCCA and the response to a pro-inflammatory stimulus was measured. Treatment with a combination of SCCA based on the post-FMT serum profile, but not single SCCA species, resulted in significantly reduced inflammatory response including reduced cytokine release, reduced nitric oxide release, and accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets. This suggests that both levels and diversity of SCCA may be an important contributor to gut-brain communication.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16908

  View details for Web of Science ID 001041431500001

  View details for PubMedID 37484415

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10360965

• Gut microbiota fermentation profiles of pre-digested mycoprotein (Quorn) using faecal batch cultures in vitro: a preliminary study INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCES AND NUTRITION Cherta-Murillo, A., Danckert, N. P., Valdivia-Garcia, M., Chambers, E. S., Roberts, L., Miguens-Blanco, J., McDonald, J. K., Marchesi, J. R., Frost, G. S. 2023; 74 (3): 327-337

  Abstract

  High-fibre diets are beneficial for many health outcomes via a wide range of mechanisms including gut microbiota fermentation-derived short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production. Mycoprotein (marketed as Quorn) is a food high in fibre (>6 g/100 g wet weight (ww)) and protein (13 g/100 g ww) which has been shown to have positive effects on glycemic control and appetite in humans. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underpinning this are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the changes in gut microbiota α- and β-diversity, pH and SCFAs production in faecal batch cultures supplemented with pre-digested mycoprotein (Quorn), soy, chicken and control (unsupplemented) using eight fresh stools from healthy donors. The results showed that pre-digested mycoprotein did not alter pH (p = .896), α- or β-diversity of the gut microbiota when compared to the control, soy, and chicken. Nevertheless, chicken led to a significant increase in total SCFAs post-24 h vs. control (+57.07 mmol/L, p = .01). In particular, propionate increased when compared to soy (+19.59 mmol/L, p = .03) and the control (+23.19 mmol/L, p < .01). No other differences in SCFAs were detected. In conclusion, pre-digested mycoprotein was not fermented in vitro by healthy gut microbiota in the settings of this experiment.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/09637486.2023.2216404

  View details for Web of Science ID 000993290500001

  View details for PubMedID 37221881

• The impact of almonds and almond processing on gastrointestinal physiology, luminal microbiology, and gastrointestinal symptoms: a randomized controlled trial and mastication study AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION Creedon, A. C., Dimidi, E., Hung, E. S., Rossi, M., Probert, C., Grassby, T., Miguens-Blanco, J., Marchesi, J. R., Scott, S., Berry, S. E., Whelan, K. 2022: 1790-1804

  Abstract

  Almonds contain lipid, fiber, and polyphenols and possess physicochemical properties that affect nutrient bioaccessibility, which are hypothesized to affect gut physiology and microbiota.To investigate the impact of whole almonds and ground almonds (almond flour) on fecal bifidobacteria (primary outcome), gut microbiota composition, and gut transit time.Healthy adults (n = 87) participated in a parallel, 3-arm randomized controlled trial. Participants received whole almonds (56 g/d), ground almonds (56 g/d), or an isocaloric control in place of habitual snacks for 4 wk. Gut microbiota composition and diversity (16S rRNA gene sequencing), SCFAs (GC), volatile organic compounds (GC-MS), gut transit time (wireless motility capsule), stool output and gut symptoms (7-d diary) were measured at baseline and endpoint. The impact of almond form on particle size distribution (PSD) and predicted lipid release was measured (n = 31).Modified intention-to-treat analysis was performed on 79 participants. There were no significant differences in mean ± SD abundance of fecal bifidobacteria after consumption of whole almonds (8.7% ± 7.7%), ground almonds (7.8% ± 6.9%), or control (13.0% ± 10.2%; q = 0.613). Consumption of almonds (whole and ground pooled) resulted in higher mean ± SD butyrate (24.1 ± 15.0 μmol/g) than control (18.2 ± 9.1 μmol/g; P = 0.046). There was no effect of almonds on gut microbiota at the phylum level or diversity, gut transit time, stool consistency, or gut symptoms. Almond form (whole compared with ground) had no effect on study outcomes. Ground almonds resulted in significantly smaller PSD and higher mean ± SD predicted lipid release (10.4% ± 1.8%) than whole almonds (9.3% ± 2.0%; P = 0.017).Almond consumption has limited impact on microbiota composition but increases butyrate in adults, suggesting positive alterations to microbiota functionality. Almonds can be incorporated into the diet to increase fiber consumption without gut symptoms.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03581812.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqac265

  View details for Web of Science ID 000885728200001

  View details for PubMedID 36130222

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC9761756