Judith Prochaska

All Publications

• Smoking Cessation, or How to Avert Half a Billion Premature Deaths - Now. NEJM evidence Ioannidis, J. P., Prochaska, J. J. 2024; 3 (3): EVIDe2300322

  Abstract

  An estimated 1.1 billion people currently smoke cigarettes,1 and 50 to 70% likely will die from tobacco-related causes.2 This translates to 550 to 770 million expected tobacco deaths among those who currently smoke. Many additional deaths will accrue in successive generations if the status quo continues. Of interest is the reversibility of the excess mortality risk of smoking. The meta-analysis by Cho etal.3 of four large national cohorts of nearly 1.5 million adults followed on average 14.8years yielded 23.0 million person-years of observational data with over 120,000 deaths identified through linked death registries.

  View details for DOI 10.1056/EVIDe2300322

  View details for PubMedID 38411449

• Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation-A Clinician's Dilemma. JAMA internal medicine Hatsukami, D. K., Prochaska, J. J. 2024

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.7855

  View details for PubMedID 38285557

• Cytisinicline for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Rigotti, N. A., Benowitz, N. L., Prochaska, J., Leischow, S., Nides, M., Blumenstein, B., Clarke, A., Cain, D., Jacobs, C. 2023; 330 (2): 152-160

  Abstract

  Importance: Cytisinicline (cytisine) is a plant-based alkaloid that, like varenicline, binds selectively to alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which mediate nicotine dependence. Although not licensed in the US, cytisinicline is used in some European countries to aid smoking cessation, but its traditional dosing regimen and treatment duration may not be optimal.Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of cytisinicline for smoking cessation when administered in a novel pharmacokinetically based dosing regimen for 6 or 12 weeks vs placebo.Design, Setting, and Participants: A 3-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial (ORCA-2) compared 2 durations of cytisinicline treatment (6 or 12 weeks) vs placebo, with follow-up to 24 weeks, among 810 adults who smoked cigarettes daily and wanted to quit. It was conducted at 17 US sites from October 2020 to December 2021.Interventions: Participants were randomized (1:1:1) to cytisinicline, 3 mg, 3 times daily for 12 weeks (n=270); cytisinicline, 3 mg, 3 times daily for 6 weeks then placebo 3 times daily for 6 weeks (n=269); or placebo 3 times daily for 12 weeks (n=271). All participants received behavioral support.Main Outcomes and Measures: Biochemically verified continuous smoking abstinence for the last 4 weeks of cytisinicline treatment vs placebo (primary) and from end of treatment to 24 weeks (secondary).Results: Of 810 randomized participants (mean age, 52.5 years; 54.6% female; mean of 19.4 cigarettes smoked daily), 618 (76.3%) completed the trial. For the 6-week course of cytisinicline vs placebo, continuous abstinence rates were 25.3% vs 4.4% during weeks 3 to 6 (odds ratio [OR], 8.0 [95% CI, 3.9-16.3]; P<.001) and 8.9% vs 2.6% during weeks 3 to 24 (OR, 3.7 [95% CI, 1.5-10.2]; P=.002). For the 12-week course of cytisinicline vs placebo, continuous abstinence rates were 32.6% vs 7.0% for weeks 9 to 12 (OR, 6.3 [95% CI, 3.7-11.6]; P<.001) and 21.1% vs 4.8% during weeks 9 to 24 (OR, 5.3 [95% CI, 2.8-11.1]; P<.001). Nausea, abnormal dreams, and insomnia occurred in less than 10% of each group. Sixteen participants (2.9%) discontinued cytisinicline due to an adverse event. No drug-related serious adverse events occurred.Conclusions and Relevance: Both 6- and 12-week cytisinicline schedules, with behavioral support, demonstrated smoking cessation efficacy and excellent tolerability, offering new nicotine dependence treatment options.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04576949.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.10042

  View details for PubMedID 37432430

• Adolescents' Perceptions of Nicotine Vaping-Related Social Media Content PSYCHOLOGY OF POPULAR MEDIA Vogel, E. A., Hashemi, R., Ramo, D. E., Darrow, S. M., Costello, C., Prochaska, J. J. 2023

  View details for DOI 10.1037/ppm0000452

  View details for Web of Science ID 001009902900001

• Rapid-response surveillance of the first US test market for VLN cigarettes. Tobacco control Henriksen, L., Johnson, T. O., Mahoney, M., Schleicher, N. C., Ali, A., Prochaska, J. J. 2023

  Abstract

  VLN King menthol and non-menthol are the first combustible cigarettes to receive US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorisation as modified risk tobacco products. Focusing on the first retail test market, this study characterised VLN advertising, product placement, discounts and price.All Chicago-area Circle K stores (n=133) were telephoned to assess whether they sold VLN. Single-pack price of non-menthol was obtained in 57 of 100 stores that sold VLN. In fall 2022, trained data collectors visited those 57 stores to assess VLN product placement, advertising, discounts and prices. Paired t-tests compared observed VLN price with telephone price and to price of other cigarette brands.Nearly all stores (91.1%) displayed exterior advertisements for VLN, and 41.1% displayed interior advertising, with 8.9% of stores advertising VLN in the power wall but never in the header row. VLN cigarettes were displayed in the power wall exclusively and among high-nicotine cigarettes. Some VLN marketing claims were not FDA-authorised. VLN advertised a sweepstakes offer and rewards programme. Most stores (85.7%) offered VLN discounts. VLN was priced like a premium brand (mean=$10.90, SD=$1.53), and prices obtained by telephone did not differ from observed prices several months later.Retail marketing strategies for VLN mimic those for high-nicotine cigarettes. Deviations from FDA-authorised marketing claims were evident. Surveillance in future test markets is recommended to assess compliance with marketing claims and examine relative price and discount offers. Of interest is how premium-priced, low-nicotine cigarettes stand to compete in a market dominated by cheaper high-nicotine cigarettes.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tc-2022-057888

  View details for PubMedID 36927515

• Understanding Hesitation to Use Nicotine Replacement Therapy: A Content Analysis of Posts in Online Tobacco-Cessation Support Groups. American journal of health promotion : AJHP Phillips, C., Pechmann, C., Calder, D., Prochaska, J. J. 2022: 8901171221113835

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: We aimed to better understand hesitancy to use nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to quit smoking.DESIGN: We content coded and analyzed NRT-related posts in online quit smoking support groups to understand NRT-use hesitancy and to examine associations with health outcomes.SETTING: NRT posts were analyzed in unmoderated social-media support groups with free NRT.SAMPLE: Adults who smoked daily (n = 438) and posted about NRT were studied, 339 of whom reported on NRT usage and 403 reported on smoking abstinence.MEASURES: Surveys at 1-month post-quit date assessed NRT usage and smoking abstinence.ANALYSIS: Relationships among NRT posts, NRT usage and smoking abstinence were analyzed using GEE models accounting for support group and covariates.RESULTS: Nearly all (96.17%) participants reported using the study-provided NRT once, most (70.21%) used NRT during the past week, but less than half (45.72%) used NRT daily for the full month as recommended. Nearly two-thirds (65.34%) of NRT posts were negative. Posts reflecting dislike or no longer needing NRT were associated with a lower likelihood of using NRT in the past week at least once (B = -.66, P = .005 and B = -.37, P = .045), use occasions (B = -1.86, P = .018 and B = -1.10, P = .016) and used daily for full month (B = -.56, P = .044 and B = -.53, P = .009). Posts related to the effectiveness of NRT related to past-week NRT used at least once (B = .15, P = .023), used daily for full month (B = .25, P = .001), and smoking abstinence (B = .27, P = .002).CONCLUSION: Strategies are needed to address dislike of NRT and strengthen perceptions of NRT efficacy, especially on social media where posts may be amplified.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/08901171221113835

  View details for PubMedID 35817548

• Buddies as In-Group Influencers in Online Support Groups: A Social Network Analysis of Processes and Outcomes. Journal of interactive marketing : a quarterly publication from the Direct Marketing Educational Foundation, Inc Esmaeeli, A., Pechmann, C. C., Prochaska, J. J. 2022; 57 (2): 198-211

  Abstract

  Buddies, serving as in-group influencers to aid demographically similar cobuddies, are extensively used in face-to-face support groups to enhance positive social influence. The authors examine the efficacy of buddies in online support groups and investigate underlying mediating processes using social network analysis. They observe what happens when members of support groups for quitting smoking, including members who are relatively active and less active in the group, after a few days are called on to be buddies and assigned to specific cobuddies. The findings indicate that, consistent with normative expectations for buddies, members form especially strong ties with their designated cobuddies. The more active buddies are in the group, the stronger the ties they form with their cobuddies and, in turn, their cobuddies form stronger ties with group members overall, which then relates to cobuddy goal attainment. The findings suggest that interactive marketers should consider using buddies in online support groups but observe activity levels before making buddy assignments, because positive outcomes are contingent on buddies being active in the group. Marketers should also ensure that online support group members post to everyone, not just their buddies, because ties formed among group members as a whole are crucial for goal attainment.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/10949968221076144

  View details for PubMedID 35656556

• Native owned and grown or demeaning and offensive? American Indian adults' perspectives on Natural American Spirit branded cigarettes. Tobacco control Epperson, A. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2021

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Owned by a major US tobacco company with no American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) tribal affiliation, Natural American Spirit (NAS) cigarette packs feature an American Indian warrior, thunderbird and peace pipe. The current study examined AI/AN adults' perceptions of NAS cigarette packs in the US, which have not been reported on prior.METHODS: AI/AN adults were recruited via Qualtrics national panels (n=500; 64% female, age M=39.9 years, 47% current smokers) in 2020. After viewing NAS pack images online (front, back and sides), participants were asked about NAS tribal affiliation, health perceptions and purchase intentions. Participants also wrote-in what the NAS pack logos meant to them.RESULTS: Most participants (65%) believed NAS is AI/AN-owned and/or grown on tribal lands. Among current smokers, beliefs of an AI/AN affiliation were associated with misperceptions of NAS being a healthier cigarette and with greater intention to purchase NAS cigarettes (p's<0.01). Participants who did not believe NAS was grown or owned by AI/AN tribes were more likely to describe the NAS warrior logo as cultural misappropriation (17%) than participants who believed NAS was AI/AN tribally affiliated (4%, p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate a dichotomy in beliefs among surveyed AI/AN adults regarding NAS brand cigarettes. A majority held the misconception that NAS is tribally affiliated, while an informed and concerned minority characterised the branding as cultural misappropriation. The current packaging is reasonably expected to result in beliefs that NAS cigarettes are AI/AN tribally affiliated, and these beliefs may be associated with misperceptions of lesser harm.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056736

  View details for PubMedID 34599085

• A randomized controlled trial of a therapeutic relational agent for reducing substance misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drug and alcohol dependence Prochaska, J. J., Vogel, E. A., Chieng, A., Baiocchi, M., Maglalang, D. D., Pajarito, S., Weingardt, K. R., Darcy, A., Robinson, A. 2021; 227: 108986

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted access to treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs), while alcohol and cannabis retail sales increased. During the pandemic, we tested a tailored digital health solution, Woebot-SUDs (W-SUDs), for reducing substance misuse.METHODS: In a randomized controlled trial, we compared W-SUDs for 8 weeks to a waitlist control. U.S. adults (N = 180) who screened positive for substance misuse (CAGE-AID>1) were enrolled June-August 2020. The primary outcome was the change in past-month substance use occasions from baseline to end-of-treatment (EOT). Study retention was 84%. General linear models tested group differences in baseline-to-EOT change scores, adjusting for baseline differences and attrition.RESULTS: At baseline, the sample (age M = 40, SD = 12, 65% female, 68% non-Hispanic white) averaged 30.2 (SD = 18.6) substance occasions in the past month. Most (77%) reported alcohol problems, 28% cannabis, and 45% multiple substances; 46% reported moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms. Treatment participants averaged 920 in-app text messages (SD = 892, Median = 701); 96% of completed lessons were rated positively; and 88% would recommend W-SUDs. Relative to waitlist, W-SUDs participants significantly reduced past-month substance use occasions (M = -9.1, SE = 2.0 vs. M = -3.3, SE = 1.8; p = .039). Secondary substance use and mood outcomes did not change significantly by group; however, reductions in substance use occasions correlated significantly with increased confidence and fewer substance use problems, cravings, depression and anxiety symptoms, and pandemic-related mental health effects (p-value<.05).CONCLUSIONS: W-SUDs was associated with significant reductions in substance use occasions. Reduction in substance use occasions was associated with better outcomes, including improved mental health. W-SUDs satisfaction was high.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108986

  View details for PubMedID 34507061

• Nicotine delivery and cigarette equivalents from vaping a JUULpod. Tobacco control Prochaska, J. J., Vogel, E. A., Benowitz, N. 2021

  Abstract

  With patented nicotine salt technology, JUUL dominates the e-cigarette market. We reviewed studies of JUUL's nicotine pharmacokinetic profile and studies quantifying nicotine in a JUULpod, emitted in the aerosol and absorbed by users. Examined in eight studies, JUUL's peak nicotine levels were half to three-quarters that of a combustible cigarette in industry-conducted studies with JUUL-naive users, while comparable to or greater than combustible cigarettes in independent studies of experienced e-cigarette users. JUUL Labs reports each 5% (nicotine-by-weight) cartridge contains approximately 40mg nicotine per pod and is 'approximately equivalent to about 1 pack of cigarettes.' In five independent studies, nicotine in the liquid in a JUULpod ranged from 39.3 to 48.3 mg. Seven studies measured nicotine delivery via vaping-machine generated aerosols, varying in puffing regimes and equipment. One study estimated 68% transfer efficiency to the aerosol, measuring 28.8mg nicotine per JUULpod. The other studies reported nicotine values ranging from 72 to 164g/puff. At 200 puffs, this is 14.4-32.8mg of nicotine per pod with equivalence to 13-30 cigarettes. A study measuring nicotine levels in JUUL users during a 5-day controlled switch found equivalence to 18 cigarettes. One JUULpod appears capable of delivering the nicotine equivalent to smoking about a pack of cigarettes, with variability. In JUUL-naive smokers, JUUL's nicotine boost was lower than that of combustible cigarettes; while in experienced users, JUUL was comparable. Minimising harshness and adaptive to user experience, JUUL's design facilitates initiation to a high nicotine, and ultimately, highly addictive vaping product.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056367

  View details for PubMedID 33762429

• A Therapeutic Relational Agent for Reducing Problematic Substance Use (Woebot): Development and Usability Study. Journal of medical Internet research Prochaska, J. J., Vogel, E. A., Chieng, A., Kendra, M., Baiocchi, M., Pajarito, S., Robinson, A. 2021; 23 (3): e24850

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Misuse of substances is common, can be serious and costly to society, and often goes untreated due to barriers to accessing care. Woebot is a mental health digital solution informed by cognitive behavioral therapy and built upon an artificial intelligence-driven platform to deliver tailored content to users. In a previous 2-week randomized controlled trial, Woebot alleviated depressive symptoms.OBJECTIVE: This study aims to adapt Woebot for the treatment of substance use disorders (W-SUDs) and examine its feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy.METHODS: American adults (aged 18-65 years) who screened positive for substance misuse without major health contraindications were recruited from online sources and flyers and enrolled between March 27 and May 6, 2020. In a single-group pre/postdesign, all participants received W-SUDs for 8 weeks. W-SUDs provided mood, craving, and pain tracking and modules (psychoeducational lessons and psychotherapeutic tools) using elements of dialectical behavior therapy and motivational interviewing. Paired samples t tests and McNemar nonparametric tests were used to examine within-subject changes from pre- to posttreatment on measures of substance use, confidence, cravings, mood, and pain.RESULTS: The sample (N=101) had a mean age of 36.8 years (SD 10.0), and 75.2% (76/101) of the participants were female, 78.2% (79/101) were non-Hispanic White, and 72.3% (73/101) were employed. Participants' W-SUDs use averaged 15.7 (SD 14.2) days, 12.1 (SD 8.3) modules, and 600.7 (SD 556.5) sent messages. About 94% (562/598) of all completed psychoeducational lessons were rated positively. From treatment start to end, in-app craving ratings were reduced by half (87/101, 86.1% reporting cravings in the app; odds ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.32-0.73). Posttreatment assessment completion was 50.5% (51/101), with better retention among those who initially screened higher on substance misuse. From pre- to posttreatment, confidence to resist urges to use substances significantly increased (mean score change +16.9, SD 21.4; P<.001), whereas past month substance use occasions (mean change -9.3, SD 14.1; P<.001) and scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise (mean change -1.3, SD 2.6; P<.001), 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (mean change -1.2, SD 2.0; P<.001), Patient Health Questionnaire-8 item (mean change 2.1, SD 5.2; P=.005), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (mean change -2.3, SD 4.7; P=.001), and cravings scale (68.6% vs 47.1% moderate to extreme; P=.01) significantly decreased. Most participants would recommend W-SUDs to a friend (39/51, 76%) and reported receiving the service they desired (41/51, 80%). Fewer felt W-SUDs met most or all of their needs (22/51, 43%).CONCLUSIONS: W-SUDs was feasible to deliver, engaging, and acceptable and was associated with significant improvements in substance use, confidence, cravings, depression, and anxiety. Study attrition was high. Future research will evaluate W-SUDs in a randomized controlled trial with a more diverse sample and with the use of greater study retention strategies.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04096001; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04096001.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/24850

  View details for PubMedID 33755028

• Treating tobacco dependence to aid Re-employment among job-seekers: A randomized controlled trial. Preventive medicine Prochaska, J. J., Brown-Johnson, C., Baiocchi, M., Lazaro, A. S., Chieng, A., Stinson, S., Anzai, N. 2020: 106259

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: U.S. reductions in smoking have not been experienced equally. Smoking prevalence is greater among persons of lower education, lower income, and unemployed. We evaluated whether a cessation intervention for job-seekers would result in significantly fewer cigarettes smoked per day and a greater likelihood of tobacco abstinence and re-employment, compared to the control condition at 6-months follow-up.METHODS: Unemployed, job-seekers who smoked daily were recruited from five employment development departments in the San Francisco Bay Area, October 2015 to February 2018. Intention to quit smoking was not required. Participants were randomized to a brief motivationally-tailored, computer-assisted counseling intervention or referred to a toll-free quitline. Midstudy, 8-weeks of combination nicotine replacement was added to the intervention. Expired carbon monoxide and cotinine testing verified abstinence. Data were analyzed fall 2019.RESULTS: Participants (N = 360; 70% men; 43% African American, 27% non-Hispanic Caucasian; 19% unhoused) averaged 12 cigarettes/day (SD = 6), 67% smoked within 30 min of wakening; 27% were in preparation stage to quit. During the 6-month study period, intervention participants were more likely to make a quit attempt (71% vs. 58%, p = .021) and reported significantly greater reduction in cigarettes/day than control participants (median reduction: 6.9 vs. 5.0, p = .038); however, bioconfirmed abstinence (3%) and re-employment (36%) did not differ by treatment group.CONCLUSIONS: In a diverse sample with economic hardships, quit attempts and smoking reduction were greater in the intervention group; however, few achieved abstinence, and neither abstinence nor re-employment differed by condition. A priority group, further research is needed on smoking and re-employment.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106259

  View details for PubMedID 33022318

• Tobacco Product Promotions Remain Ubiquitous and are Associated with Use and Susceptibility to Use among Adolescents. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Fielding-Singh, P., Epperson, A. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2020

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The decline in tobacco smoking among US adolescents has been exceeded by the exponential rise in nicotine vaping with an overall net gain in youth tobacco product use. While cigarette companies are restricted from advertising on television/radio, vaping promotions have been largely unrestricted. This study examined exposure to tobacco product promotions in a US sample of 1003 adolescents and its associations with product use and susceptibility to use.METHODS: Adolescents (13-17) were recruited online and anonymously surveyed in 2019 about their ever and current (past 30-day) tobacco smoking (cigarette and cigar) and nicotine vaping behaviors, and among never-users, susceptibility to vaping. Multivariate models tested associations with past-month exposure to tobacco product promotions controlling for demographic features, harm perceptions, and family and peer influences.RESULTS: Tobacco product use was 34%ever-use and 20% current-use. Most had seen cigarette (91%) and nicotine vaping (80%) product promotions in the past 30 days. A majority reported exposure at point-of-sale and on major (television, cinema) and social media. In adjusted multivariate models, greater exposure to tobacco product promotions was significantly associated with ever and current smoking and vaping; and among never-users, susceptibility to vaping (all p<.01, effect sizes 1.03 to 1.05). Family/peer use and attitudes also were significant correlates.CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco product promotions remain ubiquitous and are significantly associated with adolescents' tobacco product use and susceptibility to vape. Peers and family are important social influences and may reflect indirect channels of tobacco marketing. Stricter regulatory restrictions on tobacco marketing to young people is warranted.IMPLICATIONS: This study adds to mounting evidence showing that tobacco marketing remains pervasive and is associated with tobacco use and susceptibility to use. Most youth report seeing cigarette and nicotine vaping product promotions, with notable differences by channel: traditional media predominating for cigarettes and social media/email for e-cigarettes. Greater exposure to tobacco promotions is significantly associated with ever and current smoking and vaping, and among never-users, susceptibility to vaping. The accumulating findings support stricter regulatory restrictions on marketing of tobacco products in media channels accessed by youth.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntaa136

  View details for PubMedID 32722775

• Adolescents' Health Perceptions of Natural American Spirit's On-the-Pack Eco-Friendly Campaign. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Epperson, A. E., Wong, S., Lambin, E. F., Henriksen, L., Baiocchi, M., Flora, J. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2020

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: Natural American Spirit (NAS) cigarettes, which have recently grown in popularity, are marketed as eco-friendly and natural. The present study examined whether NAS's on-the-pack messaging influences adolescents' health perceptions of the brand.METHODS: In a mixed-factor design, adolescent participants (N= 1,003, ages 13-17, 75% female) were randomized to one of the six exposure conditions. All viewed images of an NAS and a Pall Mall (comparison brand) cigarette pack, but differed in pack color (blue, green, or gold/orange) and brand viewed first. Perceptions of pack logos, addictiveness, harms to the smoker, others, and the environment were assessed directly after viewing pack images for each brand.RESULTS: Adolescents who perceived NAS as more pro-environment tended to perceive NAS cigarettes to be less addictive, r=-.19, p < .01. NAS cigarettes also were perceived as less addictive and better for the environment than Pall Mall. Most (90%) participants provided nature-friendly words (e.g., environment, recycle) when asked to describe logos on the NAS packs. In adjusted models, relative to Pall Mall, NAS was perceived as healthier for smokers, healthier for smokers' family and friends, and safer for the environment. Findings did not differ by pack color and ever tobacco use.CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents perceived a health advantage for NAS cigarettes with its on-the-pack, eco-friendly and pro-health marketing. The findings are consistent with prior research with adults. Given the accumulating evidence of consumer misperceptions, eco-friendly messaging on cigarettes is a public health concern that warrants further consideration for regulatory intervention.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.033

  View details for PubMedID 32713741

• Popularity of natural American Spirit cigarettes is greater in U.S. cities with lower smoking prevalence. Addictive behaviors Vogel, E. A., Henriksen, L., Johnson, T. O., Schleicher, N. C., Prochaska, J. J. 2020; 111: 106558

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Often perceived as a safer smoke, Natural American Spirit (NAS) may find particular appeal in communities with strong non-smoking norms. We hypothesized NAS would be more popular in cities with lower smoking prevalence, with the pattern unique to NAS. We tested household income, cigarette taxes, and young adult population as alternative correlates and examined brand specificity, relative to Marlboro and Pall Mall.METHODS: Using proprietary, city-specific sales estimates obtained from Nielsen for 30 U.S. cities over one year (9/7/18-9/9/19), we computed cigarette sales volume as standard pack units per 10,000 adult smokers for NAS and Marlboro and Pall Mall. Linear regression models examined associations between city-level sales volume and adult smoking prevalence, median household income, the sum of state/local cigarette excise taxes, and young adult population.RESULTS: NAS sales volume averaged 44,785 packs per 10,000 adult smokers (SD=47,676). Across 30 cities, adult smoking prevalence averaged 18.0% (SD=4.5%), median household income averaged $53,677 (SD=$14,825), cigarette excise tax averaged $2.55 (SD=$1.63), and young adult population averaged 10.6% (SD=2.2%). NAS sales volume was greater in cities with lower adult smoking prevalence (beta=-0.39, 95% CI[-0.74, -0.03], p=0.034), a pattern that was not observed for Marlboro or Pall Mall (ps>0.356). Marlboro (beta=-0.40, 95% CI[-0.76, -0.05], p=0.027) and Pall Mall (beta=-0.48, 95% CI[-0.82, -0.14], p=0.008) sales volumes were higher in cities where cigarette excise taxes were lower, a pattern not observed for NAS (p=0.224).CONCLUSION: NAS appears to be more popular in cities with lower smoking prevalence and may deter efforts to further decrease prevalence.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106558

  View details for PubMedID 32745944

• Measuring e-cigarette addiction among adolescents TOBACCO CONTROL Vogel, E. A., Prochaska, J. J., Rubinstein, M. L. 2020; 29 (3): 258–62

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054900

  View details for Web of Science ID 000531878400005

• Integration of Tobacco Treatment Services into Cancer Care at Stanford. International journal of environmental research and public health Gali, K., Pike, B., Kendra, M. S., Tran, C., Fielding-Singh, P., Jimenez, K., Mirkin, R., Prochaska, J. J. 2020; 17 (6)

  Abstract

  As part of a National Cancer Institute Moonshot P30 Supplement, the Stanford Cancer Center piloted and integrated tobacco treatment into cancer care. This quality improvement (QI) project reports on the process from initial pilot to adoption within 14 clinics. The Head and Neck Oncology Clinic was engaged first in January 2019 as a pilot site given staff receptivity, elevated smoking prevalence, and a high tobacco screening rate (95%) yet low levels of tobacco cessation treatment referrals (<10%) and patient engagement (<1% of smokers treated). To improve referrals and engagement, system changes included an automated "opt-out" referral process and provision of tobacco cessation treatment as a covered benefit with flexible delivery options that included phone and telemedicine. Screening rates increased to 99%, referrals to 100%, 74% of patients were reached by counselors, and 33% of those reached engaged in treatment. Patient-reported abstinence from all tobacco products at 6-month follow-up is 20%. In July 2019, two additional oncology clinics were added. In December 2019, less than one year from initiating the QI pilot, with demonstrated feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy, the tobacco treatment services were integrated into 14 clinics at Stanford Cancer Center.

  View details for DOI 10.3390/ijerph17062101

  View details for PubMedID 32235713

• Inequity in California's Smokefree Workplace Laws: A Legal Epidemiologic Analysis of Loophole Closures. American journal of preventive medicine Prochaska, J. J., Watts, M. H., Zellers, L., Huang, D., Daza, E. J., Rigdon, J., Peters, M. J., Henriksen, L. 2020

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: California's landmark 1994 Smokefree Workplace Act contained numerous exemptions, or loopholes, believed to contribute to inequities in smokefree air protections among low-income communities and communities of color (e.g., permitting smoking in warehouses, hotel common areas). Cities/counties were not prevented from adopting stronger laws. This study coded municipal laws and state law changes (in 2015-2016) for loophole closures and determined their effects in reducing inequities in smokefree workplace protections.METHODS: Public health attorneys reviewed current laws for 536 of California's 539 cities and counties from January 2017 to May 2018 and coded for 19 loophole closures identified from legislative actions (inter-rater reliability, 87%). The local policy data were linked with population demographics from intercensal estimates (2012-2016) and adult smoking prevalence (2014). The analyses were cross-sectional and conducted in February-June 2019.RESULTS: Between 1994 and 2018, jurisdictions closed 6.09 loopholes on average (SD=5.28). Urban jurisdictions closed more loopholes than rural jurisdictions (mean=6.40 vs 3.94, p<0.001), and loophole closure scores correlated positively with population size, median household income, and percentage white, non-Hispanic residents (p<0.001 for all). Population demographics and the loophole closure score explained 43% of the variance in jurisdictions' adult smoking prevalence. State law changes in 2015-2016 increased loophole closure scores and decreased jurisdiction variation (mean=9.74, SD=3.56); closed more loopholes in rural versus urban jurisdictions (meangain=4.44 vs 3.72, p=0.002); and in less populated, less affluent jurisdictions, with greater racial/ethnic diversity, and higher smoking prevalence (p<0.001 for all).CONCLUSIONS: Although jurisdictions made important progress in closing loopholes in smokefree air law, state law changes achieved greater reductions in inequities in policy coverage.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.011

  View details for PubMedID 31952942

• Effects of Social Media on Adolescents' Willingness and Intention to Use E-Cigarettes: An Experimental Investigation. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Vogel, E. A., Ramo, D. E., Rubinstein, M. L., Delucchi, K. L., Darrow, S. n., Costello, C. n., Prochaska, J. J. 2020

  Abstract

  This study examined effects of experimentally manipulated social media exposure on adolescents' willingness and intention to use e-cigarettes.Participants were 135 adolescents age 13-18 (52.6% female, M age=15.3) in California. Participants viewed 6 social media posts online in a 2 (post source: peer or advertisement) X 2 (e-cigarette content exposure: heavy or light) between-subjects design. Analyses were weighted to population benchmarks. We examined adolescents' beliefs, willingness, and intention to use e-cigarettes in association with social media use intensity in daily life and with experimentally manipulated exposure to social media posts that varied by source (peer or advertisement) and content (e-cigarette heavy or light).Greater social media use in daily life was associated with greater willingness and intention to use e-cigarettes and more positive attitudes, greater perceived norms, and lower perceived danger of e-cigarette use (all p-values<.01). In tests of the experimental exposures, heavy (versus light) e-cigarette content resulted in greater intention (p=.049) to use e-cigarettes and more positive attitudes (p=.019). Viewing advertisements (versus peer-generated posts) resulted in greater willingness and intention (p-values<.01) to use e-cigarettes, more positive attitudes (p=.003), and greater norm perceptions (p=.009). The interaction effect of post source by post content was not significant for any of the outcomes (all p-values>0.529).Greater social media use and heavier exposure to advertisements and e-cigarette content in social media posts are associated with a greater risk for e-cigarette use among adolescents. Regulatory action is needed to prohibit sponsored e-cigarette content on social media platforms used by youth.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntaa003

  View details for PubMedID 31912147

• Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: Nicotine addiction SCIENCE ADVANCES Prochaska, J. J., Benowitz, N. L. 2019; 5 (10): eaay9763

  Abstract

  The health harms of combusted tobacco use are undeniable. With market and regulatory pressures to reduce the harms of nicotine delivery by combustion, the tobacco product landscape has diversified to include smokeless, heated, and electronic nicotine vaping products. Products of tobacco combustion are the main cause of smoking-induced disease, and nicotine addiction sustains tobacco use. An understanding of the biology and clinical features of nicotine addiction and the conditioning of behavior that occurs via stimuli paired with frequent nicotine dosing, as with a smoked cigarette, is important for informing pharmacologic and behavioral treatment targets. We review current advances in research on nicotine addiction treatment and recovery, with a focus on conventional combustible cigarette use. Our review covers evidence-based methods to treat smoking in adults and policy approaches to prevent nicotine product initiation in youth. In closing, we discuss emerging areas of evidence and consider new directions for advancing the field.

  View details for DOI 10.1126/sciadv.aay9763

  View details for Web of Science ID 000491132700086

  View details for PubMedID 31663029

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6795520

• PMI reduced-risk claims and upselling of IQOS via Reviti life insurance. Tobacco control Prochaska, J. J., Henriksen, L. 2019

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055145

  View details for PubMedID 31366704

• Adolescents' E-Cigarette Use: Increases in Frequency, Dependence, and Nicotine Exposure Over 12Months. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Vogel, E. A., Prochaska, J. J., Ramo, D. E., Andres, J., Rubinstein, M. L. 2019; 64 (6): 770–75

  Abstract

  PURPOSE: This study examined changes in e-cigarette and dual-use frequency, levels of nicotine exposure and e-cigarette dependence, and device and e-liquid preferences over 12months.METHODS: Adolescents (N= 173, aged 13-18 years) who reported past-month e-cigarette use and at least 10 lifetime uses were recruited from the San Francisco Bay Area. The sample was 75.1% male, 54.9% non-Hispanic White, mean age 16.6years (standard deviation= 1.2); 26.6% reported past-month cigarette smoking at baseline (i.e., dual use). At baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up, participants provided saliva samples for cotinine testing and self-reported e-cigarette use frequency, dependence, past-month smoking, product preference, and flavor preference.RESULTS: Most (80.3%) were still using e-cigarettes at 12 months, and daily use increased from 14.5% to 29.8%. Model testing indicated an overall increase from baseline to 12months in frequency of e-cigarette use (F(2, 166)= 5.69, p= .004), dependence (F(2, 164)= 5.49, p= .005), and cotinine levels (F(2, 103)= 4.40, p= .038). Among those reporting only e-cigarette use at baseline, 28.8% reported combustible cigarette use during follow-up. Among those reporting dual use at baseline, 57.1% were still dual using at 12 months, 31.4% reported e-cigarette use only, and none abstained from both products. Higher nicotine delivering e-cigarette devices (i.e., Juul, mods) became more popular over time, whereas flavor preferences (i.e., fruit, mint/menthol, and candy) remained stable.CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents' e-cigarette use persisted over a 12-month period with significant increases in frequency of use, nicotine exposure, and e-cigarette dependence. Transitions from single to dual and dual to single nicotine product use were observed in approximately one in three users over the study period.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.02.019

  View details for PubMedID 31122507

• The 2016 Tips From Former Smokers (R) Campaign: Associations With Quit Intentions and Quit Attempts Among Smokers With and Without Mental Health Conditions NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Prochaska, J. J., Gates, E. F., Davis, K. C., Gutierrez, K., Prutzman, Y., Rodes, R. 2019; 21 (5): 576–83

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/nty241

  View details for Web of Science ID 000489299000004

• The public health consequences of e-cigarettes: a review by the National Academies of Sciences. A call for more research, a need for regulatory action ADDICTION Prochaska, J. J. 2019; 114 (4): 587–89

  View details for DOI 10.1111/add.14478

  View details for Web of Science ID 000460661000001

• Natural American Spirit's pro-environment packaging and perceptions of reduced-harm cigarettes. Preventive medicine Epperson, A. E., Lambin, E. F., Henriksen, L. n., Baiocchi, M. n., Flora, J. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2019: 105782

  Abstract

  Natural American Spirit (NAS) cigarettes feature a pro-environment marketing campaign on the packs. The NAS "Respect for the Earth" campaign is the first example of on-the-pack corporate social responsibility advertising. In a randomized survey design, we tested perceptions of NAS relative to other cigarette brands on harms to self, others, and the environment. Never (n = 421), former (n = 135), and current (n = 358) US adult smokers were recruited for an online survey from January through March 2018. All participants viewed packs of both NAS and Pall Mall. Participants were randomized to view NAS vs. Pall Mall and to pack color (blue, green, or yellow/orange), which was matched between brands. Survey items assessed perceptions of health risk of the cigarette brand to self, others, and the environment and perceptions of the manufacturer. Consistently on all measures, NAS cigarettes were rated as less harmful for oneself, others, and the environment relative to Pall Mall (p's < .001). Though Reynolds American manufactures both brands, participants rated the company behind NAS as more socially responsible than the company behind Pall Mall, F[1, 909] = 110.25, p < .001. The NAS advantage was significant irrespective of smoking status, pack color, and brand order, with findings stronger for current than never smokers. Pro-environmental marketing on NAS cigarette packs contributes to misperceptions that the product is safer for people and the environment than other cigarettes and made by a company that is more socially responsible. Stricter government regulations on the use of pro-environment terms in marketing that imply modified risk is needed.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105782

  View details for PubMedID 31325524

• Measuring e-cigarette addiction among adolescents. Tobacco control Vogel, E. A., Prochaska, J. J., Rubinstein, M. L. 2019

  Abstract

  With high rates of use and uncertain consequences, valid electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use frequency and addiction measures for adolescents are needed. This cross-sectional study examined correlations for multiple measures of adolescent e-cigarette use with nicotine exposure quantified with salivary cotinine levels.Adolescents (N=173, age 13-18) who reported past-month e-cigarette use were recruited from the San Francisco Bay Area. Participants self-reported: (1) days of e-cigarette use in a typical month, (2) number of e-cigarette sessions in a typical day (sessions per day; SPD) and the (3) E-Cigarette Addiction Severity Index (EASI). Participants also completed the 10-item Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (ECDI), which we examined in full and as a 2-item Heaviness of Vaping Index (HVI; the sum of the ECDI items on use frequency and time to first vaping on wakening). Sessions per month (SPM) were calculated using days per month and SPD. Cotinine levels, SPD and SPM were log-transformed.Among frequency measures, SPM correlated most strongly with cotinine (r=0.59), followed closely by days per month (r=0.58) and SPD (r=0.57), p<0.001. Among dependence measures, the EASI correlated most strongly with cotinine (r=0.51), closely followed by the ECDI and HVI (r's=0.50), all p's<0.001.Adolescents' reports of frequency of e-cigarette use and degree of addiction correlated significantly with cotinine as a biomarker of nicotine exposure. We recommend the EASI and days per month as brief general measures. SPM and the ECDI are more extensive measures that may yield a more nuanced understanding of use.

  View details for PubMedID 31079033

• E-Cigarettes: Harmful or Harm-Reducing? Evaluation of a Novel Online CME Program for Health Care Providers. Journal of general internal medicine Fielding-Singh, P. n., Brown-Johnson, C. n., Oppezzo, M. n., Das, S. n., Jackler, R. n., Prochaska, J. J. 2019

  Abstract

  Patients are asking health care providers about e-cigarettes, vaping, and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Provider advice on ENDS has varied greatly, suggesting a need for evidence-based continuing medical education (CME).A novel free online CME course was developed on ENDS risks and benefits, product types (e.g., vape pens, pods), and screening and counseling best practices for adults, adolescents, and different smoker profiles (e.g., daily, social).From January 2017 through June 2018, 1061 individuals accessed the course: 46% physicians, 7% physician assistants, 7% nurse practitioners, 15% nurses, 4% pharmacists, and 28% allied health/student/other; 41% were international.The course was built from observed online patient-provider interactions. Through video role-plays, expert interviews, and interactive activities, the course engaged learners in the evidence on ENDS. Completers earned 1.5 CME units.A total of 555 health care providers earned 832.5 CME units. Pre- to post-test scores significantly increased from 57 to 90%; 76% rated the course as above average (41%) or outstanding (35%); 99% indicated the course was free of commercial bias.Addressing the growing need for balanced provider education on ENDS, this interactive online CME engaged learners and increased knowledge on devices and evidence-based cessation approaches.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11606-019-05388-7

  View details for PubMedID 31630366

• The 2016 Tips From Former Smokers Campaign: Associations With Quit Intentions and Quit Attempts Among Smokers With and Without Mental Health Conditions. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Prochaska, J. J., Gates, E. F., Davis, K. C., Gutierrez, K., Prutzman, Y., Rodes, R. 2018

  Abstract

  Introduction: People living with mental health conditions (MH+) are more likely to smoke cigarettes than people without mental health conditions (MH-) and to experience tobacco-related disparities. The Tips From Former Smokers (Tips) campaign is a proven population-level strategy for motivating smokers to quit. In 2016, Tips included ads featuring Rebecca, a former smoker with depression. We evaluated self-reported frequency of exposure to the Rebecca and other Tips ads in association with quit intentions and quit attempts among MH+ and MH- smokers.Methods: Intentions to quit and past 6-month quit attempts lasting at least 24 hours were reported from a two-wave longitudinal online survey conducted before and after the 2016 Tips campaign with a nationally representative sample of US adult cigarette smokers with (MH+, N = 777) and without (MH-, N = 1806) lifetime mental health conditions.Results: In 2016, among MH+ respondents, greater exposure to the Rebecca ads was significantly associated with increased odds of intending to quit in the next 30 days (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.40, p < .05) and with reporting a quit attempt in the past 6 months (AOR = 1.25, p < .05). Among MH- respondents, greater exposure to the other Tips ads was associated with increased odds of making a quit attempt (AOR = 1.19, p < .05).Conclusions: Exposure to the Rebecca ads was associated with a greater likelihood of intentions to quit and quit attempts among MH+ smokers; whereas, exposure to the other (non-mental-health-related) Tips ads was associated with a greater likelihood of quit attempts among MH- smokers.Implications: National media campaigns are an important population-level strategy for reaching specific population groups who are experiencing tobacco-related disparities. The findings support the inclusion of ads featuring people living with mental health conditions in national tobacco education media campaigns, such as Tips.

  View details for PubMedID 30496491

• The Public Health Consequences of E-cigarettes: A Review by the National Academies of Sciences A Call for More Research, a Need for Regulatory Action. Addiction (Abingdon, England) Prochaska, J. J. 2018

  View details for PubMedID 30347473

• A randomized controlled evaluation of the tobacco status project, a Facebook intervention for young adults ADDICTION Ramo, D. E., Thrul, J., Delucchi, K. L., Hall, S., Ling, P. M., Belohlavek, A., Prochaska, J. J. 2018; 113 (9): 1683–95

  Abstract

  To test the efficacy of the Tobacco Status Project (TSP) Facebook smoking cessation intervention for young adults relative to referral to an on-line program on biochemically verified 7-day abstinence from smoking.Two-group parallel randomized controlled trial, comparing TSP (n = 251) to on-line control (n = 249) with follow-up to 12 months.On-line, throughout the United States.Young adult cigarette smokers (mean age 21 years; 73% white, 55% female, 87% daily smokers).TSP provided private Facebook groups tailored to stage of change to quit smoking, daily contacts, weekly live counseling sessions, and for those ready to quit, six cognitive behavioral therapy counseling sessions. Some TSP groups were assigned randomly to receive a monetary incentive for engagement. Control provided referral to the National Cancer Institute Smokefree.gov website.PRIMARY OUTCOME: Biochemically verified 7-day abstinence over 12 months.Post-treatment (3-month) abstinence; reported abstinence, quit attempt, reduction in smoking, readiness to quit smoking over 12 months.Verified 7-day abstinence was not significantly different for intervention compared with control over 1 year: month 3 (8.3 versus 3.2%), 6 (6.2 versus 6.0%), and 12 (5.9 versus 10.0%); odds ratio (OR) = 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23, 4.97; retention = 71%. There was an effect at 3 months (OR = 2.52; CI = 1.56, 4.04; P < 0.0001). There were no 12-month treatment effects for reported abstinence (P = 0.746), reduction in smoking by 50% or more (P = 0.533), likelihood of having made a quit attempt (P = 0.387) or stage of change over time (0.968). Participants in TSP engaged more and rated the intervention more favorably than those in the control condition.Compared with referral to a smoking cessation website, a novel USA-focused Facebook smoking cessation intervention did not improve abstinence from smoking over 1 year, but increased abstinence at the end of treatment and was engaging to participants.

  View details for PubMedID 29797621

• Secular Trends in Blood Pressure and Overweight and Obesity in Chinese Boys and Girls Aged 7 to 17 Years From 1995 to 2014 HYPERTENSION Dong, Y., Ma, J., Song, Y., Ma, Y., Dong, B., Zou, Z., Prochaska, J. J. 2018; 72 (2): 298–305

  Abstract

  The current study aimed to assess the secular trends in overweight and obesity status and high blood pressure (HBP) in Chinese children and adolescents for 2 decades. Data on 943 128 participants aged 7 to 17 years were obtained from the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health from 1995 to 2014. The population attributable risk of overweight status for HBP was calculated. The prevalence of overweight increased from 4.3% in 1995 to 18.4% in 2014, whereas HBP prevalence fluctuated in the range of 4.4% to 6.4% during the same time period, the lowest in 2005. Within each survey year, blood pressure levels and HBP prevalence increased with higher body mass index. Notably, the population attributable risk of HBP because of being overweight steadily increased from 6.3% in 1995 to 19.2% in 2014. The same trends of linear growth for obesity, fluctuating blood pressure, and its sustained increasing population attributable risk for overweight also occurred among the domestic 29 provinces. Despite dramatic increases in overweight prevalence among Chinese children from 1995 to 2014, the HBP prevalence remained relatively stable, suggesting that other independent factors are affecting HBP trends to a greater extent. Yet, over time, the magnitude of the impact of being overweight or obese on HBP increased sharply, predicting looming heavy burden of HBP. Reductions in overweight status may aid in preventing HBP so as to prevent coronary risk in adulthood.

  View details for PubMedID 29866739

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6043402

• The Healing and Empowering Alaskan Lives Toward Healthy-Hearts (HEALTHH) Project: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of an intervention for tobacco use and other cardiovascular risk behaviors for Alaska Native People. Contemporary clinical trials Prochaska, J. J., Epperson, A., Skan, J., Oppezzo, M., Barnett, P., Delucchi, K., Schnellbaecher, M., Benowitz, N. L. 2018

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Tobacco use and tobacco-related diseases disproportionately affect Alaska Native (AN) people. Using telemedicine, this study aims to identify culturally-tailored, theoretically-driven, efficacious interventions for tobacco use and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk behaviors among AN people in remote areas.DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial with two intervention arms: 1) tobacco and physical activity; 2) medication adherence and a heart-healthy AN diet.PARTICIPANTS: Participants are N = 300 AN men and women current smokers with high blood pressure or high cholesterol.INTERVENTIONS: All participants receive motivational, stage-tailored, telemedicine-delivered counseling sessions at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up; an individualized behavior change plan that is updated at each contact; and a behavior change manual. In Group 1, the focus is on tobacco and physical activity; a pedometer is provided and nicotine replacement therapy is offered. In Group 2, the focus is on medication adherence for treating hypertension and/or hypercholesterolemia; a medication bag and traditional food guide are provided.MEASUREMENTS: With assessments at baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months, the primary outcome is smoking status, assessed as 7-day point prevalence abstinence, biochemically verified with urine anabasine. Secondary outcomes include physical activity, blood pressure and cholesterol, medication compliance, diet, multiple risk behavior change indices, and cost-effectiveness.COMMENTS: The current study has the potential to identify novel, feasible, acceptable, and efficacious interventions for treating the co-occurrence of CVD risk factors in AN people. Findings may inform personalized treatment and the development of effective and cost-effective intervention strategies for use in remote indigenous communities more broadly. Clinical Trial Registration # NCT02137902.

  View details for PubMedID 29864548

• Documentation of e-cigarette use and associations with smoking from 2012 to 2015 in an integrated healthcare delivery system PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Young-Wolff, K. C., Klebaner, D., Folck, B., Tan, A. L., Fogelberg, R., Sarovar, V., Prochaska, J. J. 2018; 109: 113–18

  Abstract

  It is unclear whether use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) precedes cigarette smoking initiation, relapse, and/or quitting. Healthcare systems with electronic health records (EHRs) provide unique data to examine ENDS use and changes in smoking. We examined the incidence of ENDS use (2012-2015) based on clinician documentation and tested whether EHR documented ENDS use is associated with twelve-month changes in patient smoking status using a matched retrospective cohort design. The sample was Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) patients aged ≥12 with documented ENDS use (N = 7926); 57% were current smokers, 35% former smokers, and 8% never-smokers. ENDS documentation incidence peaked in 2014 for current and former smokers and in 2015 for never-smokers. We matched patients with documented ENDS use to KPNC patients without documented ENDS use (N = 7926) on age, sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking status. Documented ENDS use predicted the likelihood of smoking in the following year. Among current smokers, ENDS use was associated with greater odds of quitting smoking (OR = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.05-1.31). Among former smokers, ENDS use was associated with greater odds of smoking relapse (OR = 1.53, 95%CI = 1.22-1.92). Among never-smokers, ENDS use was associated with greater odds of initiating smoking (OR = 7.41, 95%CI = 3.14-17.5). The overall number of current smokers at 12 months was slightly higher among patients with (N = 3931) versus without (N = 3850) documented ENDS use. Results support both potential harm reduction of ENDS use (quitting combustibles among current smokers) and potential for harm (relapse to combustibles among former smokers, initiation for never-smokers).

  View details for PubMedID 29360481

• National Blood Pressure Reference for Chinese Han Children and Adolescents Aged 7 to 17 Years HYPERTENSION Dong, Y., Ma, J., Song, Y., Dong, B., Wang, Z., Yang, Z., Wang, X., Prochaska, J. J. 2017; 70 (5): 897-+

  Abstract

  We sought to develop and validate a national blood pressure (BP) reference based on age, sex, and height for Chinese children. Data were obtained on 197 430 children aged 7 to 17 who participated in the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in 2010. BP percentiles were estimated and fitted using the lambda, mu, and sigma method and then compared with a US reference and China existing reference. In an external independent validation sample of 59 653 children aged 7 to 18 from 7 Chinese provinces in 2013, the prevalence of elevated BP was compared applying the 3 references. BP values were similar for boys and girls at the younger ages (7-13 years) and lower height percentiles, whereas higher at the older ages (14-17 years) for boys than girls. At medial height in boys and girls aged 7 to 13, the 50th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of BP for the new national reference were consistent with US reference and lower than current Chinese reference. In the independent sample, elevated BP prevalence, based on the new national reference, ranged from 7.8% to 18.5% among children aged 7 to 17, which was higher than the US reference values (4.3%-14.5%) and lower than the current Chinese reference (12.9%-25.5%) in each age group. The new national BP reference for Chinese children based on age, sex, and height from large-scale and nationally representative data seems to improve the ability for identifying Chinese hypertensive children and for stratifying them with regard to cardiovascular risk.

  View details for PubMedID 28923902

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5722224

• Natural American Spirit Brand Marketing Casts Health Halo Around Smoking. American journal of public health Epperson, A. E., Henriksen, L., Prochaska, J. J. 2017; 107 (5): 668-670

  View details for DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303719

  View details for PubMedID 28398789

• Randomised controlled trial evaluation of Tweet2Quit: a social network quit-smoking intervention. Tobacco control Pechmann, C., Delucchi, K., Lakon, C. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2017; 26 (2): 188-194

  Abstract

  We evaluated a novel Twitter-delivered intervention for smoking cessation, Tweet2Quit, which sends daily, automated communications to small, private, self-help groups to encourage high-quality, online, peer-to-peer discussions.A 2-group randomised controlled trial assessed the net benefit of adding a Tweet2Quit support group to a usual care control condition of nicotine patches and a cessation website.Participants were 160 smokers (4 cohorts of 40/cohort), aged 18-59 years, who intended to quit smoking, used Facebook daily, texted weekly, and had mobile phones with unlimited texting.All participants received 56 days of nicotine patches, emails with links to the smokefree.gov cessation website, and instructions to set a quit date within 7 days. Additionally, Tweet2Quit participants were enrolled in 20-person, 100-day Twitter groups, and received daily discussion topics via Twitter, and daily engagement feedback via text.The primary outcome was sustained abstinence at 7, 30 and 60 days post-quit date.Participants (mean age 35.7 years, 26.3% male, 31.2% college degree, 88.7% Caucasian) averaged 18.0 (SD=8.2) cigarettes per day and 16.8 (SD=9.8) years of smoking. Participants randomised to Tweet2Quit averaged 58.8 tweets/participant and the average tweeting duration was 47.4 days/participant. Tweet2Quit doubled sustained abstinence out to 60 days follow-up (40.0%, 26/65) versus control (20.0%, 14/70), OR=2.67, CI 1.19 to 5.99, p=0.017. Tweeting via phone predicted tweet volume, and tweet volume predicted sustained abstinence (p<0.001). The daily autocommunications caused tweeting spikes accounting for 24.0% of tweets.Tweet2Quit was engaging and doubled sustained abstinence. Its low cost and scalability makes it viable as a global cessation treatment.NCT01602536.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052768

  View details for PubMedID 26928205

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5112138

• Social Media and Mobile Technology for Cancer Prevention and Treatment. American Society of Clinical Oncology educational book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Meeting Prochaska, J. J., Coughlin, S. S., Lyons, E. J. 2017; 37: 128-137

  Abstract

  Given the number of lives affected by cancer and the great potential for optimizing well-being via lifestyle changes, patients, providers, health care systems, advocacy groups, and entrepreneurs are looking to digital solutions to enhance patient care and broaden prevention efforts. Thousands of health-oriented mobile websites and apps have been developed, with a majority focused upon lifestyle behaviors (e.g., exercise, diet, smoking). In this review, we consider the use and potential of social media and mHealth technologies for cancer prevention, cancer treatment, and survivorship. We identify key principles in research and practice, summarize prior reviews, and highlight notable case studies and patient resources. Further, with the potential for scaled delivery and broad reach, we consider application of social media and mHealth technologies in low-resource settings. With clear advantages for reach, social media and mHealth technologies offer the ability to scale and engage entire populations at low cost, develop supportive social networks, connect patients and providers, encourage adherence with cancer care, and collect vast quantities of data for advancing cancer research. Development efforts have been rapid and numerous, yet evaluation of intervention effects on behavior change and health outcomes are sorely needed, and regulation around data security issues is notably lacking. Attention to broader audiences is also needed, with targeted development for culturally diverse groups and non-English speakers. Further investment in research to build the evidence base and identify best practices will help delineate and actualize the potential of social media and mHealth technologies for cancer prevention and treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.14694/EDBK_173841

  View details for PubMedID 28561647

• Smoking, Mental Illness, and Public Health. Annual review of public health Prochaska, J. J., Das, S., Young-Wolff, K. C. 2016

  Abstract

  Tobacco remains the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. In particular, people with mental illness are disproportionately affected with high smoking prevalence; they account for more than 200,000 of the 520,000 tobacco-attributable deaths in the United States annually and die on average 25 years prematurely. Our review aims to provide an update on smoking in the mentally ill. We review the determinants of tobacco use among smokers with mental illness, presented with regard to the public health HAVE framework of "the host" (e.g., tobacco user characteristics), the "agent" (e.g., nicotine product characteristics), the "vector" (e.g., tobacco industry), and the "environment" (e.g., smoking policies). Furthermore, we identify the significant health harms incurred and opportunities for prevention and intervention within a health care systems and larger health policy perspective. A comprehensive effort is warranted to achieve equity toward the 2025 Healthy People goal of reducing US adult tobacco use to 12%, with attention to all subgroups, including smokers with mental illness. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health Volume 38 is March 20, 2017. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

  View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044618

  View details for PubMedID 27992725

• Online Patient-Provider E-cigarette Consultations: Perceptions of Safety and Harm. American journal of preventive medicine Brown-Johnson, C. G., Burbank, A., Daza, E. J., Wassmann, A., Chieng, A., Rutledge, G. W., Prochaska, J. J. 2016

  Abstract

  E-cigarettes are popular and unregulated. Patient-provider communications concerning e-cigarettes were characterized to identify patient concerns, provider advice and attitudes, and research needs.An observational study of online patient-provider communications was conducted January 2011-June 2015 from a network providing free medical advice, and analyzed July 2014-May 2016. Patient and provider themes, and provider attitudes toward e-cigarettes (positive, negative, or neutral) were coded qualitatively. Provider attitudes were analyzed with cumulative logit modeling to account for clustering. Patient satisfaction with provider responses was expressed via a Thank function.An increase in e-cigarette-related questions was observed over time. Patient questions (N=512) primarily concerned specific side effects and harms (34%); general safety (27%); e-cigarettes as quit aids (19%); comparison of e-cigarette harms relative to combusted tobacco (18%); use with pre-existing medical conditions (18%); and nicotine-free e-cigarettes (14%). Half of provider responses discussed e-cigarettes as a harm reduction option (48%); 26% discussed them as quit aids. Overall, 47% of providers' responses represented a negative attitude toward e-cigarettes; 33% were neutral (contradictory or non-committal); and 20% were positive. Attitudes did not differ statistically by medical specialty; provider responses positive toward e-cigarettes received significantly more Thanks.Examination of online patient-provider communications provides insight into consumer health experience with emerging alternative tobacco products. Patient concerns largely related to harms and safety, and patients preferred provider responses positively inclined toward e-cigarettes. Lacking conclusive evidence of e-cigarette safety or efficacy, healthcare providers encouraged smoking cessation and recommended first-line cessation treatment approaches.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.018

  View details for PubMedID 27576005

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5118131

• Likelihood of Unemployed Smokers vs Nonsmokers Attaining Reemployment in a One-Year Observational Study JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J., Michalek, A. K., Brown-Johnson, C., Daza, E. J., Baiocchi, M., Anzai, N., Rogers, A., Grigg, M., Chieng, A. 2016; 176 (5): 662-670

  Abstract

  Studies in the United States and Europe have found higher smoking prevalence among unemployed job seekers relative to employed workers. While consistent, the extant epidemiologic investigations of smoking and work status have been cross-sectional, leaving it underdetermined whether tobacco use is a cause or effect of unemployment.To examine differences in reemployment by smoking status in a 12-month period.An observational 2-group study was conducted from September 10, 2013, to August 15, 2015, in employment service settings in the San Francisco Bay Area (California). Participants were 131 daily smokers and 120 nonsmokers, all of whom were unemployed job seekers. Owing to the study's observational design, a propensity score analysis was conducted using inverse probability weighting with trimmed observations. Including covariates of time out of work, age, education, race/ethnicity, and perceived health status as predictors of smoking status.Reemployment at 12-month follow-up.Of the 251 study participants, 165 (65.7) were men, with a mean (SD) age of 48 (11) years; 96 participants were white (38.2%), 90 were black (35.9%), 24 were Hispanic (9.6%), 18 were Asian (7.2%), and 23 were multiracial or other race (9.2%); 78 had a college degree (31.1%), 99 were unstably housed (39.4%), 70 lacked reliable transportation (27.9%), 52 had a criminal history (20.7%), and 72 had received prior treatment for alcohol or drug use (28.7%). Smokers consumed a mean (SD) of 13.5 (8.2) cigarettes per day at baseline. At 12-month follow-up (217 participants retained [86.5%]), 60 of 108 nonsmokers (55.6%) were reemployed compared with 29 of 109 smokers (26.6%) (unadjusted risk difference, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.15-0.42). With 6% of analysis sample observations trimmed, the estimated risk difference indicated that nonsmokers were 30% (95% CI, 12%-48%) more likely on average to be reemployed at 1 year relative to smokers. Results of a sensitivity analysis with additional covariates of sex, stable housing, reliable transportation, criminal history, and prior treatment for alcohol or drug use (25.3% of observations trimmed) reduced the difference in employment attributed to smoking status to 24% (95% CI, 7%-39%), which was still a significant difference. Among those reemployed at 1 year, the average hourly wage for smokers was significantly lower (mean [SD], $15.10 [$4.68]) than for nonsmokers (mean [SD], $20.27 [$10.54]; F(1,86) = 6.50, P = .01).To our knowledge, this is the first study to prospectively track reemployment success by smoking status. Smokers had a lower likelihood of reemployment at 1 year and were paid significantly less than nonsmokers when reemployed. Treatment of tobacco use in unemployment service settings is worth testing for increasing reemployment success and financial well-being.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.0772

  View details for PubMedID 27065044

• The Past, Present, and Future of Nicotine Addiction Therapy ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE, VOL 67 Prochaska, J. J., Benowitz, N. L. 2016; 67: 467-486

  Abstract

  The tobacco addiction treatment field is progressing through innovations in medication development, a focus on precision medicine, and application of new technologies for delivering support in real time and over time. This article reviews the evidence for combined and extended cessation pharmacotherapy and behavioral strategies including provider advice, individual counseling, group programs, the national quitline, websites and social media, and incentives. Healthcare policies are changing to offer cessation treatment to the broad population of smokers. With knowledge of the past and present, this review anticipates what is likely on the horizon in the clinical and public health effort to address tobacco addiction.

  View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev-med-111314-033712

  View details for Web of Science ID 000368346100031

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5117107

• Cost-Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation Treatment Initiated During Psychiatric Hospitalization: Analysis From a Randomized, Controlled Trial JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY Barnett, P. G., Wong, W., Jeffers, A., Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 76 (10): E1285-?

  Abstract

  We examined the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation treatment for psychiatric inpatients.Smokers, regardless of intention to quit, were recruited during psychiatric hospitalization and randomized to receive stage-based smoking cessation services or usual aftercare. Smoking cessation services, quality of life, and biochemically verified abstinence from cigarettes were assessed during 18 months of follow-up. A Markov model of cost-effectiveness over a lifetime horizon was constructed using trial findings and parameters obtained in a review of the literature on quit and relapse rates and the effect of smoking on health care cost, quality of life, and mortality.Among 223 smokers randomized between 2006 and 2008, the mean cost of smoking cessation services was $189 in the experimental treatment group and $37 in the usual care condition (P < .001). At the end of follow-up, 18.75% of the experimental group was abstinent from cigarettes, compared to 6.80% abstinence in the usual care group (P < .05). The model projected that the intervention added $43 in lifetime cost and generated 0.101 additional quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $428 per QALY. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis found the experimental intervention was cost-effective against the acceptance criteria of $50,000/QALY in 99.0% of the replicates.A cessation intervention for smokers identified in psychiatric hospitalization did not result in higher mental health care costs in the short-run and was highly cost-effective over the long-term. The stage-based intervention was a feasible and cost-effective way of addressing the high smoking prevalence in persons with serious mental illness.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00136812.

  View details for DOI 10.4088/JCP.14m09016

  View details for Web of Science ID 000368347900005

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4988964

• Development of a Twitter-based intervention for smoking cessation that encourages high-quality social media interactions via automessages. Journal of medical Internet research Pechmann, C., Pan, L., Delucchi, K., Lakon, C. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 17 (2)

  Abstract

  The medical field seeks to use social media to deliver health interventions, for example, to provide low-cost, self-directed, online self-help groups. However, engagement in online groups is often low and the informational content may be poor.The specific study aims were to explore if sending automessages to online self-help groups encouraged engagement and to see if overall or specific types of engagement related to abstinence.We conducted a Stage I Early Therapy Development Trial of a novel social media intervention for smoking cessation called Tweet2Quit that was delivered online over closed, 20-person quit-smoking groups on Twitter in 100 days. Social media such as Twitter traditionally involves non-directed peer-to-peer exchanges, but our hybrid social media intervention sought to increase and direct such exchanges by sending out two types of autocommunications daily: (1) an "automessage" that encouraged group discussion on an evidence-based cessation-related or community-building topic, and (2) individualized "autofeedback" to each participant on their past 24-hour tweeting. The intervention was purposefully designed without an expert group facilitator and with full automation to ensure low cost, easy implementation, and broad scalability. This purely Web-based trial examined two online quit-smoking groups with 20 members each. Participants were adult smokers who were interested in quitting and were recruited using Google AdWords. Participants' tweets were counted and content coded, distinguishing between responses to the intervention's automessages and spontaneous tweets. In addition, smoking abstinence was assessed at 7 days, 30 days, and 60 days post quit date. Statistical models assessed how tweeting related to abstinence.Combining the two groups, 78% (31/40) of the members sent at least one tweet; and on average, each member sent 72 tweets during the 100-day period. The automessage-suggested discussion topics and participants' responses to those daily automessages were related in terms of their content (r=.75, P=.012). Responses to automessages contributed 22.78% (653/2867) of the total tweets; 77.22% (2214/2867) were spontaneous. Overall tweeting related only marginally to abstinence (OR 1.03, P=.086). However, specific tweet content related to abstinence including tweets about setting of a quit date or use of nicotine patches (OR 1.52, P=.024), countering of roadblocks to quitting (OR 1.76, P=.008) and expressions of confidence about quitting (OR 1.71, SE 0.42, P=.032). Questionable, that is, non-evidence-based, information about quitting did not relate to abstinence (OR 1.12, P=.278).A hybrid social media intervention that combines traditional online social support with daily automessages appears to hold promise for smoking cessation. This hybrid approach capitalizes on social media's spontaneous real-time peer-to-peer exchanges but supplements this with daily automessages that group members respond to, bolstering and sustaining the social network and directing the information content. Highly engaging, this approach should be studied further.Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01602536; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01602536 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6WGbt0o1K).

  View details for DOI 10.2196/jmir.3772

  View details for PubMedID 25707037

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4376170

• Multiple Risk-Behavior Profiles of Smokers With Serious Mental Illness and Motivation for Change HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Delucchi, K., Young-Wolff, K. C., Benowitz, N. L., Hall, S., Bonas, T., Hall, S. M. 2014; 33 (12): 1518-1529

  Abstract

  Objective: Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) are dying on average 25 years prematurely. The leading causes are chronic preventable diseases. In the context of a tobacco-treatment trial, this exploratory study examined the behavioral risk profiles of adults with SMI to identify broader interventional needs. Method: Recruited from five acute inpatient psychiatry units, participants were 693 adult smokers (recruitment rate = 76%, 50% male, 45% Caucasian, age M = 39, 49% had income < $10,000) diagnosed with mood disorders (71%), substance-use disorders (63%), posttraumatic stress disorder (39%), psychotic disorders (25%), and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (25%). The Staging Health Risk Assessment, the primary measure used in this study, screened for risk status and readiness to change 11 health behaviors, referencing the period prior to acute hospitalization. Results: Participants averaged 5.2 (SD = 2.1) risk behaviors, including smoking (100%), high-fat diet (68%), inadequate fruits/vegetables (67%), poor sleep (53%), physical inactivity (52%), and marijuana use (46%). The percent prepared to change ranged from 23% for tobacco and marijuana to 76% for depression management. Latent class analysis differentiated three risk groups: the global higher risk group included patients elevated on all risk behaviors; the global lower risk group was low on all risks; and a mood and metabolic risk group, characterized by inactivity, unhealthy diet, sleep problems, and poor stress and depression management. The global higher risk group (11% of sample) was younger, largely male, and had the greatest number of risk behaviors and mental health diagnoses; had the most severe psychopathologies, addiction-treatment histories, and nicotine dependence; and the lowest confidence for quitting smoking and commitment to abstinence. Conclusion: Most smokers with SMI engaged in multiple risks. Expanding targets to treat co-occurring risks and personalizing treatment to individuals' multibehavioral profiles may increase intervention relevance, interest, and impact on health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

  View details for DOI 10.1037/a0035164

  View details for Web of Science ID 000345741900008

  View details for PubMedID 24467257

• E-Cigarette Use among Smokers with Serious Mental Illness PLOS ONE Prochaska, J. J., Grana, R. A. 2014; 9 (11)

  Abstract

  We examined electronic cigarette (EC) use, correlates of use, and associated changes in smoking behavior among smokers with serious mental illness in a clinical trial.Adult smokers were recruited during acute psychiatric hospitalization (N = 956, 73% enrollment among approached smokers) in the San Francisco Bay Area between 2009-2013. At baseline, participants averaged 17 (SD = 10) cigarettes per day for 19 (SD = 14) years; 24% intended to quit smoking in the next month. Analyses examined frequency and correlates of EC use reported over the 18-month trial and changes in smoking behavior by EC use status.EC use was 11% overall, and by year of enrollment, increased from 0% in 2009 to 25% in 2013. In multiple logistic regression, the likelihood of EC use was significantly greater with each additional year of recruitment, for those aged 18-26, and for those in the preparation versus precontemplation stage of change, and unlikely among Hispanic participants. EC use was unrelated to gender, psychiatric diagnosis, and measures of tobacco dependence at baseline. Further, over the 18-month trial, EC use was not associated with changes in smoking status or, among continued smokers, with reductions in cigarettes per day.Within a clinical trial with smokers with serious mental illness, EC use increased over time, particularly among younger adults and those intending to quit tobacco. EC use was unrelated to changes in smoking. The findings are of clinical interest and warrant further study.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0113013

  View details for Web of Science ID 000346766900016

  View details for PubMedID 25419703

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4242512

• Engaging Patients and Clinicians in Treating Tobacco Addiction JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 174 (8): 1299-1300

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.729

  View details for Web of Science ID 000340447000021

  View details for PubMedID 24910949

• Efficacy of Initiating Tobacco Dependence Treatment in Inpatient Psychiatry: A Randomized Controlled Trial AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Prochaska, J. J., Hall, S. E., Delucchi, K., Hall, S. M. 2014; 104 (8): 1557-1565

  Abstract

  We evaluated the efficacy of a motivational tobacco cessation treatment combined with nicotine replacement relative to usual care initiated in inpatient psychiatry.We randomized participants (n = 224; 79% recruitment rate) recruited from a locked acute psychiatry unit with a 100% smoking ban to intervention or usual care. Prior to hospitalization, participants averaged 19 (SD = 12) cigarettes per day; only 16% intended to quit smoking in the next 30 days. Results. Verified smoking 7-day point prevalence abstinence was significantly higher for intervention than usual care at month 3 (13.9% vs 3.2%), 6 (14.4% vs 6.5%), 12 (19.4% vs 10.9%), and 18 (20.0% vs 7.7%; odds ratio [OR] = 3.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22, 8.14; P = .018; retention > 80%). Psychiatric measures did not predict abstinence; measures of motivation and tobacco dependence did. The usual care group had a significantly greater likelihood than the intervention group of psychiatric rehospitalization (adjusted OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.06, 3.49).The findings support initiation of motivationally tailored tobacco cessation treatment during acute psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatric severity did not moderate treatment efficacy, and cessation treatment appeared to decrease rehospitalization risk, perhaps by providing broader therapeutic benefit.

  View details for DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301403

  View details for Web of Science ID 000341811000055

  View details for PubMedID 23948001

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4103208

• Encouraging and supporting smoking cessation in the workforce. Occupational and environmental medicine Prochaska, J. J., Brown-Johnson, C. G. 2014; 71 (6): 385-387

  View details for DOI 10.1136/oemed-2014-102145

  View details for PubMedID 24759972

• Quitting smoking is associated with long term improvements in mood BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 348

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmj.g1562

  View details for Web of Science ID 000332153700006

  View details for PubMedID 24534077

• Tobacco use among the job-seeking unemployed in California. Preventive medicine Prochaska, J. J., Shi, Y., Rogers, A. 2013; 56 (5): 329-332

  Abstract

  Given the current economic climate, with 8.1% unemployment nationally and 10.6% among the Californian labor force in August 2012, employers can be more selective in their hiring decisions, and individuals who smoke may be at a serious economic disadvantage. The current study examined the association between cigarette smoking and employment status among adults in California, a state with strong antitobacco sentiment.Cross-sectional data were analyzed from the 2007 and 2009 California Health Interview Survey on 68,501 noninstitutionalized adults age 20-65.The job-seeking unemployed had the highest smoking prevalence (20.9%) relative to the non-job-seeking unemployed (15.9%) and employed (14.8%). In a multivariate multinomial logistic regression that controlled for demographic factors and other risk characteristics (obesity, binge drinking), current (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.23, 95% CI=1.01-1.49) but not former smoking status (AOR=0.95, 95% CI=0.76-1.19) was significantly associated with being unemployed and job-seeking.Smokers in California were more likely than never and former smokers to be unemployed. Employment service agencies may be well placed for reaching smokers and treating tobacco dependence.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.021

  View details for PubMedID 23415765

• Cytisine, the world's oldest smoking cessation aid. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) Prochaska, J. J., Das, S., Benowitz, N. L. 2013; 347: f5198-?

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmj.f5198

  View details for PubMedID 23974638

• Twitter=quitter? An analysis of Twitter quit smoking social networks TOBACCO CONTROL Prochaska, J. J., Pechmann, C., Kim, R., Leonhardt, J. M. 2012; 21 (4): 447-449

  Abstract

  Widely popular, Twitter, a free social networking and micro-blogging service, offers potential for health promotion. This study examined the activity of Twitter quit smoking social network accounts.A cross-sectional analysis identified 153 activated Twitter quit smoking accounts dating back to 2007 and examined recent account activity for the month of August 2010.The accounts had a median of 155 followers and 82 total tweets per account; 49% of accounts had >100 tweets. Posted content was largely inconsistent with clinical guidelines; 48% linked to commercial sites for quitting smoking and 43% had tweets on e-cigarettes. In August 2010, 81 of the accounts (53%) were still active.Though popular for building quit smoking social networks, many of the Twitter accounts were no longer active, and tweet content was largely inconsistent with clinical guidelines. Future research is needed to examine the effectiveness of Twitter for supporting smoking cessation.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tc.2010.042507

  View details for Web of Science ID 000305799600026

  View details for PubMedID 21730101

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3310933

• Medical Students' Attention to Multiple Risk Behaviors: A Standardized Patient Examination JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J., Gali, K., Miller, B., Hauer, K. E. 2012; 27 (6): 700-707

  Abstract

  Risk behaviors tend to cluster, particularly among smokers, with negative health effects. To optimize patients' health and wellbeing, health care providers ideally would assess and intervene upon the multiple risks with which patients may present.This study examined medical students' skills in assessing and treating multiple risk behaviors.Using a randomized experimental design, medical students' counseling interactions were evaluated with a standardized patient presenting with sexual health concerns and current tobacco use with varied problematic drinking status (alcohol-positive or alcohol-negative).One hundred and fifty-six third-year medical students.Student and standardized patient completed measures evaluated student knowledge, attitudes, and clinical performance.Overall, most students assessed tobacco use (85%); fewer assessed alcohol use (54%). Relative to the alcohol-negative case, students seeing the alcohol-positive case were less likely to assess sexually transmitted disease history (80% vs. 91%, p = 0.042), or patients' readiness to quit smoking (41% vs. 60%, p = 0.025), and endorsed greater attitudinal barriers to tobacco treatment (p = 0.030). Patient satisfaction was significantly lower for the alcohol-positive than the alcohol-negative case; clinical performance ratings moderated this relationship.When presented with a case of multiple risks, medical students performed less effectively and received lower patient satisfaction ratings. Findings were moderated by students' overall clinical performance. Paradigm shifts are needed in medical education that emphasize assessment of multiple risks, new models of conceptualizing behavior change as a generalized process, and treatment of the whole patient for optimizing health outcomes.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11606-011-1953-9

  View details for Web of Science ID 000304402900015

  View details for PubMedID 22215267

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3358385

• Risk of cardiovascular serious adverse events associated with varenicline use for tobacco cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL Prochaska, J. J., Hilton, J. F. 2012; 344

  Abstract

  To examine the risk of treatment emergent, cardiovascular serious adverse events associated with varenicline use for tobacco cessation.Meta-analysis comparing study effects using four summary estimates.Medline, Cochrane Library, online clinical trials registries, and reference lists of identified articles.We included randomised controlled trials of current tobacco users of adult age comparing use of varenicline with an inactive control and reporting adverse events. We defined treatment emergent, cardiovascular serious adverse events as occurring during drug treatment or within 30 days of discontinuation, and included any ischaemic or arrhythmic adverse cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary revascularisation, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, transient ischaemic attacks, stroke, sudden death or cardiovascular related death, or congestive heart failure).We identified 22 trials; all were double blinded and placebo controlled; two included participants with active cardiovascular disease and 11 enrolled participants with a history of cardiovascular disease. Rates of treatment emergent, cardiovascular serious adverse events were 0.63% (34/5431) in the varenicline groups and 0.47% (18/3801) in the placebo groups. The summary estimate for the risk difference, 0.27% (95% confidence interval -0.10 to 0.63; P = 0.15), based on all 22 trials, was neither clinically nor statistically significant. For comparison, the relative risk (1.40, 0.82 to 2.39; P = 0.22), Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (1.41, 0.82 to 2.42; P = 0.22), and Peto odds ratio (1.58, 0.90 to 2.76; P = 0.11), all based on 14 trials with at least one event, also indicated a non-significant difference between varenicline and placebo groups.This meta--analysis--which included all trials published to date, focused on events occurring during drug exposure, and analysed findings using four summary estimates-found no significant increase in cardiovascular serious adverse events associated with varenicline use. For rare outcomes, summary estimates based on absolute effects are recommended and estimates based on the Peto odds ratio should be avoided.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmj.e2856

  View details for Web of Science ID 000303818500002

  View details for PubMedID 22563098

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3344735

• Cardiology Rx for Change: Improving Clinical Attention to Tobacco Use and Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Cardiology CLINICAL CARDIOLOGY Prochaska, J. J., Benowitz, N. L., Glantz, S. A., Hudmon, K. S., Grossman, W. 2011; 34 (12): 738-743

  Abstract

  Heart disease is the leading cause of tobacco-related death in smokers and of deaths due to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in nonsmokers. This study centers on the development and evaluation of an evidence-based model curriculum for improving clinical attention to tobacco use and SHS exposure in cardiology.We hypothesized that the curriculum would be associated with improvements in clinician tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and counseling behaviors from pre-to post-training and at the 3-month follow-up.The 1-hour Cardiology Rx for Change curriculum was evaluated with 22 cardiology fellows and 77 medical residents with consistent training effects observed between the 2 groups.Trainees' tobacco treatment knowledge increased significantly from pre- to post-training (t[81] = 6.51, P<0.001), and perceived barriers to providing cessation treatment decreased significantly (t[81] = -3.97, P<0.001). The changes, however, were not sustained at the 3-month follow-up, suggesting the need for booster training efforts. From pretraining to 3-month follow-up, the training was associated with significant sustained gains in clinician confidence for treating tobacco dependence (t[61] = 3.69, P = 0.001) and with improvements in clinicians assessing patients' readiness to quit smoking (from 61% to 79%, t[59] = 3.69,P<0.001) and providing assistance with quitting (from 47% to 59%, t[59] = 2.12, P = 0.038). Asking patients about tobacco use, advising cessation, and arranging follow-up also increased over time, but not significantly. All participants (100%) recommended the curriculum for dissemination to other training programs.Available online via http://rxforchange.ucsf.edu, Cardiology Rx for Change offers a packaged training tool for improving treatment of tobacco use and SHS exposure in cardiology care.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/clc.20982

  View details for Web of Science ID 000297632500003

  View details for PubMedID 21987417

• An online survey of tobacco use, intentions to quit, and cessation strategies among people living with bipolar disorder BIPOLAR DISORDERS Prochaska, J. J., Reyes, R. S., Schroeder, S. A., Daniels, A. S., Doederlein, A., Bergeson, B. 2011; 13 (5-6): 466-473

  Abstract

    Tobacco use is prevalent among people living with bipolar disorder. We examined tobacco use, attempts to quit, and tobacco-related attitudes and intentions among 685 individuals with bipolar disorder who smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime.  Data were collected online through the website of the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, a mood disorder peer-support network.  The sample was 67% female, 67% aged 26 to 50, and 89% Caucasian; 87% were current smokers; 92% of current smokers smoked daily, averaging 19 cigarettes/day (SD=11). The sample began smoking at a mean age of 17 years (SD=6) and smoked a median of 7 years prior to bipolar disorder diagnosis. Among current smokers, 74% expressed a desire to quit; intent to quit smoking was unrelated to current mental health symptoms [χ(2) (3)=5.50, p=0.139]. Only 33% were advised to quit smoking by a mental health provider, 48% reported smoking to treat their mental illness, and 96% believed being mentally healthy was important for quitting. Ex-smokers (13% of sample) had not smoked for a median of 2.7 years; 48% quit 'cold turkey.' Most ex-smokers (64%) were in poor or fair mental health when they quit smoking. At the time of the survey, however, more ex-smokers described their mental health as in recovery than current smokers [57% versus 40%; χ(2) (3)=11.12, p=0.011].  Most smokers living with bipolar disorder are interested in quitting. The Internet may be a useful cessation tool for recruiting and potentially treating smokers with bipolar disorder who face special challenges when trying to quit and rarely receive cessation treatment from their mental health providers.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00944.x

  View details for Web of Science ID 000297029600003

  View details for PubMedID 22017216

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3341941

• Smoking and Mental Illness - Breaking the Link NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J. 2011; 365 (3): 196-198

  View details for Web of Science ID 000292915500002

  View details for PubMedID 21774707

• Treating tobacco dependence in clinically depressed smokers: Effect of smoking cessation on mental health functioning AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Prochaska, J. J., Hall, S. M., Tsoh, J. Y., Eisendrath, S., Rossi, J. S., Redding, C. A., Rosen, A. B., Meisner, M., Humfleet, G. L., Gorecki, J. A. 2008; 98 (3): 446-448

  Abstract

  We analyzed data from a randomized trial of 322 actively depressed smokers and examined the effect of smoking cessation on their mental health functioning. Only 1 of 10 measures at 4 follow-up time points was significant: participants who successfully stopped smoking reported less alcohol use than did participants who continued smoking. Depressive symptoms declined significantly over time for participants who stopped smoking and those who continued smoking; there were no group differences. Individuals in treatment for clinical depression can be helped to stop smoking without adversely affecting their mental health functioning.

  View details for DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2006.101147

  View details for Web of Science ID 000253742500014

  View details for PubMedID 17600251

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2253568

• A meta-analysis of smoking cessation interventions with individuals in substance abuse treatment or recovery JOURNAL OF CONSULTING AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Prochaska, J. J., Delucchi, K., Hall, S. A. 2004; 72 (6): 1144-1156

  Abstract

  This meta-analysis examined outcomes of smoking cessation interventions evaluated in 19 randomized controlled trials with individuals in current addictions treatment or recovery. Smoking and substance use outcomes at posttreatment and long-term follow-up (> or = 6 months) were summarized with random effects models. Intervention effects for smoking cessation were significant at posttreatment and comparable for participants in addictions treatment and recovery; however, intervention effects for smoking cessation were nonsignificant at long-term follow-up. Smoking cessation interventions provided during addictions treatment were associated with a 25% increased likelihood of long-term abstinence from alcohol and illicit drugs. Short-term smoking cessation effects look promising, but innovative strategies are needed for long-term cessation. Contrary to previous concerns, smoking cessation interventions during addictions treatment appeared to enhance rather than compromise long-term sobriety.

  View details for DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1144

  View details for Web of Science ID 000225801700021

  View details for PubMedID 15612860

• Adapting a Financial Incentives Intervention for Smoking Cessation with Alaska Native Families: Phase 1 Qualitative Research to Inform the Aniqsaaq (To Breathe) Study. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Sinicrope, P. S., Tranby, B. N., Young, A. M., Koller, K. R., King, D. K., Lee, F. R., Sabaque, C. V., Prochaska, J. J., Borah, B. J., Decker, P. A., McDonell, M. G., Stillwater, B., Thomas, T. K., Patten, C. A. 2024

  Abstract

  Alaska Native and American Indian (ANAI) peoples in Alaska currently experience a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality from tobacco cigarette use. Financial incentives for smoking cessation are evidence-based, but a family-level incentive structure has not been evaluated. We used a community-based participatory research and qualitative approach to culturally adapt a smoking cessation intervention with ANAI families.We conducted individual, semi-structured telephone interviews with 12 ANAI adults who smoke, 12 adult family members, and 13 Alaska Tribal Health System stakeholders statewide between November 2022-March 2023. Through content analysis, we explored intervention receptivity, incentive preferences, culturally aligned recruitment and intervention messaging, and future implementation needs.Participants were receptive to the intervention. Involving a family member was viewed as novel and aligned with ANAI cultural values of commitment to community and familial interdependence. Major themes included choosing a family member who is supportive and understanding, keeping materials positive and encouraging, and offering cash and non-cash incentives for family members to choose (e.g., fuel, groceries, activities). Participants indicated that messaging should emphasize family collaboration and that cessation resources and support tips should be provided. Stakeholders also reinforced that program materials should encourage the use of other existing evidence-based cessation therapies (e.g., nicotine replacement, counseling).Adaptations, grounded in ANAI cultural strengths were made to the intervention and recruitment materials based on participant feedback. Next steps include a beta-test for feasibility and a randomized controlled trial for efficacy.This is the first study to design and adapt a financial incentives intervention promoting smoking cessation among Alaska Native or American Indian (ANAI) peoples and the first to involve the family system. Feedback from this formative work was used to develop a meaningful family-level incentive structure with ANAI people who smoke and family members and ensure intervention messaging is supportive and culturally aligned. The results provide qualitative knowledge that can inform future family-based interventions with ANAI communities, including our planned randomized controlled trial of the intervention.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntae092

  View details for PubMedID 38642396

• Non-alcoholic beverage consumption among US adults who consume alcohol. Addiction (Abingdon, England) Bowdring, M. A., McCarthy, D. M., Fairbairn, C. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2024

  Abstract

  Non-alcoholic beverages (NABs) that mimic alcohol without inducing intoxication, such as non-alcoholic beers, non-alcoholic wines and spirit-free drinks, are increasing in popularity. It is unknown whether NABs help to mitigate or stimulate alcohol use. The present study aimed to describe NAB consumption practices among US adults consuming alcohol, characterize who is likely to consume NABs and examine whether NAB use influences desire for and perceived consumption of alcohol.The survey study used data collected June-July 2023 from an on-line convenience sample. The first survey (n = 1906) assessed frequency of NAB consumption among US adults who consume alcohol. A second more detailed survey on use patterns was conducted with 466 respondents who reported past-year NAB consumption, of whom 153 (32.83%) screened positive on the CAGE questionnaire for alcohol use disorder (AUD).This study took place in the United States.NAB consumption measures included type of NAB consumed, frequency, quantity, first consumption age, consumption reasons, consumption contexts and perceived effect on desire for and consumption of alcohol. Alcohol use measures included frequency, quantity and first consumption age.Past-year NAB use was endorsed by 28.44% of respondents (61.70% ever used). Non-alcoholic liquor/'mocktails' were the most common NAB type consumed (83.69%). Compared with respondents without AUD, those who screened positive for AUD were significantly more likely to consume NABs in an effort to decrease or abstain from drinking alcohol [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.24-5.58] and 67.97% endorsed less alcohol consumption (3.23% endorsed more) due to their NAB use. NAB consumption frequency and quantity were significantly positively predicted by alcohol consumption frequency (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.17-1.83) and quantity (β = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.15-0.35), respectively.Adults who consume alcohol and screen positive for alcohol use disorder report drinking non-alcoholic beverages as a harm reduction strategy.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/add.16452

  View details for PubMedID 38403280

• Predictors of Patient Engagement in Telehealth-Delivered Tobacco Cessation Treatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International journal of environmental research and public health Jagielo, A. D., Chieng, A., Tran, C., Pirkl, A., Cao-Nasalga, A., Bragg, A., Mirkin, R., Prochaska, J. J. 2024; 21 (2)

  Abstract

  Smoking causes one in three cancer deaths and may worsen COVID-19 outcomes. Telehealth tobacco cessation treatment is offered as a covered benefit for patients at the Stanford Cancer Center. We examined predictors of engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were abstracted from the Electronic Health Record between 3/17/20 (start of pandemic shelter-in-place) and 9/20/22, including patient tobacco use, demographics, and engagement in cessation treatment. Importance of quitting tobacco was obtained for a subset (53%). During the first 2.5 years of the pandemic, 2595 patients were identified as recently using tobacco, and 1571 patients were contacted (61%). Of the 1313 patients still using tobacco (40% women, mean age 59, 66% White, 13% Hispanic), 448 (34%) enrolled in treatment. Patient engagement was greater in pandemic year 1 (42%) than in year 2 (28%) and year 3 (19%). Women (41%) engaged more than men (30%). Patients aged 36-45 (39%), 46-55 (43%), 56-65 (37%), and 66-75 (33%) engaged more than patients aged 18-35 (18%) and >75 (21%). Hispanic/Latinx patients (42%) engaged more than non-Hispanic/Latinx patients (33%). Engagement was not statistically significantly related to patient race. Perceived importance of quitting tobacco was significantly lower in pandemic year 1 than year 2 or 3. Nearly one in three cancer patients engaged in telehealth cessation treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Engagement was greater earlier in the pandemic, among women, Hispanic/Latinx individuals, and patients aged 36 to 75. Sheltering-in-place, rather than greater perceived risk, may have facilitated patient engagement in tobacco cessation treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.3390/ijerph21020131

  View details for PubMedID 38397622

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10887648

• Active Social Media Use and Health Indicators Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults. LGBT health Vogel, E. A., Flentje, A., Lunn, M. R., Obedin-Maliver, J., Capriotti, M. R., Ramo, D. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2023

  Abstract

  Purpose: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals may receive social support through active use of social media (i.e., posting and interacting). This study examined associations between active social media use, social support, and health indicators in a large sample of SGM adults in the United States. Methods: Data were derived from the 2017 wave of The PRIDE Study, a national cohort study of SGM health. SGM-identified adults reporting social media use (N = 5995) completed measures of active social media use, social support, depressive symptoms, cigarette smoking, hazardous drinking, sleep, and physical activity. Regression models examined main and interactive effects of active social media use and social support on health indicators. Results: The sample reported a moderate level of active social media use (mean [M] = 3.2 [1.0], scale = 1-5) and relatively high social support (M = 16.7 [3.3], scale = 4-20); 31.8% reported moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms. Participants with greater active social media use were more likely to experience depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10-1.26), cigarette smoking (AOR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.01-1.22), insufficient sleep (AOR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.06-1.21), and physical inactivity (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02-1.15) than those with less active social media use. Active social media use did not significantly interact with social support to predict any health indicators (p values >0.159). Conclusions: Among SGM adults, active social media use was associated with several negative health indicators. Active social media use may increase health risks, or SGM adults with poor health may actively use social media to maintain social connections. Moderate active social media use may be compatible with health.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/lgbt.2023.0170

  View details for PubMedID 38153392

• Kratom availability in California vape shops. Preventive medicine reports Bowdring, M. A., Leas, E. C., Vishwakarma, M., Schleicher, N. C., Prochaska, J. J., Henriksen, L. 2023; 35: 102380

  Abstract

  Kratom products are derived from trees native to Southeast Asia and have dose-dependent stimulant and opioid-like effects. Despite being on the Drug Enforcement Administration "Drugs and Chemicals of Concern List," kratom is legal for sale in most US states. However, there are scarce data on its availability. The goal of this study was to examine kratom availability in vape shops across the state of California and assess shop compliance with a local kratom sales ban (enacted in 2016) in San Diego City. As part of a larger study about retail tobacco marketing near colleges, availability of kratom was assessed in summer 2019 in a random sample of 614 vape shops that was stratified to compare stores near (≤ 3 miles) and distant (>3 miles) from colleges. Logistic regression examined kratom availability as a function of store type (stores that sold vape products only vs. stores selling other tobacco), nearness to college, and tract-level demographics. Kratom was available in 62.4% of observed stores and more often in vape-and-smoke (81.1%) than vape-only shops (11.5%, AOR = 40.4, 95% CI = 23.3-74.1). Kratom availability did not differ by nearness to colleges. In San Diego City, 46.2% of observed stores (95% CI = 28.8-64.5) sold kratom products. Findings indicate that kratom was available in the majority of vape shops and most commonly in vape-and-smoke shops. Widespread availability in tobacco specialty shops suggests the need for research on dual use with tobacco, kratom advertising and cross-product promotion, and the potential of state and local tobacco retail licensing to prohibit sales.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102380

  View details for PubMedID 37680858

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10481347

• Acceptability and Utility of a Smartphone App to Support Adolescent Mental Health (BeMe): Program Evaluation Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth Prochaska, J. J., Wang, Y., Bowdring, M. A., Chieng, A., Chaudhary, N. P., Ramo, D. E. 2023; 11: e47183

  Abstract

  Adolescents face unprecedented mental health challenges, and technology has the opportunity to facilitate access and support digitally connected generations. The combination of digital tools and live human connection may hold particular promise for resonating with and flexibly supporting young people's mental health.This study aimed to describe the BeMe app-based platform to support adolescents' mental health and well-being and to examine app engagement, usability, and satisfaction.Adolescents in the United States, aged 13 to 20 years, were recruited via the web and enrolled between September 1 and October 31, 2022. App engagement, feature use, clinical functioning, and satisfaction with BeMe were examined for 30 days. BeMe provides content based on cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, motivational interviewing, and positive psychology; interactive activities; live text-based coaching; links to clinical services; and crisis support tools (digital and live).The average age of the sample (N=13,421) was 15.04 (SD 1.7) years, and 56.72% (7612/13,421) identified with she/her pronouns. For the subsample that completed the in-app assessments, the mean scores indicated concern for depression (8-item Patient Health Questionnaire mean 15.68/20, SD 5.9; n=239), anxiety (7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire mean 13.37/17, SD 5.0; n=791), and poor well-being (World Health Organization-Five Well-being Index mean 30.15/100, SD 16.1; n=1923). Overall, the adolescents engaged with BeMe for an average of 2.38 (SD 2.7) days in 7.94 (SD 24.1) sessions and completed 11.26 (SD 19.8) activities. Most adolescents engaged with BeMe's content (12,270/13,421, 91.42%), mood ratings (13,094/13,421, 97.56%), and interactive skills (10,098/13,421, 75.24%), and almost one-fifth of the adolescents engaged with coaching (2539/13,421, 18.92%), clinical resources (2411/13,421, 17.96%), and crisis support resources (2499/13,421, 18.62%). Overall app engagement (total activities) was highest among female and gender-neutral adolescents compared with male adolescents (all P<.001) and was highest among younger adolescents (aged 13-14 years) compared with all other ages (all P<.001). Satisfaction ratings were generally high for content (eg, 158/176, 89.8% rated as helpful and 1044/1139, 91.66% improved coping self-efficacy), activities (5362/8468, 63.32% helpful and 4408/6072, 72.6% useful in coping with big feelings), and coaching (747/894, 83.6% helpful and 747/894, 83.6% improved coping self-efficacy). Engagement (total activities completed) predicted the likelihood of app satisfaction (P<.001).Many adolescents downloaded the BeMe app and completed multiple sessions and activities. Engagement with BeMe was higher among female and younger adolescents. Ratings of BeMe's content, activities, and coaching were very positive for cognitive precursors aimed at reducing depression and anxiety and improving well-being. The findings will inform future app development to promote more sustained engagement, and future evaluations will assess the effects of BeMe on changes in mental health outcomes.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/47183

  View details for PubMedID 37639293

• Aniqsaaq (To Breathe): Study protocol to develop and evaluate an Alaska Native family-based financial incentive intervention for smoking cessation. Contemporary clinical trials communications Patten, C. A., Koller, K. R., King, D. K., Prochaska, J. J., Sinicrope, P. S., McDonell, M. G., Decker, P. A., Lee, F. R., Fosi, J. K., Young, A. M., Sabaque, C. V., Brown, A. R., Borah, B. J., Thomas, T. K. 2023; 33: 101129

  Abstract

  Alaska Native and American Indian (ANAI) communities in Alaska are disproportionately affected by commercial tobacco use. Financial incentive interventions promote cigarette smoking cessation, but family-level incentives have not been evaluated. We describe the study protocol to adapt and evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of a remotely delivered, family-based financial incentive intervention for cigarette smoking among Alaskan ANAI people.The study has 3 phases: 1) qualitative interviews with ANAI adults who smoke, family members, and stakeholders to inform the intervention, 2) beta-test of the intervention, and 3) randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating intervention reach and effectiveness on verified, prolonged smoking abstinence at 6- and 12-months post-treatment. In the RCT, adult dyads (ANAI person who smokes [index participant] and family member) recruited throughout Alaska will be randomized to a no-incentives control condition (n = 328 dyads) or a 6-month incentive intervention (n = 328 dyads). All dyads will receive cessation support and family wellness materials. Smoking status will be assessed weekly for four weeks and at three and six months. Intervention index participants will receive escalating incentives for verified smoking abstinence at each time point (maximum $750 total); the family member will receive rewards of equal value.A community advisory committee contributed input on the study design and methods for relevance to ANAI people, particularly emphasizing the involvement of families.Our study aligns with the strength and value AIAN people place on family. Findings, processes, and resources will inform how Indigenous family members can support smoking cessation within incentive interventions.NCT05209451.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101129

  View details for PubMedID 37091507

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10120296

• Data envelopment analysis to evaluate the efficiency of tobacco treatment programs in the NCI Moonshot Cancer Center Cessation Initiative. Implementation science communications Pluta, K., Hohl, S. D., D'Angelo, H., Ostroff, J. S., Shelley, D., Asvat, Y., Chen, L. S., Cummings, K. M., Dahl, N., Day, A. T., Fleisher, L., Goldstein, A. O., Hayes, R., Hitsman, B., Buckles, D. H., King, A. C., Lam, C. Y., Lenhoff, K., Levinson, A. H., Minion, M., Presant, C., Prochaska, J. J., Shoenbill, K., Simmons, V., Taylor, K., Tindle, H., Tong, E., White, J. S., Wiseman, K. P., Warren, G. W., Baker, T. B., Rolland, B., Fiore, M. C., Salloum, R. G. 2023; 4 (1): 50

  Abstract

  The Cancer Center Cessation Initiative (C3I) is a National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Moonshot Program that supports NCI-designated cancer centers developing tobacco treatment programs for oncology patients who smoke. C3I-funded centers implement evidence-based programs that offer various smoking cessation treatment components (e.g., counseling, Quitline referrals, access to medications). While evaluation of implementation outcomes in C3I is guided by evaluation of reach and effectiveness (via RE-AIM), little is known about technical efficiency-i.e., how inputs (e.g., program costs, staff time) influence implementation outcomes (e.g., reach, effectiveness). This study demonstrates the application of data envelopment analysis (DEA) as an implementation science tool to evaluate technical efficiency of C3I programs and advance prioritization of implementation resources.DEA is a linear programming technique widely used in economics and engineering for assessing relative performance of production units. Using data from 16 C3I-funded centers reported in 2020, we applied input-oriented DEA to model technical efficiency (i.e., proportion of observed outcomes to benchmarked outcomes for given input levels). The primary models used the constant returns-to-scale specification and featured cost-per-participant, total full-time equivalent (FTE) effort, and tobacco treatment specialist effort as model inputs and reach and effectiveness (quit rates) as outcomes.In the DEA model featuring cost-per-participant (input) and reach/effectiveness (outcomes), average constant returns-to-scale technical efficiency was 25.66 (SD = 24.56). When stratified by program characteristics, technical efficiency was higher among programs in cohort 1 (M = 29.15, SD = 28.65, n = 11) vs. cohort 2 (M = 17.99, SD = 10.16, n = 5), with point-of-care (M = 33.90, SD = 28.63, n = 9) vs. no point-of-care services (M = 15.59, SD = 14.31, n = 7), larger (M = 33.63, SD = 30.38, n = 8) vs. smaller center size (M = 17.70, SD = 15.00, n = 8), and higher (M = 29.65, SD = 30.99, n = 8) vs. lower smoking prevalence (M = 21.67, SD = 17.21, n = 8).Most C3I programs assessed were technically inefficient relative to the most efficient center benchmark and may be improved by optimizing the use of inputs (e.g., cost-per-participant) relative to program outcomes (e.g., reach, effectiveness). This study demonstrates the appropriateness and feasibility of using DEA to evaluate the relative performance of evidence-based programs.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s43058-023-00433-3

  View details for PubMedID 37170381

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10173908

• Current tobacco smoking and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization: Evaluating the role of socio-demographic factors and comorbidities. Preventive medicine Young-Wolff, K. C., Slama, N., Sakoda, L. C., Prochaska, J. J., Fogelberg, R., Alexeeff, S. E. 2023: 107523

  Abstract

  Our recently published study of >2.4 million adults in Northern California indicated that current versus never-tobacco smoking was associated with lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and less severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We extended this research by evaluating whether these associations were moderated by socio-demographic factors and medical comorbidities. This retrospective cohort study of 1,885,826 adults with current or never-smoking status in Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 3/5/2020 (baseline) to 12/31/2020 (pre-vaccine) included electronic health record-based socio-demographics (sex, age, race/ethnicity, neighborhood deprivation index (NDI)) and medical comorbidities (obesity, cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, renal disease, respiratory conditions). We estimated the adjusted risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization (≤30 days of infection) associated with smoking status using Cox proportional hazard regression models. We estimated associations within subgroups of socio-demographics and comorbidities, and tested for effect modification using interaction terms. During the study, 35,627 patients had SARS-CoV-2 infection. Current versus never-smoking status was associated with lower adjusted rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection (aHR ranging from 0.51 to 0.89) and hospitalization (aHR ranging from 0.32 to 0.70) within nearly every socio-demographic and comorbidity subgroup. Statistically significant interactions showed that the magnitude of protection for SARS-CoV-2 infection varied by sex, age, race/ethnicity, NDI, cardiovascular conditions and diabetes, and for SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization by age and renal disease. Taken together, results indicated that while some socio-demographics and comorbidities moderated the associations, the lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization associated with current versus never-smoking status persisted among patients regardless of socio-demographics or comorbidities.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107523

  View details for PubMedID 37116761

• POSTER SESSION E: PREDICTORS OF PATIENT ENGAGEMENT IN TELEHEALTH-DELIVERED TOBACCO CESSATION TREATMENT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Jagielo, A. D., Chieng, A., Tran, C., Pirkl, A., Cao-Nasalga, A., Bragg, A., Mirkin, R., Prochaska, J. J. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2023: S641

  View details for Web of Science ID 001042977901680

• Moving outside the board room: A proof-of-concept study on the impact of walking while negotiating. PloS one Oppezzo, M., Neale, M. A., Gross, J. J., Prochaska, J. J., Schwartz, D. L., Aikens, R. C., Palaniappan, L. 2023; 18 (3): e0282681

  Abstract

  Negotiation is a consequential activity that can exacerbate power differentials, especially for women. While traditional contexts can prime stereotypical gender roles and promote conditions that lead to performance differences, these can be mitigated by context shifts. This proof-of-concept study explores whether an easy-to-apply context shift, moving from seated indoors to walking outside, can help improve the quality of negotiated interactions. Here we examine walking's effects on negotiation and relational outcomes as well as experienced emotions, moderated by gender.Same-gender pairs were randomly assigned to either sitting or walking as either candidate or recruiter negotiating a job offer.Eighty-one pairs of graduate students or community members participated: sitting pairs: 27 women, 14 men; walking pairs: 23 women, 17 men.Participants negotiated either while seated (across from each other) or walking (side by side along a path).We measured: negotiation performance (total points) and outcome equity (difference between negotiating party points); subjective outcomes of positive emotions, negative emotions, mutual liking, and mutual trust. With mixed effects models, we tested main effects of condition, gender, and interaction of condition x gender.Relative to sitting, walking was associated with: increased outcome equality for women, but decreased for men (B = 3799.1, SE = 1679.9, p = .027); decreased negative emotions, more for women than men (IRR = .83, 95% CI:[.69,1.00], p = .046); and greater mutual liking for both genders (W = 591.5, p-value = 0.027). No significant effects were found for negotiation point totals, positive emotions, or mutual trust.This study provides a foundation for investigating easy-to-implement changes that can mitigate stereotyped performance differences in negotiation.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0282681

  View details for PubMedID 36930666

• A relational agent for treating substance use in adults: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial with a psychoeducational comparator. Contemporary clinical trials Prochaska, J. J., Vogel, E. A., Chieng, A., Baiocchi, M., Pajarito, S., Pirner, M., Darcy, A., Robinson, A. 2023: 107125

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are prevalent and compromise health and wellbeing. Scalable solutions, such as digital therapeutics, may offer a population-based strategy for addressing SUDs. Two formative studies supported the feasibility and acceptability of the relational agent Woebot, an animated screen-based social robot, for treating SUDs (W-SUDs) in adults. Participants randomized to W-SUDs reduced their substance use occasions from baseline to end-of-treatment (EOT) relative to a waitlist control.OBJECTIVE: To further develop the evidence base, the current randomized trial extends follow-up to 1-month post-treatment and will test the efficacy of W-SUDs relative to a psychoeducational control.METHODS: This study will recruit, screen, and consent 400 adults online reporting problematic substance use. Following baseline assessment, participants will be randomized to 8 weeks of W-SUDs or a psychoeducational control. Assessments will be conducted at weeks 4, 8 (EOT), and 12 (1-month post-treatment). Primary outcome is past-month number of substance use occasions, summed across all substances. Secondary outcomes are number of heavy drinking days, the percent of days abstinent from all substances, substance use problems, thoughts about abstinence, cravings, confidence to resist substance use, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and work productivity. If significant group differences are found, we will explore moderators and mediators of treatment effects.CONCLUSIONS: The current study builds upon emerging evidence of a digital therapeutic for reducing problematic substance use by examining sustained effects and testing against a psychoeducational control condition. If efficacious, the findings have implications for scalable mobile health interventions for reducing problematic substance use.TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04925570.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107125

  View details for PubMedID 36813084

• Smoking Cessation, Version 3.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN Shields, P. G., Bierut, L., Arenberg, D., Balis, D., Cinciripini, P. M., Davis, J., Edmondson, D., Feliciano, J., Hitsman, B., Hudmon, K. S., Jaklitsch, M. T., Leone, F. T., Ling, P., McCarthy, D. E., Ong, M. K., Park, E. R., Prochaska, J., Sandoval, A. J., Sheffer, C. E., Spencer, S., Studts, J. L., Tanvetyanon, T., Tindle, H. A., Tong, E., Triplette, M., Urbanic, J., Videtic, G., Warner, D., Whitlock, C. W., McCullough, B., Darlow, S. 2023; 21 (3): 297-322

  Abstract

  Although the harmful effects of smoking after a cancer diagnosis have been clearly demonstrated, many patients continue to smoke cigarettes during treatment and beyond. The NCCN Guidelines for Smoking Cessation emphasize the importance of smoking cessation in all patients with cancer and seek to establish evidence-based recommendations tailored to the unique needs and concerns of patients with cancer. The recommendations contained herein describe interventions for cessation of all combustible tobacco products (eg, cigarettes, cigars, hookah), including smokeless tobacco products. However, recommendations are based on studies of cigarette smoking. The NCCN Smoking Cessation Panel recommends that treatment plans for all patients with cancer who smoke include the following 3 tenets that should be done concurrently: (1) evidence-based motivational strategies and behavior therapy (counseling), which can be brief; (2) evidence-based pharmacotherapy; and (3) close follow-up with retreatment as needed.

  View details for DOI 10.6004/jnccn.2023.0013

  View details for PubMedID 36898367

• Exploring the perceived effectiveness and cultural acceptability of COVID-19 relevant social media intervention content among Alaska Native people who Smoke: The CAN Quit study. Preventive medicine reports Patten, C. A., Koller, K. R., Sinicrope, P. S., Merculieff, Z. T., Prochaska, J. J., Hughes, C. A., McConnell, C. R., Decker, P. A., Resnicow, K., Thomas, T. K. 2022; 30: 102042

  Abstract

  Social media platforms have potential for reach and effectiveness to motivate smoking cessation and use of evidence-based cessation treatment, even during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. This study builds on our prior community participatory approach to developing content postings for the CAN Quit Facebook intervention among Alaska Native (AN) people who smoke. With input from a community advisory committee, we selected new content on COVID-19 preventive practices (e.g., masking) and evaluated them using a validated, six-item perceived effectiveness scale and a single item assessing cultural relevance. We obtained feedback on six content postings (two videos and four text/pictures) from an online survey administered to 41 AN people (14 men, 27 women; age range 22-61years) who smoke in Alaska statewide with 49% residing in rural Alaska. Perceived effectiveness scale scores were high across postings, ranging from 3.9 to 4.4 out of a maximum score of 5.0. Cultural relevance item scores ranged from 3.9 to 4.3. We found no appreciable differences by sex, age, or rural/urban location for either score. This study adds new information on the adaptation, acceptability, and perceived effectiveness of content on COVID-19 preventive practices for future inclusion in a social media-based intervention for smoking cessation specifically tailored for AN people.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102042

  View details for PubMedID 36405042

• Demographic and cultural correlates of traditional eating among Alaska Native adults at risk for cardiovascular disease. PloS one Sanders, M. A., Oppezzo, M., Skan, J., Benowitz, N. L., Schnellbaecher, M., Prochaska, J. J. 2022; 17 (9): e0275445

  Abstract

  This cross-sectional study assessed how traditional eating relates to cultural and community factors. Alaska Native adults from the Norton Sound region were recruited and surveyed between 2015-2018 for a randomized clinical trial of multiple risk behavior change interventions for cardiovascular disease prevention. Participants (n = 291) were 49% female with a mean age of 47 years (SD = 14). A 34-item food frequency questionnaire assessed consumption of foods traditional and nontraditional to the regional Alaska Native diet. A novel measure, termed the "traditional foods index", was computed as weekly servings of culturally traditional food consumption divided by total foods reported. Overall, the sample's traditional foods index averaged 21%±16%, with higher values reported by participants assessed in summer (23%±17%) than winter (19%±15%, p<0.05); by women (22%±16%) than men (19%±16%, p < .05); and by residents of smaller communities (22%±17%) than the comparatively larger community of Nome (17%±14%, p<0.05). The traditional foods index was correlated with age (r = .26, p < .01), as well as the cultural variables of community connectedness (r = .19, p < .01), community standing (r = .15, p < .01), and traditional language comprehension (r = .19, p < .01). In a multivariate regression model, age, community connectedness, and community standing remained significantly associated with traditional diet. These findings may inform the design and evaluation of community-based, culturally-relevant dietary initiatives for heart health.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0275445

  View details for PubMedID 36178914

• Facebook Intervention to Connect Alaska Native People with Resources and Support to Quit Smoking: CAN Quit Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Patten, C. A., Koller, K. R., Sinicrope, P. S., Prochaska, J. J., Young, C., Resnicow, K., Decker, P. A., Hughes, C. A., Merritt, Z. T., McConnell, C. R., Huang, M., Thomas, T. K. 2022

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: There is some evidence that social media interventions can promote smoking cessation. This randomized controlled pilot study is the first to evaluate the feasibility and potential efficacy of a Facebook smoking cessation intervention among Alaska Native adults.METHODS: Recruitment and data collection occurred December 2019-March 2021. Participants were recruited statewide in Alaska using Facebook advertisements with a targeted sample of 60 enrolled. Participants were stratified by gender, age, and rural/urban residence and randomly assigned to receive referral resources on evidence-based cessation treatments (EBCTs) (control, n=30) or these resources plus a three-month, closed/private, culturally tailored, Facebook group (intervention, n=31) that connected participants to EBCT resources and was moderated by two Alaska Native Trained Tobacco Specialists. Assessments were conducted online post-randomization at one, three, and six months. Outcomes were feasibility (recruitment, retention, intervention engagement), self-reported use of EBCTs, and biochemically confirmed seven-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence.RESULTS: Of intervention participants, 90% engaged (e.g., posted, commented) more than once. Study retention was 57% at six months (no group differences). The proportion utilizing EBCTs was about double for intervention compared with the control group participants at three and six months. Smoking abstinence was higher for intervention than control participants at three months (6.5% vs. 0%, p=0.16) but comparable at six months (6.4% vs. 6.7%, p=0.97).CONCLUSIONS: While additional research is needed to promote long-term cessation, this pilot trial supports recruitment feasibility during the COVID-19 pandemic, consumer uptake, and a signal for intervention efficacy on the uptake of cessation treatment and short-term smoking abstinence.IMPLICATIONS: This study is the first evaluation of a social media intervention for smoking cessation among Indigenous people. We learned that statewide Facebook recruitment of Alaska Native adults who smoke was feasible and there was a signal for the efficacy of a Facebook intervention on the uptake of evidence-based cessation treatment and short-term (three months) biochemically verified smoking abstinence. Clinically, social media platforms may complement current care models by connecting Alaska Native individuals and others living in hard-to-reach communities to cessation treatment resources.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntac221

  View details for PubMedID 36130170

• Traditional Heart-Healthy Diet and Medication Adherence in the Norton Sound Region: An 18-Month Telehealth Intervention. International journal of environmental research and public health Oppezzo, M., Knox, M., Skan, J., Chieng, A., Crouch, M., Aikens, R. C., Benowitz, N. L., Schnellbaecher, M., Prochaska, J. J. 2022; 19 (16)

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Innovations are needed for preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and for reaching diverse communities in remote regions. The current study reports on a telemedicine-delivered intervention promoting a traditional heart-healthy diet and medication adherence with Alaska Native men and women residing in the Norton Sound region of Alaska.METHODS: Participants were 299 men and women with high blood pressure or high cholesterol smoking daily who were randomized to receive telemedicine-delivered counseling and printed materials on diet and medication adherence or on smoking and physical activity. Intervention contacts were at baseline and 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up, with a final assessment at 18 months. Nutrition outcomes were the ratio of heart-healthy foods and traditional heart-healthy foods relative to all foods reported on a 34-item food frequency questionnaire. Recent and typical adherence for heart medications were self-reported.RESULTS: Intervention effects were significant for the heart-healthy foods ratio at 6 months only (p = 0.014) and significant for the traditional heart-healthy foods ratio at 6 months only for those aged 47+ (p = 0.031). For recent and typical medication adherence, there were no significant group differences by time.DISCUSSION: In a remote region of Alaska, telemedicine proved feasible and acceptable for engaging Alaska Native men and women in counseling on CVD risk behaviors. The findings indicate that more touchpoints may be necessary to impart comprehensive lasting change in heart-healthy eating patterns. Medication adherence group differences were not significant; however, medication adherence was high overall.

  View details for DOI 10.3390/ijerph19169885

  View details for PubMedID 36011519

• Electronic cigarette use and risk of COVID-19 among young adults without a history of cigarette smoking. Preventive medicine Young-Wolff, K. C., Slama, N., Alexeeff, S. E., Prochaska, J. J., Fogelberg, R., Sakoda, L. C. 2022: 107151

  Abstract

  It is unknown whether use of e-cigarettes increases susceptibility to COVID-19. In a large clinical sample of young adults, we evaluated whether current or ever e-cigarette use was associated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed COVID-19. To address the confounding of combustible smoking, the sample was restricted to never smokers. This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the electronic health records of 74,853 young adults (aged 18-35 years), without a history of cigarette smoking, who were screened for e-cigarette use (current, former, never) in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) healthcare system from 3/5/2020 (baseline) to 11/30/2020 (pre-vaccine). COVID-19 risk was estimated in time-to-event analyses using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for socio-demographics and medical comorbidities. E-cigarette status in the cohort was: 1.6% current, 1.2% former, and 97.2% never. During follow-up, 1965 (2.6%) patients acquired COVID-19. We did not find evidence that current (vs never) e-cigarette use was associated with risk of COVID-19 (aHR = 1.12 95%CI:0.77-1.62). However, we did find suggestive evidence that former (versus never) e-cigarette use may be associated with greater risk of COVID-19 (aHR = 1.39 95%CI:0.98-1.96). While e-cigarette use is associated with health risks for young adults, results from this study suggest that current use of e-cigarettes may not increase susceptibility for COVID-19 among young adults who have never smoked cigarettes.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107151

  View details for PubMedID 35809821

• Cigarette Smoking and Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and Disease Severity Among Adults in an Integrated Health Care System in California. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Young-Wolff, K. C., Slama, N., Alexeeff, S. E., Sakoda, L. C., Fogelberg, R., Myers, L. C., Campbell, C. I., Adams, A. S., Prochaska, J. J. 2022

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The relationship between cigarette smoking status and SARS-CoV-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity is highly debated. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of >2.4 million adults in a large healthcare system to evaluate whether smoking is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity.METHODS: This retrospective cohort study of 2,427,293 adults in KPNC from 3/5/2020 (baseline) to 12/31/2020 (pre-vaccine) included smoking status (current, former, never), socio-demographics, and comorbidities from the electronic health record. SARS-CoV-2 infection (identified by a positive PCR test) and COVID-19 severity (hospitalization, ICU admission or death ≤30 days of COVID-19 diagnosis) were estimated in time-to-event analyses using Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusting for covariates. Secondary analyses examined COVID-19 severity among patients with COVID-19 using logistic regression.RESULTS: During the study, 44,270 patients had SARS-CoV-2 infection. Current smoking was associated with lower adjusted rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection (aHR=0.64 95%CI:0.61-0.67), COVID-19-related hospitalization (aHR=0.48 95%CI:0.40-0.58), ICU admission (aHR=0.62 95%CI:0.42-0.87), and death (aHR=0.52 95%CI:0.27-0.89) than never-smoking. Former smoking was associated with a lower adjusted rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection (aHR=0.96 95%CI:0.94-0.99) and higher rates of hospitalization (aHR=1.10 95%CI:1.03-1.08) and death (aHR=1.32 95%CI:1.11-1.56) than never-smoking. Logistic regression analyses among patients with COVID-19 found lower odds of hospitalization for current versus never-smoking and higher odds of hospitalization and death for former versus never-smoking.CONCLUSIONS: In the largest US study to date on smoking and COVID-19, current and former smoking showed lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection than never-smoking, while a history of smoking was associated with higher risk of severe COVID-19.IMPLICATIONS: In this cohort study of 2.4 million adults, adjusting for socio-demographics and medical comorbidities, current cigarette smoking was associated with a lower risk of both COVID-19 infection and severe COVID-19 illness compared to never-smoking. A history of smoking was associated with a slightly lower risk of COVID-19 infection and a modestly higher risk of severe COVID-19 illness compared to never-smoking. The lower observed COVID-19 risk for current versus never-smoking deserves further investigation. Results support prioritizing individuals with smoking-related comorbidities for vaccine outreach and treatments as they become available.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntac090

  View details for PubMedID 35368066

• Lessons Learned From Beta-Testing a Facebook Group Prototype to Promote Treatment Use in the "Connecting Alaska Native People to Quit Smoking" (CAN Quit) Study. Journal of medical Internet research Sinicrope, P. S., Young, C. D., Resnicow, K., Merritt, Z. T., McConnell, C. R., Hughes, C. A., Koller, K. R., Bock, M. J., Decker, P. A., Flanagan, C. A., Meade, C. D., Thomas, T. K., Prochaska, J. J., Patten, C. A. 2022; 24 (2): e28704

  Abstract

  Social media provides an effective tool to reach, engage, and connect smokers in cessation efforts. Our team developed a Facebook group, CAN Quit (Connecting Alaska Native People to Quit smoking), to promote use of evidence-based smoking cessation resources for Alaska Native people living in Alaska, which are underused despite their effectiveness. Often separated by geography and climate, Alaska Native people prefer group-based approaches for tobacco cessation that support their culture and values. Such preferences make Alaska Native people candidates for social media-based interventions that promote connection. This viewpoint discusses the steps involved and lessons learned in building and beta-testing our Facebook group prototype, which will then be evaluated in a pilot randomized controlled trial. We describe the process of training moderators to facilitate group engagement and foster community, and we describe how we developed and tested our intervention prototype and Facebook group. All parts of the prototype were designed to facilitate use of evidence-based cessation treatments. We include recommendations for best practices with the hope that lessons learned from the CAN Quit prototype could provide a model for others to create similar platforms that benefit Alaska Native and American Indian people in the context of smoking cessation.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/28704

  View details for PubMedID 35175208

• Perceptions of Cigarette Smoking and Weight in Hypothetical Hiring Decisions HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Vogel, E. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2022

  Abstract

  Prior studies indicate lower employment and greater difficulty securing reemployment among individuals who smoke or are overweight. In an anonymous online survey, we examined willingness to hire candidates who smoke cigarettes or are overweight for different job types and tested respondents' smoking history and body weight as moderating factors.Employed U.S. adults (N = 1,107) were recruited online in 2019-2020. Respondents indicated their willingness to hire and hiring preferences for six different job roles in reference to eight different attributes, which included smoking and overweight status. Analyses tested differences by job type and respondents' own smoking and overweight status.Percent willing to hire candidates who smoke (are overweight) was 7.6% (40.3%) for health aide, 15.3% (66.2%) for receptionist, and 53.6% (58.1%) for groundskeeper. Ever-smoker respondents were more likely than never-smokers to be willing to hire candidates who smoke (odds ratios [OR] = 1.98-3.00) and less likely to identify smoking as a least preferred attribute (ps < .009). Overweight respondents were more likely than nonoverweight respondents to be willing to hire overweight candidates (OR = 1.47-1.99) and less likely to identify overweight as a least preferred attribute (ps < .002). Moderating effects of respondent smoking or overweight status were greater for the public-facing receptionist versus groundskeeper position.In hypothetical hiring decisions, smoking and overweight were viewed as undesirable, particularly among respondents without the attribute tested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

  View details for DOI 10.1037/hea0001145

  View details for Web of Science ID 000740013500001

  View details for PubMedID 35007123

• Momentary Influences on Self-Regulation in Two Populations With Health Risk Behaviors: Adults Who Smoke and Adults Who Are Overweight and Have Binge-Eating Disorder. Frontiers in digital health Scherer, E. A., Metcalf, S. A., Whicker, C. L., Bartels, S. M., Grabinski, M., Kim, S. J., Sweeney, M. A., Lemley, S. M., Lavoie, H., Xie, H., Bissett, P. G., Dallery, J., Kiernan, M., Lowe, M. R., Onken, L., Prochaska, J. J., Stoeckel, L. E., Poldrack, R. A., MacKinnon, D. P., Marsch, L. A. 2022; 4: 798895

  Abstract

  Introduction: Self-regulation has been implicated in health risk behaviors and is a target of many health behavior interventions. Despite most prior research focusing on self-regulation as an individual-level trait, we hypothesize that self-regulation is a time-varying mechanism of health and risk behavior that may be influenced by momentary contexts to a substantial degree. Because most health behaviors (e.g., eating, drinking, smoking) occur in the context of everyday activities, digital technologies may help us better understand and influence these behaviors in real time. Using a momentary self-regulation measure, the current study (which was part of a larger multi-year research project on the science of behavior change) used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to assess if self-regulation can be engaged and manipulated on a momentary basis in naturalistic, non-laboratory settings.Methods: This one-arm, open-label exploratory study prospectively collected momentary data for 14 days from 104 participants who smoked regularly and 81 participants who were overweight and had binge-eating disorder. Four times per day, participants were queried about momentary self-regulation, emotional state, and social and environmental context; recent smoking and exposure to smoking cues (smoking sample only); and recent eating, binge eating, and exposure to binge-eating cues (binge-eating sample only). This study used a novel, momentary self-regulation measure comprised of four subscales: momentary perseverance, momentary sensation seeking, momentary self-judgment, and momentary mindfulness. Participants were also instructed to engage with Laddr, a mobile application that provides evidence-based health behavior change tools via an integrated platform. The association between momentary context and momentary self-regulation was explored via mixed-effects models. Exploratory assessments of whether recent Laddr use (defined as use within 12 h of momentary responses) modified the association between momentary context and momentary self-regulation were performed via mixed-effects models.Results: Participants (mean age 35.2; 78% female) in the smoking and binge-eating samples contributed a total of 3,233 and 3,481 momentary questionnaires, respectively. Momentary self-regulation subscales were associated with several momentary contexts, in the combined as well as smoking and binge-eating samples. For example, in the combined sample momentary perseverance was associated with location, positively associated with positive affect, and negatively associated with negative affect, stress, and tiredness. In the smoking sample, momentary perseverance was positively associated with momentary difficulty in accessing cigarettes, caffeine intake, and momentary restraint in smoking, and negatively associated with temptation and urge to smoke. In the binge-eating sample, momentary perseverance was positively associated with difficulty in accessing food and restraint in eating, and negatively associated with urge to binge eat. While recent Laddr use was not associated directly with momentary self-regulation subscales, it did modify several of the contextual associations, including challenging contexts.Conclusions: Overall, this study provides preliminary evidence that momentary self-regulation may vary in response to differing momentary contexts in samples from two exemplar populations with risk behaviors. In addition, the Laddr application may modify some of these relationships. These findings demonstrate the possibility of measuring momentary self-regulation in a trans-diagnostic way and assessing the effects of momentary, mobile interventions in context. Health behavior change interventions may consider measuring and targeting momentary self-regulation in addition to trait-level self-regulation to better understand and improve health risk behaviors. This work will be used to inform a later stage of research focused on assessing the transdiagnostic mediating effect of momentary self-regulation on medical regimen adherence and health outcomes.Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03352713.

  View details for DOI 10.3389/fdgth.2022.798895

  View details for PubMedID 35373179

• Associations Between Substance Use Problems and Stress During COVID-19 JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS Vogel, E. A., Chieng, A., Robinson, A., Pajarito, S., Prochaska, J. J. 2021; 82 (6): 776-781

  View details for Web of Science ID 000752489100010

• Associations Between Substance Use Problems and Stress During COVID-19. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs Vogel, E. A., Chieng, A., Robinson, A., Pajarito, S., Prochaska, J. J. 2021; 82 (6): 776-781

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has produced major life disruptions and increased stress. We explored associations between pandemic-related stress and substance use problems.METHOD: Adults (N = 180; 65% female) with problematic substance use (CAGE-AID > 1) were recruited online June-August 2020. Measures included the 15-item Short Inventory of Problems-Alcohol and Drugs (SIP-AD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) seven-item anxiety measure, Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) eight-item depression measure, a three-item measure of pandemic life disruptions, a six-item measure of pandemic-related mental health effects, and a five-item measure of pandemic-related personal growth. Participants reported whether they frequented bars and attended large gatherings. Participants with children (<18 years of age) in the home completed a four-item measure of pandemic-related worry about children's well-being. Pandemic-related measures with significant bivariate associations with SIP-AD, GAD, and PHQ scores were tested in multivariable linear regression, adjusting for sex, age, and race/ethnicity.RESULTS: Participants who struggled with responsibilities at home, had greater mental health impacts, had greater personal growth, and frequented bars or large gatherings had higher SIPAD scores (all ps < .05). Participants who struggled with responsibilities at home, had difficulty getting necessities, had greater mental health impacts, and worried more about their children had higher GAD-7 and PHQ-8 scores (all ps < .05). Participants who lost a job or income during the pandemic had higher PHQ-8 scores (p = .015). In multivariable analyses, greater mental health impacts were associated with higher SIP-AD, PHQ-8, and GAD-7 scores (all ps < .05).CONCLUSIONS: Experiencing worsened mental health symptoms during COVID-19 was associated with more substance use problems and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Pandemic disruptions may exacerbate preexisting substance use problems.

  View details for PubMedID 34762037

• Young people's e-cigarette risk perceptions, policy attitudes, and past-month nicotine vaping in 30 U.S. cities. Drug and alcohol dependence Vogel, E. A., Henriksen, L., Schleicher, N. C., Prochaska, J. J. 2021; 229 (Pt A): 109122

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: This study examined young people's e-cigarette risk perceptions, policy attitudes, and past-month nicotine vaping in 30 US cities in relation to city e-cigarette retail policy.METHODS: Participants ages 13-20 were recruited online September-November 2020 (N=900, approximately 30 per city). Cities (median population=688,531) were in 23 states. Ever e-cigarette users were oversampled. A multilevel generalized estimating equations (GEE) model compared past-month nicotine vaping as a function of local e-cigarette retail policy. Among ever-users, multilevel bivariate GEE models examined associations of participant characteristics with past-month vaping (yes/no) and, among past-month nicotine vapers, purchase of vaping products at a retail location (yes/no).RESULTS: The sample (age M=17.7 [SD=1.8]) was 60.2% female and 29.3% Black. Minimal city-level variation was observed in e-cigarette risk perceptions or policy attitudes (ICCs<0.001). Nearly half the sample (44.6%) reported ever e-cigarette use; 11.8% reported past-month nicotine vaping. Past-month nicotine vaping was associated with older age, being non-Hispanic white, living with someone who vapes, having friends who vape, greater exposure to retail e-cigarette ads, lower e-cigarette risk perceptions, and lower perceived efficacy of flavored tobacco policy. Among ever-users, past-month nicotine vaping was not significantly associated with city e-cigarette flavor policy (p=.784). Most participants reporting past-month nicotine vaping purchased products in-store (58.5%).CONCLUSIONS: Among young people surveyed in US cities, e-cigarette risk perceptions and policy attitudes showed minimal between-city variation. Past-month vaping among ever-users did not differ significantly by local flavor policies. A majority of past-month users, regardless of city policies, reported underage access to flavored products in retail locations.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109122

  View details for PubMedID 34695673

• Plant-based menthol cigarettes? Food industry trends and farm-to-pack cigarette advertising. Tobacco control Raskind, I. G., Prochaska, J. J., Epperson, A. E., Henriksen, L. 2021

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056534

  View details for PubMedID 34400569

• Perceived Susceptibility to and Seriousness of COVID-19: Associations of Risk Perceptions with Changes in Smoking Behavior. International journal of environmental research and public health Vogel, E. A., Henriksen, L., Schleicher, N. C., Prochaska, J. J. 2021; 18 (14)

  Abstract

  During the COVID-19 pandemic, studies have documented increased and decreased cigarette smoking among adults. Individual differences in the perceived susceptibility and seriousness of the virus, for people who smoke in general and for oneself personally, may relate to changes in smoking. Using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a theoretical framework, we examined associations with self-reported increasing and decreasing smoking a lot during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period. Adults in 30 large U.S. cities who smoked cigarettes daily completed an online survey between 14 July and 30 November 2020. The analytic sample (N = 2768) was 54.0% male and 68.3% white with 23.7% reporting increasing and 11.3% decreasing smoking (6% reported both). Younger age, a diagnosis of COVID-19, and greater pandemic-related stress were associated with greater odds of both increased and decreased smoking. Increased smoking also was associated with heavier nicotine dependence, greater desire to quit, and greater perceived susceptibility and lower perceived seriousness of COVID-19 for people who smoke, while pandemic-related job-loss, lower nicotine dependence, and greater self-efficacy were associated with decreased smoking. Among respondents who had not contracted COVID-19 (n = 2418), correlates were similar with the addition of greater perceived personal susceptibility to COVID-19 associated with both increased and decreased smoking, while greater perceived personal seriousness of COVID-19 was associated with increased smoking. Findings for risk perceptions were largely in directions that contradict the HBM. Circumstances surrounding behavior change during the pandemic are complex and may be especially complex for nicotine addiction.

  View details for DOI 10.3390/ijerph18147621

  View details for PubMedID 34300072

• Perceived Costs versus Actual Benefits of Demographic Self-Disclosure in Online Support Groups. Journal of consumer psychology : the official journal of the Society for Consumer Psychology Pechmann, C. C., Yoon, K. E., Trapido, D., Prochaska, J. J. 2021; 31 (3): 450-477

  Abstract

  Millions of U.S. adults join online support groups to attain health goals, but the social ties they form are often too weak to provide the support they need. What impedes the strengthening of ties in such groups? We explore the role of demographic differences in causing the impediment and demographic self-disclosure in removing it. Using a field study of online quit-smoking groups complemented by three laboratory experiments, we find that members tend to hide demographic differences, concerned about poor social integration that will weaken their ties. However, the self-disclosures of demographic differences that naturally occur during group member discussions actually strengthen their ties, which in turn facilitates attainment of members' health goals. In other words, social ties in online groups are weak not because members are demographically different, but because they are reluctant to self-disclose their differences. If they do self-disclose, this breeds interpersonal connection, trumping any demographic differences among them. Data from both laboratory and field about two types of demographic difference-dyad-level dissimilarity and group-level minority status-provide convergent support for our findings.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/jcpy.1200

  View details for PubMedID 36276230

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC9585925

• Nicotine and cannabis vaping among adolescents in treatment for substance use disorders. Journal of substance abuse treatment Young-Wolff, K. C., Adams, S. R., Sterling, S. A., Tan, A. S., Salloum, R. G., Torre, K., Carter-Harris, L., Prochaska, J. J. 2021; 125: 108304

  Abstract

  This study examined nicotine and cannabis vaping among adolescents in treatment for substance use disorders. Participants were 363 adolescents aged 12-17 (66% male, mean age=15.5 [SD=1.3], 46% non-Hispanic white) seen for a specialty addiction intake evaluation between 2017 and 2019 at one of six medical offices of a large, integrated health care system in Northern California. Multivariable logistic regression models tested for associations of sociodemographics, cigarette smoking, and substance use disorders with vaping behaviors. A majority of adolescents reported ever (68%) or current vaping (60%) of nicotine and/or cannabis; current vaping was similar for nicotine (50%) and cannabis (51%); 40% reported current vaping of both. Current smokers (6% of the sample) had higher odds of ever vaping (aOR=3.95, 95%CI: 1.04-14.95). Black (versus non-Hispanic white) adolescents had lower odds of current nicotine vaping (aOR=0.08, 95%CI: 0.02-0.37) and current vaping of both nicotine and cannabis (aOR=0.12, 95%CI: 0.03-0.60). Having an alcohol use disorder was associated with current vaping (aOR=2.14, 95%CI: 1.06-4.33). Those who endorsed that most friends get drunk/high (aOR=1.87, 95%CI: 1.02-3.42) or that cannabis was their substance of choice (aOR=2.36, 95%CI: 1.16-4.81) had higher odds of current cannabis vaping. Higher neighborhood household income ($80,000-$120,000 and >$120,000 vs. <$80,000, aORs=2.05-9.48), never versus ever blunt use (aORs=2.47-8.68), and intakes in 2018 and 2019 versus 2017 (aORs=2.18-5.38) were associated with higher odds of all vaping outcomes. Vaping was common among adolescents in addiction treatment and varied with sociodemographics and substance-related factors. Research should assess how vaping impacts the development of substance use disorders and whether it interferes with addiction treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108304

  View details for PubMedID 34016296

• Indigenizing Quality of Life: The Goodness of Life for Every Alaska Native Research Study. Applied research in quality of life Crouch, M. C., Skan, J., David, E. J., Lopez, E. D., Prochaska, J. J. 2021; 16 (3): 1123-1143

  Abstract

  The perspectives of Alaska Native (AN) peoples are rarely represented in quality of life (QOL) research. AN representation and voice is imperative to mitigating health disparities and in health promotion for AN peoples. To address these gaps, a sample of 15 AN people (six male, nine female) was recruited to participate in stakeholder QOL research. Five focus groups participated in activities that led participants to identify 28 themes; qualitative data analyses led researchers to identify seven additional themes. All 35 themes were integrated and reduced to the following nine culturally-grounded QOL themes: family, subsistence, access to resources, health and happiness, traditional knowledge and values, acts of self, providing, sobriety, and healing. These themes reflect the values of the participants and are exemplars of a culturally relevant, community based participatory research approach. Future research and health service implications - such as future development of a measure of AN QOL to improve wellness in healthcare settings and beyond - are discussed.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11482-019-09782-5

  View details for PubMedID 34149962

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC8210658

• Mixed-methods economic evaluation of the implementation of tobacco treatment programs within NCI-designated cancer centers Salloum, R., D'Angelo, H., Theis, R., LeLaurin, J., Pauk, D., Chen, L., Day, A., Goldstein, A., Hitsman, B., Hudson, D., King, A., Lam, C., Levinson, A., Prochaska, J., Tanski, S., Taylor, K., Thomas, J., Tindle, H., Tong, E., Warren, G., Baker, T., Fiore, M. BMC. 2021

  View details for Web of Science ID 000652220000044

• Correlates of the nicotine metabolite ratio in Alaska Native people who smoke cigarettes. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology Vogel, E. A., Benowitz, N. L., Skan, J., Schnellbaecher, M., Prochaska, J. J. 2021

  Abstract

  Research on nicotine metabolism has primarily focused on white adults. This study examined associations between nicotine metabolism, tobacco use, and demographic characteristics among Alaska Native adults who smoke cigarettes. Participants (N = 244) were Alaska Native adults who smoked and who provided a plasma sample at baseline (70.1%) or follow-up (29.9%) of a randomized controlled trial of a cardiovascular risk behavior intervention. At baseline, participants self-reported age, sex, Alaska Native heritage, cigarettes per day, time to first cigarette upon wakening, menthol use, perceived difficulty staying quit, tobacco withdrawal symptoms, and past-month tobacco product use, binge drinking, and cannabis use. At 3-, 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-ups, participants self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Participants' nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), calculated as the ratio of plasma cotinine and trans-3' hydroxycotinine, was log-transformed. The sample (52.0% male, age M = 47.0 years [SD = 13.8], 60.3% of Inupiaq heritage) averaged 12.5 cigarettes per day (SD = 10.5); 64.0% smoked within 30 min of wakening. NMR was not significantly associated with age, sex, Alaska Native heritage, BMI, cigarettes per day, time to first cigarette upon wakening, menthol use, perceived difficulty staying quit, past-month dual tobacco product use, withdrawal symptoms, past-month binge drinking, past-month cannabis use, or abstinence from smoking (all p-values > .050). Characteristics that relate to NMR in Alaska Native adults may differ from those typically identified among white adults. Specifically, results may suggest that Alaska Native adults with slower nicotine metabolism do not titrate their nicotine intake when smoking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

  View details for DOI 10.1037/pha0000461

  View details for PubMedID 33856821

• Mixed-methods economic evaluation of the implementation of tobacco treatment programs in National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers. Implementation science communications Salloum, R. G., D'Angelo, H., Theis, R. P., Rolland, B., Hohl, S., Pauk, D., LeLaurin, J. H., Asvat, Y., Chen, L., Day, A. T., Goldstein, A. O., Hitsman, B., Hudson, D., King, A. C., Lam, C. Y., Lenhoff, K., Levinson, A. H., Prochaska, J., Smieliauskas, F., Taylor, K., Thomas, J., Tindle, H., Tong, E., White, J. S., Vogel, W. B., Warren, G. W., Fiore, M. 2021; 2 (1): 41

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The Cancer Center Cessation Initiative (C3I) was launched in 2017 as a part of the NCI Cancer Moonshot program to assist NCI-designated cancer centers in developing tobacco treatment programs for oncology patients. Participating centers have implemented varied evidence-based programs that fit their institutional resources and needs, offering a wide range of services including in-person and telephone-based counseling, point of care, interactive voice response systems, referral to the quitline, text- and web-based services, and medications.METHODS: We used a mixed methods comparative case study design to evaluate system-level implementation costs across 15 C3I-funded cancer centers that reported for at least one 6-month period between July 2018 and June 2020. We analyzed operating costs by resource category (e.g., personnel, medications) concurrently with transcripts from semi-structured key-informant interviews conducted during site visits. Personnel salary costs were estimated using Bureau of Labor Statistics wage data adjusted for area and occupation, and non-wage benefits. Qualitative findings provided additional information on intangible resources and contextual factors related to implementation costs.RESULTS: Median total monthly operating costs across funded centers were $11,045 (range: $5129-$20,751). The largest median operating cost category was personnel ($10,307; range: $4122-$19,794), with the highest personnel costs attributable to the provision of in-person program services. Monthly (non-zero) cost ranges for other categories were medications ($17-$573), materials ($6-$435), training ($96-$516), technology ($171-$2759), and equipment ($10-$620). Median cost-per-participant was $466 (range: $70-$2093) and cost-per-quit was $2688 (range: $330-$9628), with sites offering different combinations of program components, ranging from individually-delivered in-person counseling only to one program that offered all components. Site interviews provided context for understanding variations in program components and their cost implications.CONCLUSIONS: Among most centers that have progressed in tobacco treatment program implementation, cost-per-quit was modest relative to other prevention interventions. Although select centers have achieved similar average costs by offering program components of various levels of intensity, they have varied widely in program reach and effectiveness. Evaluating implementation costs of such programs alongside reach and effectiveness is necessary to provide decision makers in oncology settings with the important additional information needed to optimize resource allocation when establishing tobacco treatment programs.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s43058-021-00144-7

  View details for PubMedID 33836840

• TWEET4WELLNESS: PILOT FOR A TWITTER-BASED SUPPORT GROUP WITH DAILY THEORY-BASED STRATEGIES TO DECREASE SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR. Oppezzo, M. A., Kristopher, K., Tremmel, J., Desai, M., Baiocchi, M., Ramo, D. E., Cullen, M., Prochaska, J. J. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2021: S484

  View details for Web of Science ID 000648922701173

• FEASIBILITY, ACCEPTABILITY, AND PRELIMINARY EFFICACY OF AN AUTOMATED CONVERSATIONAL AGENT FOR REDUCING SUBSTANCE MISUSE Prochaska, J. J., Vogel, E. A., Chieng, A., Kendra, M., Baoicchi, M., Pajarito, S., Robinson, A. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2021: S231

  View details for Web of Science ID 000648922700468

• PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AS STRESS MANAGEMENT DURING COVID-19 Vogel, E. A., Zhang, J., Peng, K., Heaney, C. A., Lu, Y., Lounsbury, D. W., Hsing, A. W., Prochaska, J. J. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2021: S357

  View details for Web of Science ID 000648922700724

• A Facebook intervention to address cigarette smoking and heavy episodic drinking: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of substance abuse treatment Meacham, M. C., Ramo, D. E., Prochaska, J. J., Maier, L. J., Delucchi, K. L., Kaur, M., Satre, D. D. 2021; 122: 108211

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Co-occurrence of tobacco use and heavy episodic drinking (HED; 5+ drinks for men and 4+ drinks for women per occasion) is common among young adults; both warrant attention and intervention. In a two-group randomized pilot trial, we investigated whether a Facebook-based smoking cessation intervention addressing both alcohol and tobacco use would increase smoking abstinence and reduce HED compared to a similar intervention addressing only tobacco.METHODS: Participants were 179 young adults (age 18-25; 49.7% male; 80.4% non-Hispanic white) recruited from Facebook and Instagram who reported smoking 4+ days/week and past-month HED. The Smoking Tobacco and Drinking (STAND) intervention (N=84) and the Tobacco Status Project (TSP), a tobacco-only intervention (N=95), both included daily Facebook posts for 90days and weekly live counseling sessions in private "secret" groups. We verified self-reported 7-day smoking abstinence via remote salivary cotinine tests at 3, 6, and 12months (with retention at 83%, 66%, and 84%, respectively). Participants self-reported alcohol use.RESULTS: At baseline, the participants averaged 10.4 cigarettes per day (SD=6.9) and 8.9 HED occasions in the past month (SD=8.1), with 27.4% in a preparation stage of change for quitting smoking cigarettes. Participants reported significant improvements in cigarette smoking and alcohol use outcomes over time, with no significant differences by condition. At 12months, intent-to-treat smoking abstinence rates were 3.5% in STAND vs. 0% in TSP (biochemically verified) and 29.4% in STAND vs. 25.5% in TSP (self-reported). Compared to TSP, participants rated the STAND intervention more favorably for supporting health and providing useful information.CONCLUSIONS: Adding an alcohol treatment component to a tobacco cessation social media intervention was acceptable and engaging but did not result in significant differences by treatment condition in smoking or alcohol use outcomes. Participants in both conditions reported smoking and drinking less over time, suggesting covariation in behavioral changes.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108211

  View details for PubMedID 33509414

• Gender-related variables for health research. Biology of sex differences Nielsen, M. W., Stefanick, M. L., Peragine, D., Neilands, T. B., Ioannidis, J. P., Pilote, L., Prochaska, J. J., Cullen, M. R., Einstein, G., Klinge, I., LeBlanc, H., Paik, H. Y., Schiebinger, L. 2021; 12 (1): 23

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: In this paper, we argue for Gender as a Sociocultural Variable (GASV) as a complement to Sex as a Biological Variable (SABV). Sex (biology) and gender (sociocultural behaviors and attitudes) interact to influence health and disease processes across the lifespan-which is currently playing out in the COVID-19 pandemic. This study develops a gender assessment tool-the Stanford Gender-Related Variables for Health Research-for use in clinical and population research, including large-scale health surveys involving diverse Western populations. While analyzing sex as a biological variable is widely mandated, gender as a sociocultural variable is not, largely because the field lacks quantitative tools for analyzing the influence of gender on health outcomes.METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive review of English-language measures of gender from 1975 to 2015 to identify variables across three domains: gender norms, gender-related traits, and gender relations. This yielded 11 variables tested with 44 items in three US cross-sectional survey populations: two internet-based (N = 2051; N = 2135) and a patient-research registry (N = 489), conducted between May 2017 and January 2018.RESULTS: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses reduced 11 constructs to 7 gender-related variables: caregiver strain, work strain, independence, risk-taking, emotional intelligence, social support, and discrimination. Regression analyses, adjusted for age, ethnicity, income, education, sex assigned at birth, and self-reported gender identity, identified associations between these gender-related variables and self-rated general health, physical and mental health, and health-risk behaviors.CONCLUSION: Our new instrument represents an important step toward developing more comprehensive and precise survey-based measures of gender in relation to health. Our questionnaire is designed to shed light on how specific gender-related behaviors and attitudes contribute to health and disease processes, irrespective of-or in addition to-biological sex and self-reported gender identity. Use of these gender-related variables in experimental studies, such as clinical trials, may also help us understand if gender factors play an important role as treatment-effect modifiers and would thus need to be further considered in treatment decision-making.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s13293-021-00366-3

  View details for PubMedID 33618769

• Changes in cannabis use, exposure, and health perceptions following legalization of adult recreational cannabis use in California: a prospective observational study. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy Gali, K., Winter, S. J., Ahuja, N. J., Frank, E., Prochaska, J. J. 2021; 16 (1): 16

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Most U.S. states have legalized cannabis for medical and/or recreational use. In a 6-month prospective observational study, we examined changes in adult cannabis use patterns and health perceptions following broadened legalization of cannabis use from medical to recreational purposes in California.METHODS: Respondents were part of Stanford University's WELL for Life registry, an online adult cohort concentrated in Northern California. Surveys were administered online in the 10days prior to state legalization of recreational use (1/1/18) and 1-month (2/1/18-2/15/18) and 6-months (7/1/2018-7/15/18) following the change in state policy. Online surveys assessed self-reported past 30-day cannabis use, exposure to others' cannabis use, and health perceptions of cannabis use. Logistic regression models and generalized estimating equations (GEE) examined associations between participant characteristics and cannabis use pre- to 1-month and 6-months post-legalization.RESULTS: The sample (N=429, 51% female, 55% non-Hispanic White, age mean=56±14.6) voted 58% in favor of state legalization of recreational cannabis use, with 26% opposed, and 16% abstained. Cannabis use in the past 30-days significantly increased from pre-legalization (17%) to 1-month post-legalization (21%; odds ratio (OR)=1.28, p-value (p)=.01) and stayed elevated over pre-legalization levels at 6-months post-legalization (20%; OR=1.28, p=.01). Exposure to others' cannabis use in the past 30days did not change significantly over time: 41% pre-legalization, 44% 1-month post-legalization (OR=1.18, p=.11), and 42% 6-months post-legalization (OR=1.08, p=.61). Perceptions of health benefits of cannabis use increased from pre-legalization to 6-months post-legalization (OR=1.19, p=.02). Younger adults, those with fewer years of education, and those reporting histories of depression were more likely to report recent cannabis use pre- and post-legalization. Other mental illness was associated with cannabis use at post-legalization only. In a multivariate GEE adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and diagnoses, favoring legalization and the interaction of time and positive health perceptions were associated with a greater likelihood of using cannabis.CONCLUSIONS: Legalized recreational cannabis use was associated with greater self-reported past 30-day use post-legalization, and with more-positive health perceptions of cannabis use. Future research is needed to examine longer-term perceptions and behavioral patterns following legalization of recreational cannabis use, especially among those with mental illness.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s13011-021-00352-3

  View details for PubMedID 33579324

• Effect of varenicline for smoking cessation in adolescents reply LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH Gray, K. M., Rubinstein, M. L., Prochaska, J. J., DuBrava, S. J., Holstein, A. R., Samuels, L., McRae, T. D. 2021; 5 (2): E4

  View details for Web of Science ID 000610676900008

• Physical activity and stress management during COVID-19: a longitudinal survey study. Psychology & health Vogel, E. A., Zhang, J. S., Peng, K., Heaney, C. A., Lu, Y., Lounsbury, D., Hsing, A. W., Prochaska, J. J. 2021: 1–11

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVE: Physical activity (PA) during COVID-19 shelter-in-place (SIP) may offset stress. This study examined associations between PA, stress and stress management strategies during SIP.DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants (N=990) from a cohort of Northern California adults completed surveys during early SIP (3/23/20-4/2/20) and mid-SIP (4/24/20-5/8/20). Participants self-reported past-month PA (meeting vs. not meeting guidelines), changes in stress (decreased/unchanged vs. increased) and use (yes/no) of 10 stress management strategies. We tested differences in mid-SIP stress and stress management strategies by PA, and differences in mid-SIP stress by stress management strategies.RESULTS: Compared to participants inactive at mid-SIP, active participants reported less stress (AOR = 0.60 [0.45, 0.81]). Active participants were more likely to manage stress using outdoor PA, indoor PA, yoga/meditation/prayer, gardening, and reading (AORs > 1.42), and less likely to sleep (AOR = 0.65 [0.48, 0.89]) or eat ([AOR = 0.48 [0.35, 0.66]) more. Managing stress using outdoor PA, indoor PA or reading was associated with lower stress; managing stress using TV/movies, sleeping or eating was associated with increased stress (ps < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Meeting PA guidelines during SIP was associated with less stress. Inactive participants reported greater sleeping and eating to cope; active participants used active stress management strategies. Engagement in physically active stress management was associated with lower stress.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/08870446.2020.1869740

  View details for PubMedID 33405969

• Effect of varenicline for smoking cessation in adolescents - Authors' reply. The Lancet. Child & adolescent health Gray, K. M., Rubinstein, M. L., Prochaska, J. J., DuBrava, S. J., Holstein, A. R., Samuels, L. n., McRae, T. D. 2021; 5 (2): e4

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30395-3

  View details for PubMedID 33484669

• Problematic Social Media Use in Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults: Observational Study. JMIR mental health Vogel, E. A., Ramo, D. E., Prochaska, J. J., Meacham, M. C., Layton, J. F., Humfleet, G. L. 2021; 8 (5): e23688

  Abstract

  Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals experience minority stress, especially when they lack social support. SGM young adults may turn to social media in search of a supportive community; however, social media use can become problematic when it interferes with functioning. Problematic social media use may be associated with experiences of minority stress among SGM young adults.The objective of this study is to examine the associations among social media use, SGM-related internalized stigma, emotional social support, and depressive symptoms in SGM young adults.Participants were SGM young adults who were regular (≥4 days per week) social media users (N=302) and had enrolled in Facebook smoking cessation interventions. As part of a baseline assessment, participants self-reported problematic social media use (characterized by salience, tolerance, and withdrawal-like experiences; adapted from the Facebook Addiction Scale), hours of social media use per week, internalized SGM stigma, perceived emotional social support, and depressive symptoms. Pearson correlations tested bivariate associations among problematic social media use, hours of social media use, internalized SGM stigma, perceived emotional social support, and depressive symptoms. Multiple linear regression examined the associations between the aforementioned variables and problematic social media use and was adjusted for gender identity.A total of 302 SGM young adults were included in the analyses (assigned female at birth: 218/302, 72.2%; non-Hispanic White: 188/302, 62.3%; age: mean 21.9 years, SD 2.2 years). The sexual identity composition of the sample was 59.3% (179/302) bisexual and/or pansexual, 17.2% (52/302) gay, 16.9% (51/302) lesbian, and 6.6% (20/302) other. The gender identity composition of the sample was 61.3% (185/302) cisgender; 24.2% (73/302) genderqueer, fluid, nonbinary, or other; and 14.6% (44/302) transgender. Problematic social media use averaged 2.53 (SD 0.94) on a 5-point scale, with a median of 17 hours of social media use per week (approximately 2.5 h per day). Participants with greater problematic social media use had greater internalized SGM stigma (r=0.22; P<.001) and depressive symptoms (r=0.22; P<.001) and lower perceived emotional social support (r=-0.15; P=.007). Greater internalized SGM stigma remained was significantly associated with greater problematic social media use after accounting for the time spent on social media and other correlates (P<.001). In addition, participants with greater depressive symptoms had marginally greater problematic social media use (P=.05). In sum, signs of problematic social media use were more likely to occur among SGM young adults who had internalized SGM stigma and depressive symptoms.Taken together, problematic social media use among SGM young adults was associated with negative psychological experiences, including internalized stigma, low social support, and depressive symptoms. SGM young adults experiencing minority stress may be at risk for problematic social media use.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/23688

  View details for PubMedID 34047276

• Combined Associations of Smoking and Bullying Victimization With Binge Drinking Among Adolescents in Beijing, China. Frontiers in psychiatry Chen, L., Lu, R., Duan, J., Ma, J., Zhu, G., Song, Y., Lau, P. W., Prochaska, J. J. 2021; 12: 698562

  Abstract

  Background: Binge drinking and smoking among adolescents are serious public concerns. However, very few studies have explored the reinforcement of bullying victimization by such behavior. Our study aimed at examining the individual and combined associations of smoking and bullying victimization with binge drinking among adolescents in Beijing, China. Methods: A total of 33,694 students aged 13-17 years old in Beijing, China were anonymously investigated via the cross-sectional Chinese Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey from April to May 2014. A three-stage stratified sampling was used to select participants. Factors such as sociodemographic variables and indicators of smoking, bullying victimization, and binge drinking were analyzed with multiple logistic regressions, and joint and additive interaction effects were tested. Results: Overall, ever-drinking prevalence was 59.1% (boys: 64.4%; girls: 53.7%). Past 30-day binge drinking was 11.5% (boys: 15.6%; girls: 7.4%) and frequent binge drinking was 2.3% (boys: 3.3%; girls: 1.0%). Past 30-day smoking was 10.7% (boys: 16.4%; girls: 5.0%) and past 30-day bullying victimization was 48.7% (boys: 57.3%; girls: 40.1%). The combined effects of smoking and bullying victimization on occasional binge drinking (OR = 6.49, 95% CI = 5.60-7.52) and frequent binge drinking (OR = 10.32, 95% CI = 7.52-14.14) were significant, and the additive interaction effect was significant for current smoking and bullying victimization on frequent binge drinking (OR = 10.22, 95% CI = 9.43-11.07). The additive interaction effect for current smoking and bullying victimization on frequent binge drinking was significant among boys. Conclusion: Bullying victimization reinforced the association of smoking with frequent binge drinking, especially with findings specific to boys. Programs to prevent smoking or bullying or both may reduce binge drinking among adolescents in China.

  View details for DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.698562

  View details for PubMedID 34603100

• 'Do both': glo events and promotion in Germany. Tobacco control Gali, K. n., Fuchs, H. n., Prochaska, J. J. 2021

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056289

  View details for PubMedID 33479030

• Tobacco product use and susceptibility to use among sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Preventive medicine Garcia, L. C., Vogel, E. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2020: 106384

  Abstract

  Sexual identity is associated with tobacco use in adults. We examined tobacco use and susceptibility to use by sexual identity in adolescents. Data were collected in February 2019 via Qualtrics research participant panels. Data analyses were performed in June 2019 and updated in October 2020. Respondents aged 13-17 reported sexual identity (heterosexual vs. sexual minority [lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other]), past-month and lifetime tobacco product use, susceptibility to e-cigarette use, friend(s)' e-cigarette use, tobacco marketing exposure, and demographic characteristics. The sample (n=983) was 72.9% female, 46.5% non-Hispanic white, and 26.1% sexual minority with mean age of 15.0 years (SD=1.4). Sexual minority adolescents were more likely to have friend(s) who vape (53.0% versus 42.0%; p=0.003). In adjusted models, sexual minority adolescents had greater odds of ever smoking tobacco (odds ratio [OR]=2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42-2.98) or using e-cigarettes (OR=1.55; 95% CI: 1.08-2.25) relative to heterosexual adolescents. Past-month tobacco smoking and e-cigarette use did not differ by sexual identity. Among participants who had never used tobacco products, sexual minority adolescents reported greater susceptibility to e-cigarette use (OR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.04-2.52) compared to heterosexual adolescents. Exposure to cigarette and e-cigarette marketing, e-cigarette use by friends, and respondent sex were significant covariates in all models. The current findings indicate greater susceptibility to use e-cigarettes and greater tobacco product initiation, but not continuation, among sexual minority adolescents. Sexual minority-tailored interventions may be warranted to prevent tobacco product initiation. Worth exploring are the associations between sexual identity, tobacco marketing exposure, and friend(s)' e-cigarette use.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106384

  View details for PubMedID 33359018

• Developing a Social Media Intervention to Connect Alaska Native People Who Smoke with Resources and Support to Quit Smoking: The Connecting Alaska Native Quit Study. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Merculieff, Z. T., Koller, K. R., Sinicrope, P. S., Hughes, C. A., Bock, M. J., Decker, P. A., Resnicow, K., Flanagan, C. A., Meade, C. D., McConnell, C. R., Prochaska, J. J., Thomas, T. K., Patten, C. A. 2020

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Face-to-face tobacco cessation has had limited reach and efficacy in Alaska Native (AN) communities. We describe our two-phased approach to develop content for Connecting Alaska Native People to Quit Smoking, a Facebook group intervention to reduce barriers to evidence-based smoking cessation treatment for AN people in Alaska.METHODS: Phase 1 included semi-structured telephone interviews with 30 AN people who smoke and ten stakeholders. They provided feedback on existing content from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Tips campaign and AN digital stories. Phase 2 included an online survey with a new group of 40 AN smokers who provided feedback on existing content via a measure of perceived effectiveness and cultural relevance.RESULTS: Phase I results revealed participants evaluated content based upon story strength, relevance to AN culture, emotional appeal, relatability to AN people, and favorite video. No single posting was rated highly across all themes. All perceived effectiveness (PE) and cultural relevance median scores fell between 3.5 and 4.4 (range 1-5). PE scores varied across participant demographic groups.CONCLUSIONS: Content embodying characteristics perceived to be most appealing, effective, and culturally relevant were selected for the private Facebook group content library with refinements made to incorporate images of AN people engaged in AN activities. PE scores indicate a need for a wide variety of content that moderators could pull from when conducting the intervention.IMPLICATIONS: Social media content targeting specific population sectors, such as American Indian/AN people for tobacco cessation needs to be culturally tailored. Our approach provides a model others can follow to determine what is appealing, relevant, and effective messaging.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03645941.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntaa253

  View details for PubMedID 33674856

• Recruitment best practices of a cardiovascular risk reduction randomised control trial in rural Alaska Native communities. International journal of circumpolar health Knox, M., Skan, J., Benowitz, N. L., Schnellbaecher, M., Prochaska, J. J. 2020; 79 (1): 1806639

  Abstract

  Though not native to Alaska, tobacco use is common among Alaska Native people in the Norton Sound region, an area consisting of 16 communities with population size 107 to 3,695. We summarise best practices in recruiting Alaska Native adults who smoke for a randomised controlled tobacco treatment trial. Participants were Alaska Native, 19years and older, smoking daily, with hypertension and/or high cholesterol, residing in the Norton Sound region of Alaska. Study staff travelled to the remote communities to recruit, typically staying 5days. Screening and enrolment success was examined by day, season, and staffing level. From June 2015 - December 2018, the study team made 122 trips, screening 1089 individuals and enrolling 314 participants. In the field, days 2-3 (51%) were best for screening, while days 3-4 (53%) had the greatest enrolment. Community size correlated with enrolment (r=0.83, p <.001). Recruitment was optimised in spring and with multiple staff in the field. Despite challenges (e.g., harsh weather, poor internet connectivity), with active outreach (e.g. tabling in busy areas, attending community events, utilising mixed media, collaborating with clinic staff), the project reached its recruitment goal. Study findings can inform community-based tobacco treatment research trials in remote areas.ABBREVIATIONS: CVD: Cardiovascular disease; VTC: Video teleconferencing; ANMC: Alaska Native Medical Centre; HEALTHH: Healing and Empowering Alaskan Lives Towards Healthy Hearts; NSHC: Norton Sound Health Corporation; RERB: Research Ethics Review Board.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/22423982.2020.1806639

  View details for PubMedID 32787541

• Perceived Costs versus Actual Benefits of Demographic Self-Disclosure in Online Support Groups JOURNAL OF CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY Pechmann, C., Yoon, K., Trapido, D., Prochaska, J. J. 2020

  View details for DOI 10.1002/jcpy.1200

  View details for Web of Science ID 000592658300001

• A Mobile Health Intervention for Adolescents Exposed to Secondhand Smoke: Pilot Feasibility and Efficacy Study. JMIR formative research Nardone, N., Giberson, J., Prochaska, J. J., Jain, S., Benowitz, N. L. 2020; 4 (8): e18583

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in children and adolescents has adverse health effects. For adolescents of lower socioeconomic status (SES), exposure is widespread, evidenced in the measurement of urinary cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine. Direct intervention with exposed children has been proposed as a novel method, yet there is minimal evidence of its efficacy. Combining this approach with a mobile health (mHealth) intervention may be more time and cost-effective and feasible for adolescent populations.OBJECTIVE: In this pilot study, we assessed the feasibility and preliminary evidence of efficacy of a 30-day text message-based mHealth intervention targeted at reducing SHS exposure in adolescent populations of low SES.METHODS: For the study, 14 nonsmoking and nonvaping participants between the ages of 12-21 years exposed to SHS were enrolled. The intervention consisted of a daily text message sent to the participants over the course of a month. Text message types included facts and information about SHS, behavioral methods for SHS avoidance, or true-or-false questions. Participants were asked to respond to each message within 24 hours as confirmation of receipt. Feasibility outcomes included completion of the 30-day intervention, receiving and responding to text messages, and feedback on the messages. Efficacy outcomes included a reduction in urinary cotinine, accuracy of true-or-false responses, and participants' perceptions of effectiveness.RESULTS: Of the 14 participants that were enrolled, 13 completed the intervention. Though not required, all participants had their own cell phones with unlimited text messaging plans. Of the total number of text messages sent to the 13 completers, 91% (372/407) of them received on-time responses. Participant feedback was generally positive, with most requesting more informational and true-or-false questions. In terms of efficacy, 54% (6/11) of participants reduced their cotinine levels (however, change for the group overall was not statistically significant (P=.33) and 45% (5/11) of participants increased their cotinine levels. Of the total number of true-or-false questions sent across all completers, 77% (56/73) were answered correctly. Participants' ratings of message effectiveness averaged 85 on a scale of 100.CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, the intervention was feasible as the majority of participants had access to a cell phone, completed the study, and engaged by responding to the messages. The efficacy of the study requires further replication, as only half of the participants reduced their cotinine levels. However, participants answered the majority of true-or-false questions accurately and reported that the messages were helpful.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/18583

  View details for PubMedID 32812888

• Is it "loud" enough?: A qualitative investigation of blunt use among African American young adults. Journal of ethnicity in substance abuse Montgomery, L., Plano Clark, V. L., Twitty, D., Budney, A. J., Prochaska, J. J., Winhusen, T. 2020: 1–15

  Abstract

  Heavy blunt use is common among young adult cannabis users, especially African Americans. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to examine how African American young adults understand, talk about and experience their blunt use. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adults reporting daily or almost daily blunt use in the past month (N=20; 75% male). Thematic analysis of the audio-recorded interviews revealed aspects of how blunts are described, made and used among heavy blunt users. The three emergent themes have implications for the assessment of cannabis use and intervention development for heavy blunt users.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/15332640.2020.1801548

  View details for PubMedID 32744476

• Occupying multiple stigmatized identities: Smoking and unemployment stigmas among the unemployed. SSM - population health Fielding-Singh, P., Vogel, E. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2020; 11: 100598

  Abstract

  Stigma - which involves stereotyping, discrimination, and status loss - is a central driver of morbidity and mortality. Given the de-normalization of smoking and the status loss of unemployment, unemployed individuals who smoke may occupy multiple stigmatized identities. As such, this study examined aspects and correlates of smoking and unemployment stigmas among unemployed job-seekers who smoke. Adult job-seekers who smoke tobacco (N=360) were recruited at government-run employment development departments (EDDs) in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2015-2018. Participants completed measures of smoking and unemployment stigma and self-reported their demographic, tobacco use, and physical and mental health characteristics. Smoking and unemployment stigmas were moderately positively correlated, and the sample reported higher unemployment stigma than smoking stigma. A sample majority endorsed at least one element of smoking and unemployment stigmas; most common for both was self-disappointment. Two sets of linear regression analyses using a general-to-specific modeling procedure were run to identify significant correlates of smoking stigma and unemployment stigma. Both stigmas were significantly associated with depressive symptoms and with preparing to quit smoking. Participants in poorer health and those with stable housing endorsed greater smoking stigma, while unemployment stigma was endorsed more among White individuals and those with past-year e-cigarette use. The findings highlight the need to examine multiply occupied stigmas as a social determinant of population health.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100598

  View details for PubMedID 32490137

• Facebook Recruitment Using Zip Codes to Improve Diversity in Health Research: Longitudinal Observational Study. Journal of medical Internet research Pechmann, C., Phillips, C., Calder, D., Prochaska, J. J. 2020; 22 (6): e17554

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Facebook's advertising platform reaches most US households and has been used for health-related research recruitment. The platform allows for advertising segmentation by age, gender, and location; however, it does not explicitly allow for targeting by race or ethnicity to facilitate a diverse participant pool.OBJECTIVE: This study looked at the efficacy of zip code targeting in Facebook advertising to reach blacks/African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos who smoke daily for a quit-smoking web-based social media study.METHODS: We ran a general market campaign for 61 weeks using all continental US zip codes as a baseline. Concurrently, we ran 2 campaigns to reach black/African American and Hispanic-/Latino-identified adults, targeting zip codes ranked first by the percentage of households of the racial or ethnic group of interest and then by cigarette expenditure per household. We also ran a Spanish language campaign for 13 weeks, targeting all continental US zip codes but utilizing Facebook's Spanish language targeting. The advertising images and language were common across campaigns. Costs were compared for advertisement clicks, queries, applications, and participants, and yields were compared for the final three outcomes. We examined outcomes before and after the Cambridge Analytica scandal that broke in March 2018. Finally, we examined 2 promoted Facebook features: lookalike audiences and audience network placement.RESULTS: Zip code targeting campaigns were effective for yielding the racial or ethnic groups of interest. The black-/African American-focused versus general market campaign increased black/African American weekly queries (mean 9.48, SD 5.69 vs general market mean 2.83, SD 2.05; P<.001) and applicants (mean 1.11, SD 1.21 vs general market mean 0.54, SD 0.58; P<.001). The Hispanic-/Latino-focused versus general market campaign increased Hispanic/Latino weekly queries (mean 3.10, SD 2.16 vs general market mean 0.71, SD 0.48; P<.001) and applicants (mean 0.36, SD 0.55 vs general market mean 0.10, SD 0.14; P=.001). Cost metrics did not differ between campaigns at generating participants (overall P=.54). Costs increased post- versus prescandal for the black-/African American-focused campaign for queries (mean US $8.51, SD 3.08 vs US $5.87, SD 1.89; P=.001) and applicants (mean US $59.64, SD 35.63 vs US $38.96, SD 28.31; P=.004) and for the Hispanic-/Latino-focused campaign for queries (mean US $9.24, SD 4.74 vs US $7.04, SD 3.39; P=.005) and applicants (mean US $61.19, SD 40.08 vs US $38.19, SD 21.20; P=.001).CONCLUSIONS: Zip code targeting in Facebook advertising is an effective way to recruit diverse populations for health-based interventions. Audience network placement should be avoided. The Facebook lookalike audience may not be necessary for recruitment, with drawbacks including an unknown algorithm and unclear use of Facebook user data, and so public concerns around data privacy should be considered.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrial.gov NCT02823028; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02823028.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/17554

  View details for PubMedID 32501274

• Women's Questions About Perinatal Cannabis Use and Health Care Providers' Responses. Journal of women's health (2002) Young-Wolff, K. C., Gali, K., Sarovar, V., Rutledge, G. W., Prochaska, J. J. 2020

  Abstract

  Background: Cannabis use is common among individuals of reproductive age. We examined publicly posted questions about perinatal cannabis use and licensed United States health care provider responses. Materials and Methods: Data were medical questions on perinatal cannabis use posted online from March 2011 to January 2017 on an anonymous digital health platform. Posters were able to "thank" health care providers for their responses and providers could "agree" with other provider responses. We characterized 364 user questions and 596 responses from 277 unique providers and examined endorsement of responses through provider "agrees" and user "thanks." Results: The most frequent questions concerned prenatal cannabis use detection (24.7%), effects on fertility (22.6%), harms of prenatal use to the fetus (21.3%), and risks of baby exposure to cannabis through breast milk (14.4%). Provider sentiment in responses regarding the safety of perinatal cannabis use were coded as 55.6% harmful, 8.8% safe, 8.8% mixed/unsure, and 26.8% safety unaddressed. Half of providers (49.6%) discouraged perinatal cannabis use, 0.5% encouraged use, and 49.9% neither encouraged nor discouraged use. Provider responses received 1,004 provider "agrees" and 583 user "thanks." Provider responses indicating that perinatal cannabis use is unsafe received more provider "agrees" than responses indicating that use is safe (B=0.42, 95% CI 0.02-0.82, p=0.04). User "thanks" did not differ by provider responses regarding safety or dis/encouragement. Conclusion: The data indicate public interest in cannabis use effects before, during, and after pregnancy. While most health care providers indicated cannabis use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not safe, many did not address safety or discourage use, suggesting a missed educational opportunity.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jwh.2019.8112

  View details for PubMedID 32011205

• Online patient-provider cannabis consultations. Preventive medicine Gali, K., Narode, R., Young-Wolff, K. C., Rubinstein, M. L., Rutledge, G., Prochaska, J. J. 2020: 105987

  Abstract

  Cannabis has been legalized, decriminalized, or medicalized in over half the U.S. states. With restrictions on cannabis research, accepted standards to guide clinical practice are lacking. Analyzing online communications through a digital health platform, we characterized patient questions about cannabis use and provider responses. Coded for content were 4579 questions posted anonymously online between March 2011 through January 2017, and the responses from 1,439 U.S. licensed clinicians. Provider responses to medical cannabis use questions were coded for sentiment: "negative", "positive", and "mixed." Responses could be "thanked" by patients and receive "agrees" from providers. The most frequent themes were detection of cannabis use (25.3%), health harms (19.9%), co-use with other substances (9.1%), and medical use (8.2%). The 425 medical cannabis use questions most frequently related to treatment of mental illness (20.3%), pain (20.0%), and cancer care (6.7%). The 762 provider responses regarding medical cannabis use were coded for sentiment as 59.5% negative, 28.6% mixed, and 11.8% positive. Provider sentiment was most positive regarding cannabis use for palliative care and most negative for treating respiratory conditions, poor appetite, and mental illness. The proportion of positive sentiment responses increased from 17.6% to 32.4%. Provider responses coded as negative sentiment received more provider "Agrees" (mean rank = 280) than those coded as positive (mean rank = 215), beta coefficient = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.62; p = .02. Cannabis use is a health topic of public interest. Variability in provider responses reflects the need for more research and consensus building to inform evidence-based clinical guidelines for cannabis use in medicine.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105987

  View details for PubMedID 31954143

• The Use of Web-Based Support Groups Versus Usual Quit-Smoking Care for Men and Women Aged 21-59 Years: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR research protocols Pechmann, C. A., Calder, D., Phillips, C., Delucchi, K., Prochaska, J. J. 2020; 9 (1): e16417

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Existing smoking cessation treatments are challenged by low engagement and high relapse rates, suggesting the need for more innovative, accessible, and interactive treatment strategies. Twitter is a Web-based platform that allows people to communicate with each other throughout the day using their phone.OBJECTIVE: This study aims to leverage the social media platform of Twitter for fostering peer-to-peer support to decrease relapse with quitting smoking. Furthermore, the study will compare the effects of coed versus women-only groups on women's success with quitting smoking.METHODS: The study design is a Web-based, three-arm randomized controlled trial with two treatment arms (a coed or women-only Twitter support group) and a control arm. Participants are recruited online and are randomized to one of the conditions. All participants will receive 8 weeks of combination nicotine replacement therapy (patches plus their choice of gum or lozenges), serial emails with links to Smokefree.gov quit guides, and instructions to record their quit date online (and to quit smoking on that date) on a date falling within a week of initiation of the study. Participants randomized to a treatment arm are placed in a fully automated Twitter support group (coed or women-only), paired with a buddy (matched on age, gender, location, and education), and encouraged to communicate with the group and buddy via daily tweeted discussion topics and daily automated feedback texts (a positive tweet if they tweet and an encouraging tweet if they miss tweeting). Recruited online from across the continental United States, the sample consists of 215 male and 745 female current cigarette smokers wanting to quit, aged between 21 and 59 years. Self-assessed follow-up surveys are completed online at 1, 3, and 6 months after the date they selected to quit smoking, with salivary cotinine validation at 3 and 6 months. The primary outcome is sustained biochemically confirmed abstinence at the 6-month follow-up.RESULTS: From November 2016 to September 2018, 960 participants in 36 groups were recruited for the randomized controlled trial, in addition to 20 participants in an initial pilot group. Data analysis will commence soon for the randomized controlled trial based on data from 896 of the 960 participants (93.3%), with 56 participants lost to follow-up and 8 dropouts.CONCLUSIONS: This study combines the mobile platform of Twitter with a support group for quitting smoking. Findings will inform the efficacy of virtual peer-to-peer support groups for quitting smoking and potentially elucidate gender differences in quit rates found in prior research.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02823028; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02823028.INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/16417.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/16417

  View details for PubMedID 31934869

• Indigenizing Quality of Life: The Goodness of Life for Every Alaska Native Research Study APPLIED RESEARCH IN QUALITY OF LIFE Crouch, M., Skan, J., David, E. R., Lopez, E. S., Prochaska, J. J. 2020

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11482-019-09782-5

  View details for Web of Science ID 000505384700001

• A multimodal assessment of tobacco use on a university campus and support for adopting a comprehensive tobacco-free policy. Preventive medicine Wong, S. L., Epperson, A. E., Rogers, J. n., Castro, R. J., Jackler, R. K., Prochaska, J. J. 2020: 106008

  Abstract

  Many college campuses now prohibit tobacco use. At a private U.S. university, the current study assessed cigarette and e-cigarette use and characterized the climate for adopting a comprehensive tobacco-free policy. Data were gathered January-August 2018 via an: environmental scan; cigarette-urn audit; and representative surveys with campus community members. Despite low prevalence of tobacco (0.5%-8%) and e-cigarette use (0.9%-6%) among all groups, campus cigarette clean-up costs exceeded $114,000 for an estimated >1 million butts left on campus annually. A majority of respondents (63% of N = 2218) favored a campus-wide tobacco-free policy, 16% opposed, and 21% abstained. Most respondents endorsed benefits of supporting health (93%), ensuring tobacco-free air to breathe (92%), reducing litter (88%), preventing tobacco use (84%) and fires (83%), and helping tobacco users quit (65%). Identified challenges included policy enforcement (69%) and stigmatization of smoking (57%); 30% viewed a policy as compromising personal freedoms. In a model explaining 35% of variance in policy support, those more likely to favor comprehensive tobacco-free campus policy were Asian respondents; diagnosed with asthma; exposed to secondhand smoke on campus; who viewed campus cigarette butt litter as problematic; and identified health, prevention, and cessation benefits of a tobacco-free campus. Those less likely in favor were students, those who smoke, and those perceiving impingement upon personal freedoms, stigmatization, and broader (slippery slope) implications. Findings indicate low tobacco use prevalence among the campus community, yet a large volume of butt litter and high tobacco clean-up costs. Predictors of policy support can inform campus outreach efforts.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106008

  View details for PubMedID 32027917

• Discretionary spending priorities of unemployed, job-seeking adults who smoke cigarettes. Addictive behaviors reports Stinson, S. n., Chieng, A. n., Prochaska, J. J. 2020; 11: 100270

  Abstract

  Tobacco use is detrimental to physical and financial wellbeing. Smoking is associated with unemployment and a harder time finding re-employment. The current study examined job-seekers' prioritization of smoking over other discretionary items.Adult, unemployed job-seekers smoking daily ranked items from 1 (highest) to 13 (lowest) for prioritization of their discretionary spending. The online survey randomly ordered the presentation of items. The Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI, time to first cigarette and cigarettes per day) assessed severity of nicotine addiction.The sample (N = 290) was 70% men, 42% African American and 30% non-Hispanic Caucasian, with mean age of 43 (SD = 11), smoking an average of 12 cigarettes per day (SD = 6), and 67% smoking within 30 min of waking. Overall, cigarettes (M = 4.7, SD = 3.1) ranked second in importance behind only food (M = 2.5, SD = 2.7); 45% of the sample ranked tobacco in their top 3 spending priorities, and 26% ranked cigarettes as a higher priority than food. Cellular charges, transportation, grooming, and clothing ranked third through sixth, respectively. Higher HSI scores significantly correlated with greater prioritization of cigarettes (r = -0.25), and lower prioritization of food (r = 0.16) and transportation (r = 0.13), p's < 0.05.Findings indicate cigarettes were highly prioritized, second only to food among job-seekers who smoke. Cigarettes were prioritized over job-seeking resources and health care, particularly among those who were more heavily addicted. Tobacco addiction can preempt basic life needs and reduce resources for finding re-employment.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100270

  View details for PubMedID 32274416

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7132062

• A behavioral economic intervention to increase psychiatrist adherence to tobacco treatment guidelines: a provider-randomized study protocol. Implementation science communications Rogers, E. S., Wysota, C. n., Prochaska, J. J., Tenner, C. n., Dognin, J. n., Wang, B. n., Sherman, S. E. 2020; 1

  Abstract

  People with a psychiatric diagnosis smoke at high rates, yet are rarely treated for tobacco use. Health care systems often use a 'no treatment' default for tobacco, such that providers must actively choose (opt-in) to treat their patients who express interest in quitting. Default bias theory suggests that opt-in systems may reinforce the status quo to not treat tobacco use in psychiatry. We aim to conduct a pilot study testing an opt-out system for implementing a 3A's (ask, advise, assist) tobacco treatment model in outpatient psychiatry.We will use a mixed-methods, cluster-randomized study design. We will implement a tobacco use clinical reminder for outpatient psychiatrists at the VA New York Harbor Healthcare System. Psychiatrists (N = 20) will be randomized 1:1 to one of two groups: (1) Opt-In Treatment Approach: Psychiatrists will receive a reminder that encourages them to offer cessation medications and referral to cessation counseling; or (2) Opt-Out Treatment Approach: Psychiatrists will receive a clinical reminder that includes a standing cessation medication order and a referral to cessation counseling that will automatically generate unless the provider cancels. Prior to implementation of the reminders, we will hold a 1-hour training on tobacco treatment for psychiatrists in both arms. We will use VA administrative data to calculate the study's primary outcomes: 1) the percent of smokers prescribed a cessation medication and 2) the percent of smokers referred to counseling. During the intervention period, we will also conduct post-visit surveys with a cluster sample of 400 patients (20 per psychiatrist) to assess psychiatrist fidelity to the 3 A's approach and patient perceptions of the opt-out system. At six months, we will survey the clustered patient sample again to evaluate the study's secondary outcomes: 1) patient use of cessation treatment in the prior 6 months and 2) self-reported 7-day abstinence at 6 months. At the end of the intervention period, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with 12-14 psychiatrists asking about their perceptions of the opt-out approach.This study will produce important data on the potential of opt-out systems to overcome barriers in implementing tobacco use treatment in outpatient psychiatry.Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT04071795 (registered August 28, 2019). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04071795.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s43058-020-00011-x

  View details for PubMedID 32617528

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7331951

• Smoking and Unemployment: A Photo Elicitation Project. Tobacco use insights Michalek, A. K., Wong, S. L., Brown-Johnson, C. G., Prochaska, J. J. 2020; 13: 1179173X20921446

  Abstract

  Research has documented higher smoking prevalence with unemployment and greater difficulty with gaining re-employment for those who smoke. Using photo elicitation methods, we sought to gain a deeper understanding of the connection between job-seeking and tobacco use.Unemployed daily smokers (18 men, 1 woman) were recruited from the San Francisco Employment Development Department (EDD) and provided disposable cameras with 27 exposures and a list of 20 photo prompts related to job-seeking and tobacco. Study staff reviewed the photos with the participants and audio-recorded their narratives. The photos and narratives were coded for themes.Of 363 photos, the most frequent photo imagery related to transportation (n = 56, 15.4%), work or education (n = 39, 10.7%), and littered cigarettes (n = 39, 10.7%). Narrated themes centered on motivators to quit smoking (255 mentions from 15 participants); people, places, and things associated with smoking (248 mentions, 16 participants); and motivators to secure work (157 mentions, 13 participants). The intersection of smoking and unemployment received 92 mentions from 11 participants, with 60 mentions (8 participants) identifying smoking as a barrier to re-employment.Both motivators to quit and associated smoking cues were salient in the environments of job-seeking smokers. Struggles with quitting and perceptions that smoking is harming re-employment success suggest the potential for offering tobacco treatment in EDD settings. With permission, the photos and themes have been incorporated into a tobacco treatment intervention for job-seeking smokers.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1179173X20921446

  View details for PubMedID 32669882

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7338730

• Twitter-Based Social Support Added to Fitbit Self-Monitoring for Decreasing Sedentary Behavior: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial With Female Patients From a Women's Heart Clinic. JMIR research protocols Oppezzo, M. n., Tremmel, J. n., Desai, M. n., Baiocchi, M. n., Ramo, D. n., Cullen, M. n., Prochaska, J. J. 2020; 9 (12): e20926

  Abstract

  Prolonged sitting is an independent risk behavior for the development of chronic disease. With most interventions focusing on physical activity and exercise, there is a separate need for investigation into innovative and accessible interventions to decrease sedentary behavior throughout the day. Twitter is a social media platform with application for health communications and fostering of social support for health behavior change.This pilot study aims to test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of delivering daily behavior change strategies within private Twitter groups to foster peer-to-peer support and decrease sedentary behavior throughout the day in women. The Twitter group was combined with a Fitbit for self-monitoring activity and compared to a Fitbit-only control group.In a 2-group design, participants were randomized to a Twitter + Fitbit treatment group or a Fitbit-only control group. Participants were recruited via the Stanford Research Repository System, screened for eligibility, and then invited to an orientation session. After providing informed consent, they were randomized. All participants received 13 weeks of tailored weekly step goals and a Fitbit. The treatment group participants, placed in a private Twitter support group, received daily automated behavior change "tweets" informed by theory and regular automated encouragement via text to communicate with the group. Fitbit data were collected daily throughout the treatment and follow-up period. Web-based surveys and accelerometer data were collected at baseline, treatment end (13 weeks), and at 8.5 weeks after the treatment.The initial study design funding was obtained from the Women's Heart Clinic and the Stanford Clayman Institute. Funding to run this pilot study was received from the National Institutes of Health's National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute under Award Number K01HL136702. All procedures were approved by Stanford University's Institutional Review Board, #32127 in 2018, prior to beginning data collection. Recruitment for this study was conducted in May 2019. Of the 858 people screened, 113 met the eligibility criteria, 68 came to an information session, and 45 consented to participate in this pilot study. One participant dropped out of the intervention, and complete follow-up data were obtained from 39 of the 45 participants (87% of the sample). Data were collected over 6 months from June to December 2019. Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy results are being analyzed and will be reported in the winter of 2021.This pilot study is assessing the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of delivering behavior change strategies in a Twitter social support group to decrease sedentary behavior in women. These findings will inform a larger evaluation. With an accessible, tailorable, and flexible platform, Twitter-delivered interventions offer potential for many treatment variations and titrations, thereby testing the effects of different behavior change strategies, peer-group makeups, and health behaviors of interest.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02958189, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02958189.DERR1-10.2196/20926.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/20926

  View details for PubMedID 33275104

• High-dose and low-dose varenicline for smoking cessation in adolescents: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. Child & adolescent health Gray, K. M., Rubinstein, M. L., Prochaska, J. J., DuBrava, S. J., Holstein, A. R., Samuels, L. n., McRae, T. D. 2020

  Abstract

  Although cigarette smoking typically begins in adolescence, evidence for successful pharmacological smoking cessation interventions for this population is scarce. In adult smokers, varenicline is the most effective single pharmacotherapy. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of varenicline for smoking cessation in adolescents.We did a randomised, placebo-controlled trial with adolescent smokers aged 12-19 years who were seeking treatment to quit at 57 outpatient centres (in the USA, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, Canada, and Georgia). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive 12 weeks of high-dose varenicline (1 mg twice daily; 0·5 mg twice daily if bodyweight ≤55 kg), low-dose varenicline (0·5 mg twice daily; 0·5 mg once daily if bodyweight ≤55 kg), or placebo, then followed up for 40 additional weeks. At all visits, participants received brief, developmentally tailored smoking cessation counselling (<10 min per session) delivered by a trained counsellor. The primary efficacy outcome was continuous abstinence from weeks 9 to 12, measured via a Nicotine Use Inventory and confirmed by urine cotinine testing. The primary tolerability outcome was frequency of treatment-emergent adverse events, including neuropsychiatric adverse events, occurring after the first dose and within 30 days of the last dose of study medication. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01312909.Between April 26, 2011, and Jan 18, 2018, 312 participants were enrolled and completed participation in the study: 109 in the high-dose varenicline group, 103 in the low-dose varenicline group, and 100 in the placebo group. The continuous abstinence rates from week 9 to 12 were 20% (22 of 109) in the high-dose varenicline group, 27% (28 of 103) in the low-dose varenicline group, and 18% (18 of 100) in the placebo group. Abstinence rates between high-dose varenicline and placebo groups (odds ratio [OR] 1·18 [95% CI 0·59-2·37]; p=0·63) and between low-dose varenicline and placebo groups (1·73 [0·88-3·39]; p=0·11) did not differ significantly. Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 65 (60%) of 108 participants in the high-dose group, 53 (53%) of 100 in the low-dose group, and 52 (53%) of 99 in the placebo group, and most were rated as mild. Neuropsychiatric treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 18 (17%) of 108 participants in the high-dose group, 11 (11%) of 100 in the low-dose group, and 12 (12%) of 99 in the placebo group, and none was rated as severe.This trial did not show an advantage in abstinence with varenicline compared with placebo among adolescent smokers. The rates of treatment-emergent adverse events were similar to those in previous trials of adult smokers, raising no new tolerability signals. These findings do not support the use of varenicline as a first-line pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in adolescents.Pfizer.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30243-1

  View details for PubMedID 32979939

• Cultural and demographic correlates of dual tobacco use in a sample of Alaska Native adults who smoke cigarettes. Tobacco induced diseases Epperson, A. E., Crouch, M., Skan, J., Benowitz, N. L., Schnellbaecher, M., Prochaska, J. J. 2020; 18: 55

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Approximately 9 million American adults use two or more tobacco products regularly, referred to as dual or poly tobacco users. In Alaska, where tobacco is not native, approximately 20% of the population smokes cigarettes, and among smokers, 10% use two or more tobacco products. Previous research suggests that dual tobacco product use may be especially high among Alaska Native people. The current study examined cultural and demographic characteristics associated with dual tobacco use.METHODS: Alaska Native adults reporting daily smoking and identified with high blood pressure or cholesterol were recruited in the Norton Sound region of Alaska between 2015-2019 as part of a treatment trial targeting cardiovascular disease risk factors. Participants reported their tribal group, level of identification with their Alaska Native heritage, speaking of their tribal language, basic demographic characteristics, and past 30-day use of tobacco products in addition to smoking cigarettes.RESULTS: Participants (n=299) were 48.5% female and identified as Yup'ik (31.1%), Inupiat (60.5%), and other or multiple tribal group(s) (8.4%). Most participants (85.3%) strongly identified with their Alaska Native heritage. Past 30-day dual tobacco use was reported by 10.0%, specifically 9.0% chew/snuff, 1.3% e-cigarettes, and 0.7% Iq'mik. Multivariate regression models indicated that dual tobacco use was more likely among men (OR=3.35; 95% CI: 1.30-8.64), younger participants (OR range: 10.97-12.35; 95% CI: 2.33-57.86), those identifying as Yup'ik (OR=2.86; 95% CI: 1.13-7.19), and those who identified very little or not at all with their Alaska Native heritage (OR=2.98; 95% CI: 1.14-7.77).CONCLUSIONS: Young men identifying as Yup'ik were more likely to use dual forms of tobacco. Stronger identification with one's Alaska Native heritage was associated with lower risk of dual tobacco use. The findings highlight cultural and demographic factors for further consideration and attention in tobacco cessation treatment interventions.

  View details for DOI 10.18332/tid/122902

  View details for PubMedID 32587486

• PhenX: Host: Social/Cognitive measures for tobacco regulatory research. Tobacco control Piper, M. E., Brown, D. C., Hendershot, T. P., Swan, G. E., PhenX TRR Host: Social/Cognitive Working Group, Brandon, T. H., Tiffany, S. T., Fagan, P., Piper, M., Halpern-Felsher, B., Prochaska, J. J., Wanke, K. L., Kaufman, A., Hendershot, T., Brown, D. C., Kilpatrick, L. 2020; 29 (Suppl 1): s5–s12

  Abstract

  A working group (WG) of experts from diverse fields related to nicotine and tobacco addiction was convened to identify elements and measures from the Host: Social/Cognitive domain to include in the Tobacco Regulatory Research Collection in the PhenX Toolkit, a catalogue of measures for biomedical research. This paper describes the methods used to identify, select, approve and include measures in the toolkit with potential relevance to users of both conventional and newer tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). In addition to 25 complementary measures primarily focused on cigarette use already present in the PhenX Toolkit, the WG recommended 11 additional social/cognitive measures focused on children and adult users or potential users of tobacco products. Of these, 10 were self-administered measures: frequency of communication with parents about smoking, quality of communication with parents about smoking, susceptibility to tobacco use, behaviour economics/purchase behaviour, motivation to quit (both single and multi-item measures), hedonic tone or response to pleasurable situations, multigroup ethnic identity, peer and family influence on smoking, attentional control and house rules about tobacco use. The remaining selected measure was computer based (distress tolerance). Although validated tools for use in the Host: Social/Cognitive realm are available, much remains to be done to develop, standardise and validate the tools for application to users of e-cigarettes and other non-combusted tobacco products, non-English language speakers and adolescents.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054467

  View details for PubMedID 31992658

• Social Media Intervention to Promote Smoking Treatment Utilization and Cessation Among Alaska Native People Who Smoke: Protocol for the Connecting Alaska Native People to Quit Smoking (CAN Quit) Pilot Study. JMIR research protocols Sinicrope, P. S., Koller, K. R., Prochaska, J. J., Hughes, C. A., Bock, M. J., Decker, P. A., Flanagan, C. A., Merritt, Z. T., Meade, C. D., Willetto, A. L., Resnicow, K., Thomas, T. K., Patten, C. A. 2019; 8 (11): e15155

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Despite the high prevalence of tobacco use among Alaska Native (AN) people, tobacco cessation interventions developed specifically for this group are lacking. Social media hold promise as a scalable intervention strategy to promote smoking treatment utilization and cessation, given the barriers to treatment delivery (ie, geographic remoteness, limited funding, climate, and travel costs) in the state of Alaska (AK). Building on a longstanding tobacco control research partnership with the AK Tribal Health System, in this study, we are developing and pilot-testing a culturally relevant, Facebook (FB)-delivered intervention that incorporates a digital storytelling approach adapted from the effective Centers for Disease Control Tips from Former Smokers campaign.OBJECTIVE: This study aims to promote evidence-based smoking treatment (eg, state quitline and Tribal cessation programs) uptake and cessation among AN people.METHODS: This study fulfills the objectives for stage 1 of the National Institute on Drug Abuse behavioral integrative treatment development program. In stage 1a, we will use a mixed method approach to develop the FB intervention. Cultural variance and surface/deep structure frameworks will address the influence of culture in designing health messages. These developmental activities will include qualitative and quantitative assessments, followed by beta testing of proposed intervention content. In stage 1b, we will conduct a randomized pilot trial enrolling 60 AN adults who smoke. We will evaluate the feasibility, uptake, consumer response, and potential efficacy of the FB intervention compared with a control condition (quitline/treatment referral only). Primary outcome measures include feasibility and biochemically verified smoking abstinence at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-ups. Secondary outcomes will include self-reported smoking cessation treatment utilization and abstinence from tobacco/nicotine products. We will also explore interdependence (relationship orientation and collaborative efforts in lifestyle change) as a culturally relevant mediator of intervention efficacy.RESULTS: The study enrolled 40 participants for phase 1, with data saturation being achieved at 30 AN people who smoke and 10 stakeholders. For phase 2, we enrolled 40 participants. Qualitative assessment of proposed intervention content was completed with 30 AN smokers and 10 stakeholders. We are currently analyzing data from the quantitative assessment with 40 participants in preparation for the beta testing, followed by the randomized pilot trial.CONCLUSIONS: The project is innovative for its use of social media communication tools that are culturally relevant in a behavioral intervention designed to reach AN people statewide to promote smoking treatment utilization and cessation. The study will further advance tobacco cessation research in an underserved disparity group. If the pilot intervention is successful, we will have a blueprint to conduct a large randomized controlled efficacy trial. Our approach could be considered for other remote AN communities to enhance the reach of evidence-based tobacco cessation treatments.INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/15155.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/15155

  View details for PubMedID 31755867

• Sexual and gender minority young adults' smoking characteristics: Assessing differences by sexual orientation and gender identity ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Vogel, E. A., Humfleet, G. L., Meacham, M., Prochaska, J. J., Ramo, D. E. 2019; 95: 98–102

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.03.005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000472703300016

• Health Beliefs of American Indian Imagery on Natural American Spirit Packs TOBACCO REGULATORY SCIENCE Epperson, A. E., Henriksen, L., Lambin, E. F., Prochaska, J. J., Flora, J. A. 2019; 5 (4): 369–80

  View details for DOI 10.18001/TRS.5.4.7

  View details for Web of Science ID 000474418000007

• Disparities in knowledge and use of tobacco treatment among smokers in California following healthcare reform PREVENTIVE MEDICINE REPORTS Young-Wolff, K. C., Adams, S. R., Tan, A. L., Adams, A. S., Klebaner, D., Campbell, C., Satre, D. D., Salloum, R. G., Carter-Harris, L., Prochaska, J. J. 2019; 14

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100847

  View details for Web of Science ID 000645469200040

• Development of a social media-based intervention targeting tobacco use and heavy episodic drinking in young adults. Addiction science & clinical practice Ramo, D. E., Meacham, M. C., Kaur, M., Corpuz, E. S., Prochaska, J. J., Satre, D. D. 2019; 14 (1): 14

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Tobacco use and heavy episodic drinking (HED) commonly co-occur in young adults. We developed and tested usability of the Smoking Tobacco and Drinking (STAND) intervention for young adults delivered on Facebook.METHODS: To inform the intervention, focus groups were held with 25 young adults age 18 to 25 (12% female; Mean age=20.4) who smoked cigarettes and reported at least one HED episode in the past month. Facebook intervention posts (N=180) were tailored to readiness to quit smoking, and tested in two private Facebook behavioral change groups (Ready, Not Ready) with N=29 young adults (10% female; Mean age=20.8). Participants flagged posts in need of change, and we assessed engagement (comment frequency).RESULTS: Focus groups revealed preference for changing one substance at a time and greater receptivity to quitting smoking than reducing drinking. Mean comments per post were 5.3 (SD=1.1) in Ready groups and 11.7 (SD=5.1) in Not Ready groups; 94/180 (52.2%) posts were flagged for change. The level of engagement and the flagging of posts for change did not differ by group or by whether the post targeted tobacco, alcohol, or both substances combined (all p>.10). Overall, STAND was rated as easy to understand, providing sound advice, worthy of recommendation, and helpful (all agreement 100% among Ready; 50-70% among Not Ready).CONCLUSIONS: The current findings informed development of a social media-based intervention targeting tobacco and alcohol use in young adults. Although there was greater interest in making changes in smoking than drinking behavior, receptivity and acceptability of the Facebook post messages in the STAND intervention was high overall. The intervention is being further refined for evaluation in a larger trial. Trial registration Name of the registry Smoking Tobacco and Drinking Study (STAND); Trial registration number NCT03163303; Date of registration 5/23/17; URL of trial registry record https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03163303 .

  View details for PubMedID 30940206

• Development of a social media-based intervention targeting tobacco use and heavy episodic drinking in young adults ADDICTION SCIENCE & CLINICAL PRACTICE Ramo, D. E., Meacham, M. C., Kaur, M., Corpuz, E. S., Prochaska, J. J., Satre, D. D. 2019; 14

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s13722-019-0141-9

  View details for Web of Science ID 000463577300001

• Sexual and gender minority young adults' smoking characteristics: Assessing differences by sexual orientation and gender identity. Addictive behaviors Vogel, E. A., Humfleet, G. L., Meacham, M., Prochaska, J. J., Ramo, D. E. 2019; 95: 98–102

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) young adults have higher smoking prevalence than their non-SGM peers. Less is known about differences in smoking characteristics within the SGM community.METHODS: Participants were SGM young adult smokers age 18-25 (N = 165, M age = 21.8) enrolled in a clinical trial of the Put It Out Project, a Facebook smoking cessation intervention for SGM young adults. Analyses tested differences between 1) sexual orientation groups, and 2) gender identity groups, on the following smoking characteristics: cigarettes/day, daily smoker (yes/no), social smoker (yes/no), years of smoking, number of close friends who smoke (out of 5), age of initiation, age began smoking regularly, time to first cigarette (30 min or less/>30 min), lifetime quit attempts, past-year quit attempts, and stage of change for quitting smoking (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation).RESULTS: Participants were 56% bi/pansexual, 18% gay, 18% lesbian, 8% other (e.g., asexual, queer). The gender identity of the sample was 52% cisgender, 18% transgender, 30% gender non-binary. Lesbian women began smoking at an older age (M = 18.0, SD = 2.0) than "other" sexual orientation participants (M = 15.7, SD = 2.2), p < .05. Transgender participants smoked the most cigarettes per day (M = 11.3, SD = 6.7), followed by cisgender (M = 8.1, SD = 5.6), then non-binary (M = 5.7, SD = 3.5) participants (p < .001; pairwise comparisons p's < 0.05). No other constructs differed by sexual orientation or gender.CONCLUSIONS: Smoking characteristics were mostly similar across subgroups of young adult SGM smokers; however, transgender individuals were heavier smokers.

  View details for PubMedID 30875534

• Development and acceptability testing of a Facebook smoking cessation intervention for sexual and gender minority young adults INTERNET INTERVENTIONS-THE APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL HEALTH Vogel, E. A., Belohlavek, A., Prochaska, J. J., Ramo, D. E. 2019; 15: 87–92

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.invent.2019.01.002

  View details for Web of Science ID 000458336900011

• Place-Based Inequity in Smoking Prevalence in the Largest Cities in the United States JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE Leas, E. C., Schleicher, N. C., Prochaska, J. J., Henriksen, L. 2019; 179 (3): 442–44

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5990

  View details for Web of Science ID 000460283200036

• Development and acceptability testing of a Facebook smoking cessation intervention for sexual and gender minority young adults. Internet interventions Vogel, E. A., Belohlavek, A., Prochaska, J. J., Ramo, D. E. 2019; 15: 87-92

  Abstract

  This study tested engagement in and acceptability of a digital smoking cessation intervention designed for young adults and tailored to sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals. The intervention included 90 Facebook posts delivered in private groups tailored to readiness to quit smoking (Ready to quit in 30 days/Not Ready; 180 posts total; 101 posts SGM-tailored by content/image). Acceptability was evaluated over 30 days (3 posts/day). Participants' (N = 27) open-ended feedback was coded and tallied; posts with significant negative feedback were flagged for change. Flags and comment volume were examined by SGM tailoring (versus not tailored) and content category (motivational interviewing, experiential strategies, behavioral strategies, relevant topics). Engagement and acceptability were high. All participants reported viewing at least half of the posts, and the majority reported viewing all 90 posts (M comments per participant = 51.74). The majority of participants agreed or strongly agreed with statements about the intervention's helpfulness and clarity. Posts received an average of 8.08 comments (SD = 2.58), with 59 posts (32.8%) flagged for change. Posts engaged comments and were found to be acceptable at comparable levels regardless of SGM tailoring and content category (all p-values > .189). SGM young adult smokers were highly engaged in an SGM-tailored smoking cessation intervention on Facebook and rated the intervention positively. Both tailored and non-tailored Facebook posts in a variety of content areas were generally well-received by SGM young adults, an underserved population with high rates of smoking.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.invent.2019.01.002

  View details for PubMedID 30792958

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6360321

• National trends in stunting, thinness and overweight among Chinese school-aged children, 1985-2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY Song, Y., Agardh, A., Ma, J., Li, L., Lei, Y., Stafford, R. S., Prochaska, J. J. 2019; 43 (2): 402–11

  Abstract

  We sought to examine changes in regional and sex disparities in stunting, thinness, and overweight among Chinese school-aged children from 1985 to 2014.We analyzed data on 1,489,953 children aged 7-18 years in the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health. Stunting, thinness, and overweight were defined according to WHO anthropomorphic definitions. After adjustment for age, socioeconomic status, and school, logistic regression was used to estimate the prevalence of stunting, thinness, and overweight by region and sex over 30 years' time.From 1985 to 2014, the prevalence of stunting progressively decreased from 16.4% in 1985 to 2.3% in 2014, thinness prevalence also declined overtime, from 8.4 to 4.0% and overweight prevalence continually increased from 1.1% in 1985 to 20.4% in 2014 in Chinese school-aged children. Stunting and thinness were more common in rural areas, although urban/rural differences declined over time. Overweight was a greater problem in urban than rural areas, and this difference increased over time. Some provinces showed high levels of stunting, thinness, and overweight. The stunting prevalence of boys was higher than girls from 1985 and 1995, but lower than girls for the past 15 years. Thinness was consistently more common in boys than girls across regions and time. Overweight continuously increased for boys and girls; however, the increase was more rapid in boys.Over the past 30 years, Chinese children have shifted in anthropomorphic measures indicating a shift from problems of under-nutrition to measures consistent with over-nutrition, particularly in urban areas and among boys. Some regions are burdened by problems of both under- and over-nutrition. Regional and sex-specific guidelines and public health policies for childhood nutrition are needed in China.

  View details for PubMedID 29915362

• Place-Based Inequity in Smoking Prevalence in the Largest Cities in the United States. JAMA internal medicine Leas, E. C., Schleicher, N. C., Prochaska, J. J., Henriksen, L. 2019

  View details for PubMedID 30615029

• What to do when tobacco advertisers exploit antitobacco social media campaigns to sell tobacco. Tobacco control Leas, E. C., Prochaska, J. J., Ayers, J. n., Nobles, A. L., Henriksen, L. n. 2019

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054993

  View details for PubMedID 31249102

• The Put It Out Project (POP) Facebook Intervention for Young Sexual and Gender Minority Smokers: Outcomes of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Vogel, E. A., Ramo, D. E., Meacham, M. C., Prochaska, J. J., Delucchi, K. L., Humfleet, G. L. 2019

  Abstract

  This trial investigated whether a Facebook smoking cessation intervention culturally tailored to young sexual and gender minority (SGM) smokers (versus non-tailored) would increase smoking abstinence.Participants were 165 SGM young adult U.S. smokers (age 18-25) recruited from Facebook in April 2018 and randomized to an SGM-tailored (POP; N=84) or non-tailored (TSP-SGM; N=81) intervention. Interventions delivered weekly live counseling sessions and 90 daily Facebook posts to participants in Facebook groups. Primary analyses compared POP and TSP-SGM on biochemically verified smoking abstinence (yes/no; primary outcome), self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence (yes/no), reduction in cigarettes per week by 50+% from baseline (yes/no), making a quit attempt during treatment (yes/no), and stage of change (precontemplation/contemplation vs. preparation/action). Supplemental analyses compared POP to two historical control groups.POP participants were more likely than TSP-SGM participants to report smoking abstinence at 3 (23.8% vs. 12.3%; OR=2.50; p=.03) and 6 months (34.5% vs. 12.3%; OR=4.06; p<.001) and reduction in smoking at 3 months (52.4% vs. 39.5%; OR=2.11; p=.03). Biochemically verified smoking abstinence did not significantly differ between POP and TSP-SGM at 3 (OR=2.00; p=.33) or 6 months (OR=3.12; p=.08), potentially due to challenges with remote biochemical verification. In supplemental analyses, POP participants were more likely to report abstinence at 3 (OR=6.82, p=.01) and 6 (OR=2.75, p=.03) months and reduced smoking at 3 months (OR=2.72, p=.01) than participants who received a referral to Smokefree.gov.This pilot study provides preliminary support for the effectiveness of a Facebook smoking cessation intervention tailored to SGM young adults.Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals have disproportionately high smoking prevalence. It is unclear whether smoking cessation interventions culturally tailored to the SGM community are more effective than non-tailored interventions. This pilot trial found preliminary evidence that an SGM-tailored Facebook smoking cessation intervention increased reported abstinence from smoking, compared to a non-tailored intervention.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntz184

  View details for PubMedID 31562765

• Disparities in knowledge and use of tobacco treatment among smokers in California following healthcare reform. Preventive medicine reports Young-Wolff, K. C., Adams, S. R., Tan, A. S., Adams, A. S., Klebaner, D. n., Campbell, C. I., Satre, D. D., Salloum, R. G., Carter-Harris, L. n., Prochaska, J. J. 2019; 14: 100847

  Abstract

  The Affordable Care Act (ACA) promised to narrow smoking disparities by expanding access to healthcare and mandating comprehensive coverage for tobacco treatment starting in 2014. We examined whether two years after ACA implementation disparities in receiving clinician advice to quit and smokers' knowledge and use of treatment resources remained. We conducted telephone interviews in 2016 with a stratified random sample of self-reported smokers newly enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California's (KPNC) integrated healthcare delivery system in 2014 (N = 491; 50% female; 53% non-white; 6% Spanish language). We used Poisson regression with robust standard errors to test whether sociodemographics, insurance type, comorbidities, smoking status in 2016 (former, light/nondaily [<5 cigarettes per day], daily), and preferred language (English or Spanish) were associated with receiving clinician advice to quit and knowledge and use of tobacco treatment. We included an interaction between smoking status and language to test whether the relation between smoking status and key outcomes varied with preferred language. Overall, 80% of respondents received clinician advice to quit, 84% knew that KPNC offers cessation counseling, 54% knew that cessation pharmacotherapy is free, 54% used pharmacotherapy, and 6% used counseling. In multivariate models, Spanish-speaking light/nondaily smokers had significantly lower rates of all outcomes, while there was no association with other demographic and clinical characteristics. Following ACA implementation, most smokers newly enrolled in KPNC received clinician advice to quit and over half used pharmacotherapy, yet counseling utilization was low. Spanish-language outreach efforts and treatment services are recommended, particularly for adults who are light/nondaily smokers.

  View details for PubMedID 31024786

• Updates to pediatric hypertension guidelines: influence on classification of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Journal of hypertension Dong, Y. n., Song, Y. n., Zou, Z. n., Ma, J. n., Dong, B. n., Prochaska, J. J. 2019; 37 (2): 297–306

  Abstract

  The American Academy of Pediatrics updated Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) for screening high blood pressure (HBP) in children and adolescents in 2017. This study aimed to assess differences in HBP classification applying this updated HBP definition in a large sample of Chinese youth.Data from 50 336 youth aged 6-17 participating in the 2013 Chinese national survey were analyzed. HBP was diagnosed according to the established (Fourth Report) and updated (2017 CPG) definitions. The associations between HBP with BMI, height, early life factors and behavioral factors were investigated using logistic regression models.Applying the CPG definition, 16.7% of children (6-12 years) and 7.9% of adolescents (13-17 years) had HBP, compared with 10.8 and 6.3% applying the Fourth Report definition. Prevalence estimates for HBP differed the greatest for boys, children aged 11, those with high BMI, and those of tall stature. The odds ratios (ORs) for HBP with BMI, height, hip and waist circumference, early life factors and behavioral factors were comparable for the two definitions.The new criteria for HBP in young people will lead healthcare providers to diagnose more children as hypertensive. Notably, associations between HBP with BMI and other medical and behavioral factors remained strong, supporting validity of the new definition.

  View details for PubMedID 30044314

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6365252

• Multiple Health Risk Behaviors in Young Adult Smokers: Stages of Change and Stability over Time. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine Ramo, D. E., Thrul, J. n., Vogel, E. A., Delucchi, K. n., Prochaska, J. J. 2019

  Abstract

  Health risk behaviors (HRBs) are common, yet not well understood in young adult smokers.We examined HRB profiles over 12 months in young adult smokers participating in a Facebook smoking cessation intervention clinical trial.Participants (N = 500; age M = 20.9 years; 54.6% women) were recruited online and randomized to receive either a 3-month Facebook smoking cessation intervention or referral to Smokefree.gov (control). A Health Risk Assessment determined risk for 10 behaviors at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months. Latent class analysis (LCA) and latent transition analysis (LTA) were used to identify patterns of HRBs and changes over time.At baseline, participants reported an average of 5.4 (standard deviation [SD] = 1.7) risk behaviors, including smoking (100%), high-fat diet (84.8%), poor sleep hygiene (71.6%), and low fruit and vegetable intake (69.4%). A 3-class model fit the data best at baseline and all follow-up time points: low risk (28.8% at baseline) with low likelihood of risk on all behaviors except smoking, substance use risk (14.0% at baseline) characterized by heavy episodic drinking, cannabis use, and other illicit drug use, and metabolic risk (57.2% at baseline), with a high percentage of members at risk for a low fruit and vegetable intake, high-fat diet, inactivity, stress, and poor sleep hygiene. Classes were very stable at 3, 6, and 12 months, with few participants transitioning between classes.Most young adult smokers engaged in multiple risk behaviors, with meaningful clustering of behaviors, and demonstrated stability over a year's time. In addition to smoking, targets for intervention are co-occurring substance use and metabolic risk behaviors.NCT02207036.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/abm/kaz025

  View details for PubMedID 31157881

• Gender differences in suicidal ideation and health-risk behaviors among high school students in Beijing, China. Journal of global health Zhang, Y. Y., Lei, Y. T., Song, Y. n., Lu, R. R., Duan, J. L., Prochaska, J. J. 2019; 9 (1): 010604

  Abstract

  Suicide is still the leading cause of death in the 15 to 34-year age group, especially for girls aging 15 to 19-year old. In China particularly, the suicide rate of female is 60% higher than male. The gender difference on suicidal ideation and its patterns with academic, family, social and health-risk factors is unknown among adolescents in Beijing, China.A total of 33 635 students in grades 7-12 in Beijing participated in the 2014 Chinese Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. Data were stratified by gender and associations with suicidal ideation were analyzed using χ2 test and multivariate regression analyses. The interaction effects on suicidal ideation between gender and the related behaviors were also analyzed.The prevalence of suicidal ideation was significantly higher for girls (13.3%) than boys (10.7%). The multivariate regression analyses indicated that high academic pressure, running away from home, feeling lonely or sad/hopeless, being bullied, fighting, and binge drinking were significantly associated with suicidal ideation in boys and girls. Factors more strongly associated with suicidal ideation in girls than boys were being in junior vs senior high school (girl vs boys: 1.24 vs NA), high academic pressure (2.42 vs 1.55), ever smoking (1.52 vs NA), binge drinking (1.30 vs 1.17), fighting once (1.63 vs 1.06) and being sad/hopeless (2.39 vs 2.04) and their interaction with gender were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). A lower likelihood of suicidal ideation was found among boys, but not girls, who had PE class two or more days per week.Girls showed more vulnerability to suicidal ideation than boys particularly among girls in junior school, reporting high academic pressure, smoking, binge drinking and fighting. The combinations of risk factors and differential patterns for boys and girls point to high-risk groups and potential targets for gender-specific suicide prevention.

  View details for DOI 10.7189/jogh.09.010604

  View details for PubMedID 31217964

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6571108

• Associations between marijuana use and tobacco cessation outcomes in young adults JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT Vogel, E. A., Rubinstein, M. L., Prochaska, J. J., Ramo, D. E. 2018; 94: 69–73

  Abstract

  Marijuana and tobacco co-use is common among young adults, and findings are mixed regarding the association between marijuana use and smoking cessation outcomes. This study examined the longitudinal relationships between marijuana use and smoking cessation outcomes among young adults (aged 18-25 years; N = 500) enrolled in a 3-month smoking cessation intervention on Facebook. At baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months, participants reported their marijuana use and their smoking behaviors (seven-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking, cigarettes per day, quit attempts) and readiness to quit. Longitudinal analyses controlled for experimental condition and adjusted for baseline stage of change, baseline average cigarettes per day, sex, alcohol use, and age participants began smoking regularly. Use of marijuana by young adult smokers was associated with a lower likelihood of reduced smoking (OR = 0.71, 95% CI [0.51, 0.98], p = .036) and a lower likelihood of abstaining from smoking (OR = 0.56, 95% CI [0.35, 0.90], p = .017) in the past seven days, as assessed over 12 months of follow-up. Use of marijuana was not significantly associated with perceptions of or engagement in the smoking cessation intervention, stage of change for quitting smoking, or tobacco quit attempts (all p's > 0.08). Study findings indicate that while marijuana use is unrelated to motivation to quit tobacco and engage in cessation interventions, marijuana use is associated with less success in reducing and abstaining from tobacco. Additional support and targeted tobacco cessation strategies to address challenges associated with marijuana co-use may be needed.

  View details for PubMedID 30243420

• Evaluating the Impact of Eliminating Copayments for Tobacco Cessation Pharmacotherapy MEDICAL CARE Young-Wolff, K. C., Adams, S. R., Klebaner, D., Adams, A. S., Campbell, C. I., Satre, D. D., Prochaska, J. J. 2018; 56 (11): 912–18

  Abstract

  We examined the impact of the Affordable Care Act-mandated elimination of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy (TCP) copayments on patient use of TCP, overall and by income.Electronic health record data captured any and combination (eg, nicotine gum plus patch) TCP use among adult smokers newly enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC). KPNC eliminated TCP copayments in 2015. We included current smokers newly enrolled in the first 6 months of 2014 (before copayment elimination, N=16,199) or 2015 (after elimination, N=16,469). Multivariable models estimated 1-year changes in rates of any TCP fill, and of combination TCP fill, and tested for differences by income (<$50k, $50≥75k, ≥$75k). Through telephone surveys in 2016 with a subset of smokers newly enrolled in 2014 (n=306), we assessed barriers to TCP use, with results stratified by income.Smokers enrolled in KPNC in 2015 versus 2014 were more likely to have a TCP fill (9.1% vs. 8.2%; relative risk, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.27), and combination TCP fill, among those with any fill (42.3% vs. 37.9%; relative risk, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.23); findings were stronger for low-income smokers. Low-income patients (<$50k) were less likely to report that clinicians discussed smoking treatments with them (58%) compared with higher income smokers ($50≥75k, 67%; ≥$75k, 83%), and were less aware that TCP was free (40% vs. 53% and 69%, respectively, P-values<0.05).The Affordable Care Act's copayment elimination was associated with a modest increase in TCP use and a greater effect among low-income smokers. Uptake may have been enhanced if promoted to patients directly and via providers.

  View details for PubMedID 30234768

• Natural American Spirit Brand Preference among Smokers with Mental Illness. Tobacco induced diseases Epperson, A. E., Anzai, N. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2018; 16

  Abstract

  Despite steady declines in the US smoking prevalence over the past 50 years, Natural American Spirit cigarettes (NAS), marketed as natural and organic, have seen a 400% rise in sales. In a sample of smokers with mental illness, based on previous research, we hypothesized that preference for NAS would be associated with younger age, higher education, and a stronger health-orientation.Adult smokers were interviewed during acute psychiatric hospitalization in California between 2009-2013, reporting their preferred top 3 brands of cigarettes, smoking behaviors, self-rated health, and dietary and physical activity behaviors. The sample (N=956; M age=38.7, SD=13.5; 48.7% women) identified as 14.5% Hispanic ethnicity and 49.6% White, 23.7% African American, and 23.8% other race.NAS was identified as a top preferred brand by 15.2% of participants and was the fourth most popular brand for the sample overall. In a multivariate logistic regression, preference for NAS was significantly greater among participants who were younger (OR=0.97), had some college education or more (OR=2.64 to 4.31), ate a low-fat diet (OR=1.56) and reported better overall health (OR=1.26), p's<.05. Identifying as Hispanic ethnicity (OR=1.80) and White race (OR=3.00) also predicted NAS preference, p's<.05. NAS preference did not differ by gender or psychiatric diagnosis.Study findings indicate greater NAS brand appeal among smokers living with mental illness who are younger, more highly educated, and have a stronger orientation to health, perhaps because they perceive NAS to be a healthier cigarette to smoke. Marketing language that obscures the harms of smoking ought to be prohibited.

  View details for DOI 10.18332/tid/94456

  View details for PubMedID 31210981

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6576234

• The Healing and Empowering Alaskan Lives Toward Healthy-Hearts (HEALTHH) Project: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of an intervention for tobacco use and other cardiovascular risk behaviors for Alaska Native People CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL TRIALS Prochaska, J. J., Epperson, A., Skan, J., Oppezzo, M., Barnett, P., Delucchi, K., Schnellbaecher, M., Benowitz, N. L. 2018; 71: 40–46

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cct.2018.06.003

  View details for Web of Science ID 000442003600005

• Tobacco Cessation in Oncology Care. Oncology Kaiser, E. G., Prochaska, J. J., Kendra, M. S. 2018: 1–9

  Abstract

  Globally, tobacco use is a major modifiable risk factor and leading cause of many forms of cancer and cancer death. Tobacco use contributes to poorer prognosis in cancer care. This article reviews the current state of tobacco cessation treatment in oncology. Effective behavioral and pharmacological treatments exist for tobacco cessation, but are not being widely used in oncology treatment settings. Comprehensive tobacco treatment increases success with quitting smoking and can improve oncological and overall health outcomes. This article describes the components of a model treatment program, which includes automatic referrals for all current tobacco users and recent quitters, motivational interviewing during initial and follow-up contacts, combined behavioral and pharmacological interventions for cessation, and systematic follow-up phone calls for relapse prevention.

  View details for PubMedID 29920482

• Using Facebook to address smoking and heavy drinking in young adults: Protocol for a randomized, controlled trial CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL TRIALS Ramo, D. E., Kaur, M., Corpuz, E. S., Satre, D. D., Delucchi, K., Brown, S. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2018; 68: 52–60

  Abstract

  Tobacco and alcohol often are used simultaneously by young adults, and their co-use is associated with greater health consequences than from single use. Social media platforms offer low cost and highly accessible channels to reach and engage young people in substance use interventions. The current trial seeks to compare the Facebook Tobacco Status Project (TSP) smoking cessation intervention to an intervention targeting both tobacco use and heavy episodic drinking (TSP + ALC) among young adults who use both substances.This randomized clinical trial will evaluate the feasibility and initial efficacy of TSP + ALC compared to TSP with 225 US young adult smokers reporting heavy drinking. Participants will be recruited online and randomized to one of two conditions (TSP or TSP + ALC), both with assignment to a Facebook group tailored to readiness to quit smoking. Groups will receive a 90-day intervention including daily Facebook postings and weekly live counseling sessions. The TSP + ALC group will include content related to alcohol use. All participants will be offered a 2-week introductory supply of nicotine patch. Participants will complete baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-month online assessments of substance use and other health risk behaviors. The primary efficacy outcome is biochemically-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence. Secondary outcomes include alcohol and tobacco use, combined use, and thoughts about each substance.This trial examines an innovative and scalable approach to engaging young adults online in tobacco and alcohol use treatment. Study findings will inform digital health interventions and best practices for treating multiple substance use in young adults.

  View details for PubMedID 29510223

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5937713

• Internet gaming disorder: A sign of the times, or time for our attention? ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Faust, K. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2018; 77: 272–74

  View details for PubMedID 28720303

• Applying novel technologies and methods to inform the ontology of self-regulation. Behaviour research and therapy Eisenberg, I. W., Bissett, P. G., Canning, J. R., Dallery, J., Enkavi, A. Z., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Gonzalez, O., Green, A. I., Greene, M. A., Kiernan, M., Kim, S. J., Li, J., Lowe, M. R., Mazza, G. L., Metcalf, S. A., Onken, L., Parikh, S. S., Peters, E., Prochaska, J. J., Scherer, E. A., Stoeckel, L. E., Valente, M. J., Wu, J., Xie, H., MacKinnon, D. P., Marsch, L. A., Poldrack, R. A. 2018; 101: 46-57

  Abstract

  Self-regulation is a broad construct representing the general ability to recruit cognitive, motivational and emotional resources to achieve long-term goals. This construct has been implicated in a host of health-risk behaviors, and is a promising target for fostering beneficial behavior change. Despite its clear importance, the behavioral, psychological and neural components of self-regulation remain poorly understood, which contributes to theoretical inconsistencies and hinders maximally effective intervention development. We outline a research program that seeks to define a neuropsychological ontology of self-regulation, articulating the cognitive components that compose self-regulation, their relationships, and their associated measurements. The ontology will be informed by two large-scale approaches to assessing individual differences: first purely behaviorally using data collected via Amazon's Mechanical Turk, then coupled with neuroimaging data collected from a separate population. To validate the ontology and demonstrate its utility, we will then use it to contextualize health risk behaviors in two exemplar behavioral groups: overweight/obese adults who binge eat and smokers. After identifying ontological targets that precipitate maladaptive behavior, we will craft interventions that engage these targets. If successful, this work will provide a structured, holistic account of self-regulation in the form of an explicit ontology, which will better clarify the pattern of deficits related to maladaptive health behavior, and provide direction for more effective behavior change interventions.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.014

  View details for PubMedID 29066077

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5801197

• Tobacco Cessation in Oncology Care ONCOLOGY Kaiser, E. G., Prochaska, J. J., Kendra, M. S. 2018; 95 (3): 129–37

  View details for DOI 10.1159/000489266

  View details for Web of Science ID 000443721600001

• Do you vape? Leveraging electronic health records to assess clinician documentation of electronic nicotine delivery system use among adolescents and adults PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Young-Wolff, K. C., Klebaner, D., Folck, B., Carter-Harris, L., Salloum, R. G., Prochaska, J. J., Fogelberg, R., Tan, A. L. 2017; 105: 32–36

  Abstract

  Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has increased substantially over the past decade. However, unlike smoking, which is systematically captured by clinicians through routine screening and discrete documentation fields in the electronic health record (EHR), unknown is the extent to which clinicians are documenting patients' use of ENDS. Data were gathered from medical visits with patients aged 12 and older (N=9,119; 55% male) treated in a large, integrated healthcare system. We used natural language processing to assess the incidence rates of clinician documentation of patients' ENDS use in unstructured tobacco comments in the EHR, and the words most frequently documented in relation to ENDS, from 2006-2015. ENDS documentation in the EHR increased dramatically over time (from 0.01 to 9.5 per 10,000 patients, p<0.0001), particularly among adults aged 18-24 and 25-44. Most prevalent were "e-cig," "electronic cigarettes", and "vape," with much variation in spelling and phrasing of these words. Records of adolescent and young adult patients were more likely to contain the word "vape", and less likely to have "e-cig" and "electronic cigarette" than records of adults (ps<0.0001). The relatively low observed number of patients with ENDS terms in the EHR suggested vast under documentation. While healthcare providers are increasingly documenting patients' use of ENDS in the EHR, overall documentation rates remain low. Discrete EHR fields for standard screening and documentation of ENDS that reflect the language used by patients would provide more complete longitudinal population-level surveillance of ENDS use and its association with short- and long-term health outcomes.

  View details for PubMedID 28823688

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5796533

• Social Media and Mobile Technology for Cancer Prevention and Treatment. American Society of Clinical Oncology educational book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting Prochaska, J. J., Coughlin, S. S., Lyons, E. J. 2017: 128–37

  Abstract

  Given the number of lives affected by cancer and the great potential for optimizing well-being via lifestyle changes, patients, providers, health care systems, advocacy groups, and entrepreneurs are looking to digital solutions to enhance patient care and broaden prevention efforts. Thousands of health-oriented mobile websites and apps have been developed, with a majority focused upon lifestyle behaviors (e.g., exercise, diet, smoking). In this review, we consider the use and potential of social media and mHealth technologies for cancer prevention, cancer treatment, and survivorship. We identify key principles in research and practice, summarize prior reviews, and highlight notable case studies and patient resources. Further, with the potential for scaled delivery and broad reach, we consider application of social media and mHealth technologies in low-resource settings. With clear advantages for reach, social media and mHealth technologies offer the ability to scale and engage entire populations at low cost, develop supportive social networks, connect patients and providers, encourage adherence with cancer care, and collect vast quantities of data for advancing cancer research. Development efforts have been rapid and numerous, yet evaluation of intervention effects on behavior change and health outcomes are sorely needed, and regulation around data security issues is notably lacking. Attention to broader audiences is also needed, with targeted development for culturally diverse groups and non-English speakers. Further investment in research to build the evidence base and identify best practices will help delineate and actualize the potential of social media and mHealth technologies for cancer prevention and treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.1200/EDBK_173841

  View details for PubMedID 30372252

• Treating Smoking in Adults With Co-occurring Acute Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders. Journal of addiction medicine Das, S., Hickman, N. J., Prochaska, J. J. 2017

  Abstract

  Tobacco use is undertreated in individuals with psychiatric and substance use disorders (SUDs), with concerns that quitting smoking may compromise recovery. We evaluated outcomes of a tobacco intervention among psychiatric patients with co-occurring SUDs.Data from 2 randomized tobacco treatment trials conducted in inpatient psychiatry were combined; analyses focused on the subsample with co-occurring SUDs (n = 216). Usual care provided brief advice to quit and nicotine replacement therapy during the smoke-free hospitalization. The intervention, initiated during hospitalization and continued 6 months after hospitalization, was tailored to readiness to quit smoking, and added a computer-assisted intervention at baseline, and 3 and 6 months; brief counseling; and 10 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy after hospitalization. Outcomes were 7-day point prevalence abstinence from 3 to 12 months and past 30-day reports of alcohol and illicit drug use.The sample consisted of 34% women, among which 36% were Caucasian, averaging 19 cigarettes/d prehospitalization; the groups were comparable at baseline. At 12 months, 22% of the intervention versus 11% of usual care participants were tobacco-abstinent (risk ratio 2.01, P = 0.03). Past 30-day abstinence from alcohol/drugs did not differ by group (22%); however, successful quitters were less likely than continued smokers to report past 30-day cannabis (18% vs 42%) and alcohol (22% vs 58%) use (P < 0.05), with no difference in other drug use.Tobacco treatment in psychiatric patients with co-occurring SUDs was effective and did not adversely impact recovery. Quitting smoking was associated with abstinence from alcohol and cannabis at follow-up. The findings support addressing tobacco in conjunction with alcohol and other drugs in psychiatric treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000320

  View details for PubMedID 28441272

• The flip side of Natural American Spirit: corporate social responsibility advertising. Tobacco control Epperson, A. E., Prochaska, J. J., Henriksen, L. 2017

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053576

  View details for PubMedID 28237942

• Latino Adults' Perspectives on Treating Tobacco Use Via Social Media. JMIR mHealth and uHealth Anguiano, B., Brown-Johnson, C., Rosas, L. G., Pechmann, C., Prochaska, J. J. 2017; 5 (2)

  Abstract

  Latinos are the largest minority group in the United States, and in California they outnumber non-Hispanic whites. Smoking cessation programs tailored for Latino culture, and this population's specific smoking patterns, are needed. Online social networks for smoking cessation have high potential for Latinos, but have not been tested to date.Building a research program on social media apps for cancer prevention in diverse populations, this qualitative study assessed acceptability of tobacco treatment that was distributed via social media for Latino smokers.We conducted three focus groups with Latino adults who were former and current smokers recruited from Santa Clara County, California in 2015 (N=32). We assessed participants' smoking histories, attempts to quit, social media exposure, and receptivity to a social media-based smoking cessation intervention. Audio transcripts were translated and coded for themes.Participants reported factors driving their tobacco use and motivations to quit, and emphasized the importance of community and family in influencing their smoking initiation, cravings and triggers, attempts to quit, and abstinence. Participants valued the communal aspect of social media and suggested strategically tailoring groups based on key features (eg, age, gender, language preference). Participants reported preferring visual, educational, and motivational messages that were connected with existing services.Participants generally voiced acceptability of a social media-delivered intervention to help them quit smoking, viewed the intervention as well-equipped for catering to the strong community orientation of Latinos, and suggested that the platform was able to address variation within the population through strategic group creation. As a group member reflected, "Podemos hacerlo juntos" (We can do it together).

  View details for DOI 10.2196/mhealth.6684

  View details for PubMedID 28179217

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5322200

• Applying novel technologies and methods to inform the ontology of self-regulation Behaviour Research and Therapy Eisenberg, I. W., Bissett, P. G., Enkavi, A. Z., Poldrack, R. A. 2017: 46–57

  Abstract

  Self-regulation is a broad construct representing the general ability to recruit cognitive, motivational and emotional resources to achieve long-term goals. This construct has been implicated in a host of health-risk behaviors, and is a promising target for fostering beneficial behavior change. Despite its clear importance, the behavioral, psychological and neural components of self-regulation remain poorly understood, which contributes to theoretical inconsistencies and hinders maximally effective intervention development. We outline a research program that seeks to define a neuropsychological ontology of self-regulation, articulating the cognitive components that compose self-regulation, their relationships, and their associated measurements. The ontology will be informed by two large-scale approaches to assessing individual differences: first purely behaviorally using data collected via Amazon's Mechanical Turk, then coupled with neuroimaging data collected from a separate population. To validate the ontology and demonstrate its utility, we will then use it to contextualize health risk behaviors in two exemplar behavioral groups: overweight/obese adults who binge eat and smokers. After identifying ontological targets that precipitate maladaptive behavior, we will craft interventions that engage these targets. If successful, this work will provide a structured, holistic account of self-regulation in the form of an explicit ontology, which will better clarify the pattern of deficits related to maladaptive health behavior, and provide direction for more effective behavior change interventions.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.014

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5801197

• Efficacy of a universal smoking cessation intervention initiated in inpatient psychiatry and continued post-discharge: A randomised controlled trial. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry Metse, A. P., Wiggers, J. n., Wye, P. n., Wolfenden, L. n., Freund, M. n., Clancy, R. n., Stockings, E. n., Terry, M. n., Allan, J. n., Colyvas, K. n., Prochaska, J. J., Bowman, J. A. 2017; 51 (4): 366–81

  Abstract

  Interventions are required to redress the disproportionate tobacco-related health burden experienced by persons with a mental illness. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a universal smoking cessation intervention initiated within an acute psychiatric inpatient setting and continued post-discharge in reducing smoking prevalence and increasing quitting behaviours.A randomised controlled trial was undertaken across four psychiatric inpatient facilities in Australia. Participants ( N = 754) were randomised to receive either usual care ( n = 375) or an intervention comprising a brief motivational interview and self-help material while in hospital, followed by a 4-month pharmacological and psychosocial intervention ( n = 379) upon discharge. Primary outcomes assessed at 6 and 12 months post-discharge were 7-day point prevalence and 1-month prolonged smoking abstinence. A number of secondary smoking-related outcomes were also assessed. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on psychiatric diagnosis, baseline readiness to quit and nicotine dependence.Seven-day point prevalence abstinence was higher for intervention participants (15.8%) than controls (9.3%) at 6 months post-discharge (odds ratio = 1.07, p = 0.04), but not at 12 months (13.4% and 10.0%, respectively; odds ratio = 1.03, p = 0.25). Significant intervention effects were not found on measures of prolonged abstinence at either 6 or 12 months post-discharge. Differential intervention effects for the primary outcomes were not detected for any subgroups. At both 6 and 12 months post-discharge, intervention group participants were significantly more likely to smoke fewer cigarettes per day, have reduced cigarette consumption by ⩾50% and to have made at least one quit attempt, relative to controls.Universal smoking cessation treatment initiated in inpatient psychiatry and continued post-discharge was efficacious in increasing 7-day point prevalence smoking cessation rates and related quitting behaviours at 6 months post-discharge, with sustained effects on quitting behaviour at 12 months. Further research is required to identify strategies for achieving longer term smoking cessation.

  View details for PubMedID 28195010

• Innovative approaches to support smoking cessation for individuals with mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders. Expert review of respiratory medicine Das, S. n., Prochaska, J. J. 2017; 11 (10): 841–50

  Abstract

  Tobacco remains the leading preventable cause of death in the US, accounting for over 520,000 deaths annually. While the smoking prevalence has declined over the past 50 years, those with mental illness and addictive disorders continue to smoke at high levels and with significant tobacco-related health problems. Areas covered: This review highlights the epidemiology, contributing factors, and evidence-base for intervening upon tobacco use in those with mental illness and addictive disorders. Historically underprioritized, a growing body of literature supports treating tobacco within mental health and addiction treatment settings. Critically, treating tobacco use appears to support, and not harm, mental health recovery and sobriety. This review also summarizes novel, emerging approaches to mitigate the harms of cigarette smoking. Expert commentary: People with mental illness and addictive disorders have a high prevalence of tobacco use with serious health harms. Treating tobacco use is essential. Evidence-based strategies include individual treatments that are stage-matched to readiness to quit and combine cessation medications with behavioral therapies, supported by smoke-free policies in treatment settings and residential environments. Emerging approaches, with a focus on harm reduction, are electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco regulatory efforts to reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes, thereby reducing their addiction potential.

  View details for PubMedID 28756728

• Patient web portals, disease management, and primary prevention. Risk management and healthcare policy Coughlin, S. S., Prochaska, J. J., Williams, L. B., Besenyi, G. M., Heboyan, V., Goggans, D. S., Yoo, W., De Leo, G. 2017; 10: 33-40

  Abstract

  Efforts aimed at health care reform and continued advances in information technologies have prompted interest among providers and researchers in patient web portals. Patient web portals are password-protected online websites that offer the patients 24-hour access to personal health information from anywhere with an Internet connection.This article, which is based upon bibliographic searches in PubMed, reviews important developments in web portals for primary and secondary disease prevention, including patient web portals tethered to electronic medical records, disease-specific portals, health disparities, and health-related community web portals.Although findings have not been uniformly positive, several studies of the effectiveness of health care system patient portals in chronic disease management have shown promising results with regard to patient outcomes. Patient web portals have also shown promising results in increasing adherence with screening recommendations. Racial and ethnic minorities, younger persons, and patients who are less educated or have lower health literacy have been found to be less likely to use patient portals.Additional studies are needed of the utility and effectiveness of different elements of web portals for different patient populations. This should include additional diseases and health topics such as smoking cessation and weight management.

  View details for DOI 10.2147/RMHP.S130431

  View details for PubMedID 28435342

• Smoking and Mental Illness: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Output Over Time. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Metse, A. P., Wiggers, J. H., Wye, P. M., Wolfenden, L. n., Prochaska, J. J., Stockings, E. A., Williams, J. M., Ansell, K. n., Fehily, C. n., Bowman, J. A. 2017; 19 (1): 24–31

  Abstract

  The prevalence of smoking among persons with a mental illness has remained unchanged, being 2-3 times higher than the general population in high-income countries. Assessment of the volume and characteristics of research output over time can assist in identifying research priorities to promote progress within a field. The aim of this study was to undertake such an assessment in the field of smoking and mental illness.A descriptive repeat cross-sectional study was conducted of peer-reviewed publications in Medline and PsycINFO for the periods 1993-1995, 2003-2005, and 2013-2015. Publications were classified as data- or non-data-based; data-based publications were further categorized by study type, population, setting, and for intervention-focused publications by level of evidence and research translation phase.Included were 547 articles published in 1993-1995 (n = 65), 2003-2005 (n = 153), and 2013-2015 (n = 329). The number and proportion of data-based publications significantly increased over time, although their focus remained predominantly descriptive (≥83%); less than 14% of publications in any period had an intervention focus. The proportion of publications reporting on study populations with multiple diagnostic categories and recruiting from nonmental health settings, significantly increased from 1993-1995 to 2003-2005, however then plateaued by 2013-2015. The level of evidence provided by intervention-focused publications was suggested to increase over time, however there was no evident variation in translation phase.Research has increased over time to characterize smoking among those with a mental illness; however more is needed to inform the development and implementation of effective cessation interventions for this group.This is the first study to examine the volume and characteristics of research publications in the field of smoking and mental illness over time. The number of publications increased fivefold between 1993-1995 and 2013-2015. Between 1993-1995 and 2003-2005, progression was also indicated by increased: data-based publications, diagnostic diversity of samples, and variation in study settings; however further increases in such measures were not evident in 2013-2015. Notably, it continues to be the case that few intervention studies are undertaken. To achieve meaningful changes in the smoking prevalence of this group, a greater focus on research that assesses the effectiveness and implementation of tailored cessation interventions is required.

  View details for PubMedID 27980040

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5157717

• Associations with E-cigarette use among Asian American and Pacific Islander young adults in California. Preventive medicine reports Maglalang, D. D., Brown-Johnson, C., Prochaska, J. J. 2016; 4: 29-32

  Abstract

  With attention to the rapidly growing market of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS/e-cigarettes) and the fastest growing US ethnic minority group, the current study explored associations between awareness, perceived risks, and use of ENDS among Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) young adults. AAPI young adults (ages 18-25) in California were recruited via social media, college classes, listservs for AAPI-serving non-profits, and snowball sampling to complete an anonymous survey between 2014 and 2015. The sample (N = 501) was 57% women, 15% LGBTQIA; with a mean age of 21; 26% foreign-born; identifying as Filipino (29%), Chinese (24%), Vietnamese (14%), mixed-AAPI heritage (13%), or 21% other. Nearly half the sample (44%) reported ever ENDS use; 11% were current users. Current ENDS use was twofold greater for: Filipino and Vietnamese compared to Chinese respondents; men versus women; LGBTQIA-identified respondents; those vocationally trained; and employed. Awareness of ENDS from peers/friends was most common and was associated with ever though not current ENDS use. Most respondents perceived ENDS as harmful (62%); low compared to high risk perception was associated with a three-fold greater likelihood of ever use and six-fold greater likelihood of current use. Popular flavors were fruit (49%, e.g., lychee, taro) and candy/sweets (26%). Current users viewed ENDS as a healthier alternative or quit aid for conventional cigarettes (42%); recreation/social use (33%) also was common. Findings indicate ENDS visibility among AAPI young adults in California with affinity for flavors and many engaging in trial and current use for harm reduction and recreational/social aims.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.05.011

  View details for PubMedID 27413658

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4929057

• Correlates of nicotine withdrawal severity in smokers during a smoke-free psychiatric hospitalization PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Soyster, P., Anzai, N. E., Fromont, S. C., Prochaska, J. J. 2016; 92: 176-182

  Abstract

  Psychiatric hospitals are increasingly adopting smoke-free policies. Tobacco use is common among persons with mental illness, and nicotine withdrawal (NW), which includes symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger/irritability, and sleep disturbance, may confound psychiatric assessment and treatment in the inpatient setting. This study aimed to characterize NW and correlates of NW severity in a sample of smokers hospitalized for treatment of mental illness in California. Participants (N=754) were enrolled between 2009 and 2013, and averaged 17 (SD=10) cigarettes/day prior to hospitalization. Though most (70%) received nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during hospitalization, a majority (65%) reported experiencing moderate to severe NW. In a general linear regression model, NW symptoms were more severe for women, African American patients, and polysubstance abusers. Though invariant by psychiatric diagnostic category, greater NW was associated with more severe overall psychopathology and greater cigarette dependence. The full model explained 46% of the total variation in NW symptom severity (F [19, 470]=23.03 p<0.001). A minority of participants (13%) refused NRT during hospitalization. Those who refused NRT reported milder cigarette dependence and stated no prior use of NRT. Among smokers hospitalized for mental illness, NW severity appears multidetermined, related to cigarette dependence, demographic variables, psychiatric symptom severity, and other substance use. Assessment and treatment of NW in the psychiatric hospital is clinically warranted and with extra attention to groups that may be more vulnerable or naïve to cessation pharmacotherapy.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.026

  View details for Web of Science ID 000388380400025

  View details for PubMedID 26892910

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5108455

• SMOKING AND MENTAL ILLNESS: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH OUTPUT OVER TIME Metse, A. P., Wiggers, J., Wye, P., Wolfenden, L., Prochaska, J. J., Stockings, E., Williams, J. M., Ansell, K., Fehily, C., Bowman, J. A. SPRINGER. 2016: S113

  View details for Web of Science ID 000388943400360

• AN INTEGRATED SMOKING CESSATION INTERVENTION FOR MENTAL HEALTH PATIENTS: A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL Metse, A. P., Wiggers, J., Wye, P., Wolfenden, L., Freund, M., Clancy, R., Stockings, E., Terry, M., Allan, J., Colyvas, K., Prochaska, J. J., Bowman, J. A. SPRINGER. 2016: S255

  View details for Web of Science ID 000388943400795

• Smoking and mental illness: a bibliometric analysis of research output over time Bailey, J., Metse, A. P., Wiggers, J., Wye, P., Wolfenden, L., Prochaska, J. J., Stockings, E., Williams, J. M., Ansell, K., Fehily, C., Bowman, J. A. OXFORD UNIV PRESS. 2016

  View details for Web of Science ID 000398600400109

• An integrated smoking intervention for mental health patients: a randomised controlled trial Metse, A. P., Wiggers, J., Wye, P., Wolfenden, L., Freund, M., Clancy, R., Stockings, E., Terry, M., Allan, J., Colyvas, K., Prochaska, J. J., Bowman, J. A. OXFORD UNIV PRESS. 2016

  View details for Web of Science ID 000398600403032

• The Past, Present, and Future of Nicotine Addiction Therapy. Annual review of medicine Prochaska, J. J., Benowitz, N. L. 2016; 67: 467-86

  Abstract

  The tobacco addiction treatment field is progressing through innovations in medication development, a focus on precision medicine, and application of new technologies for delivering support in real time and over time. This article reviews the evidence for combined and extended cessation pharmacotherapy and behavioral strategies including provider advice, individual counseling, group programs, the national quitline, websites and social media, and incentives. Healthcare policies are changing to offer cessation treatment to the broad population of smokers. With knowledge of the past and present, this review anticipates what is likely on the horizon in the clinical and public health effort to address tobacco addiction.

  View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev-med-111314-033712

  View details for PubMedID 26332005

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5117107

• Health-related quality of life among veterans in addictions treatment: identifying behavioral targets for future intervention QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH Oppezzo, M. A., Michalek, A. K., Delucchi, K., Baiocchi, M. T., Barnett, P. G., Prochaska, J. J. 2016; 25 (8): 1949-1957

  Abstract

  US veterans report lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) relative to the general population. Identifying behavioral factors related to HRQoL that are malleable to change may inform interventions to improve well-being in this vulnerable group.The current study sought to characterize HRQoL in a largely male sample of veterans in addictions treatment, both in relation to US norms and in association with five recommended health behavior practices: regularly exercising, managing stress, having good sleep hygiene, consuming fruits and vegetables, and being tobacco free.We assessed HRQoL with 250 veterans in addictions treatment (96 % male, mean age 53, range 24-77) using scales from four validated measures. Data reduction methods identified two principal components reflecting physical and mental HRQoL. Model testing of HRQoL associations with health behaviors adjusted for relevant demographic and treatment-related covariates.Compared to US norms, the sample had lower HRQoL scores. Better psychological HRQoL was associated with higher subjective social standing, absence of pain or trauma, lower alcohol severity, and monotonically with the sum of health behaviors (all p < 0.05). Specifically, psychological HRQoL was associated with regular exercise, stress management, and sleep hygiene. Regular exercise also related to better physical HRQoL. The models explained >40 % of the variance in HRQoL.Exercise, sleep hygiene, and stress management are strongly associated with HRQoL among veterans in addictions treatment. Future research is needed to test the effect of interventions for improving well-being in this high-risk group.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11136-016-1236-3

  View details for Web of Science ID 000380005900009

  View details for PubMedID 26886926

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4987154

• Mapping Engagement in Twitter-Based Support Networks for Adult Smoking Cessation. American journal of public health Lakon, C. M., Pechmann, C., Wang, C., Pan, L., Delucchi, K., Prochaska, J. J. 2016; 106 (8): 1374-1380

  Abstract

  We examined engagement in novel quit-smoking private social support networks on Twitter, January 2012 to April 2014. We mapped communication patterns within 8 networks of adult smokers (n = 160) with network ties defined by participants' tweets over 3 time intervals, and examined tie reciprocity, tie strength, in-degree centrality (popularity), 3-person triangles, 4-person cliques, network density, and abstinence status. On average, more than 50% of ties were reciprocated in most networks and most ties were between abstainers and nonabstainers. Tweets formed into more aggregated patterns especially early in the study. Across networks, 35.00% (7 days after the quit date), 49.38% (30 days), and 46.88% (60 days) abstained from smoking. We demonstrated that abstainers and nonabstainers engaged with one another in dyads and small groups. This study preliminarily suggests potential for Twitter as a platform for adult smoking-cessation interventions.

  View details for DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303256

  View details for PubMedID 27310342

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4940661

• Dissemination of an Evidence Based Tobacco Treatment Curriculum to Psychiatry Residency Programs Das, S., Prochaska, J., Fromont, S., Hudmon, K., Louie, A. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2016: 326

  View details for Web of Science ID 000377221500051

• Reporting of cigar use among adolescent tobacco smokers ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Rait, M. A., Prochaska, J. J., Rubinstein, M. L. 2016; 53: 206-209

  Abstract

  With the changing landscape of tobacco products, the divide between cigarettes and cigars is obscured, so understanding adolescent reporting of cigar use is needed to improve best practices for surveillance, screening, and prevention/intervention. This study examined adolescents' reported cigar use and correlates of use.Participants (N=186) were 13-17year old tobacco users participating in a prospective study of adolescent smoking behaviors. Measurement occurred at baseline and 24-months, and included demographics, nicotine dependence, tobacco use, and quit attempts. Cigar use was assessed as, "have you smoked a cigar in the last 30days" and by brand specific use in the past 30days.Cigar use was reported by 51 adolescents (27%), and increased to 76 (41%) when identifying by brand name. African Americans (32%) were more likely to smoke cigars than whites (10%, p<.01), Asian/Pacific Islanders (3%, p=.04), and multiracial participants (24%, p=.05). Cigarette-only users smoked more per day (p=.04) and had higher cotinine levels (p=.05) than cigar users. Number of prior quit attempts (p=.84) did not differ by group. Group differences in addiction were found between cigar users and cigarette only users (p<.01). At 24months, more baseline cigar users were tobacco abstinent than cigarette only users (16% versus 7%, p<0.01, respectively).Assessment of brand-specific cigars nearly doubled the reporting among adolescent users. Cigar users differed from cigarette-only users in consumption and likelihood of abstinence at 24-months. For more accurate surveillance and to inform treatment considerations, surveys of adolescent tobacco use should include cigars, including brand names, in the assessment strategy.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.035

  View details for Web of Science ID 000367278800033

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4679696

• Reporting of cigar use among adolescent tobacco smokers. Addictive behaviors Rait, M. A., Prochaska, J. J., Rubinstein, M. L. 2016; 53: 206-9

  Abstract

  With the changing landscape of tobacco products, the divide between cigarettes and cigars is obscured, so understanding adolescent reporting of cigar use is needed to improve best practices for surveillance, screening, and prevention/intervention. This study examined adolescents' reported cigar use and correlates of use.Participants (N=186) were 13-17year old tobacco users participating in a prospective study of adolescent smoking behaviors. Measurement occurred at baseline and 24-months, and included demographics, nicotine dependence, tobacco use, and quit attempts. Cigar use was assessed as, "have you smoked a cigar in the last 30days" and by brand specific use in the past 30days.Cigar use was reported by 51 adolescents (27%), and increased to 76 (41%) when identifying by brand name. African Americans (32%) were more likely to smoke cigars than whites (10%, p<.01), Asian/Pacific Islanders (3%, p=.04), and multiracial participants (24%, p=.05). Cigarette-only users smoked more per day (p=.04) and had higher cotinine levels (p=.05) than cigar users. Number of prior quit attempts (p=.84) did not differ by group. Group differences in addiction were found between cigar users and cigarette only users (p<.01). At 24months, more baseline cigar users were tobacco abstinent than cigarette only users (16% versus 7%, p<0.01, respectively).Assessment of brand-specific cigars nearly doubled the reporting among adolescent users. Cigar users differed from cigarette-only users in consumption and likelihood of abstinence at 24-months. For more accurate surveillance and to inform treatment considerations, surveys of adolescent tobacco use should include cigars, including brand names, in the assessment strategy.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.035

  View details for PubMedID 26575823

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4679696

• "You have the right to protect your health": Perceptions of Secondhand Smoke and Exposure Mitigation Strategies in Low-Income Patients With Heart Disease, San Francisco, 2011-2012. Preventing chronic disease Brown-Johnson, C. G., Oppezzo, M., Benowitz, N. L., Prochaska, J. J. 2016; 13: E116-?

  Abstract

  We examined the understanding of the harms of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among low-income, hospitalized adults with cardiovascular disease. Participants were 15 nonsmokers reporting daily SHS exposure and 15 light or nondaily cigarette smokers. We coded responses from audiotaped semistructured interviews for themes. No participant spontaneously identified heart risks related to SHS exposure. Strategies to avoid SHS included verbal requests to not smoke and physically avoiding smoke; both smokers and nonsmokers prioritized politeness over urgency. Most participants thought a blood test quantifying SHS exposure would be clinically useful. Health education, assertiveness communication training, and protective policies (eg, smoke-free multiunit housing) also were supported.

  View details for DOI 10.5888/pcd13.150593

  View details for PubMedID 27560724

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5003531

• Patient Decision Aids for Discouraging Low-Value Health Care Procedures: Null Findings and Lessons Learned. JAMA internal medicine Prochaska, J. J., Sanders-Jackson, A. n. 2016; 176 (1): 41–42

  View details for PubMedID 26720162

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5110432

• Commentary on Roberts et al. (2016): Bupropion and varenicline are efficacious and well-tolerated cessation medications for smokers with serious mental illness. Addiction (Abingdon, England) Prochaska, J. J. 2016; 111 (4): 613–14

  View details for PubMedID 26995173

• Paying Smokers to Quit: Does It Work? Should We Do It? Journal of the American College of Cardiology Ladapo, J. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2016; 68 (8): 786–88

  View details for PubMedID 27539169

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5108450

• Smokers with serious mental illness and requests for nicotine replacement therapy post-hospitalisation TOBACCO CONTROL Schuck, R. K., Dahl, A., Hall, S. M., Delucchi, K., Fromont, S. C., Hall, S. E., Bonas, T., Prochaska, J. J. 2016; 25 (1): 27-32

  Abstract

  Smoke-free psychiatric hospitalisation provides opportunity for initiating tobacco cessation treatment. The current study reports on psychiatric patients' interest in continuing nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) posthospitalisation and examines patient predictors of NRT requests, quit attempts and abstinence at 1-week follow-up.Daily smokers were recruited and interviewed on locked psychiatric units at three smoke-free San Francisco Bay Area hospitals. Intent to quit smoking was not required to participate and 73% of eligible smokers enrolled. Analyses focused on 816 participants (49% female) randomised to interventions providing counselling tailored to readiness to quit with availability of NRT posthospitalisation. Logistic regressions tested demographic, smoking and psychiatric factors predictive of NRT requests, quit attempts and abstinence 1-week postdischarge.Participants averaged 17 (SD=10) cigarettes/day for an average of 19 (SD=14) years. Most (88%) requested study-provided NRT (74% right at discharge). Participants preparing to quit and those with more severe psychiatric symptoms were more likely to request NRT at discharge (p<0.01). Those with more severe psychiatric symptoms also were more likely to request NRT refill, as were older participants (p<0.05). Participants who requested NRT at discharge were more likely to make a 24 h quit attempt and self-report abstinence at the 1-week follow-up (54% quit attempt, 14% abstinent) than participants who did not (25% quit attempt, 4% abstinent) (p<0.05).The great demand for NRT and the association between NRT use with quit attempts and abstinence at 1-week posthospitalisation supports adoption of tobacco treatment in acute psychiatric settings.# NCT00968513.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051712

  View details for Web of Science ID 000366868900011

  View details for PubMedID 25209524

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5110429

• Retrospective analysis of changing characteristics of treatment-seeking smokers: implications for further reducing smoking prevalence. BMJ open Leyro, T. M., Crew, E. E., Bryson, S. W., Lembke, A., Bailey, S. R., Prochaska, J. J., Henriksen, L., Fortmann, S. P., Killen, J. D., Killen, D. T., Hall, S. M., David, S. P. 2016; 6 (6)

  Abstract

  The goal of the current study was to empirically compare successive cohorts of treatment-seeking smokers who enrolled in randomised clinical trials in a region of the USA characterised by strong tobacco control policies and low smoking prevalence, over the past three decades.Retrospective treatment cohort comparison.Data were collected from 9 randomised clinical trials conducted at Stanford University and the University of California, San Francisco, between 1990 and 2013.Data from a total of 2083 participants were included (Stanford, n=1356; University of California San Francisco, n=727).One-way analysis of variance and covariance, χ(2) and logistic regression analyses were used to examine relations between nicotine dependence, cigarettes per day, depressive symptoms and demographic characteristics among study cohorts.Similar trends were observed at both settings. When compared to earlier trials, participants in more recent trials smoked fewer cigarettes, were less nicotine-dependent, reported more depressive symptoms, were more likely to be male and more likely to be from a minority ethnic/racial group, than those enrolled in initial trials (all p's<0.05). Analysis of covariances revealed that cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence and current depressive symptom scores were each significantly related to trial (all p's<0.001).Our findings suggest that more recent smoking cessation treatment-seeking cohorts in a low prevalence region were characterised by less smoking severity, more severe symptoms of depression and were more likely to be male and from a minority racial/ethnic group.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010960

  View details for PubMedID 27357195

• Feasibility and Quit Rates of the Tobacco Status Project: A Facebook Smoking Cessation Intervention for Young Adults JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH Ramo, D. E., Thrul, J., Chavez, K., Delucchi, K. L., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 17 (12)

  Abstract

  Young adult smokers are a challenging group to engage in smoking cessation interventions. With wide reach and engagement among users, Facebook offers opportunity to engage young people in socially supportive communities for quitting smoking and sustaining abstinence.We developed and tested initial efficacy, engagement, and acceptability of the Tobacco Status Project, a smoking cessation intervention for young adults delivered within Facebook.The intervention was based on the US Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Transtheoretical Model and enrolled participants into study-run 3-month secret Facebook groups matched on readiness to quit smoking. Cigarette smokers (N=79) aged 18-25, who used Facebook on most days, were recruited via Facebook. All participants received the intervention and were randomized to one of three monetary incentive groups tied to engagement (commenting in groups). Assessments were completed at baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up. Analyses examined retention, smoking outcomes over 12 months (7-day point prevalence abstinence, ≥50% reduction in cigarettes smoked, quit attempts and strategies used, readiness to quit), engagement, and satisfaction with the intervention.Retention was 82% (65/79) at 6 months and 72% (57/79) at 12 months. From baseline to 12-months follow-up, there was a significant increase in the proportion prepared to quit (10/79, 13%; 36/79, 46%, P<.001). Over a third (28/79, 35%) reduced their cigarette consumption by 50% or greater, and 66% (52/79) made at least one 24-hour quit attempt during the study. In an intent-to-treat analysis, 13% (10/79) self-reported 7-day abstinence (6/79, 8% verified biochemically) at 12-months follow-up. In their quit attempts, 11% (9/79) used a nicotine replacement therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration, while 18% (14/79) used an electronic nicotine delivery system to quit (eg, electronic cigarette). A majority (48/79, 61%) commented on at least one Facebook post, with more commenting among those with biochemically verified abstinence at 3 months (P=.036) and those randomized to receive a personal monetary incentive (P=.015). Over a third of participants (28/79, 35%) reported reading most or all of the Facebook posts. Highest acceptability ratings of the intervention were for post ease (57/79, 72%) and thinking about what they read (52/79, 66%); 71% (56/79) recommended the program to others. Only 5 participants attended the optional cognitive-behavioral counseling sessions, though their attendance was high (6/7 sessions overall) and the sessions were rated as easy to understand, useful, and helpful (all 90-100% agreed).A Facebook quit smoking intervention is attractive and feasible to deliver, and early efficacy data are encouraging. However, the 1.5-fold greater use of electronic cigarettes over nicotine replacement products for quitting is concerning.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/jmir.5209

  View details for Web of Science ID 000367900700001

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4736286

• Smoking Privileges: Psychiatry, the Mentally Ill, and the Tobacco Industry in America (Book Review) AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Book Review Authored by: Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 172 (10): 1027–28

  View details for DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15060764

  View details for Web of Science ID 000362151100022

• Recruitment of adolescents for a smoking study: use of traditional strategies and social media. Translational behavioral medicine Rait, M. A., Prochaska, J. J., Rubinstein, M. L. 2015; 5 (3): 254-259

  Abstract

  Engaging and retaining adolescents in research studies is challenging. Social media offers utility for expanding the sphere of research recruitment. This study examined and compared traditional and Facebook-based recruitment strategies on reach, enrollment, cost, and retention. Substance users aged 13-17 years were recruited through several methods, including social media, a study website, fliers, talks in schools, bus ads, and referrals. Study involvement included a one-time visit and semiannual follow-up surveys. 1265 individuals contacted study personnel; 629 were ineligible; 129 declined; and 200 participants enrolled. Facebook drew the greatest volume but had a high rate of ineligibles. Referrals were the most successful and cost-effective ($7 per enrolled participant); school talks were the least. Recruitment source was unrelated to retention success. Facebook may expand recruitment reach, but had greater financial costs and more ineligible contacts, resulting in fewer enrollees relative to traditional interpersonal recruitment methods. Referrals, though useful for study engagement, did not provide a differential benefit in terms of long-term retention.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s13142-015-0312-5

  View details for PubMedID 26327930

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4537465

• Smoking cessation and the cardiovascular patient. Current opinion in cardiology Prochaska, J. J., Benowitz, N. L. 2015; 30 (5): 506-511

  Abstract

  Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Our review highlights research from 2013 to 2015 on the treatment of cigarette smoking, with a focus on heart patients and cardiovascular outcomes.Seeking to maximize the reach and effectiveness of existing cessation medications, current tobacco control research has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of combination treatment, extended use, reduce-to-quit strategies, and personalized approaches to treatment matching. Further, cytisine has gained interest as a lower-cost strategy for addressing the global tobacco epidemic. On the harm reduction front, snus and electronic nicotine delivery systems are being widely distributed and promoted with major gaps in knowledge of the safety of long-term and dual use. Quitlines, comparable in outcome to in-person treatment, make cessation counseling available on a national scale, though use rates remain relatively low. Employee reward programs are gaining attention given the high costs of tobacco use to employers; sustaining quit rates postpayment, however, has proven challenging.Evidence-based cessation treatments exist. Broader dissemination, adoption, and implementation are key to addressing the tobacco epidemic. The cardiology team has a professional obligation to advance tobacco control efforts and can play an important role in achieving a smoke-free future.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000204

  View details for PubMedID 26196657

• Validity and reliability of the internalized stigma of smoking inventory: An exploration of shame, isolation, and discrimination in smokers with mental health diagnoses AMERICAN JOURNAL ON ADDICTIONS Brown-Johnson, C. G., Cataldo, J. K., Orozco, N., Lisha, N. E., Hickman, N. J., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 24 (5): 410-418

  Abstract

  De-normalization of smoking as a public health strategy may create shame and isolation in vulnerable groups unable to quit. To examine the nature and impact of smoking stigma, we developed the Internalized Stigma of Smoking Inventory (ISSI), tested its validity and reliability, and explored factors that may contribute to smoking stigma.We evaluated the ISSI in a sample of smokers with mental health diagnoses (N = 956), using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and assessed construct validity.Results reduced the ISSI to eight items with three subscales: smoking self-stigma related to shame, felt stigma related to social isolation, and discrimination experiences. Discrimination was the most commonly endorsed of the three subscales. A multivariate generalized linear model predicted 21-30% of the variance in the smoking stigma subscales. Self-stigma was greatest among those intending to quit; felt stigma was highest among those experiencing stigma in other domains, namely ethnicity and mental illness-based; and smoking-related discrimination was highest among women, Caucasians, and those with more education.Smoking stigma may compound stigma experiences in other areas. Aspects of smoking stigma in the domains of shame, isolation, and discrimination were related to modeled stigma responses, particularly readiness to quit and cigarette addiction, and were found to be more salient for groups where tobacco use is least prevalent.The ISSI measure is useful for quantifying smoking-related stigma in multiple domains. (Am J Addict 2015;24:410 -418).

  View details for DOI 10.1111/ajad.12215

  View details for Web of Science ID 000358620400006

• Validity and reliability of the internalized stigma of smoking inventory: An exploration of shame, isolation, and discrimination in smokers with mental health diagnoses. The American journal on addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions Brown-Johnson, C. G., Cataldo, J. K., Orozco, N., Lisha, N. E., Hickman, N. J., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 24 (5): 410-8

  Abstract

  De-normalization of smoking as a public health strategy may create shame and isolation in vulnerable groups unable to quit. To examine the nature and impact of smoking stigma, we developed the Internalized Stigma of Smoking Inventory (ISSI), tested its validity and reliability, and explored factors that may contribute to smoking stigma.We evaluated the ISSI in a sample of smokers with mental health diagnoses (N = 956), using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and assessed construct validity.Results reduced the ISSI to eight items with three subscales: smoking self-stigma related to shame, felt stigma related to social isolation, and discrimination experiences. Discrimination was the most commonly endorsed of the three subscales. A multivariate generalized linear model predicted 21-30% of the variance in the smoking stigma subscales. Self-stigma was greatest among those intending to quit; felt stigma was highest among those experiencing stigma in other domains, namely ethnicity and mental illness-based; and smoking-related discrimination was highest among women, Caucasians, and those with more education.Smoking stigma may compound stigma experiences in other areas. Aspects of smoking stigma in the domains of shame, isolation, and discrimination were related to modeled stigma responses, particularly readiness to quit and cigarette addiction, and were found to be more salient for groups where tobacco use is least prevalent.The ISSI measure is useful for quantifying smoking-related stigma in multiple domains. (Am J Addict 2015;24:410 -418).

  View details for DOI 10.1111/ajad.12215

  View details for PubMedID 25930661

• Treating Tobacco Dependence at the Intersection of Diversity, Poverty, and Mental Illness: A Randomized Feasibility and Replication Trial. Nicotine & tobacco research Hickman, N. J., Delucchi, K. L., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 17 (8): 1012-1021

  Abstract

  In an ethnically-diverse, uninsured psychiatric sample with co-occurring drug/alcohol addiction, we evaluated the feasibility and reproducibility of a tobacco treatment intervention. The intervention previously demonstrated efficacy in insured psychiatric and nonpsychiatric samples with 20.0%-25.0% abstinence at 18 months.Daily smokers, recruited in 2009-2010 from psychiatric units at an urban public hospital, were randomized to usual care (on-unit nicotine replacement plus quit advice) or intervention, which added a Transtheoretical-model tailored, computer-assisted intervention, stage-matched manual, brief counseling, and 10-week post-hospitalization nicotine replacement.The sample (N = 100, 69% recruitment rate, age M = 40) was 56% racial/ethnic minority, 65% male, 79% unemployed, and 48% unstably housed, diagnosed with unipolar (54%) and bipolar (14%) depression and psychotic disorders (46%); 77% reported past-month illicit drug use. Prior to hospitalization, participants averaged 19 (SD = 11) cigarettes/day for 23 (SD = 13) years; 80% smoked within 30 minutes of awakening; 25% were preparing to quit. Encouraging and comparable to effects in the general population, 7-day point prevalence abstinence for intervention versus control was 12.5% versus 7.3% at 3 months, 17.5% versus 8.5% at 6 months, and 26.2% versus 16.7% at 12 months. Retention exceeded 80% over 12 months. The odds of abstinence increased over time, predicted by higher self-efficacy, greater perceived social status, and diagnosis of psychotic disorder compared to unipolar depression.Findings indicate uninsured smokers with serious mental illness can engage in tobacco treatment research with quit rates comparable to the general population. A larger investigation is warranted. Inclusion of diverse smokers with mental illness in clinical trials is supported and encouraged.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntv034

  View details for PubMedID 26180227

• Engaging veterans with substance abuse disorders into a research trial: success with study branding, networking, and presence TRANSLATIONAL BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE Michalek, A. K., Kan, D., Prochaska, J. 2015; 5 (2): 167-176

  Abstract

  Recruiting and retaining clients in health interventions can be challenging especially when targeting multiple behavior change in high-risk populations. To inform the methods of trials working with similarly complex clinical populations, we describe multi-pronged efforts to recruit and retain a representative sample. In a two-group RCT, veterans were recruited from a Veteran Affairs Medical Center. The goal was to enroll 200 participants over a 25-month period, and to exceed 70 % follow-up for all treatment arms. To meet these goals, a four-pronged strategy was developed: branding, outreach/networking, onsite presence, and incentives. In month 1, 32 % of the proposed sample size was met (n = 64), and by month 2, 45 % (n = 90); the recruitment goal (n = 200) was achieved 13 months ahead of schedule. Retention exceeds 90 % at all time points out to 18 months. The multipronged recruitment and retention plan was efficient, cost effective, and may generalize to other health promotion initiatives.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s13142-014-0302-z

  View details for Web of Science ID 000356788700006

  View details for PubMedID 26029279

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4444706

• Scientist-Practitioner Training at the Internship and Postdoctoral Level: Reflections Over Three Decades TRAINING AND EDUCATION IN PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Munoz, R. F., Sorensen, J. L., Arean, P. A., Lieberman, A. F., Fields, L., Gruber, V. A., Hall, S. M., Kramer, J. H., Leykin, Y., McBurnett, K., McQuaid, J. R., Pfiffner, L. J., Prochaska, J. J., Scheidt, S. D., Shumway, M., Tsoh, J. Y., Van Horn, P., Sosa, H., McNiel, D. E. 2015; 9 (2): 105-112

  View details for DOI 10.1037/tep0000058

  View details for Web of Science ID 000354607000005

• School Physical and Social Environment Changes in Relation to Physical Activity in Middle School HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND POLICY REVIEW Kercood, S., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., McKenzie, T. L., Prochaska, J. J., Moody, J. S., Brown, M., Marshall, S. J., Elder, J. P. 2015; 2 (3): 171–81

  View details for DOI 10.14485/HBPR.2.3.1

  View details for Web of Science ID 000442175800001

• Gender differences in a randomized controlled trial treating tobacco use among adolescents and young adults with mental health concerns. Nicotine & tobacco research Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Ramo, D. E., Young-Wolff, K. C., Delucchi, K., Brown, R. A., Hall, S. M. 2015; 17 (4): 479-485

  Abstract

  Treatment of tobacco use in mental health settings is rare despite high rates of comorbidity. With a focus on early intervention, we evaluated a tobacco treatment intervention among adolescents and young adults recruited from outpatient, school-based, and residential mental health settings and tested for gender differences.Intervention participants received computerized motivational feedback at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months and were offered 12 weeks of cessation counseling and nicotine patches. Usual care participants received a self-help guide and brief cessation advice. We examined 7-day point prevalence abstinence with biochemical confirmation at 3, 6, and 12 months; smoking reduction; and 24-hr quit attempts.At baseline, the sample (N = 60, 52% female, mean age = 19.5±2.9 years, 40% non-Hispanic Caucasian) averaged 7±6 cigarettes/day, 62% smoked daily, 38% smoked ≤ 30min of waking, 12% intended to quit in the next month, 47% had a parent who smoked, and 3 of 5 of participants' closest friends smoked on average. During the 12-month study, 47% of the sample reduced their smoking, 80% quit for 24 hr, and 11%, 13%, and 17% confirmed 7-day point prevalence abstinence at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up, respectively, with no differences by treatment condition (ps > .400). Over time, abstinence was greater among girls (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 8.9) than among boys, and abstinence was greater for lighter smokers than heavier smokers (AOR = 4.5) (p < .05). No mental health or other measured variables predicted abstinence.Adolescent and young adult smokers with mental health concerns are a challenging group to engage and to effectively treat for tobacco addiction, particularly heavier smokers and boys. Innovative approaches are needed.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntu205

  View details for PubMedID 25762759

• Cardiovascular Safety Outcome Trials: A meeting report from the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL Sager, P. T., Seltzer, J., Turner, J. R., Anderson, J. L., Hiatt, W. R., Kowey, P., Prochaska, J. J., Stockbridge, N., White, W. B. 2015; 169 (4): 486-495

  Abstract

  This White Paper provides a summary of presentations and discussions at a Cardiovascular Safety Outcome Trials Think Tank cosponsored by the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium, the US Food and Drug Administration, and the American College of Cardiology, held at American College of Cardiology's Heart House, Washington, DC, on February 19, 2014. Studies to assess cardiovascular (CV) risk of a new drug are sometimes requested by regulators to resolve ambiguous safety signals seen during its development or among other members of its class. Think Tank participants thought that important considerations in undertaking such studies were as follows: (1) plausibility-how likely it is that a possible signal indicating risk is real, based on strength of evidence, and/or whether a plausible mechanism of action for potential CV harm has been identified; (2) relevance-what relative and absolute CV risk would need to be excluded to determine that the drug had an acceptable benefit-to-risk balance for its use in the intended patient population; and (3) how plausibility and relevance influence the timing and approach to further safety assessment.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.01.007

  View details for Web of Science ID 000351949500011

• Cardiovascular Safety Outcome Trials: A meeting report from the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium. American heart journal Sager, P. T., Seltzer, J., Turner, J. R., Anderson, J. L., Hiatt, W. R., Kowey, P., Prochaska, J. J., Stockbridge, N., White, W. B. 2015; 169 (4): 486-95

  Abstract

  This White Paper provides a summary of presentations and discussions at a Cardiovascular Safety Outcome Trials Think Tank cosponsored by the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium, the US Food and Drug Administration, and the American College of Cardiology, held at American College of Cardiology's Heart House, Washington, DC, on February 19, 2014. Studies to assess cardiovascular (CV) risk of a new drug are sometimes requested by regulators to resolve ambiguous safety signals seen during its development or among other members of its class. Think Tank participants thought that important considerations in undertaking such studies were as follows: (1) plausibility-how likely it is that a possible signal indicating risk is real, based on strength of evidence, and/or whether a plausible mechanism of action for potential CV harm has been identified; (2) relevance-what relative and absolute CV risk would need to be excluded to determine that the drug had an acceptable benefit-to-risk balance for its use in the intended patient population; and (3) how plausibility and relevance influence the timing and approach to further safety assessment.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.01.007

  View details for PubMedID 25819855

• Symptom severity and readiness to quit among hospitalized smokers with mental illness. Psychiatric services Anzai, N., Young-Wolff, K. C., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 66 (4): 443-444

  View details for DOI 10.1176/appi.ps.201400181

  View details for PubMedID 25828988

• Smoking cessation abstinence goal in treatment-seeking smokers ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Hall, S. M., Shi, Y., Humfleet, G. L., Munoz, R. F., Reus, V. I., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 42: 148-153

  Abstract

  Baseline abstinence goal is a robust predictor of cigarette abstinence. However, important questions about goal remain unanswered. These include variables correlating with goal, changes in goal, relationship of goal and abstinence status over time, and predictors of change. The current study aimed to address these questions.Participants were treatment-seeking volunteers in two clinical trials. In Clinical Trial 1 (N=402), participants smoked ≥10 cigarettes per day (CPD) and were ≥50years of age. In Clinical Trial 2 (N=406), participants smoked ≥10 CPD, smoked within 30min of arising, and were ≥18years of age. The outcome variables were biochemically verified 7-day abstinence from cigarettes at weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104. Abstinence goal, demographic, psychological, and smoking related variables were assessed via standard instruments.At baseline, the greater the desire to quit and one's expectations of success, and the lesser the educational level, the more likely participants were to have a quit forever goal. Throughout the two-year study, abstinence from cigarettes and a lower educational level were correlated with a goal of quit forever; 37% of participants changed goal. There were no predictors of goal change. Abstinence goal was related to abstinence status across the study period. The goal predicted abstinence status at subsequent assessments, even when status was controlled.Lesser educational levels were consistent predictors of a more stringent goal. Abstinence goal changes over time. These findings suggest that repeated counseling about goal is advisable and participants would benefit from such counseling, independent of demographic characteristics and smoking status.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/J.addbeh.2014.11.012

  View details for Web of Science ID 000348555100028

  View details for PubMedID 25462664

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4273741

• A mixed-methods study of young adults' receptivity to using Facebook for smoking cessation: if you build it, will they come? American journal of health promotion Ramo, D. E., Liu, H., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 29 (4): e126-35

  Abstract

  To determine whether young adults are interested in a Facebook intervention for smoking cessation and to inform the design of such an intervention.Mixed-methods.Participants throughout the United States were recruited through Facebook.Young adults aged 18 to 25 years who had smoked at least once in the past month.Participants (N = 570) completed an online survey of tobacco and social media use. A subset of 30 survey completers, stratified by motivation to quit smoking, agreed to participate in a structured interview over online chat. Themes were identified by using grounded theory.Approximately a third of the full sample (31%) reported they would want to get help to quit smoking by using Facebook. Interest in using Facebook to quit was greater among those who were more motivated to quit (χ(2) = 75.2, p < .001), had made a quit attempt in the past year (χ(2) = 16.0, p < .001), and had previously used the Internet for assistance with a quit attempt (χ(2) = 6.2, p = .013). In qualitative interviews, social support and convenience were identified as strengths of a Facebook intervention, while privacy was the main issue of concern.Nearly one in three young adult smokers on Facebook expressed interest in using Facebook for quitting smoking. Social media approaches that respect privacy and tailor to readiness to quit are likely to maximize participation.

  View details for DOI 10.4278/ajhp.130326-QUAL-128

  View details for PubMedID 24575728

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4147019

• Applying linguistic methods to understanding smoking-related conversations on Twitter TOBACCO CONTROL Sanders-Jackson, A., Brown, C. G., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 24 (2): 136-138

  Abstract

  Social media, such as Twitter, have become major channels of communication and commentary on popular culture, including conversations on our nation's leading addiction: tobacco. The current study examined Twitter conversations following two tobacco-related events in the media: (1) President Obama's doctor announcing that he had quit smoking and (2) the release of a photograph of Miley Cyrus (a former Disney child star) smoking a cigarette. With a focus on high-profile individuals whose actions can draw public attention, we aimed to characterise tobacco-related conversations as an example of tobacco-related public discourse and to present a novel methodology for studying social media.Tweets were collected 11-13 November 2011 (President Obama) and 1-3 August 2011 (Miley Cyrus) and analysed for relative frequency of terms, a novel application of a linguistic methodology.The President Obama data set (N=2749 tweets) had conversations about him quitting tobacco as well as a preponderance of information on political activity, links to websites, racialised terms and mention of marijuana. Websites and terms about Obama's smoke-free status were most central to the conversation. In the Miley Cyrus data (N=4746 tweets), terms that occurred with the greatest relative frequency were positive, emotional and supportive of quitting (eg, love, and please), with words such as 'love' most central to the conversation.People are talking about tobacco-related issues on Twitter, and semantic network analysis can be used to characterise on-line conversations. Future interventions may be able to harness social media and major current events to raise awareness of smoking-related issues.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051243

  View details for Web of Science ID 000350337500013

  View details for PubMedID 24227540

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4103964

• Correlates and Prevalence of Menthol Cigarette Use Among Adults With Serious Mental Illness NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Young-Wolff, K. C., Hickman, N. J., Kim, R., Gali, K., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 17 (3): 285-291

  Abstract

  With a focus on protecting vulnerable groups from initiating and continuing tobacco use, the FDA has been considering the regulation of menthol in cigarettes. Using a large sample of adult smokers with serious mental illness (SMI) in the San Francisco Bay Area, we examined demographic and clinical correlates of menthol use, and we compared the prevalence of menthol use among our study participants to that of adult smokers in the general population in California.Adult smokers with SMI (N = 1,042) were recruited from 7 acute inpatient psychiatric units in the San Francisco Bay Area. Demographic, tobacco, and clinical correlates of menthol use were examined with bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, and prevalence of menthol use was compared within racial/ethnic groups to California population estimates from the 2008-2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.A sample majority (57%) reported smoking menthol cigarettes. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that adult smokers with SMI who were younger, who had racial/ethnic minority status, who had fewer perceived interpersonal problems, and who had greater psychotic symptoms also had a significantly greater likelihood of menthol use. Smokers with SMI had a higher prevalence of menthol use relative to the general population in California overall (24%).Individuals with SMI-particularly those who are younger, have racial/ethnic minority status, and have been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder-are vulnerable to menthol cigarette use. FDA regulation of menthol may prevent initiation and may encourage cessation among smokers with SMI.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntu141

  View details for Web of Science ID 000350949600003

  View details for PubMedID 25190706

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4342677

• Prevalence and correlates of electronic-cigarette use in young adults: Findings from three studies over five years ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Ramo, D. E., Young-Wolff, K. C., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 41: 142-147

  Abstract

  We aimed to examine prevalence and correlates of past-month electronic cigarette ("e-cigarette") use and use of e-cigarettes to aid a cessation attempt in three samples of young adult smokers recruited online in 2009-2010 (Study 1), 2010-2011 (Study 2), and 2013 (Study 3).Participants were young adults aged 18 to 25 who smoked at least one cigarette in the previous month (Study 1, N=1987 and Study 2, N=570) or smoked 3 or more days each week and used Facebook 4 or more days per week (Study 3, N=79). We examined both past-month e-cigarette use and ever use of e-cigarettes to quit conventional cigarettes.Prevalence of past-month use of e-cigarettes was higher in each subsequent study: Study 1 (6%), Study 2 (19%), and Study 3 (41%). In multivariate analyses, significant correlates of past-month e-cigarette use were identified for Study 1 (male sex OR=2.1, p=.03; past-year quit attempt OR=1.6, p=.03) and Study 2 (male sex, OR=1.7, p=.03; younger age OR=0.88, p=.05), but not Study 3. In multivariate analyses, significant correlates of ever use of e-cigarette to quit conventional cigarettes were identified for Study 1 (education, OR=1.2, p=.02; smoking within 30min of waking, OR=2.8, p=.02; past year quit attempt OR=4.1, p=.02), and Study 3 (desire to quit smoking, OR=1.3, p=.02), but not Study 2.E-cigarette use is increasingly common among young adults, particularly men. E-cigarette use for quitting conventional cigarettes appears more common among those more nicotine dependent and interested in quitting.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.019

  View details for Web of Science ID 000347496500024

  View details for PubMedID 25452058

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4314311

• Electronic cigarettes in jails: a panacea or public health problem? JAMA psychiatry Young-Wolff, K. C., Karan, L. D., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 72 (2): 103-104

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2224

  View details for PubMedID 25471086

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4318757

• Validity of self-reported adult secondhand smoke exposure TOBACCO CONTROL Prochaska, J. J., Grossman, W., Young-Wolff, K. C., Benowitz, N. L. 2015; 24 (1): 48-53

  Abstract

  Exposure of adults to secondhand smoke (SHS) has immediate adverse effects on the cardiovascular system and causes coronary heart disease. The current study evaluated brief self-report screening measures for accurately identifying adult cardiology patients with clinically significant levels of SHS exposure in need of intervention.A cross-sectional study conducted in a university-affiliated cardiology clinic and cardiology inpatient service.Participants were 118 non-smoking patients (59% male, mean age=63.6 years, SD=16.8) seeking cardiology services.Serum cotinine levels and self-reported SHS exposure in the past 24 h and 7 days on 13 adult secondhand exposure to smoke (ASHES) items.A single item assessment of SHS exposure in one's own home in the past 7 days was significantly correlated with serum cotinine levels (r=0.41, p<0.001) with sensitivity ≥75%, specificity >85% and correct classification rates >85% at cotinine cut-off points of >0.215 and >0.80 ng/mL. The item outperformed multi-item scales, an assessment of home smoking rules, and SHS exposure assessed in other residential areas, automobiles and public settings. The sample was less accurate at self-reporting lower levels of SHS exposure (cotinine 0.05-0.215 ng/mL).The single item ASHES-7d Home screener is brief, assesses recent SHS exposure over a week's time, and yielded the optimal balance of sensitivity and specificity. The current findings support use of the ASHES-7d Home screener to detect SHS exposure and can be easily incorporated into assessment of other major vital signs in cardiology.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051174

  View details for Web of Science ID 000346264200015

  View details for PubMedID 23997071

• Tobacco Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders Das, S., Hickman, N., Prochaska, J. J. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2015: 87

  View details for Web of Science ID 000352029900075

• Shame-based appeals in a tobacco control public health campaign: potential harms and benefits. Tobacco control Brown-Johnson, C. G., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 24 (5): 419–20

  View details for PubMedID 26293382

• Nicotine Replacement Therapy as a Maintenance Treatment. JAMA Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 314 (7): 718–19

  View details for PubMedID 26284723

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5131795

• The Tobacco Status Project (TSP): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a Facebook smoking cessation intervention for young adults. BMC public health Ramo, D. E., Thrul, J., Delucchi, K. L., Ling, P. M., Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2015; 15 (1): 897-?

  Abstract

  Tobacco use remains the leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality in the United States. Young adults are less successful at quitting, use cessation treatment less often than smokers of other ages, and can be a challenge to retain in treatment. Social media, integrated into the lives of many young adults, represents a promising strategy to deliver evidence-based smoking cessation treatment to a large, diverse audience. The goal of this trial is to test the efficacy of a stage-based smoking cessation intervention on Facebook for young adults age 18 to 25 on smoking abstinence, reduction in cigarettes smoked, and thoughts about smoking abstinence.This is a randomized controlled trial. Young adult smokers throughout the United States are recruited online and randomized to either the 3 month Tobacco Status Project intervention on Facebook or a referral to a smoking cessation website. The intervention consists of assignment to a secret Facebook group tailored to readiness to quit smoking (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation), daily Facebook contacts tailored to readiness to quit smoking, weekly live counseling sessions, and for those in preparation, weekly Cognitive Behavioral Therapy counseling sessions on Facebook. Primary outcome measure is biochemically-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking at posttreatment (3 months), 6, and 12 months. Secondary outcome measures are reduction of 50 % or more in cigarettes smoked, 24 h quit attempts, and commitment to abstinence at each time point. A secondary aim is to test, within the TSP condition, the effect of a monetary incentive at increasing engagement in the intervention.This randomized controlled trial is testing a novel Facebook intervention for treating young adults' tobacco use. If efficacious, the social media intervention could be disseminated widely and expanded to address additional health risks.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02207036 , May 13, 2014.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2217-0

  View details for PubMedID 26374203

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4572690

• Multiple risk-behavior profiles of smokers with serious mental illness and motivation for change. Health psychology Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Delucchi, K., Young-Wolff, K. C., Benowitz, N. L., Hall, S., Bonas, T., Hall, S. M. 2014; 33 (12): 1518-1529

  Abstract

  Objective: Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) are dying on average 25 years prematurely. The leading causes are chronic preventable diseases. In the context of a tobacco-treatment trial, this exploratory study examined the behavioral risk profiles of adults with SMI to identify broader interventional needs. Method: Recruited from five acute inpatient psychiatry units, participants were 693 adult smokers (recruitment rate = 76%, 50% male, 45% Caucasian, age M = 39, 49% had income < $10,000) diagnosed with mood disorders (71%), substance-use disorders (63%), posttraumatic stress disorder (39%), psychotic disorders (25%), and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (25%). The Staging Health Risk Assessment, the primary measure used in this study, screened for risk status and readiness to change 11 health behaviors, referencing the period prior to acute hospitalization. Results: Participants averaged 5.2 (SD = 2.1) risk behaviors, including smoking (100%), high-fat diet (68%), inadequate fruits/vegetables (67%), poor sleep (53%), physical inactivity (52%), and marijuana use (46%). The percent prepared to change ranged from 23% for tobacco and marijuana to 76% for depression management. Latent class analysis differentiated three risk groups: the global higher risk group included patients elevated on all risk behaviors; the global lower risk group was low on all risks; and a mood and metabolic risk group, characterized by inactivity, unhealthy diet, sleep problems, and poor stress and depression management. The global higher risk group (11% of sample) was younger, largely male, and had the greatest number of risk behaviors and mental health diagnoses; had the most severe psychopathologies, addiction-treatment histories, and nicotine dependence; and the lowest confidence for quitting smoking and commitment to abstinence. Conclusion: Most smokers with SMI engaged in multiple risks. Expanding targets to treat co-occurring risks and personalizing treatment to individuals' multibehavioral profiles may increase intervention relevance, interest, and impact on health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

  View details for DOI 10.1037/a0035164

  View details for PubMedID 24467257

• EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF AN INTEGRATED SMOKING CESSATION INTERVENTION FOR MENTAL HEALTH PATIENTS: STUDY PROTOCOL FOR A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. Metse, A., Bowman, J., Wye, P., Stockings, E., Adams, M., Clancy, R., Terry, M., Wolfenden, L., Freund, M., Allan, J., Prochaska, J. J., Wiggers, J. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: 144

  View details for Web of Science ID 000346343700435

• Tobacco retailer proximity and density and nicotine dependence among smokers with serious mental illness. American journal of public health Young-Wolff, K. C., Henriksen, L., Delucchi, K., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 104 (8): 1454-1463

  Abstract

  Objectives. We examined the density and proximity of tobacco retailers and associations with smoking behavior and mental health in a diverse sample of 1061 smokers with serious mental illness (SMI) residing in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Methods. Participants' addresses were geocoded and linked with retailer licensing data to determine the distance between participants' residence and the nearest retailer (proximity) and the number of retailers within 500-meter and 1-kilometer service areas (density). Results. More than half of the sample lived within 250 meters of a tobacco retailer. A median of 3 retailers were within 500 meters of participants' residences, and a median of 12 were within 1 kilometer. Among smokers with SMI, tobacco retailer densities were 2-fold greater than for the general population and were associated with poorer mental health, greater nicotine dependence, and lower self-efficacy for quitting. Conclusions. Our findings provide further evidence of the tobacco retail environment as a potential vector contributing to tobacco-related disparities among individuals with SMI and suggest that this group may benefit from progressive environmental protections that restrict tobacco retail licenses and reduce aggressive point-of-sale marketing.

  View details for DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301917

  View details for PubMedID 24922145

• Frequent marijuana use is associated with greater nicotine addiction in adolescent smokers DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE Rubinstein, M. L., Rait, M. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 141: 159-162

  Abstract

  Marijuana and tobacco are the substances used most commonly by adolescents and co-occurring use is common. Use of one substance may potentiate the addictive properties of the other. The current study examined the severity of nicotine addiction among teen smokers as a function of co-occurring marijuana use.Participants were 165 adolescents (13-17 years old) who reported smoking at least 1 cigarette per day (CPD) in the past 30 days. General linear models examined the association of marijuana use with multiple measures of nicotine addiction including the Modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ), Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC), ICD-10, and the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS).The adolescent sample (mean age=16.1 years, SD=0.95) averaged 3.0 CPD (SD=3.0) for 1.98 years (SD=1.5). Most (79.5%) also smoked marijuana in the past 30 days. In models controlling for age, daily smoking status, and years of tobacco smoking, frequency of marijuana use accounted for 25-44% of the variance for all four measures of adolescent nicotine dependence.Marijuana use was associated with greater reported nicotine addiction among adolescent smokers. The findings suggest a role of marijuana in potentiating nicotine addiction and underscore the need for treatments that address both smoked substances.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.015

  View details for Web of Science ID 000339149300025

  View details for PubMedID 24928480

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4097075

• PTSD symptomatology and readiness to quit smoking among women with serious mental illness. Addictive behaviors Young-Wolff, K. C., Fromont, S. C., Delucchi, K., Hall, S. E., Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 39 (8): 1231-1234

  Abstract

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a risk factor for tobacco addiction. The majority of research on PTSD and smoking has been conducted with men, particularly combat veterans, and little is known about the association among women. In a clinical sample of women civilian smokers with serious mental illness (SMI), we examined the prevalence of PTSD symptomatology and associations with physical and mental health functioning, co-occurring substance use, nicotine dependence, and readiness to quit smoking.376 adult women smokers aged 18-73 were recruited from 7 acute inpatient psychiatry units and screened by diagnostic interview for current PTSD symptomatology (PTSD(+)). In multiple regressions, we examined the associations of screening PTSD(+) with physical and mental health functioning; past-month drug use; past-year substance use disorders; nicotine dependence and readiness to quit smoking.Nearly half the sample (43%) screened PTSD(+), which was significantly associated with the use of stimulants (OR=1.26) and opiates (OR=1.98), drug use disorders (OR=2.01), and poorer mental health (B=-2.78) but not physical health functioning. PTSD(+) status was unrelated to nicotine dependence, but predicted greater desire to quit smoking (B=2.13) and intention to stop smoking in the next month (OR=2.21). In multivariate models that adjusted for substance use disorders, physical and mental health functioning, and nicotine dependence, screening PTSD(+) remained predictive of greater desire and intention to quit smoking.PTSD symptomatology was common in our sample of women smokers with SMI and associated with not only worse substance use and mental health, but also greater readiness to quit smoking, suggesting the need for and potential interest in integrative PTSD-addiction treatment among women.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.024

  View details for PubMedID 24813548

• Evaluating the efficacy of an integrated smoking cessation intervention for mental health patients: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial TRIALS Metse, A. P., Bowman, J. A., Wye, P., Stockings, E., Adams, M., Clancy, R., Terry, M., Wolfenden, L., Freund, M., Allan, J., Prochaska, J. J., Wiggers, J. 2014; 15: 266

  Abstract

  Smoking rates, and associated negative health outcomes, are disproportionately high among people with mental illness compared to the general population. Smoke-free policies within mental health hospitals can positively impact on patients' motivation and self-efficacy to address their smoking. However, without post-discharge support, preadmission smoking behaviours typically resume. This protocol describes a randomised controlled trial that aims to assess the efficacy of linking mental health inpatients to community-based smoking cessation supports upon discharge as a means of reducing smoking prevalence.Eight hundred participants with acute mental illness will be recruited into the randomised controlled trial whilst inpatients at one of four psychiatric inpatient facilities in the state of New South Wales, Australia. After completing a baseline interview, participants will be randomly allocated to receive either: 'Supported Care', a multimodal smoking cessation intervention; or 'Normal Care', consisting of existing hospital care only. The 'Supported Care' intervention will consist of a brief motivational interview and a package of self-help material for abstaining from smoking whilst in hospital, and, following discharge, 16 weeks of motivational telephone-based counselling, 12 weeks of free nicotine replacement therapy, and a referral to the Quitline. Data will be collected at 1, 6 and 12 months post-discharge via computer-assisted telephone interview. The primary outcomes are abstinence from smoking (7-day point prevalence and prolonged cessation), and secondary outcomes comprise daily cigarette consumption, nicotine dependence, quit attempts, and readiness to change smoking behaviour.If shown to be effective, the study will provide evidence in support of systemic changes in the provision of smoking cessation care to patients following discharge from psychiatric inpatient facilities.Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ANZTCN: ACTRN12612001042831. Date registered: 28 September 2012.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/1745-6215-15-266

  View details for Web of Science ID 000339078900001

  View details for PubMedID 24996596

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4091653

• Maximizing Retention With High Risk Participants in a Clinical Trial AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION Kim, R., Hickman, N., Gali, K., Orozco, N., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 28 (4): 268-274

  Abstract

  To describe effective retention strategies in a clinical trial with a high risk, low-income, and vulnerable patient population with serious mental illness.Follow-up assessments were conducted for a randomized clinical tobacco treatment trial at 3, 6, and 12 months postbaseline. Initial follow-up rates of <40% at 3 months led to implementation of proactive retention strategies including obtaining extensive contact information; building relationships with case managers and social workers; contacting jails and prisons; text messaging, e-mailing, and messaging via social networking sites; identifying appointments via electronic medical record; and field outreach to treatment facilities, residences, and parks.Large urban public hospital.Participants were current smokers recruited from 100% smoke-free locked psychiatry units.Assessments covered demographics, substance use, and mental health functioning.Retention rates were plotted over time in relation to key retention strategies. Chi-square and t-tests were used to examine participant predictors of retention at each follow-up. At the 12-month follow-up, the retention strategies that most frequently led to assessment completion were identified.The sample (N = 100) was 65% male; age x = 39.5 years (SD = 11.3); 44% non-Hispanic white; 46% on Medicaid and 34% uninsured; 79% unemployed; and 48% unstably housed. Proactive retention strategies dramatically increased follow-up rates, concluding at 3 months = 82.65%, 6 months = 89.69%, and 12 months = 92.78%. Married and divorced/separated/widowed participants, those with higher income, and participants with alcohol or illicit drug problems had increased retention from 3- to 12-month follow-up.Follow-up rates improved as proactive methods to contact participants were implemented. Dedicated research staff, multiple methods, community networking, and outreach within drug treatment settings improved retention.

  View details for DOI 10.4278/ajhp.120720-QUAN-355

  View details for Web of Science ID 000343855500009

  View details for PubMedID 23875989

• Facebook Recruitment of Young Adult Smokers for a Cessation Trial: Methods, Metrics, and Lessons Learned. Internet interventions Ramo, D. E., Rodriguez, T. M., Chavez, K., Sommer, M. J., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 1 (2): 58-64

  Abstract

  Further understanding is needed of the functionalities and efficiency of social media for health intervention research recruitment. Facebook was examined as a mechanism to recruit young adults for a smoking cessation intervention. An ad campaign targeting young adult smokers tested specific messaging based on market theory and successful strategies used to recruit smokers in previous clinical trials (i.e. informative, call to action, scarcity, social norms), previously successful ads, and general messaging. Images were selected to target smokers (e.g., lit cigarette), appeal to the target age, vary demographically, and vary graphically (cartoon, photo, logo). Facebook's Ads Manager was used over 7 weeks (6/10/13 - 7/29/13), targeted by age (18-25), location (U.S.), and language (English), and employed multiple ad types (newsfeed, standard, promoted posts, sponsored stories) and keywords. Ads linked to the online screening survey or study Facebook page. The 36 different ads generated 3,198,373 impressions, 5,895 unique clicks, at an overall cost of $2,024 ($0.34/click). Images of smoking and newsfeed ads had the greatest reach and clicks at the lowest cost. Of 5,895 unique clicks, 586 (10%) were study eligible and 230 (39%) consented. Advertising costs averaged $8.80 per eligible, consented participant. The final study sample (n=79) was largely Caucasian (77%) and male (69%), averaging 11 cigarettes/day (SD=8.3) and 2.7 years smoking (SD=0.7). Facebook is a useful, cost-effective recruitment source for young adult smokers. Ads posted via newsfeed posts were particularly successful, likely because they were viewable via mobile phone. Efforts to engage more ethnic minorities, young women, and smokers motivated to quit are needed.

  View details for PubMedID 25045624

• Cardiovascular Events Associated With Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapies A Network Meta-Analysis CIRCULATION Mills, E. J., Thorlund, K., Eapen, S., Wu, P., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 129 (1): 28-?

  Abstract

  Stopping smoking is associated with many important improvements in health and quality of life. The use of cessation medications is recommended to increase the likelihood of quitting. However, there is historical and renewed concern that smoking cessation therapies may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease events associated within the quitting period. We aimed to examine whether the 3 licensed smoking cessation therapies-nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline-were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease events using a network meta-analysis.We searched 10 electronic databases, were in communication with authors of published randomized, clinical trials (RCTs), and accessed internal US Food and Drug Administration reports. We included any RCT of the 3 treatments that reported cardiovascular disease outcomes. Among 63 eligible RCTs involving 21 nicotine replacement therapy RCTs, 28 bupropion RCTs, and 18 varenicline RCTs, we found no increase in the risk of all cardiovascular disease events with bupropion (relative risk [RR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-1.73) or varenicline (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.79-2.23). There was an elevated risk associated with nicotine replacement therapy that was driven predominantly by less serious events (RR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.39-3.82). When we examined major adverse cardiovascular events, we found a protective effect with bupropion (RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.21-0.85) and no clear evidence of harm with varenicline (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.66-2.66) or nicotine replacement therapy (RR, 1.95; 95% CI, 0.26-4.30).Smoking cessation therapies do not appear to raise the risk of serious cardiovascular disease events.

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003961

  View details for Web of Science ID 000336726300008

  View details for PubMedID 24323793

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4258065

• Young adults who smoke cigarettes and marijuana: Analysis of thoughts and behaviors ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Ramo, D. E., Delucchi, K. L., Liu, H., Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 39 (1): 77-84

  Abstract

  Smoking both cigarettes and marijuana is increasingly common among young adults, yet little is known about use patterns, motivations, or thoughts about abstinence. In a U.S. sample, this study explored young adults' severity of cigarette and marijuana co-use, quit attempts, and thoughts about use.Young adults age 18-to-25 who had smoked at least one cigarette in the past 30 days completed an anonymous online survey.Of 1987 completed surveys, 972 participants reported both past-month cigarette and marijuana use (68% male, 71% Caucasian, mean age 20.4 years [SD=2.0]). Frequency of use, temptations to use, measures of dependence, decisional balance, and past-year quit attempts were associated across the two substances (all p<.05), but not motivation to quit. Relative to marijuana, participants reported greater desire and a later stage of change for quitting cigarettes and were more likely to endorse a cigarette abstinence goal, yet they had lower expectancy of success with quitting cigarettes and with staying quit (all p<.001).Cigarette and marijuana use, temptations to use, and pros/cons of using were related in this young adult sample. Differences in motivation and thoughts about abstinence, however, suggest that young adults may be more receptive to interventions for tobacco than marijuana use. Use patterns and cognitions for both substances should be considered in prevention and intervention efforts.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.035

  View details for Web of Science ID 000329560300010

  View details for PubMedID 24090626

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3858522

• The impact of a smoke-free psychiatric hospitalization on patient smoking outcomes: a systematic review. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry Stockings, E. A., Bowman, J. A., Prochaska, J. J., Baker, A. L., Clancy, R. n., Knight, J. n., Wye, P. M., Terry, M. n., Wiggers, J. H. 2014; 48 (7): 617–33

  Abstract

  Smoke-free policies have been introduced in inpatient psychiatric facilities in most developed nations. Such a period of supported abstinence during hospitalization may impact smoking behaviours post discharge, yet little quantitative evidence exists. The aim of this review was to provide the first synthesis of the research evidence examining the impact of a smoke-free psychiatric hospitalization on patients' smoking-related behaviours, motivation, and beliefs.We conducted a systematic review of electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EMBASE from inception to June 2013. Studies were included if they were conducted in an inpatient psychiatric facility with a smoke-free policy and if they examined any change in patients' smoking-related behaviours, motivation, or beliefs either during admission, post discharge, or both. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool.Fourteen studies were included in the review. Of the four studies that assessed change in smoking from admission to post discharge, two indicated a significant decline in cigarette consumption up to 3 months post discharge. Positive changes in motivation to quit and beliefs about quitting ability were identified in two studies. One study reported an increase in the rate of quit attempts and one reported a decline in nicotine dependence levels.A smoke-free psychiatric hospitalization may have a positive impact on patients' smoking-related behaviours, motivation, and beliefs, both during admission and up to 3 months post discharge. Further controlled studies with more rigorous designs are required to confirm this potential.

  View details for PubMedID 24819934

• Systematic review and meta-analysis of opioid antagonists for smoking cessation. BMJ open David, S. P., Chu, I. M., Lancaster, T., Stead, L. F., Evins, A. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 4 (3)

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004393

  View details for PubMedID 24633528

• Systematic review and meta-analysis of opioid antagonists for smoking cessation. BMJ open David, S. P., Chu, I. M., Lancaster, T., Stead, L. F., Evins, A. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 4 (3)

  Abstract

  This meta-analysis sought to evaluate the efficacy of opioid antagonists in promoting long-term smoking cessation. Post-treatment abstinence was examined as a secondary outcome and effects on withdrawal symptoms, craving and reduced consumption were also explored.The search strategy for this meta-analysis included clinical trials (published and unpublished data) in the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register and MEDLINE.Adult smokers.We included randomised trials comparing opioid antagonists to placebo or an alternative therapy for smoking cessation and reported data on abstinence for a minimum of 6 months.Outcomes included smoking abstinence at long-term follow-up (primary); abstinence at end of treatment (secondary); and effects on withdrawal, craving and smoking consumption (exploratory).8 trials with a total of 1213 participants were included. Half the trials examined the benefit of adding naltrexone versus placebo to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). There was no significant difference between naltrexone and placebo alone (relative risk (RR) 1.00; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.51) or as an adjunct to NRT (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.30), with an overall pooled estimate of RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.24. Findings for naltrexone effects on withdrawal, craving and reduced smoking were equivocal.The findings indicate no beneficial effect of naltrexone alone or as an adjunct to NRT on short-term or long-term smoking abstinence. While further trials may narrow the confidence limits, they are unlikely to appreciably alter the conclusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004393

  View details for PubMedID 24633528

• Menthol use among smokers with psychological distress: findings from the 2008 and 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health TOBACCO CONTROL Hickman, N. J., Delucchi, K. L., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 23 (1): 7-13

  Abstract

  The Food and Drug Administration is considering regulation of menthol cigarettes. While persons with mental distress are known to smoke cigarettes at high rates, little is known about their use of menthol. The authors examined the association of psychological distress and menthol use in a national sample of adult smokers.Data were from the 2008 and 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Past month smokers (N=24,157) were categorised for menthol or non-menthol use. Psychological distress was categorised as none/mild, moderate or severe on the Kessler six-item scale.The prevalence of menthol use was higher among individuals with severe psychological distress, women, young adults, African-Americans, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, persons with fewer years of education and lower income, and the unmarried and uninsured. In a multivariate model controlling for socio-demographic factors, smoking intensity and time to first cigarette, smokers with severe (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.23, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.46, p=0.02) but not moderate (AOR 1.03, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.15, p=0.58) psychological distress were significantly more likely to smoke menthols compared with smokers with none/mild distress.An elevated prevalence of menthol use was found among persons with severe psychological distress, suggesting another group that could potentially benefit from the regulation of menthol cigarettes.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050479

  View details for Web of Science ID 000328550800014

  View details for PubMedID 22821797

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4258063

• Online Comments on Smoking Bans in Psychiatric Hospitals Units JOURNAL OF DUAL DIAGNOSIS Brown-Johnson, C. G., Sanders-Jackson, A., Prochaska, J. J. 2014; 10 (4): 204-211

  Abstract

  Individuals with mental health concerns are disproportionately affected by and suffer the negative consequences of tobacco use disorder, perhaps because smoking has historically been part of psychiatry's culture. In the early 1990s, psychiatric inpatient facilities were exempted from U.S. hospital smoking bans, in response to public outcry with national media attention. Almost 2 decades later, the current study characterizes online conversation about psychiatric hospital smoking bans. Previous commenting studies have demonstrated commenting's negativity, documenting the "nasty effect" wherein negative comments color perceptions of neutral articles. Thus, we focused particular attention on cited barriers to implementing health-positive smoke-free policies.We collected online comments (N = 261) responding to popular media articles on smoking bans in inpatient psychiatry between 2013 and 2014 and conducted an inductive and exploratory qualitative content analysis.Verifying previous studies documenting the prevalence of negative commenting, of the comments explicitly supporting or refuting psychiatry smoking bans, there were over twice as many con comments (n = 44) than pro (n = 18). Many commenters argued for access to outdoor smoking areas and warned of patient agitation and risk posed to care workers. Identified content themes included psychiatric medication and negative side effects, broken mental health systems and institutions, denigration of the health risks of tobacco in the context of mental illness, typical pro-smoking arguments about "smokers' rights" and alternatives (including e-cigarettes), addiction, and stigma.The current findings provide a platform to begin to understand how people talk about mental health issues and smoking. Our analysis also raised complex issues concerning forces that impact U.S. patients with serious mental illness but over which they have little control, including medication, the U.S. health system, stigma, perceptions that life with chronic serious mental illness is not worth living, and psychological and physical pain of coping with mental illness. In consideration of identified barriers raised in opposition to smoking bans in inpatient psychiatry, efforts should emphasize patient stakeholder involvement; patient, visitor, and staff protection from smoke exposure; the effectiveness of nicotine replacement for managing withdrawal; and the lack of evidence that cigarettes are therapeutic.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/15504263.2014.961883

  View details for Web of Science ID 000343988600005

  View details for PubMedID 25391278

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4408924

• Endgame: engaging the tobacco industry in its own elimination. European journal of clinical investigation Ioannidis, J. P., Henriksen, L., Prochaska, J. J. 2013; 43 (12): 1366-1370

  Abstract

  A billion deaths from tobacco are expected by 2100. Many policy interventions such as increased taxation, restrictions on advertisement, smoking bans, as well as behavioral interventions, such as pharmacological and psychological treatments for smoking cessation, decrease tobacco use, but they reach their limits. Endgame scenarios focusing on tobacco supply rather than demand are increasingly discussed, but meet with resistance by the industry and even by many tobacco control experts. A main stumbling block that requires more attention is what to do with the tobacco industry in endgame scenarios. This industry has employed notoriously talented experts in law, business, organization, marketing, advertising, strategy, policy, and statistics and has tremendous lobbying power. Performance-based regulatory approaches can pose a legal obligation on manufacturers to decrease - and eventually - eliminate tobacco products according to specified schedules. Penalties and rewards can make such plans both beneficial for public health and attractive to the companies that do the job well. We discuss caveats and reality checks of engaging the tobacco industry to eliminate its current market and change focus. Brainstorming is warranted to entice the industry to abandon tobacco for other profit goals. To get the dialogue started, we propose the wild possibility of hiring former tobacco companies to reduce the costs of healthcare, thereby addressing concurrently two major challenges to public health.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/eci.12172

  View details for PubMedID 24117211

• Clinical Management of Tobacco Dependence in Inpatient Psychiatry: Provider Practices and Patient Utilization PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES Leyro, T. M., Hall, S. M., Hickman, N., Kim, R., Hall, S. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2013; 64 (11): 1161-1165

  Abstract

  This investigation examined predictors of utilization of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during a smoke-free psychiatric hospitalization.Smokers (N=324) were recruited from smoke-free adult inpatient psychiatric units. Exploratory analyses examined correlates of NRT provision and utilization.The prevalence of NRT use was 51% overall and was greater among patients offered NRT on admission (58%) versus later (34%), among patients with more severe depression and nicotine withdrawal, and among those who reported perceptions that NRT decreases nicotine withdrawal, provides a nicotine substitute, and helps with quitting smoking (p<.05, all comparisons). Although the ratio of nicotine patch dose to usual cigarettes per day was 1.2±.7, the ratio was negatively correlated with time to first cigarette (Spearman's ρ=-.30, p<.01), suggesting potential underdosing of more dependent smokers.During smoke-free psychiatric hospitalizations, clinical management of nicotine withdrawal may be enhanced by offering patients NRT directly on admission, educating patients on the benefits of NRT, and increasing the dosage for more dependent smokers.

  View details for DOI 10.1176/appi.ps.201200574

  View details for Web of Science ID 000327303800014

  View details for PubMedID 24185538

• Bus therapy: a problematic practice in psychiatry. JAMA psychiatry Das, S., Fromont, S. C., Prochaska, J. J. 2013; 70 (11): 1127-1128

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2824

  View details for PubMedID 24068366

• Subjective Social Status and Substance Use Severity in a Young Adult Sample PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Finch, K. A., Ramo, D. E., Delucchi, K. L., Liu, H., Prochaska, J. J. 2013; 27 (3): 901-908

  Abstract

  Subjective social status (SSS), an individual's subjective view of standing in society, has been shown to better predict health outcomes compared to objective measures of socioeconomic status (SES), including educational attainment and income. This study examines the relationship between SSS and severity of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use after controlling for objective measures of SES. Young adults (N = 1,987) aged 18-25 who reported smoking at least one cigarette in the past 30 days were recruited and surveyed anonymously online. Three separate structural equation models examined whether SSS was associated with severity of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use, controlling for personal and household income, years of education, employment status, and parental education. Household income (b = .31), employment status (b = .07), years of education (b = .09), and parental education (b = .16) were positively associated with SSS (all p values < .001); personal income was not significantly associated with SSS (p = .11). All three models adequately fit the data. SSS was negatively associated with severity of tobacco (b = -.13, p < .001) and marijuana use (b = -36, p = .02), but not alcohol use severity (b = .01, p = .56). Among young adults, higher subjective social status is associated with less severe tobacco and marijuana use, whereas alcohol use severity appears to be similar across socioeconomic class.

  View details for DOI 10.1037/a0032900

  View details for Web of Science ID 000324779800038

  View details for PubMedID 23915371

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3783534

• Tobacco Use and Its Treatment Among Young People in Mental Health Settings: A Qualitative Analysis NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Wa, C., Matlow, R., Ramo, D. E., Hall, S. M. 2013; 15 (8): 1427-1435

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Youth with psychiatric disorders are at increased risk of tobacco use. Outpatient mental health settings have received little investigation for delivering tobacco treatment. This study obtained formative data to guide development of a tobacco cessation program for transitional age youth with co-occurring psychiatric disorders with a focus on outpatient mental health settings. METHODS: Applying qualitative methods, we analyzed transcripts from interviews with 14 mental health clients (aged 16-23) and 8 mental health providers. RESULTS: The youth identified internal (nicotine addiction and mood), social, parental, and media influences to their use of tobacco. Providers' viewed youth tobacco use as a normative developmental process, closely tied to management of psychiatric symptoms, supported by parents, and of lower priority relative to youth alcohol and illicit drug use. Youth and providers believed that clinicians can do more to address tobacco use in practice and emphasized nonjudgmental support and nondirective approaches. Top recommended quitting strategies, however, differed notably for the youth (cold turkey, support from friends, physical activity, hobbies) and providers (cessation pharmacotherapy, cessation groups, treatment referrals). CONCLUSIONS: Mental health providers' greater prioritization of other substances and view of youth smoking as developmentally normative and a coping strategy for psychopathology are likely contributing to the general lack of attention to tobacco use currently. Integrating care within mental health settings would serve to reach youth in an arena where clinical rapport is already established, and study findings suggest receptivity for system improvements. Of consideration, however, is the apparent disconnect between provider and youth recommended strategies for supporting cessation.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/nts343

  View details for Web of Science ID 000322093700012

  View details for PubMedID 23322765

• Validity and reliability of the nicotine and marijuana interaction expectancy (NAMIE) questionnaire DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE Ramo, D. E., Liu, H., Prochaska, J. J. 2013; 131 (1-2): 166-170

  Abstract

  The co-occurring use of tobacco and marijuana among young people is a concern, yet little research has examined processes of co-use. Understanding expectancies around use of the two substances will help identify intervention targets. This study examined psychometric properties of the Nicotine and Marijuana Interaction Expectancy (NAMIE) questionnaire based on three modified scales of the Nicotine and Other Substance Interaction Expectancy (NOSIE) questionnaire.An anonymous online survey recruited participants (N=1152) age 18-25 (mean age 20 years, 67% male, 72% Caucasian) who reported use of cigarettes and marijuana in the past 30 days. Analyses examined reliability and validity of the NAMIE.A confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit for a 3-factor model. Scales were marijuana increases tobacco use and urges, tobacco increases marijuana use and urges, and smoking to cope with marijuana urges. Subscales correlated significantly with measures of cigarette smoking (r=.08 to .27, p<.01) and nicotine dependence (r=-.07 to -.20, p<.01), marijuana use (r=.08 to .29, p<.01) and dependence (r=.27 to .42, p<.01), percent of days using both cigarettes and marijuana in the past 30 days (r=.15 to .30, p<.01), thoughts about tobacco and marijuana abstinence (r=-.09 to .44, p<.01), and motivation to quit using marijuana (F=9.43, p<.001). When entered into a regression model, variables of use and thoughts about use remained significant.The NAMIE was well-adapted for use with a marijuana-using community sample of young adult smokers.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.018

  View details for Web of Science ID 000321414200022

  View details for PubMedID 23339969

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3644545

• Choice of summary statistics: relative and absolute measures (vol 346, f1092, 2013) BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL Prochaska, J. J. 2013; 346

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmj.f1484

  View details for Web of Science ID 000315998300014

• Marijuana and Tobacco Co-Use in Young Adults: Patterns and Thoughts About Use JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS Ramo, D. E., Delucchi, K. L., Hall, S. M., Liu, H., Prochaska, J. J. 2013; 74 (2): 301-310

  Abstract

  We examined the frequency and intensity of tobacco use and thoughts about abstinence among young adults in the United States as a function of their use of marijuana. We hypothesized that heavier marijuana use would be associated with heavier tobacco use and fewer attempts to quit smoking, and we explored relationships between marijuana use and ratings of intentions and thoughts related to quitting tobacco.This was a cross-sectional survey consisting of online recruitment and anonymous self-report. Participants were English literate, were between the ages of 18 and 25 years, and reported past-month tobacco use. More than half (53%) had smoked marijuana in the past 30 days. Tobacco use (quantity/frequency, Heavy Smoking Index, past-year quit attempt), thoughts about tobacco use (outcome expectancies, desire, self-efficacy, difficulty of quitting, abstinence goal, pros and cons, stage of change), alcohol use, and other drug use were assessed.Compared with those who smoked only tobacco, cousers were younger and had smoked for fewer years; had higher household income; were more likely to be male, multiethnic, and nondaily smokers; and reported greater alcohol and other drug use. The variable of days using marijuana in the past 30 days was associated with multiple measures of tobacco use intensity/frequency. Only one association was significant between marijuana use and tobacco-related cognitions: Cousers had a lower likelihood of planning to quit tobacco for good (odds ratio = 0.75, 95% CI [0.58, 0.98]).Findings support the association between tobacco and marijuana use among young people but speak to the importance of addressing tobacco cognitions in young adult smokers regardless of level of marijuana use.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000315138200013

  View details for PubMedID 23384378

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3568169

• MULTIPLE RISK BEHAVIOR PROFILES OF SMOKERS WITH SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Delucchi, K., Benowitz, N. L., Hall, S., Bonas, T., Hall, S. M. SPRINGER. 2013: S275

  View details for Web of Science ID 000209928002053

• VARENICLINE'S ADVERSE EVENTS Choice of summary statistics: relative and absolute measures BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL Prochaska, J. J., Hilton, J. F. 2013; 346: f1092

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmj.f1092

  View details for Web of Science ID 000315669400005

  View details for PubMedID 23444433

• Smoking Cessation After Acute Myocardial Infarction JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY Benowitz, N. L., Prochaska, J. J. 2013; 61 (5): 533–35

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.017

  View details for Web of Science ID 000314659300004

  View details for PubMedID 23369418

• Counseling Nondaily Smokers about Secondhand Smoke as a Cessation Message: A Pilot Randomized Trial NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Schane, R. E., Prochaska, J. J., Glantz, S. A. 2013; 15 (2): 334-342

  Abstract

  Nondaily smoking represents a substantial and growing fraction of smokers, many of whom do not consider themselves smokers or at risk of tobacco-related diseases and, so, may be less responsive to counseling content contained in traditional cessation interventions. This study compares the effects brief counseling interventions (<20 min) focused on the harm smoking does to themselves (harm to self, HTS) versus the harm their secondhand smoke (SHS) does to others (harm to others, HTO) among nondaily smokers.Randomized trial of 52 nondaily smokers (smoked in the past week, but not daily) recruited between September 2009 and June 2010; 40 completed the study. We measured changes in motivation and smoking status at 3 months postintervention.There was a difference in quitting between the two groups, with 9.5% (2 out of 21) for HTS and 36.8% (7 out of 19) for HTO subjects reporting not smoking any cigarettes in the prior week (p = .06 by Fisher exact test and .035 by likelihood-ratio chi-square). Motivation and self-efficacy increased from baseline to 3-month follow-up, but not differentially by intervention group.Consistent with findings from research conducted by the tobacco industry as early as the 1970s that concluded that social smokers feel immune from the personal health effects of tobacco but are concerned about the consequences of their SHS on others, educating nondaily smokers about the dangers of SHS to others appears to be a more powerful cessation message than traditional smoking cessation counseling that emphasizes the harmful consequences to the smoker.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/nts126

  View details for Web of Science ID 000313826600004

  View details for PubMedID 22592447

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3545714

• Opioid antagonists for smoking cessation COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS David, S. P., Lancaster, T., Stead, L. F., Evins, A. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2013

  Abstract

  The reinforcing properties of nicotine may be mediated through release of various neurotransmitters both centrally and systemically. People who smoke report positive effects such as pleasure, arousal, and relaxation as well as relief of negative affect, tension, and anxiety. Opioid (narcotic) antagonists are of particular interest to investigators as potential agents to attenuate the rewarding effects of cigarette smoking.To evaluate the efficacy of opioid antagonists in promoting long-term smoking cessation. The drugs include naloxone and the longer-acting opioid antagonist naltrexone.We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register for trials of naloxone, naltrexone and other opioid antagonists and conducted an additional search of MEDLINE using 'Narcotic antagonists' and smoking terms in April 2013. We also contacted investigators, when possible, for information on unpublished studies.We considered randomised controlled trials comparing opioid antagonists to placebo or an alternative therapeutic control for smoking cessation. We included in the meta-analysis only those trials which reported data on abstinence for a minimum of six months. We also reviewed, for descriptive purposes, results from short-term laboratory-based studies of opioid antagonists designed to evaluate psycho-biological mediating variables associated with nicotine dependence.We extracted data in duplicate on the study population, the nature of the drug therapy, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. Abstinence at end of treatment was a secondary outcome. We extracted cotinine- or carbon monoxide-verified abstinence where available. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis, pooling risk ratios using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model.Eight trials of naltrexone met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis of long-term cessation. One trial used a factorial design so five trials compared naltrexone versus placebo and four trials compared naltrexone plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus placebo plus NRT. Results from 250 participants in one long-term trial remain unpublished. No significant difference was detected between naltrexone and placebo (risk ratio (RR) 1.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 1.51, 445 participants), or between naltrexone and placebo as an adjunct to NRT (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.30, 768 participants). The estimate was similar when all eight trials were pooled (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.24, 1213 participants). In a secondary analysis of abstinence at end of treatment, there was also no evidence of any early treatment effect, (RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.88 to 1.22, 1213 participants). No trials of naloxone or buprenorphine reported abstinence outcomes.Based on data from eight trials and over 1200 individuals, there was no evidence of an effect of naltrexone alone or as an adjunct to NRT on long-term smoking abstinence, with a point estimate strongly suggesting no effect and confidence intervals that make a clinically important effect of treatment unlikely. Although further trials might narrow the confidence intervals they are unlikely to be a good use of resources.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003086.pub3

  View details for PubMedID 23744347

• Reliability and Validity of Young Adults' Anonymous Online Reports of Marijuana Use and Thoughts About Use PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Ramo, D. E., Liu, H., Prochaska, J. J. 2012; 26 (4): 801-811

  Abstract

  With growing interest in online assessment of substance abuse behaviors, there is a need to formally evaluate the validity of the data gathered. The current investigation evaluated the reliability and validity of anonymous, online reports of young adults' marijuana use and related cognitions. Young adults age 18 to 25 who had smoked at least one cigarette in the past 30 days were recruited over 14 months to complete an anonymous online survey. Of 3,106 eligible cases, 1,617 (52%) completed the entire survey. Of those, 54% (n = 884) reported past-month marijuana use (65% male, 70% Caucasian, mean age was 20.4 years [SD = 2.0]). Prevalence of marijuana use was reported reliably across three similar items, and interitem correlations ranged from fair to excellent for measures of marijuana dependence symptoms and thoughts about marijuana use. Marijuana use frequency demonstrated good construct validity through expected correlations with marijuana use constructs, and nonsignificant correlations with thoughts about tobacco use. Marijuana frequency distinguished among stages of change for marijuana use and goals for use, but not among gender, ethnicity, or employment groups. Marijuana use and thoughts about use differed by stage of change in the hypothesized directions. Self-reported marijuana use and associated cognitions reported anonymously online from young adults are generally reliable and valid. Online assessments of substance use broaden the reach of addictions research.

  View details for DOI 10.1037/a0026201

  View details for Web of Science ID 000312682000013

  View details for PubMedID 22082344

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3413779

• Correlates of tobacco dependence and motivation to quit among young people receiving mental health treatment DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE Grana, R. A., Ramo, D. E., Fromont, S. C., Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2012; 125 (1-2): 127-131

  Abstract

  Young people with mental health concerns are at high-risk for initiation and continuation of tobacco use. To inform treatment needs, the current study sought to describe tobacco dependence, motivations to quit and associated sociodemographic factors among young people seen in mental health settings.Sixty adolescent and young adult smokers (age mean=19.5 years, range 13-25) receiving outpatient mental health treatment completed measures of tobacco dependence, motivation to quit smoking, mental health, and social environmental factors.Participants averaged 8.0 cigarettes per day (SD=6.6) and moderate nicotine dependence (mFTQ M=4.8, SD=1.6). Participants' mean rating (10-point scales) of perceived difficulty with avoiding relapse during a quit attempt was significantly higher (M=6.7, SD=2.6), than ratings of desire (M=5.1, SD=2.6) and perceived success (M=4.6, SD=2.6) with quitting. Over half (52%) did not intend to quit smoking in the next 6 months, and few (11%) were prepared to quit in the next 30 days. Mental health treatment and symptomatology measures were unrelated to level of dependence or motivation to quit. Among the social environmental factors, having close friends who smoke was associated with greater perceived difficulty with avoiding relapse during a quit attempt (r=0.25, p<0.01).In this sample of adolescent and young adult smokers in mental health treatment, moderate levels of tobacco dependence and motivation to quit were observed and found to be unrelated to mental health measures. Over half of the sample was not intending to quit smoking in the near future, supporting the need for treatment strategies aimed at increasing motivation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.04.005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000308720700017

  View details for PubMedID 22560677

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3419328

• Reliability and Validity of Self-Reported Smoking in an Anonymous Online Survey With Young Adults (vol 30, pg 693, 2011) HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Ramo, D. E., Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2012; 31 (4): 422

  View details for DOI 10.1037/a0027005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000306386600003

• Authors' reply to Singh and Loke BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL Hilton, J. F., Prochaska, J. J. 2012; 344

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmj.e4033

  View details for Web of Science ID 000305463700019

• Validity study of the K6 scale as a measure of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and utilization INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METHODS IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH Prochaska, J. J., Sung, H., Max, W., Shi, Y., Ong, M. 2012; 21 (2): 88-97

  Abstract

  The widely-used Kessler K6 non-specific distress scale screens for severe mental illness defined as a K6 score ≥ 13, estimated to afflict about 6% of US adults. The K6, as currently used, fails to capture individuals struggling with more moderate mental distress that nonetheless warrants mental health intervention. The current study determined a cutoff criterion on the K6 scale indicative of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and assessed the validity of this criterion by comparing participants with identified moderate and severe mental distress on relevant clinical, impairment, and risk behavior measures. Data were analyzed from 50,880 adult participants in the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified K6 ≥ 5 as the optimal lower threshold cut-point indicative of moderate mental distress. Based on the K6, 8.6% of California adults had serious mental distress and another 27.9% had moderate mental distress. Correlates of moderate and serious mental distress were similar. Respondents with moderate mental distress had rates of mental health care utilization, impairment, substance use and other risks lower than respondents with serious mental distress and greater than respondents with none/low mental distress. The findings support expanded use and analysis of the K6 scale in quantifying and examining correlates of mental distress at a moderate, yet still clinically relevant, level.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/mpr.1349

  View details for Web of Science ID 000304833500003

  View details for PubMedID 22351472

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3370145

• TOBACCO TREATMENT EFFECTS ON LONG-TERM ABSTINENCE FROM ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUGS: A META-ANALYSIS Prochaska, J. J., Burtner, J. L., Delucchi, K., Hall, S. M. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2012: 72A

  View details for Web of Science ID 000304806000246

• Tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of their co-use CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW Ramo, D. E., Liu, H., Prochaska, J. J. 2012; 32 (2): 105-121

  Abstract

  Tobacco (TOB) and marijuana (MJ) are the most widely used drugs among adolescents and young adults. The literature on their co-use, however, has not been systematically reviewed. We identified 163 English language articles published from 1999 to 2009 examining TOB and MJ co-use, correlates or consequences of co-use, or interventions for prevention or cessation of co-use with participants aging 13-25 years. Most studies (n=114, 70%) examined TOB and MJ co-use, and 85% of relationships studied indicated a significant association. Fifty-nine studies (36%) examined correlates or consequences of co-use. Factors consistently associated with increased likelihood of co-use, defined as significant associations in at least four studies, were African-American ethnicity, mental and physical health characteristics (e.g., high-intensity pleasure temperament), and school characteristics (e.g., good grades). The only consistent consequence of co-use was exacerbation of mental health symptoms. Few studies examined prevention (n=3) or cessation (n=2) interventions for TOB and MJ co-use, and the findings were stronger for prevention efforts. A sufficient literature base has documented that TOB and MJ use are strongly related in young people, yet few consistent correlates and consequences of co-use have been identified to inform intervention targets.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.002

  View details for Web of Science ID 000300033800003

  View details for PubMedID 22245559

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3267894

• A Test of Positive Affect Induction for Countering Self-Control Depletion in Cigarette Smokers PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Shmueli, D., Prochaska, J. J. 2012; 26 (1): 157-161

  Abstract

  The self-control strength model posits that exerting self-control on one task, such as resisting temptations, will deplete self-control and impair subsequent self-regulatory performance, such as controlling smoking. The current study examined interventions designed to replenish depleted self-control strength to prevent tobacco use by inducing positive affect. In a 2 × 2 design, 200 participants were randomized to either (1) resist eating from a plate of desserts (high temptation) or from a plate of raw vegetables (low temptation) and then (2) undergo a positive or neutral affect induction. Two inductions were compared (video vs. writing technique). Participants were then given a 10-min recess. Whether or not participants smoked during the recess, assessed by self-report and biochemical verification, served as the primary dependent variable. The interaction between depletion and exposure group was significant, Wald's χ² = 9.66, df = 3, p < .05. Among those assigned to resist desserts, 65.5% to 85% smoked if they were in the neutral video or writing conditions versus 10.5% in the positive affect video group. Positive affect elicited with a video was able to counteract the detrimental effects of self-control depletion on smoking behavior, while writing exercises were associated with smoking. Implications for tobacco cessation intervention are discussed.

  View details for DOI 10.1037/a0023706

  View details for Web of Science ID 000301556200018

  View details for PubMedID 21553949

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3192287

• Broad Reach and Targeted Recruitment Using Facebook for an Online Survey of Young Adult Substance Use JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH Ramo, D. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2012; 14 (1)

  Abstract

  Studies of tobacco use and other health behaviors have reported great challenges in recruiting young adults. Social media is widely used by young adults in the United States and represents a potentially fast, affordable method of recruiting study participants for survey research.The present study examined Facebook as a mechanism to reach and survey young adults about tobacco and other substance use.Participants were cigarette users, age 18-25 years old, living throughout the United States and recruited through Facebook to complete a survey about tobacco and other substance use. Paid advertising using Facebook's Ad program over 13 months from 2010 Feb 28 to 2011 Apr 4 targeted by age (18-25), location (United States or California), language (English), and tobacco- and/or marijuana-related keywords. Facebook approved all ads.The campaign used 20 ads, which generated 28,683,151 impressions, yielding 14,808 clicks (0.7% of targeted Facebook members), at an overall cost of $6,628.24. The average cost per click on an ad was $0.45. The success of individual ads varied widely. There was a rise in both clicks and impressions as the campaign grew. However, the peak for clicks was 3 months before the peak for ad impressions. Of the 69,937,080 accounts for those age 18-25 in the United States, Facebook estimated that 2.8% (n = 1,980,240) were reached through tobacco and marijuana keywords. Our campaign yielded 5237 signed consents (35.4% of clicks), of which 3093 (59%) met criteria, and 1548 (50% of those who met criteria) completed the survey. The final cost per valid completed survey was $4.28. The majority of completed surveys came from whites (69%) and males (72%). The sample averaged 8.9 cigarettes per day (SD 7.5), 3.8 years of smoking (SD 2.9), with a median of 1 lifetime quit attempts; 48% did not intend to quit smoking in the next 6 months.Despite wide variety in the success of individual ads and potential concerns about sample representativeness, Facebook was a useful, cost-effective recruitment source for young-adult smokers to complete a survey about the use of tobacco and other substances. The current findings support Facebook as a viable recruitment option for assessment of health behavior in young adults.

  View details for DOI 10.2196/jmir.1878

  View details for Web of Science ID 000301925700020

  View details for PubMedID 22360969

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3374532

• Prevalence and co-use of marijuana among young adult cigarette smokers: An anonymous online national survey. Addiction science & clinical practice Ramo, D. E., Prochaska, J. J. 2012; 7: 5-?

  Abstract

  There is elevated prevalence of marijuana use among young adults who use tobacco, but little is known about the extent of co-use generated from surveys conducted online. The purpose of the present study was to examine past-month marijuana use and the co-use of marijuana and tobacco in a convenience sample of young adult smokers with national US coverage.Young adults age 18 to 25 who had smoked at least one cigarette in the past 30 days were recruited online between 4/1/09 and 12/31/10 to participate in an online survey on tobacco use. We examined past 30 day marijuana use, frequency of marijuana use, and proportion of days co-using tobacco and marijuana by demographic characteristics and daily smoking status.Of 3512 eligible and valid survey responses, 1808 (51.5%) smokers completed the survey. More than half (53%, n = 960) of the sample reported past-month marijuana use and reported a median use of 18 out of the past 30 days (interquartile range [IR] = 4, 30). Co-use of tobacco and marijuana occurred on nearly half (median = 45.5%; IR = 13.1, 90.3) of the days on which either substance was used and was more frequent among Caucasians, respondents living in the Northeast or in rural areas, in nonstudents versus students, and in daily versus nondaily smokers. Residence in a state with legalized medical marijuana was unrelated to co-use or even the prevalence of marijuana use in this sample. Age and household income also were unrelated to co-use of tobacco and marijuana.These results indicate a higher prevalence of marijuana use and co-use of tobacco in young adult smokers than is reported in nationally representative surveys. Cessation treatments for young adult smokers should consider broadening intervention targets to include marijuana.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/1940-0640-7-5

  View details for PubMedID 23186143

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3507655

• Cigarette Smoking and Serious Psychological Distress: A Population-Based Study of California Adults NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Sung, H., Prochaska, J. J., Ong, M. K., Shi, Y., Max, W. 2011; 13 (12): 1183-1192

  Abstract

  This study examines differences in smoking behaviors between adults with and without serious psychological distress (SPD) in California, which has the longest running comprehensive tobacco control program in the world.Cross-sectional data from the 2007 California Health Interview Survey on 50,880 noninstitutionalized adults were used to analyze smoking prevalence, cigarette consumption, and quit ratio. Persons with SPD were identified using the K6 scale, a clinically validated psychological screening instrument.About 3.8% of California adults screened positive for SPD in the past 30 days (acute SPD) and an additional 4.8% screened positive for SPD in the past 2-12 months (recent SPD). Persons with SPD were more likely to be current smokers than those without SPD (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 2.54, 95% CI = 2.02-3.19 for acute SPD and AOR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.79-2.71 for recent SPD). Current smokers with acute SPD were more likely to smoke ≥20 cigarettes daily than those without SPD (AOR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.06-2.39). The quit rate was lower among ever-smokers with acute (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.35-0.62) or recent SPD (AOR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.42-0.71) than those without SPD. While persons with acute or recent SPD comprised 8.6% of adults, they consumed 19.2% of all cigarettes in California.In California, adults with SPD were more likely to be current smokers and to smoke heavily and less likely to quit than those without SPD. The findings underscore the need for effective smoking cessation strategies targeting this group.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntr148

  View details for Web of Science ID 000297376400003

  View details for PubMedID 21849411

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3223579

• Using Extended Cognitive Behavioral Treatment and Medication to Treat Dependent Smokers AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Hall, S. M., Humfleet, G. L., Munoz, R. F., Reus, V. I., Prochaska, J. J., Robbins, J. A. 2011; 101 (12): 2349-2356

  Abstract

  We evaluated smoking-cessation efficacy of an extended course of sustained-release bupropion (bupropion SR) and cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT).Participants who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day and who smoked within 30 minutes of arising (n = 406) completed a 12-week smoking-cessation treatment including group counseling, nicotine-replacement therapy, and bupropion SR. Participants were then randomly assigned to 1 of 5 conditions: (1) no further treatment, (2) active bupropion SR for 40 weeks, (3) placebo for 40 weeks, (4) active bupropion SR and 11 sessions of CBT for 40 weeks (A-CBT), or (5) placebo and 11 sessions of CBT for 40 weeks. Participants were assessed at baseline and at weeks 12, 24, 52, 64, and 104.A-CBT was not superior to the other 3 extended treatments. From weeks 12 through 104, all extended treatment conditions were superior to standard treatment. At weeks 64 and 104, the 2 CBT conditions produced significantly higher abstinence rates than did the other 3 conditions.Brief contact with providers can increase abstinence during treatment. CBT may increase long-term abstinence after extended treatment is terminated.

  View details for DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300084

  View details for Web of Science ID 000297140900029

  View details for PubMedID 21653904

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3222443

• Reliability and Validity of Self-Reported Smoking in an Anonymous Online Survey With Young Adults HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Ramo, D. E., Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2011; 30 (6): 693-701

  Abstract

  The Internet offers many potential benefits to conducting smoking and other health behavior research with young adults. Questions, however, remain regarding the psychometric properties of online self-reported smoking behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of self-reported smoking and smoking-related cognitions obtained from an online survey.Young adults (N = 248) age 18 to 25 who had smoked at least 1 cigarette in the past 30 days were recruited online and completed a survey of tobacco and other substance use.Measures of smoking behavior (quantity and frequency) and smoking-related expectancies demonstrated high internal consistency reliability. Measures of smoking behavior and smoking stage of change demonstrated strong concurrent criterion and divergent validity. Results for convergent validity varied by specific constructs measured. Estimates of smoking quantity, but not frequency, were comparable to those obtained from a nationally representative household interview among young adults.These findings generally support the reliability and validity of online surveys of young adult smokers. Identified limitations may reflect issues specific to the measures rather than the online data collection methodology. Strategies to maximize the psychometric properties of online surveys with young adult smokers are discussed.

  View details for DOI 10.1037/a0023443

  View details for Web of Science ID 000297029200004

  View details for PubMedID 21574709

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3202069

• SCREENING FOR UNDERSTANDING OF RESEARCH IN THE INPATIENT PSYCHIATRY SETTING JOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON HUMAN RESEARCH ETHICS Hickman, N. J., Prochaska, J. J., Dunn, L. B. 2011; 6 (3): 65-72

  Abstract

  People with mental illness constitute a substantial proportion of smokers and an important population for smoking cessation research. Obtaining informed consent in this population is a critical ethical endeavor. We examined performance on a three-item instrument (3Q) designed to screen for understanding of several key elements of research: study purpose, risks, and benefits. Patients were clinically diagnosed with primary unipolar depression (n = 40), a primary psychotic disorder (n = 32), both mood and psychotic disorders (n = 17), and primary bipolar disorder (n = 14). Among an ethnically diverse sample of 124 psychiatric inpatients approached for a smoking cessation trial, 107 (86%) performed adequately on the 3Q (i.e., obtained a score of at least 3 out of a possible 6). Patients were better able to identify the study risks and benefits than to describe the study purpose. The 3Q appears to be a useful tool for researchers working with vulnerable psychiatric patients.

  View details for DOI 10.1525/jer.2011.6.3.65

  View details for Web of Science ID 000295878900008

  View details for PubMedID 21931239

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3357117

• Extended treatment of older cigarette smokers (vol 104, pg 1043, 2009) ADDICTION Hall, S. M., Humfleet, G. L., Munoz, R. F., Reus, V. I., Robbins, J. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2011; 106 (6): 1204

  View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03488.x

  View details for Web of Science ID 000290532600033

• A Review of Multiple Health Behavior Change Interventions for Primary Prevention AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J., Prochaska, J. O. 2011; 5 (3): 208-221

  Abstract

  Most individuals engage in multiple unhealthy lifestyle behaviors with the potential for negative health consequences. Yet most health promotion research has addressed risk factors as categorically separate entities, and little is known about how to effectively promote multiple health behavior change (MHBC). This review summarizes the recent literature (January 2004 to December 2009) on randomized clinical trials evaluating MHBC interventions for primary prevention. Combining all the studies across all the reviews, fewer than 150 studies were identified. This is a fraction of the number of trials conducted on changing individual behavioral risks. Three primary behavioral clusters dominated: (1) the energy balance behaviors of physical activity and diet; (2) addictive behaviors like smoking and other drugs; and (3) disease-related behaviors, specifically cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer related. Findings were largely disappointing for studies of diet and physical activity, particularly with youth. Treating 2 addictions, including smoking, resulted in greater long-term sobriety from alcohol and illicit drugs. MHBC intervention effects were stronger and more consistent for cancer prevention than CVD prevention. MHBC interventions offer a new paradigm for broader, more comprehensive health promotion; however, the potential value in maximizing intervention impact is largely unmet.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1559827610391883

  View details for Web of Science ID 000446674500001

  View details for PubMedID 24358034

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3865280

• Integrating Tobacco Treatment Into Mental Health Settings JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Prochaska, J. J. 2010; 304 (22): 2534-2535

  View details for Web of Science ID 000285053300030

  View details for PubMedID 21139117

• A Population-Based Examination of Cigarette Smoking and Mental Illness in Black Americans NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Hickman, N. J., Delucchi, K. L., Prochaska, J. J. 2010; 12 (11): 1125-1132

  Abstract

  This study examines the relation between tobacco use and cessation with lifetime and past year mental illness in a nationally representative sample of Blacks.This cross-sectional study analyzed nationally representative data from 3,411 adult Blacks participating in the 2001-2003 National Survey of American Life. Smoking prevalence and quit rates according to lifetime and past year Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition mental disorders were assessed by a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.Compared with those without mental illness, respondents with a lifetime, past year, or past month mental illness had a higher smoking prevalence (20.6%, 35.6%, 36.0%, and 45.4%, respectively) and lower quit rate (40.5%, 31.2%, and 26.2%, respectively). The odds of being a current smoker among Blacks with mental illness in their lifetime, past year, and past month, after adjusting for age, gender, education, poverty, and marital status were 1.76 (95% CI = 1.39-2.22), 1.57 (95% CI = 1.22-2.03), and 2.20 (95% CI = 1.56-3.12), respectively. Mental illness also was associated with heavier smoking. Blacks with past year mental illness represented 18.1% of the sample, yet consumed 23.9% of cigarettes smoked by Black smokers. Past year (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.53-0.97) and past month (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.29-0.98) mental illness were associated with a lower odds of quitting for at least 1 year.Findings indicate that mental illness is significantly associated with tobacco use in Blacks. Tobacco cessation interventions that address mental illness as a barrier to cessation are needed.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntq160

  View details for Web of Science ID 000283677600008

  View details for PubMedID 20855413

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2964922

• Failure to treat tobacco use in mental health and addiction treatment settings: A form of harm reduction? DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE Prochaska, J. J. 2010; 110 (3): 177-182

  Abstract

  In mental health and addiction treatment settings, failure to treat tobacco dependence has been rationalized by some as a clinical approach to harm reduction. That is, tobacco use is viewed as a less harmful alternative to alcohol or illicit drug use and/or other self-harm behaviors. This paper examines the impact of providers' failure to treat tobacco use on patients' alcohol and illicit drug use and associated high-risk behaviors. The weight of the evidence in the literature indicates: (1) tobacco use is a leading cause of death in patients with psychiatric illness or addictive disorders; (2) tobacco use is associated with worsened substance abuse treatment outcomes, whereas treatment of tobacco dependence supports long-term sobriety; (3) tobacco use is associated with increased (not decreased) depressive symptoms and suicidal risk behavior; (4) tobacco use adversely impacts psychiatric treatment; (5) tobacco use is a lethal and ineffective long-term coping strategy for managing stress, and (6) treatment of tobacco use does not harm mental health recovery. Failure to treat tobacco dependence in mental health and addiction treatment settings is not consistent with a harm reduction model. In contrast, emerging evidence indicates treatment of tobacco dependence may even improve addiction treatment and mental health outcomes. Providers in mental health and addiction treatment settings have an ethical duty to intervene on patients' tobacco use and provide available evidence-based treatments.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.002

  View details for Web of Science ID 000280626200001

  View details for PubMedID 20378281

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2916693

• Reaching young adult smokers through the Internet: Comparison of three recruitment mechanisms NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Ramo, D. E., Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2010; 12 (7): 768-775

  Abstract

  While young adults have the highest prevalence of cigarette smoking of any adult age group, studies of tobacco and other substance use have reported challenges in recruiting this age group. The Internet may be a useful tool for reaching young adult smokers. The present study compared three Internet-based recruitment methods for young adult smokers to complete a survey about tobacco and other substance use: Craigslist advertisements, other Internet advertisements, and E-mail invitations through a survey sampling service.Recruitment campaigns invited young adults aged 18-25 years who had smoked at least one cigarette in the past 30 days to complete an online survey. Recruitment methods were compared across recruitment numbers, costeffectiveness, and demographic and smoking characteristics of recruited participants.In 6 months, 920 people gave online consent to determine eligibility to complete the survey, of which 336 (36.5%) were eligible, and 201 (59.8%) completed the survey. While Internet advertisements yielded the largest proportion of recruited participants and completed surveys overall, Craigslist and sampling strategies were more successful at targeting young adult smokers who went on to complete the survey and were more costeffective. Participants differed in demographic and substance use characteristics across the three recruitment mechanisms.We identified success at reaching young adults who have smoked cigarettes recently through the Internet, though costs, participant eligibility, proportion of completed surveys, and respondent characteristics differed among the three methods. A multipronged approach to Internet recruitment is most likely to generate a broad diverse sample of young adult smokers.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntq086

  View details for Web of Science ID 000279485400011

  View details for PubMedID 20530194

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2893296

• Effect of Smoking Scenes in Films on Immediate Smoking A Randomized Controlled Study AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Shmueli, D., Prochaska, J. J., Glantz, S. A. 2010; 38 (4): 351-358

  Abstract

  The National Cancer Institute has concluded that exposure to smoking in movies causes adolescent smoking and there are similar results for young adults.This study investigated whether exposure of young adult smokers to images of smoking in films stimulated smoking behavior.100 cigarette smokers aged 18-25 years were randomly assigned to watch a movie montage composed with or without smoking scenes and paraphernalia followed by a 10-minute recess. The outcome was whether or not participants smoked during the recess. Data were collected and analyzed in 2008 and 2009.Smokers who watched the smoking scenes were more likely to smoke during the break (OR=3.06, 95% CI=1.01, 9.29). In addition to this acute effect of exposure, smokers who had seen more smoking in movies before the day of the experiment were more likely to smoke during the break (OR=6.73, 95% CI=1.00, 45.25, comparing the top to bottom 5th percentiles of exposure). Level of nicotine dependence (OR=1.71, 95% CI=1.27, 2.32 per point on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scale); contemplation (OR=9.07, 95% CI=1.71, 47.99) and precontemplation (OR=7.30, 95% CI=1.39, 38.36) stages of change; and impulsivity (OR=1.21, 95% CI=1.03, 1.43) were also associated with smoking during the break. Participants who watched the montage with smoking scenes and those with a higher level of nicotine dependence were also more likely to have smoked within 30 minutes after the study.There is a direct link between viewing smoking scenes and immediate subsequent smoking behavior. This finding suggests that individuals attempting to limit or quit smoking should be advised to refrain from or reduce their exposure to movies that contain smoking.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.12.025

  View details for Web of Science ID 000276419500001

  View details for PubMedID 20307802

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2854161

• MULTIPLE HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE INTERVENTIONS: BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES Prochaska, J. J., Nigg, C. R., Spring, B., Velicer, W., Prochaska, J. O. SPRINGER. 2010: 174

  View details for Web of Science ID 000275841700675

• Cigarette Smoking is a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: An Analysis Controlling for Tobacco Industry Affiliation JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE Cataldo, J. K., Prochaska, J. J., Glantz, S. A. 2010; 19 (2): 465-480

  Abstract

  To examine the relationship between smoking and Alzheimer's disease (AD) after controlling for study design, quality, secular trend, and tobacco industry affiliation of the authors, electronic databases were searched; 43 individual studies met the inclusion criteria. For evidence of tobacco industry affiliation, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu was searched. One fourth (11/43) of individual studies had tobacco-affiliated authors. Using random effects meta-analysis, 18 case control studies without tobacco industry affiliation yielded a non-significant pooled odds ratio of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.75-1.10), while 8 case control studies with tobacco industry affiliation yielded a significant pooled odds ratio of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75-0.98) suggesting that smoking protects against AD. In contrast, 14 cohort studies without tobacco-industry affiliation yielded a significantly increased relative risk of AD of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.16-1.80) associated with smoking and the three cohort studies with tobacco industry affiliation yielded a non-significant pooled relative risk of 0.60 (95% CI 0.27-1.32). A multiple regression analysis showed that case-control studies tended to yield lower average risk estimates than cohort studies (by -0.27 +/- 0.15, P=0.075), lower risk estimates for studies done by authors affiliated with the tobacco industry (by -0.37 +/- 0.13, P=0.008), no effect of the quality of the journal in which the study was published (measured by impact factor, P=0.828), and increasing secular trend in risk estimates (0.031/year +/- 0.013, P=0.02). The average risk of AD for cohort studies without tobacco industry affiliation of average quality published in 2007 was estimated to be 1.72 +/- 0.19 (P< 0.0005). The available data indicate that smoking is a significant risk factor for AD.

  View details for DOI 10.3233/JAD-2010-1240

  View details for Web of Science ID 000276616000008

  View details for PubMedID 20110594

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2906761

• Smoking Cessation: An Integral Part of Lung Cancer Treatment ONCOLOGY Cataldo, J. K., Dubey, S., Prochaska, J. J. 2010; 78 (5-6): 289-301

  Abstract

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the US. About 50% of lung cancer patients are current smokers at the time of diagnosis and up to 83% continue to smoke after diagnosis. A recent study suggests that people who continue to smoke after a diagnosis of early-stage lung cancer almost double their risk of dying. Despite a growing body of evidence that continued smoking by patients after a lung cancer diagnosis is linked with less effective treatment and a poorer prognosis, the belief prevails that treating tobacco dependence is useless. With improved cancer treatments and survival rates, smoking cessation among lung cancer patients has become increasingly important. There is a pressing need to clarify the role of smoking cessation in the care of lung cancer patients.This paper will report on the benefits of smoking cessation for lung cancer patients and the elements of smoking cessation treatment, with consideration of tailoring to the needs of lung cancer patients.Given the significant benefits of smoking cessation and that tobacco dependence remains a challenge for many lung cancer patients, cancer care providers need to offer full support and intensive treatment with a smoking cessation program that is tailored to lung cancer patients' specific needs.A tobacco dependence treatment plan for lung cancer patients is provided.

  View details for DOI 10.1159/000319937

  View details for Web of Science ID 000281517800001

  View details for PubMedID 20699622

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2945268

• Intentions to quit smoking among youth in substance abuse treatment DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE Ramo, D. E., Prochaska, J. J., Myers, M. G. 2010; 106 (1): 48-51

  Abstract

  Smoking cessation interventions for adolescents in substance abuse treatment have shown promise. However, a better understanding of the correlates of substance use disordered (SUD) youths' intentions toward smoking cessation will help tailor cessation interventions to this population. The current study examined tobacco use, smoking-related self-efficacy, substance use and intentions to quit using alcohol and illicit drugs as correlates of intentions to quit smoking among youth in SUD treatment.Participants were 178 adolescents who were in inpatient (n=90) or outpatient (n=88) SUD treatment and had smoked at least once in the past 30 days. The sample was 44% female, 72% non-Hispanic Caucasian, with a mean age of 16.2 years (SD=1.2). Participants rated the likelihood that they would be nonsmokers in the next year (9-point scale).SUD youth intention to quit smoking averaged 4.9 out of 10 (SD=3.2), comparable to intention to quit drinking (M=5.3, SD=3.6), but lower than their intention to quit using drugs (M=6.0, SD=3.4). Teens' intentions to quit smoking were associated with nicotine dependence (r=-.30, p<.01) and smoking cessation related self-efficacy (r=.36, p<.01), but not with pretreatment substance use severity (r=-.15). Controlling for nicotine dependence, teens' intentions to quit smoking were positively related to smoking cessation self-efficacy (pr=.26, p<.01) and intention to quit using illicit drugs (pr=.15, p<.05), but unrelated to intention to quit drinking.Findings highlight the appropriateness of addressing adolescent tobacco use during SUD treatment, but emphasize the importance of assessing intention and other cognitions for each substance, as they may differ markedly.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.004

  View details for Web of Science ID 000273935800007

  View details for PubMedID 19699041

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2815104

• The benefits and challenges of multiple health behavior change in research and in practice PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J., Nigg, C. R., Spring, B., Velicer, W. F., Prochaska, J. O. 2010; 50 (1-2): 26-29

  Abstract

  The major chronic diseases are caused by multiple risks, yet the science of multiple health behavior change (MHBC) is at an early stage, and factors that facilitate or impede scientists' involvement in MHBC research are unknown. Benefits and challenges of MHBC interventions were investigated to strengthen researchers' commitment and prepare them for challenges.An online anonymous survey was e-mailed to listservs of the Society of Behavioral Medicine between May 2006 and 2007. Respondents (N=69) were 83% female; 94% held a doctoral degree; 64% were psychologists, 24% were in public health; and 83% targeted MHBC in their work.A sample majority rated 23 of the 24 benefits, but only 1 of 31 challenge items, as very to extremely important. Those engaged in MHBC rated the total benefits significantly higher than respondents focused on single behaviors, F(1,69)=4.21, p<.05, and rated the benefits significantly higher than the challenges: paired t(57)=7.50, p<.001. The two groups did not differ in ratings of challenges.It appears that individuals focused solely on single behaviors do not fully appreciate the benefits that impress MHBC researchers; it is not that substantial barriers are holding them back. Benefits of MHBC interventions need emphasizing more broadly to advance this research area.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.11.009

  View details for Web of Science ID 000275278700005

  View details for PubMedID 19948184

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2813890

• Ten critical reasons for treating tobacco dependence in inpatient psychiatry. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association Prochaska, J. J. 2009; 15 (6): 404-409

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1078390309355318

  View details for PubMedID 20336177

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2844659

• Extended treatment of older cigarette smokers ADDICTION Hall, S. M., Humfleet, G. L., Munoz, R. F., Reus, V. I., Robbins, J. A., Prochaska, J. J. 2009; 104 (6): 1043-1052

  Abstract

  Tobacco dependence treatments achieve abstinence rates of 25-30% at 1 year. Low rates may reflect failure to conceptualize tobacco dependence as a chronic disorder. The aims of the present study were to determine the efficacy of extended cognitive behavioral and pharmacological interventions in smokers > or = 50 years of age, and to determine if gender differences in efficacy existed.Open randomized clinical trial.A free-standing, smoking treatment research clinic.A total of 402 smokers of > or = 10 cigarettes per day, all 50 years of age or older.Participants completed a 12-week treatment that included group counseling, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion. Participants, independent of smoking status, were then assigned randomly to follow-up conditions: (i) standard treatment (ST; no further treatment); (ii) extended NRT (E-NRT; 40 weeks of nicotine gum availability); (iii) extended cognitive behavioral therapy (E-CBT; 11 cognitive behavioral sessions over a 40-week period); or (iv) E-CBT plus E-NRT (E-combined; 11 cognitive behavioral sessions plus 40 weeks nicotine gum availability).Primary outcome variable was 7-day point prevalence cigarette abstinence verified biochemically at weeks 24, 52, 64 and 104.The most clinically important findings were significant main effects for treatment condition, time and the treatment x time interaction. The E-CBT condition produced high cigarette abstinence rates that were maintained throughout the 2-year study period [(week 24 (58%), 52 (55%), 64 (55%) and 104 (55%)], and was significantly more effective than E-NRT and ST across that period. No other treatment condition was significantly different to ST. No effects for gender were found.Extended cognitive behavioral treatments can produce high and stable cigarette abstinence rates for both men and women. NRT does not add to the efficacy of extended CBT, and may hamper its efficacy. Research is needed to determine if these results can be replicated in a sample with a greater range of ages, and improved upon with the addition of medications other than NRT.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02548.x

  View details for Web of Science ID 000265882800024

  View details for PubMedID 19392908

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2718733

• Stage-Tailored Tobacco Cessation Treatment in Inpatient Psychiatry PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES Prochaska, J. J., Hall, S. E., Hall, S. M. 2009; 60 (6): 848-848

  View details for Web of Science ID 000266493800020

  View details for PubMedID 19487360

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2705755

• Resisting Tempting Foods and Smoking Behavior: Implications From a Self-Control Theory Perspective HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Shmueli, D., Prochaska, J. J. 2009; 28 (3): 300-306

  Abstract

  Individuals may desire to diet or restrain from eating certain foods while attempting to quit smoking out of concern for weight gain. However, previous research and clinical tobacco treatment guidelines suggest that concurrent dieting may undermine attempts to quit smoking. The current study applied the self-control strength model, which posits that self-regulation relies on a limited strength that is consumed with use, to test whether resisting tempting sweets would lead to a greater likelihood of subsequent smoking.Participants were 101 cigarette smokers randomly assigned to resist eating either from a tempting plate of sweets or from a plate of less tempting vegetables. All participants were then given a 10-min recess.Whether participants smoked during the break, measured with a breath carbon monoxide sample, served as the primary dependent variable.As predicted, participants who resisted sweets were more likely to smoke during the break (53.2%) than those who resisted vegetables (34.0%), chi2(1, N = 101) = 3.65 p < .05.The findings support the tenets of the self-control strength model and suggest the mechanism by which dietary restraint may harm efforts at quitting smoking.

  View details for DOI 10.1037/a0013826

  View details for Web of Science ID 000266084800005

  View details for PubMedID 19450035

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2736876

• Designing for dissemination: development of an evidence-based tobacco treatment curriculum for psychiatry training programs. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Hudmon, K. S., Cataldo, J. K. 2009; 15 (1): 24-31

  Abstract

  Psychiatry training programs provide a unique arena for affecting professional norms and increasing access to tobacco cessation services among smokers with mental illness. Psychiatry Rx for Change emphasizes evidence-based patient-oriented tobacco treatments relevant for tobacco users with psychiatric disorders. Following Diffusion of Innovations theory and the RE-AIM framework, the curriculum is being disseminated to psychiatry residency and graduate psychiatric nursing programs in the Western United States with plans to study curriculum adoption, implementation, and maintenance on a broad scale. Psychiatry Rx for Change aims to increase the likelihood that smokers with co-occurring disorders will receive evidence-based cessation treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1078390308329536

  View details for PubMedID 19587844

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2706546

• Treatment of Smokers with Co-Occurring Disorders: Emphasis on Integration in Mental Health and Addiction Treatment Settings ANNUAL REVIEW OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2009; 5: 409-431

  Abstract

  This article reviews the research on the treatment of cigarette smoking in individuals who have comorbid mental illnesses or non-nicotinic addictions. The prevalence of smoking in mentally ill and substance-abusing populations is presented, as well as reasons for this high prevalence. The historical role of cigarettes and tobacco in mental illness and addiction is reviewed to help the reader better understand the pervasiveness of smoking in these disorders and the relative absence of intervention efforts in mental heath and addiction treatment settings. The article then discusses the several reasons for integrating smoking treatment into mental health and addiction settings. The outcome research for adult and adolescent comorbid smokers is reviewed, and barriers to treatment are discussed. The review closes with a brief discussion of models of integration and thoughts about prevention.

  View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153614

  View details for Web of Science ID 000268072000019

  View details for PubMedID 19327035

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2718730

• Evaluation of an Evidence-Based Tobacco Treatment Curriculum for Psychiatry Residency Training Programs ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Leek, D., Hudmon, K. S., Louie, A. K., Jacobs, M. H., Hall, S. M. 2008; 32 (6): 484-492

  Abstract

  Smokers with mental illness and addictive disorders account for nearly one in two cigarettes sold in the United States and are at high risk for smoking-related deaths and disability. Psychiatry residency programs provide a unique arena for disseminating tobacco treatment guidelines, influencing professional norms, and increasing access to tobacco cessation services among smokers with mental illness. The current study evaluated the Rx for Change in Psychiatry curriculum, developed for psychiatry residency programs and focused on identifying and treating tobacco dependence among individuals with mental illness.The 4-hour curriculum emphasized evidence-based, patient-oriented cessation treatments relevant for all tobacco users, including those not yet ready to quit. The curriculum was informed by comprehensive literature review, consultation with an expert advisory group, faculty interviews, and a focus group with psychiatry residents. This study reports on evaluation of the curriculum in 2005-2006, using a quasi-experimental design, with 55 residents in three psychiatry residency training programs in Northern California.The curriculum was associated with improvements in psychiatry residents' knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and counseling behaviors for treating tobacco use among their patients, with initial changes from pre- to posttraining sustained at 3-months' follow-up. Residents' self-reported changes in treating patients' tobacco use were substantiated through systematic chart review.The evidence-based Rx for Change in Psychiatry curriculum is offered as a model tobacco treatment curriculum that can be implemented in psychiatry residency training programs and disseminated widely, thereby effectively reaching a vulnerable and costly population of smokers.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000262780000007

  View details for PubMedID 19190293

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2705754

• Physical activity as a strategy for maintaining tobacco abstinence: A randomized trial PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J., Hall, S. M., Humfleet, G., Munoz, R. F., Reus, V., Gorecki, J., Hu, D. 2008; 47 (2): 215-220

  Abstract

  For smoking cessation, physical activity (PA) may help manage withdrawal symptoms, mood, stress, and weight; yet studies of PA as an aid for smoking cessation have been mixed. This study examined: (1) the impact of an extended relapse prevention program on increasing moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) in adults enrolled in a tobacco cessation treatment trial; (2) whether changes in MVPA were associated with sustained abstinence from smoking; and (3) mechanisms by which MVPA may support sustained abstinence from smoking.In a randomized controlled trial conducted from 2003-2006 in San Francisco, California, 407 adult smokers received a 12 week group-based smoking cessation treatment with bupropion and nicotine patch with the quit date set at week 3. At week 12, participants were randomized to no further treatment or to 40 weeks of bupropion or placebo with or without an 11-session relapse prevention intervention of which 2 sessions (held at weeks 16 and 20) focused on PA. Participants receiving the PA intervention (n=163) received a pedometer, counseling to increase steps 10% biweekly towards a 10,000 steps/day goal, and personalized reports graphing progress with individualized goals. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire assessed weekly minutes of MVPA at baseline and weeks 12 and 24. Sustained abstinence from tobacco at week 24 was validated with expired carbon monoxide.In a repeated mixed model analysis, intervention participants significantly increased their MVPA relative to control participants, F(1,475)=3.95, p=.047. Pedometer step counts also increased significantly, t(23)=2.36, p=.027, though only 15% of intervention participants provided 6 weeks of pedometer monitoring. Controlling for treatment condition, increased MVPA predicted sustained smoking abstinence at week 24, odds ratio=1.84 (95% CI: 1.07, 3.05). Among participants with sustained abstinence, increased MVPA was associated with increased vigor (r=0.23, p=.025) and decreased perceived difficulty with staying smoke-free (r=-0.21, p=.038).PA promotion as an adjunct to tobacco treatment increases MVPA levels; changes in MVPA predict sustained abstinence, perhaps by improving mood and self-efficacy.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.05.006

  View details for Web of Science ID 000258560300013

  View details for PubMedID 18572233

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2536696

• Evaluating the validities of different DSM-IV-based conceptual constructs of tobacco dependence ADDICTION Hendricks, P. S., Prochaska, J. J., Humfleet, G. L., Hall, S. M. 2008; 103 (7): 1215-1223

  Abstract

  To compare the concurrent and predictive validities of two subsets of DSM-IV criteria for nicotine dependence (tolerance and withdrawal; withdrawal; difficulty controlling use; and use despite harm) to the concurrent and predictive validity of the full DSM-IV criteria.Analysis of baseline and outcome data from three randomized clinical trials of cigarette smoking treatment.San Francisco, California.Two samples of cigarette smokers (n = 810 and 322), differing with regard to baseline characteristics and treatment received, derived from three randomized clinical trials.DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria were measured at baseline with a computerized version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (DIS-IV). Additional baseline measures included the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND), number of cigarettes smoked per day, breath carbon monoxide (CO) level, the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS), the Michigan Nicotine Reinforcement Questionnaire (M-NRQ) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Seven-day point-prevalence abstinence was assessed at week 12.Full DSM-IV criteria displayed greater concurrent validity than either of the two subsets of criteria. However, DSM-IV symptoms accounted for only a nominal amount of the variance in baseline smoking-related characteristics and were unrelated to smoking abstinence at week 12. Cigarettes smoked per day was the only significant predictor of abstinence at week 12.Although the findings do not provide a compelling alternative to the full set of DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria, its poor psychometric properties and low predictive power limit its clinical and research utility.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02232.x

  View details for Web of Science ID 000256684400024

  View details for PubMedID 18554351

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2744341

• Tobacco use among individuals with schizophrenia: What role has the tobacco industry played? SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN Prochaska, J. J., Hall, S. M., Bero, L. A. 2008; 34 (3): 555-567

  Abstract

  Rates of tobacco use among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia have been estimated as high as 80%. A variety of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the high rate of tobacco use among this vulnerable group. This study examined the tobacco industry's efforts to establish and promulgate beliefs about schizophrenic individuals' need to smoke and the hazards of quitting. The current study analyzed previously secret tobacco industry documents. The initial search was conducted during January-July 2005 in the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. The search yielded 280 records dating from 1955 to 2004. Documents indicate the tobacco industry monitored or directly funded research supporting the idea that individuals with schizophrenia were less susceptible to the harms of tobacco and that they needed tobacco as self-medication. The tobacco industry promoted smoking in psychiatric settings by providing cigarettes and supporting efforts to block hospital smoking bans. The tobacco industry engaged in a variety of direct and indirect efforts that likely contributed to the slowed decline in smoking prevalence in schizophrenia via slowing nicotine dependence treatment development for this population and slowing the rate of policy implementation vis-à-vis smoking bans on psychiatric units.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/schbul/sbm117

  View details for Web of Science ID 000255156500019

  View details for PubMedID 17984298

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2632440

• Changes in psychiatric patients' thoughts about quitting smoking during a smoke-free hospitalization NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Shmueli, D., Fletcher, L., Hall, S. E., Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J. 2008; 10 (5): 875-881

  Abstract

  Though exempted from national bans of tobacco smoking in hospitals, some psychiatric facilities have voluntarily gone 100% smoke free with little reported difficulty in clinical management. The impact of smoking restrictions on psychiatric patients' thoughts about quitting smoking, however, is not known. This study investigates changes in thoughts about quitting smoking for patients hospitalized in a smoke-free psychiatric inpatient facility. Participants were 100 smokers recruited from a university-based adult inpatient psychiatry unit. The present study focused on participants' reported desire to quit smoking, their expectancy of success and anticipated difficulty with quitting, and their smoking abstinence goal. Assessments were conducted at hospital intake and shortly before hospital discharge. Follow-up assessments were conducted by phone at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months post-hospitalization to measure smoking behavior. Although no cessation treatment was provided in this observational study, from admission to discharge, participants reported an increased expectancy of success with quitting and a decreased expectancy of difficulty with staying quit. They also were more likely to endorse a smoking-related goal. Psychiatric diagnosis was not related to thoughts about abstinence. Furthermore, participants' thoughts about abstinence at discharge were significantly related to their subsequent smoking behavior. Hospitalization in a smoke-free environment is associated with increases in patients' expectancies about quitting and staying smoke free.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/14622200802027198

  View details for Web of Science ID 000256055900014

  View details for PubMedID 18569762

• Investigation into the cause of death of a 56-year-old man with serious mental illness AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Prochaska, J. J., Schane, R., Leek, D., Hall, S. E., Hall, S. M. 2008; 165 (4): 453-456

  View details for DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07091455

  View details for Web of Science ID 000254577800010

  View details for PubMedID 18381915

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2728455

• Methods of quantifying change in multiple risk factor interventions 28th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Behavioral-Medicine Prochaska, J. J., Velicer, W. F., Nigg, C. R., Prochaska, J. O. ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. 2008: 260–65

  Abstract

  Risky behaviors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, and poor diet are detrimental to health, costly, and often co-occur. Greater efforts are being targeted at changing multiple risk behaviors to more comprehensively address the health needs of individuals and populations. With increased interest in multiple risk factor interventions, the field will need ways to conceptualize the issue of overall behavior change.Analyzing data from over 8000 participants in four multibehavioral interventions, we present five different methods for quantifying and reporting changes in multiple risk behaviors.The methods are: (a) the traditional approach of reporting changes in individual risk behaviors; (b) creating a combined statistical index of overall behavior change, standardizing scores across behaviors on different metrics; (c) using a behavioral index; (d) calculating an overall impact factor; and (e) using overarching outcome measures such as quality of life, related biometrics, or cost outcomes. We discuss the methods' interpretations, strengths, and limitations.Given the lack of consensus in the field on how to examine change in multiple risk behaviors, we recommend researchers employ and compare multiple methods in their publications. A dialogue is needed to work toward developing a consensus for optimal ways of conceptualizing and reporting changes in multibehavioral interventions.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.07.035

  View details for Web of Science ID 000255668000013

  View details for PubMedID 18319099

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2288581

• Conceptualizing multiple health behavior change Nigg, C. R., Prochaska, J., Noar, S. M., Hall, K. L., Allegrante, J. P., Prochaska, J. O. SPRINGER. 2008: S5

  View details for Web of Science ID 000259245500017

• The clinical and research utility of novel conceptualizations of DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria Hendricks, P. S., Prochaska, J. J., Hall, S. M. SPRINGER. 2008: S183

  View details for Web of Science ID 000259245500711

• Promoting physical activity for maintaining nonsmoking: A randomized controlled trial Prochaska, J. J., Hall, S. M., Humfleet, G., Munoz, R., Reus, V., Gorecki, J., Hu, D. SPRINGER. 2008: S102

  View details for Web of Science ID 000259245500394

• Multiple health behavior change research: An introduction and overview PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J., Spring, B., Nigg, C. R. 2008; 46 (3): 181-188

  Abstract

  In 2002, the Society of Behavioral Medicine's special interest group on Multiple Health Behavior Change was formed. The group focuses on the interrelationships among health behaviors and interventions designed to promote change in more than one health behavior at a time. Growing evidence suggests the potential for multiple-behavior interventions to have a greater impact on public health than single-behavior interventions. However, there exists surprisingly little understanding of some very basic principles concerning multiple health behavior change (MHBC) research. This paper presents the rationale and need for MHBC research and interventions, briefly reviews the research base, and identifies core conceptual and methodological issues unique to this growing area. The prospects of MHBC for the health of individuals and populations are considerable.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.001

  View details for Web of Science ID 000255668000001

  View details for PubMedID 18319098

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2288583

• Does Smoking Intervention Influence Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment Outcomes? SUBSTANCE ABUSE Myers, M. G., Prochaska, J. J. 2008; 29 (2): 81-88

  Abstract

  Although tobacco use is reported by the majority of substance use disordered (SUD) youth, little work has examined tobacco focused interventions with this population. The present study is an initial investigation of the effect of a tobacco use intervention on adolescent SUD treatment outcomes. Participants were adolescents in SUD treatment taking part in a cigarette smoking intervention efficacy study, assessed at baseline and followed up at 3- and 6-months post-intervention. Analyses compared treatment and control groups on days using alcohol and drugs and proportion abstinent from substance use at follow up assessments. Adolescents in the treatment condition reported significantly fewer days of substance use and were somewhat more likely to be abstinent at 3-month follow up. These findings suggest that tobacco focused intervention may enhance SUD treatment outcome. The present study provides further evidence for the value of addressing tobacco use in the context of treatment for adolescent SUD's.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/08897070802093361

  View details for Web of Science ID 000207708200009

  View details for PubMedID 19042327

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2721717

• Older versus younger treatment-seeking smokers: Differences in smoking behavior, drug and alcohol use, and psychosocial and physical functioning NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Hall, S. M., Humfleet, G. L., Gorecki, J. A., Munoz, R. F., Reus, V. I., Prochaska, J. J. 2008; 10 (3): 463-470

  Abstract

  Quitting smoking benefits older individuals, yet few recent studies have described older smokers. The goal of this paper was to test a series of hypotheses about differences between smokers aged 50 years or older (50+) and those younger than age 50 (<50) presenting to the same treatment facility during 2002-2004 for participation in two randomized clinical trials: one exclusively for smokers aged 50+, and a second open to smokers aged 18 or older. As predicted, smokers aged 50+ were more tobacco dependent, had better psychological functioning, and had poorer physical functioning than those aged <50. Contrary to predictions, we found no differences in motivation to quit cigarette smoking or in alcohol use. Women aged 50+ were less likely to report marijuana use than women aged <50, and less likely than men to receive a positive diagnosis for alcohol abuse. Despite higher scores on measures of tobacco dependence, older smokers were less likely to be diagnosed as tobacco dependent or as having tobacco withdrawal using DSM-IV criteria. Rates of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence were high in both age groups but were higher for smokers aged <50. We found no striking differences between studies in reasons for exclusion, but in both the proportion of individuals excluded due to current antidepressant use was high. Implications for the assessment and treatment of older adults are discussed.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/14622200801901922

  View details for Web of Science ID 000253763400010

  View details for PubMedID 18324565

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3247917

• METHODS OF MEASURING CHANGE IN MULTIPLE RISK FACTOR INTERVENTIONS Prochaska, J. J., Velicer, W. F., Prochaska, J. O. SPRINGER. 2007: S152

  View details for Web of Science ID 000261185300591

• MEDICAL STUDENTS' USE OF THE STAGES OF CHANGE MODEL IN TOBACCO CESSATION COUNSELING Prochaska, J. J., Teherani, A., Hauer, K. E. SPRINGER. 2007: S124

  View details for Web of Science ID 000261185300483

• Cognitive interviews for measurement evaluation of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in smokers with schizophrenia spectrum disorders ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS Prochaska, J. J., Leek, D. N., Hall, S. E., Hall, S. M. 2007; 32 (4): 793-802

  Abstract

  People diagnosed with schizophrenia have among the highest known rates of tobacco use. While the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is the most widely used measure of nicotine dependence, recent research has questioned its applicability for individuals with schizophrenia. The current study employed cognitive interviews to evaluate the FTND with smokers diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, recruited from an acute inpatient psychiatry setting, and a comparison group of smokers recruited from the community. The groups were comparable on tobacco use variables and FTND scores. Detailed qualitative cognitive interviews indicated all subjects understood the FTND items. For both groups, the FTND missed nocturnal smoking, reported as weekly by 80% of patients and 47% of controls. Finishing other people's cigarettes also was under-reported on the FTND. Restrictions to smoking were common across groups. The cognitive interview methodology proved useful for understanding how individuals interpreted and answered the FTND items. Overall, the qualitative findings identified limitations in the FTND for both groups, with the limitations generally more pronounced among patients with schizophrenia.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.016

  View details for Web of Science ID 000244399000011

  View details for PubMedID 16839695

• Medical students' use of the Stages of Change Model in tobacco cessation counseling JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J., Teherani, A., Hauer, K. E. 2007; 22 (2): 223-227

  Abstract

  Many medical schools have incorporated the Stages of Change Model into their curricula with specific application to tobacco cessation.This study examined the extent to which medical students were prepared to provide stage-based interventions to treat nicotine dependence.Using a quasi-experimental design, medical students' counseling interactions were evaluated with a standardized patient portraying a smoker in either the precontemplation or preparation stage of change.Participants were 147 third-year medical students at the University of California, San Francisco.Checklists completed by standardized patients evaluated students' clinical performance. Surveys administered before and after the encounters assessed students' knowledge, attitudes, confidence and previous experience with treating smoking.Most students asked about tobacco use (89%), advised patients of the health benefits of quitting (74%), and assessed the patient's readiness to quit (76%). The students were more likely to prescribe medications and offer referrals to patients in the preparation than in the precontemplation stage of change (P < 0.001); however, many students had difficulty identifying patients ready to quit, and few encouraged patients to set a quit date or arranged follow-up to assess progress. Students' tobacco-related knowledge, but not their attitudes, confidence, or previous experience predicted their clinical performance.The findings indicated evidence of students tailoring their counseling strategies to the patients' stage of change; however, they still could do more to assist their patients in quitting. Additional training and integration of cessation counseling into clinical rotations are needed.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11606-006-0040-0

  View details for Web of Science ID 000244521900010

  View details for PubMedID 17356990

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1824739

• Addressing nicotine dependence in psychodynamic psychotherapy: Perspectives from residency training ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Banys, P., Eisendrath, S. J., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, M. H., Hall, S. M. 2007; 31 (1): 8-14

  Abstract

  According to APA treatment recommendations, psychiatrists should assess and intervene in tobacco use with all of their patients who smoke. The ease with which this occurs may vary by treatment model. This study examined perspectives in residency training to identify a framework for addressing nicotine dependence within psychodynamic psychotherapy.The authors collected data from a focus group of psychiatry residents and interviews with psychiatry residency faculty with expertise in psychodynamic psychotherapy. The transcribed interviews were analyzed for key themes and synthesized.Though the residents reported hesitancy to address patients' tobacco use, specifically in psychodynamic psychotherapy, the consensus from the expert faculty consultants was that tobacco interventions can and should be incorporated. The faculty provided suggestions, consistent with a psychodynamic formulation, for assessing patients' tobacco use and their interest in quitting, providing cessation treatment and/or referrals, and following up with patients to address relapse.The findings provide a useful framework, consistent with a psychodynamic model, for assessing and treating tobacco use with patients. Additional training and supervision likely are needed to increase residents' confidence and comfort with implementing these strategies.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000243600000003

  View details for PubMedID 17242046

• Treatment for cigarette smoking among depressed mental health outpatients: A randomized clinical trial AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Hall, S. M., Tsoh, J. Y., Prochaska, J. J., Eisendrath, S., Rossi, J. S., Redding, C. A., Rosen, A. B., Meisner, M., Humfleet, G. L., Gorecki, J. A. 2006; 96 (10): 1808-1814

  Abstract

  Using a brief contact control, we tested the efficacy of a staged care intervention to reduce cigarette smoking among psychiatric patients in outpatient treatment for depression.We conducted a randomized clinical trial that included assessments at baseline and at months 3, 6, 12, and 18. Three hundred twenty-two patients in mental health outpatient treatment who were diagnosed with depression and smoked > or =1 cigarette per day participated. The desire to quit smoking was not a prerequisite for participation. Staged care intervention participants received computerized motivational feedback at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months and were offered a 6-session psychological counseling and pharmacological cessation treatment program. Brief contact control participants received a self-help guide and referral list of local smoking-treatment providers.As we hypothesized, abstinence rates among staged care intervention participants exceeded those of brief contact control participants at months 12 and 18. Significant differences favoring staged care intervention also were found in occurrence of a quit attempt and stringency of abstinence goal.The data suggest that individuals in psychiatric treatment for depression can be aided in quitting smoking through use of staged care interventions and that smoking cessation interventions used in the general population can be implemented in psychiatric outpatient settings.

  View details for DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2005.080382

  View details for Web of Science ID 000240891200023

  View details for PubMedID 17008577

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1586139

• Training in tobacco treatments in psychiatry: A national survey of psychiatry residency training directors ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Louie, A. K., Jacobs, M. H., Hall, S. M. 2006; 30 (5): 372-378

  Abstract

  Nicotine dependence is the most prevalent substance abuse disorder among adult psychiatric patients and is a leading cause of death and disability. This study examines training in tobacco treatment in psychiatry residency programs across the United States.The authors recruited training directors to complete a survey of their program's curriculum related to tobacco treatment, attitudes related to treating tobacco in psychiatry, and perceptions of residents' skills for addressing nicotine dependence in psychiatric patients.Respondents were representative of the national pool. Half of the programs provided training in tobacco treatments for a median duration of 1 hour. Content areas covered varied greatly. Programs with tobacco-related training expressed more favorable attitudes toward addressing tobacco in psychiatry and were more likely to report confidence in their residents' skills for treating nicotine dependence. Programs without tobacco training reported a lack of faculty expertise on tobacco treatments. Most training directors reported moderate to high interest in evaluating a model tobacco curriculum for psychiatry and stated they would dedicate an average of 4 hours of curriculum time.The findings demonstrate the need for and interest in a model tobacco treatment curriculum for psychiatry residency training. Training psychiatrists offers the potential of delivering treatment to one of the largest remaining groups of smokers: patients with mental disorders.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000241026900003

  View details for PubMedID 17021144

• Comparing intervention outcomes in smokers treated for single versus multiple behavioral risks HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Prochaska, J. J., Velicer, W. F., Prochaska, J. O., Delucchi, K., Hall, S. M. 2006; 25 (3): 380-388

  Abstract

  This study examined treatment outcomes among smokers with single versus multiple behavioral risks. Data were drawn from smokers (N = 2,326) participating in 3 population-based, multibehavioral studies targeting cigarette smoking, high-fat diets, and high-risk sun exposure. Outcomes were compared for participants at risk for smoking only (13%), smoking plus 1 additional risk factor (37%), and smoking plus 2 additional risk factors (50%). The smoking only group tended to be female, older, more educated, lighter smokers, in the preparation stage of change for smoking, with more previous quit attempts and longer periods of abstinence. At 12 and 24 months follow-up, treatment of 1 or 2 coexisting risk factors did not decrease the effectiveness of smoking cessation treatment, and treatment for the coexisting factors was effective.

  View details for DOI 10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.380

  View details for Web of Science ID 000237761300015

  View details for PubMedID 16719610

• Return to smoking following a smoke-free psychiatric hospitalization AMERICAN JOURNAL ON ADDICTIONS Prochaska, J. J., Fletcher, L., Hall, S. E., Hall, S. M. 2006; 15 (1): 15-22

  Abstract

  This study examined the smoking behaviors and motivations of 100 patients hospitalized in a smoke-free psychiatry unit. The sample averaged nineteen cigarettes per day and had a history of repeated failed quit attempts, yet 65% expressed interest in quitting. During hospitalization, nicotine replacement was provided to 70% of smokers to manage nicotine withdrawal. Provider counseling for smoking cessation, however, was rare, and all patients returned to smoking within five weeks of hospital discharge. The inpatient setting provides a potential site for initiating tobacco dependence treatment; however to maintain abstinence following hospital discharge, greater support is needed.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/10550490500419011

  View details for Web of Science ID 000234991900004

  View details for PubMedID 16449089

• How prepared are psychiatry residents for treating nicotine dependence? ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Hall, S. M. 2005; 29 (3): 256-261

  Abstract

  Nicotine dependence is the most prevalent substance abuse disorder among adult psychiatric patients and a leading cause of death and disability. The authors examined the extent to which psychiatry residents are prepared to treat nicotine dependence in clinical practice.Residents from five psychiatry residency programs in northern California completed an anonymous survey of their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding treating nicotine dependence among their patients.Respondents (N = 105, 60% female) represented all 4 years of residency training. Residents' smoking status was 11% current, 17% former, and 72% never. Knowledge scores averaged 54% correct. Confidence ratings averaged 3 (SD = 0.6) on a 5-point scale. Seventy six percent rated their overall ability to help patients quit using tobacco as fair or poor. The percent reporting often or always engaging in the National Cancer Institute's 5-A intervention for smoking cessation was: 58% ask; 29% advise; 17% assess; 18% assist; and 13% arrange follow up. Most residents reported none or inadequate tobacco cessation training during medical school (74%) or residency (79%), and nearly all (94%) reported moderate to high interest in learning more about helping patients quit smoking.Psychiatry residents appear unprepared to treat nicotine dependence, but report considerable interest in this area. The findings demonstrate the need for and interest in tobacco cessation curricula in psychiatry residency training.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000231596700005

  View details for PubMedID 16141120

• Preliminary evidence of the association between the history of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and smoking treatment failure NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Humfleet, G. L., Prochaska, J. J., Mengis, M., Cullen, J., MUNOZ, R., Reus, V., Hall, S. M. 2005; 7 (3): 453-460

  Abstract

  Smoking rates are elevated among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The association of ADHD diagnosis and smoking treatment outcome has not been examined. The present study examined abstinence rates among 428 adult smokers participating in two randomized controlled trials. Treatments included nicotine replacement, antidepressants, and psychological interventions. Childhood ADHD was assessed retrospectively by diagnostic interview. In a survival analysis, ADHD status predicted time to relapse after controlling for gender, history of depression, and baseline smoking variables. Only 1 of 47 participants with a history of childhood ADHD remained abstinent by week 52, compared with 18% of those who had no history of childhood ADHD (adjusted OR=0.36, 95% CI=0.28-0.45). The current findings provide preliminary evidence for an association between childhood ADHD and smoking cessation treatment failure. Further investigation is warranted.

  View details for DOI 10.1081/14622200500125310

  View details for Web of Science ID 000232105700015

  View details for PubMedID 16085513

• Predictors of health functioning in two high-risk groups of smokers DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE Prochaska, J. J., Sorensen, J. L., Hall, S. M., Rossi, J. S., Redding, C. A., Rosen, A. B., Eisendrath, S. J., Meisner, M. R. 2005; 78 (2): 169-175

  Abstract

  The relative and combined health effects of cigarette smoking, heroin use, and depression were examined in 322 clinically depressed smokers and 117 opioid-dependent smokers participating in two studies of the San Francisco Treatment Research Center. Opioid-dependent smokers averaged 16 years (S.D.=9) of heroin use; 3% of depressed smokers used opiates in the past 6 months. Cigarettes per day (M=15, S.D.=10) and Beck Depression (BDI-II) scores (M=21, S.D.=11) were comparable between the two groups. Health functioning was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36). Adjusting for demographic differences, depressed smokers reported better physical but poorer emotional health relative to opioid-dependent smokers. Both groups scored significantly lower than published norms (p<.05). Within groups, severity of depressive symptoms, tobacco use, and opiate use were independent predictors of lower health functioning (p<.05). Examining risk-related subgroups based on depression scores (BDI-II> or =20), cigarettes per day (> or =1 pack), and opiate use, number of risk factors was monotonically related to health functioning in both samples. Individuals with two or more risk factors scored the lowest (p<.05). Severity of depressive symptoms, tobacco use, and opiate use contributed individually and collectively to lower health functioning. Blended treatments that target multiple risk factors are needed to improve health outcomes.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.012

  View details for Web of Science ID 000229049300008

  View details for PubMedID 15845320

• Acceptance of nicotine dependence treatment among currently depressed smokers NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH Haug, N. A., Hall, S. M., Prochaska, J. J., Rosen, A. B., Tsoh, J. Y., Humfleet, G., Delucchi, K., Rossi, J. S., Redding, C. A., Eisendrath, S. 2005; 7 (2): 217-224

  Abstract

  This study reports on baseline characteristics associated with acceptance and refusal of available smoking treatment among currently depressed smokers in a psychiatric outpatient clinic who were enrolled in a larger clinical trial. The sample (N=154) was 68% female and 72% White, with a mean age of 41.4 years and average smoking rate of 17 cigarettes/day. All participants were assigned to a repeated contact experimental condition; received a stage-based expert system program to facilitate treatment acceptance; and were then offered smoking treatment, consisting of behavioral counseling, nicotine patch, and bupropion. Acceptors (n=53) were defined as those accepting behavioral counseling and pharmacological treatment at some point during the 18-month study, whereas refusers (n=101) received only the expert system. The number of days to treatment acceptance was significantly predicted by stage of change, with those in preparation entering treatment more quickly than contemplators or precontemplators. In a logistic regression, the variables most strongly associated with accepting treatment were current use of psychiatric medication and perceived success for quitting. Severity of depressive symptoms, duration of depression history, and history of recurrent depression were not related to treatment acceptance. Findings have implications for the psychiatric assessment and treatment of smokers in clinical settings. Psychiatric medication may play a significant role in smoking cessation treatment acceptance by currently depressed smokers.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000229117300005

  View details for PubMedID 16036278

• Identification and treatment of substance misuse on an inpatient psychiatry unit PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES Prochaska, J. J., Gill, P., Hall, S. E., Hall, S. M. 2005; 56 (3): 347-349

  Abstract

  This chart review study examined identification and treatment of substance misuse on an inpatient psychiatry ward before and after the hospital's administration made changes to increase attention to patients' substance misuse. Before the ward changes, 113 of 250 inpatients (45 percent) were identified as misusing substances. Misusers were significantly more likely to be younger, male, single, and cigarette smokers. After the ward changes, substance misuse was more than twice as likely to be addressed in treatment planning and discharge diagnoses, and referrals to substance abuse treatment were nearly twice as likely to be made. Changes in assessment of and treatment planning for psychiatric inpatients may increase attention to substance misuse.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000227538000016

  View details for PubMedID 15746511

• Coeducational and single-sex physical education in middle schools: impact on physical activity. Research quarterly for exercise and sport McKenzie, T. L., Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F., LaMaster, K. J. 2004; 75 (4): 446-449

  View details for PubMedID 15673045

• Coeducational and single-sex physical education in middle schools: Impact on physical activity RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT McKenzie, T. L., Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F., LaMaster, K. J. 2004; 75 (4): 444-447

  View details for Web of Science ID 000225825500013

• Depressed smokers and stage of change: implications for treatment interventions DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE Prochaska, J. J., Rossi, J. S., Redding, C. A., Rosen, A. B., Tsoh, J. Y., Humfleet, G. L., Eisendrath, S. J., Meisner, M. R., Hall, S. M. 2004; 76 (2): 143-151

  Abstract

  Tobacco Dependence among smokers with psychiatric disorders has been under-addressed by the mental health, addictions, and tobacco control communities. This study examined depressed smokers' readiness to quit and the applicability of the Stages of Change framework to a psychiatric sample. Currently depressed smokers (N=322) were recruited from four outpatient psychiatric clinics. Participants averaged 16 cigarettes per day (S.D.=10) and 24 years (S.D.=13) of smoking. The majority (79%) reported intention to quit smoking with 24% ready to take action in the next 30 days. Individuals in the preparation stage reported more prior quit attempts, a greater commitment to abstinence, increased recognition of the cons of smoking, and greater use of the processes of change. Precontemplators were least likely to identify a goal related to their smoking behavior. Depressive symptom severity and history of recurrent depressive episodes were unrelated to readiness to quit. This study is one of the first to examine the smoking behaviors of currently depressed psychiatric outpatients. The level and longevity of their tobacco use underscore the need for cessation interventions. The consistency in hypothesized patterns among theoretical constructs of the Stages of Change model supports the transfer of stage-tailored interventions to this clinical population.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.017

  View details for Web of Science ID 000225056900004

  View details for PubMedID 15488338

• Treatment of tobacco use in an inpatient psychiatric setting PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES Prochaska, J., Gill, P., Hall, S. M. 2004; 55 (11): 1265-1270

  Abstract

  Despite high rates of tobacco use among psychiatric patients, such patients are one of the least studied groups of smokers, and little is known about their access to cessation treatment. This study examined delivery of tobacco cessation services in a smoke-free inpatient psychiatric setting.Medical records of 250 psychiatric inpatients who were admitted from 1998 to 2001 were randomly selected and systematically reviewed.A total of 105 patients (42 percent) were identified as current smokers; the mean+/-SD number of cigarettes that they smoked per day was 21+/-15. Smokers evidenced statistically greater agitation and irritability compared with nonsmokers. None of the smokers received a diagnosis of nicotine dependence or withdrawal, and smoking status was not included in treatment planning for any patient. Nicotine replacement therapy was prescribed for 59 smokers (56 percent); of these patients, 54 (92 percent) used it. Smokers who were not given a prescription for nicotine replacement therapy were more than twice as likely as nonsmokers and smokers who were given a prescription for this therapy to be discharged from the hospital against medical advice. Only one smoker was encouraged to quit smoking, referred for cessation treatment, or provided with nicotine replacement therapy on discharge.Psychiatric inpatients smoke at high rates, yet interventions to treat this deadly addiction are rare. Furthermore, nicotine withdrawal left unaddressed may compromise psychiatric care.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000224778600010

  View details for PubMedID 15534015

• Viability of parks and recreation centers as sites for youth physical activity promotion. Health promotion practice Moody, J. S., Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Brown, M., Conway, T. L. 2004; 5 (4): 438-443

  Abstract

  This descriptive study explored the potential for public parks and recreation centers as intervention sites for promoting physical activity among youth. Directors (55% women) of 44 recreation centers in San Diego County completed a survey of their centers' physical activity programming for youths ages 3 to 17 years (response rate = 60%). On an average weekday, 373 (SD = 782) youths participated in physical activity at a center. More boys attended than girls (p <.05). Some centers sponsored after-school programs at elementary (41%) and middle (11%) schools but not at high schools (0%). Primary barriers to providing physical activity programs were inadequate staffing (54%), funding (39%), and facilities (32%). Girls and low-income youth were identified as the most difficult populations to reach. Directors reported considerable interest in collaborating on interventions to improve youth activity programs. Public parks and recreation centers are understudied settings with the potential for substantial involvement in efforts to promote youth physical activity.

  View details for PubMedID 15358916

• Evaluation of a two-year middle-school physical education intervention: M-SPAN MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., Conway, T. L., Marshall, S. J., Rosengard, P. 2004; 36 (8): 1382-1388

  Abstract

  School physical education (PE) is highly recommended as a means of promoting physical activity, and randomized studies of health-related PE interventions in middle schools have not been reported. We developed, implemented, and assessed an intervention to increase physical activity during middle-school PE classes.Twenty-four middle schools (approximately 25,000 students, 45% nonwhite) in Southern California participated in a randomized trial. Schools were assigned to intervention (N = 12) or control (N = 12) conditions, and school was the unit of analysis. A major component of the intervention was a 2-yr PE program, which consisted of curricular materials, staff development, and on-site follow-up. Control schools continued usual programs. Student activity and lesson context were observed in 1849 PE lessons using a validated instrument during baseline and intervention years 1 and 2.The intervention significantly (P = 0.02) improved student moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in PE, by approximately 3 min per lesson. Effects were cumulative; by year 2 intervention schools increased MVPA by 18%. Effect sizes were greater for boys (d = 0.98; large) than girls (d = 0.68; medium).A standardized program increased MVPA in middle schools without requiring an increase in frequency or duration of PE lessons. Program components were well received by teachers and have the potential for generalization to other schools. Additional strategies may be needed for girls.

  View details for DOI 10.1249/MSS.0000135792.20353.4D

  View details for Web of Science ID 000223119300017

  View details for PubMedID 15292747

• A randomized controlled trial of single versus multiple health behavior change: Promoting physical activity and nutrition among adolescents HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F. 2004; 23 (3): 314-318

  Abstract

  Targeting multiple behaviors for change may provide significant health benefits. This study compared interventions targeting physical activity and nutrition (PAN) concurrently versus physical activity (PA) alone. Adolescents (N=138) were randomized to the PAN or PA intervention or control condition (n=46 per group). Primary outcomes were change in PA accelerometer and 3-day dietary recording from baseline to 3-month follow-up. The PAN and PA interventions were efficacious in supporting boys' (p<.001) but not girls' (p=.663) PA relative to the control condition. Dietary change was minimal. Although the findings do not reveal a decrement to PA promotion when a nutrition intervention was added, neither do they reveal any additional benefit. More studies comparing single versus multibehavioral interventions are needed.

  View details for DOI 10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.314

  View details for Web of Science ID 000221120800012

  View details for PubMedID 15099173

• Reliability and validity of a fruit and vegetable screening measure for adolescents JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F. 2004; 34 (3): 163-165

  Abstract

  We developed and evaluated a brief measure of fruit and vegetable consumption for adolescents. The measure was reliable and significantly correlated with 3-day food record data. Correct classification rate (63%) and specificity (63%) were good. Sensitivity (33%) was lower. The measure is recommended, although improvements in classification are still needed.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.07.001

  View details for Web of Science ID 000189118800003

  View details for PubMedID 14967337

• A longitudinal study of children's enjoyment of physical education PEDIATRIC EXERCISE SCIENCE Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F., Slymen, D. J., McKenzie, T. L. 2003; 15 (2): 170-178

  View details for Web of Science ID 000182825800006

• Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity - A randomized controlled trial in middle schools AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Conway, T. L., Elder, J. P., Prochaska, J. J., Brown, M., Zive, M. M., Marshall, S. J., Alcaraz, J. E. 2003; 24 (3): 209-217

  Abstract

  Our objective was to evaluate the effects of environmental, policy, and social marketing interventions on physical activity and fat intake of middle school students on campus.Twenty-four middle schools were randomly assigned to intervention or control conditions. Baseline measures were collected in spring 1997, and interventions were conducted during the 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 school years SETTING/PARTICIPATION: The schools had mean enrollments of 1109, with 44.5% nonwhite students. Over 2 years, physical activity interventions were designed to increase physical activity in physical education classes and throughout the school day. Nutrition interventions were designed to provide and market low-fat foods at all school food sources, including cafeteria breakfasts and lunches, a la carte sources, school stores, and bag lunches. School staff and students were engaged in policy change efforts, but there was no classroom health education.Primary outcomes were measured by direct observation and existing records.Randomized regression models (N =24 schools) revealed a significant intervention effect for physical activity for the total group (p <0.009) and boys (p <0.001), but not girls (p <0.40). The intervention was not effective for total fat (p <0.91) or saturated fat (p <0.79). Survey data indicated that the interventions reduced reported body mass index for boys (p <0.05).Environmental and policy interventions were effective in increasing physical activity at school among boys but not girls. The interventions were not effective in reducing fat intake at school. School environmental and policy interventions have the potential to improve health behavior of the student population, but barriers to full implementation need to be better understood and overcome.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00646-3

  View details for Web of Science ID 000182213700001

  View details for PubMedID 12657338

• Sources of dietary fat in middle schools PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Zive, M. M., Elder, J. P., Prochaska, J. J., Conway, T. L., Pelletier, R. L., Marshall, S., Sallis, J. F. 2002; 35 (4): 376-382

  Abstract

  The current study uses an ecological approach to describe the food environment at 24 middle schools and multiple food sources' dietary fat contribution.Five consecutive days were sampled for collection of school meals, a la carte, and student store data. Bag lunch contents were observed on 3 days. Measurement included grams of saturated and total fat plus sales or participation data.Average total fat grams per meal were 21 g (SD = 2) for bag lunches, 14 g (SD = 5) for Type A breakfast, and 31 g (SD = 8) for Type A lunches. Average fat grams per item were 13 g (SD = 3) for a la carte and 6 g (SD = 2) for student stores. Students purchased or brought to school a mean of 26 g (SD = 3) of total and 8 g (SD = 1) of saturated fat. Contributions to total fat grams were 42% by Type A lunches, 27% by a la carte foods, 25% by bag lunches, 3% by Type A breakfast, and 2% by student stores. Findings for saturated fat were similar.Middle school students eat excessive amounts of fat at school, and multiple sources of food must be considered to understand the school food environment.

  View details for DOI 10.1006/pmed.2002.1089

  View details for Web of Science ID 000178188300011

  View details for PubMedID 12453715

• Association of parent and peer support with adolescent physical activity RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT Prochaska, J. J., Rodgers, M. W., Sallis, J. F. 2002; 73 (2): 206-210

  View details for Web of Science ID 000176240200011

  View details for PubMedID 12092896

• Preliminary evaluation of a multicomponent program for nutrition and physical activity change in primary care: PACE+ for adults PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Calfas, K. J., Sallis, J. F., Zabinski, M. F., Wilfley, D. E., Rupp, J., Prochaska, J. J., Thompson, S., Pratt, M., Patrick, K. 2002; 34 (2): 153-161

  Abstract

  Patient-centered Assessment and Counseling on Exercise plus nutrition (PACE+) is an intervention based in primary care settings to help patients change physical activity and dietary behaviors.One hundred seventy-three adults were assessed before and after a 4-month intervention. All patients completed a computerized assessment and created tailored "action plans" to change one physical activity and one nutrition behavior that they then discussed with their provider. After the visit, subjects were randomized to one of four extended intervention conditions: control, mail only, infrequent phone and mail, and frequent phone and mail. Self-report of five target behaviors (moderate and vigorous physical activity stage of change, dietary fat, fruit/vegetable intake, and overeating behaviors) was collected at baseline and 4 months. Acceptability measures were also taken.Participants in all conditions improved on all behaviors over time, supporting the utility of the computer and provider counseling components. The extended intervention did not produce differential results with respect to mode (phone or mail) or intensity (frequent or infrequent). However, for each behavior, participants who targeted the behavior to change improved significantly more than those who did not target the behavior. Acceptability of the intervention was high.Primary care-based, interactive health communication to improve physical activity and dietary behavior is feasible and has promising initial results.

  View details for DOI 10.1006/pmed.2001.0964

  View details for Web of Science ID 000173788200007

  View details for PubMedID 11817910

• Physical activity levels of Barbadian youth and comparison to a US sample INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F., Griffith, B., Douglas, J. 2002; 9 (4): 360-372

  Abstract

  This is the first study to report on physical activity levels of young people in Barbados. The Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist was administered to 1,579 children aged 8 to 18 years. The majority of youth (69%) reported at least 60 min of physical activity on the previous school day. Boys and younger students reported greater physical activity than girls and older students (p < .001). Participation in physical education was low among primary (30%) and secondary (18%) school students, and youth reported the majority of their physical activity took place after school (58%). Physical activity levels and patterns were similar to those of U.S. youth. Gender and grade differences in physical activity could put girls and older youth at higher risk for health problems such as obesity. Policy recommendations to support youth physical activity in Barbados include mandatory daily physical education and after-school physical activity programs.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000179479400005

  View details for PubMedID 12508670

• Screening measure for assessing dietary fat intake among adolescents PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F., Rupp, J. 2001; 33 (6): 699-706

  Abstract

  Clinical preventive guidelines recommend that health care providers counsel adolescents on nutrition. Brief, accurate, and reproducible dietary assessments are needed. The purpose of the current pair of studies was to develop a dietary fat screening measure for use with adolescents.Two measures were developed-a 21-item and a 4-category measure. The measures differed in the level at which fat consumption was assessed (food item vs food group). Study 1 (N = 231, age M = 15 years, 57% female, 41% Euro-American) evaluated reliability. Study 2 (N = 59, age M = 14 years, 63% female, 37% Euro-American) evaluated construct validity and correct classification rates.Internal consistencies (alpha > 0.70) and test-retest reliabilities (ICC > 0.60) were adequate for both measures. Neither measure correlated with total fat assessed by a 3-day food record (P > 0.05). The 21-item measure correlated significantly with percentage of calories from fat (r = 0.36, P <.01). Correct classification rate (71%) and sensitivity (81%) of the 21-item measure were good. Specificity (47%) was lower, indicating some subjects with a low-fat diet were misclassified by the screening measure.The 21-item measure is quick to complete and score, is inexpensive to reproduce, and has demonstrated reliability and validity. The measure could be clinically useful, but further improvements should be attempted to improve specificity.

  View details for DOI 10.1006/pmed.2001.0951

  View details for Web of Science ID 000173102800025

  View details for PubMedID 11716669

• Depression and stages of change for smoking in psychiatric outpatients 62nd Annual Meeting of the College-on-Problems-of-Drug-Dependence Acton, G. S., Prochaska, J. J., Kaplan, A. S., Small, T., Hall, S. M. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. 2001: 621–31

  Abstract

  This article reports on the relations between depression and stages of change for smoking cessation. A convenience sample of 205 psychiatric outpatients (68% female, mean age 41) completed measures of depression Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders [PRIME-MD] and Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II]), all transtheoretical model constructs related to smoking (stages and processes of change, pros and cons of smoking, and situational temptations), and thoughts about abstinence. As hypothesized, patients who had never smoked showed substantially lower rates of currently diagnosed major depressive disorder (MDD) than those who had ever smoked. Patients in early stages of change did not show more MDD or depressive symptoms but, as hypothesized, showed more negative thoughts about abstinence. Findings are consistent with the documented association between smoking and depression and suggest the appropriateness of building smoking cessation interventions based on the transtheoretical model of change for use with psychiatric populations.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000171105700001

  View details for PubMedID 11676374

• The association of school environments with youth physical activity. (vol 91, pg 618, 2001) AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Prochaska, J. J., McKenzie, T. L., Marshall, S. J., Brown, M. 2001; 91 (9): 1346

  View details for Web of Science ID 000170650400005

• A multicomponent program for nutrition and physical activity change in primary care - PACE+ for adolescents ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE Patrick, K., Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., Lydston, D. D., Calfas, K. J., Zabinski, M. F., Wilfley, D. E., Saelens, B. E., Brown, D. R. 2001; 155 (8): 940-946

  Abstract

  Most adolescents do not meet national recommendations for nutrition and physical activity. However, no studies of physical activity and nutrition interventions for adolescents conducted in health care settings have been published. The present study was an initial evaluation of the PACE+ (Patient-centered Assessment and Counseling for Exercise plus Nutrition) program, delivered in primary care settings.Adolescents aged 11 to 18 years (N = 117) were recruited from 4 pediatric and adolescent medicine outpatient clinics. Participants' mean (SD) age was 14.1 (2.0) years, 37% were girls, and 43% were ethnic minorities.Behavioral targets were moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity, fat intake, and fruit and vegetable intake. All patients completed a computerized assessment, created tailored action plans to change behavior, and discussed the plans with their health care provider. Patients were then randomly assigned to receive no further contact or 1 of 3 extended interventions: mail only, infrequent telephone and mail, or frequent telephone and mail.Brief, validated, self-report measures of target behaviors were collected at baseline and 4 months later.All outcomes except vigorous physical activity improved over time, but adolescents who received the extended interventions did not have better 4-month outcomes than those who received only the computer and provider counseling components. Adolescents who targeted a behavior tended to improve more than those who did not target the behavior, except for those who targeted vigorous physical activity.A primary care-based interactive health communication intervention to improve physical activity and dietary behaviors among adolescents is feasible. Controlled experimental research is needed to determine whether this intervention is efficacious in changing behaviors in the short- and long-term.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000170237100013

  View details for PubMedID 11483123

• A physical activity screening measure for use with adolescents in primary care 46th Annual Meeting of the American-College-of-Sports-Medicine Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F., Long, B. AMER MEDICAL ASSOC. 2001: 554–59

  Abstract

  To develop a reliable and valid physical activity screening measure for use with adolescents in primary care settings.We conducted 2 studies to evaluate the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of 6 single-item and 3 composite measures of physical activity. Modifications were based on the findings of the 2 studies, and a best measure was evaluated in study 3. Accelerometer data served as the criterion standard for tests of validity.In study 1 (N = 250; mean age, 15 years; 56% female; 36% white), reports on the composite measures were most reliable. In study 2 (N = 57; mean age, 14 years; 65% female; 37% white), 6 of the 9 screening measures correlated significantly with accelerometer data. Subjects, however, had great difficulty reporting bouts of activity and distinguishing between intensity levels. Instead, we developed a single measure assessing accumulation of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity. Evaluated in study 3 (N = 148; mean age, 12 years; 65% female; 27% white), the measure was reliable (intraclass correlation, 0.77) and correlated significantly (r = 0.40, P<.001) with accelerometer data. Correct classification (63%), sensitivity (71%), and false-positive rates (40%) were reasonable.The "moderate to vigorous physical activity" screening measure is recommended for clinical practice with adolescents.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000168417000005

  View details for PubMedID 11343497

• The association of school environments with youth physical activity AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Prochaska, J. J., McKenzie, T. L., Marshall, S. J., Brown, M. 2001; 91 (4): 618-620

  Abstract

  This study assessed the association of school environmental characteristics with student physical activity on campus.Physical activity areas (n = 137) at 24 public middle schools were assessed for area type, size, and improvements (e.g., basketball courts). Student physical activity and the presence of equipment and supervision were directly observed before school, after lunch, and after school.Environmental characteristics explained 42% of the variance in the proportion of girls who were physically active and 59% of the variance for boys.School environments with high levels of supervision and improvements stimulated girls and boys to be more physically active.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000170345100015

  View details for PubMedID 11291375

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1446652

• Outcome evaluation of a 2-year middle school physical education intervention McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., Conway, T. L., Rosengard, P. R. AMER ALLIANCE HEALTH PHYS EDUC REC & DANCE. 2001: A72-A73

  View details for Web of Science ID 000167460900149

• Understanding the adoption of arthritis self-management: stages of change profiles among arthritis patients PAIN Keefe, F. J., Lefebvre, J. C., Kerns, R. D., Rosenberg, R., Beaupre, P., Prochaska, J., Prochaska, J. O., Caldwell, D. S. 2000; 87 (3): 303-313

  Abstract

  Clinical observations and recent studies suggest that arthritis patients vary considerably in their involvement in self-management efforts. In the literature on health promotion, there is growing recognition that patients may be at different stages of change with respect to the adoption of self-management strategies. The major goal of the present study was to examine whether cluster analysis could be used to identify homogeneous subgroups of patients having persistent arthritis pain based on their responses to a stages of change questionnaire. Participants in this study (103 patients having rheumatoid arthritis and 74 patients having osteoarthritis) completed a stages-of-change measure specific to adoption of a self-management approach to their arthritis. A cluster analysis identified five distinct subgroups of arthritis patients: (1) precontemplation - 44% of the sample; (2) contemplation - 11% of the sample; (3) preparation - 22% of the sample; (4) unprepared action - 6% of the sample; and (5) prepared maintenance - 17% of the sample. These subgroups are generally consistent with what might be expected based on the transtheoretical model of stages of change by Prochaska and DiClemente (Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Towards a comprehensive, transtheoretical model of change: states of change and addictive behaviors. In: Miller WR, Heather N, editors. Applied clinical psychology, 2nd ed. Treating addictive behaviors, New York: Plenum Press, 1998. pp. 3-24.), and may have important clinical implications. For example, it is possible that the arthritis subgroups identified may predict arthritis patients' participation in and responsiveness to pain-coping skills training, exercise interventions, or other formal self-management training programs. Also, one may be able enhance the outcomes of self-management interventions for arthritis by tailoring treatment to the patient's particular stage.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00294-3

  View details for Web of Science ID 000089064400008

  View details for PubMedID 10963910

• PACE+ - Interactive communication technology for behavior change in clinical settings AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Prochaska, J. J., Zabinski, M. F., Calfas, K. J., Sallis, J. F., Patrick, K. 2000; 19 (2): 127-131

  Abstract

  Interactive health communication technologies have the potential to eliminate or greatly reduce many of the barriers to delivery of preventive services. This paper describes the process of developing and evaluating interactive health communication programs for primary care settings. We present as examples the Patient-centered Assessment and Counseling for Exercise plus Nutrition (PACE+) programs, designed to promote physical activity and healthy nutrition with adolescents and adults.The PACE+ programs use interactive communication technology to screen multiple behaviors, prioritize areas for intervention, and initiate intervention. Patient information is synthesized for ease of use by clinicians. The patient completes the program on a computer in the clinic waiting room before the provider encounter. Acceptability of the program was evaluated with adolescents (n=252), adults (n=285), and their health care providers.The PACE+ programs were developed, evaluated, modified, and re-evaluated. Feasibility testing indicated that a diverse group of adolescents and adults found the PACE+ computer programs acceptable. Modifications to shorten and refine the programs were identified.Development of interactive health technologies is an iterative process dependent on feedback from intended users and systems of care. Interactive health communication technologies can be incorporated into clinical settings.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000088449800010

  View details for PubMedID 10913904

• Examination of the factor structure of physical activity behaviors JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F., Sarkin, J. A., Calfas, K. J. 2000; 53 (8): 866-874

  Abstract

  Multiple physical activity recommendations exist for behaviors that vary in type and intensity (e.g., vigorous physical activity, strengthening exercises, moderate physical activity). The present study examined underlying dimensions of physical activity behaviors and determined the extent to which factors correspond to national health recommendations. Fifteen variables were drawn from six self-report measures and subjected to factor analysis with quartimax rotation. Participants were 547 university seniors (56% female; 60% Caucasian; mean age = 25 years). TV watching, the only index of sedentary behavior, did not load highly with other items, and was analyzed separately. Three interpretable factors were found: variables related to vigorous physical activity loaded highly on Factor 1; flexibility and strengthening items loaded highly on Factor 2; and moderate and housework activity loaded highly on Factor 3. Factors corresponded closely to national recommendations. Unweighted factor scores and TV watching correlated significantly with physiological indicators of fitness, supporting construct validity.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000088908400014

  View details for PubMedID 10942871

• A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., Taylor, W. C. 2000; 32 (5): 963-975

  Abstract

  Understanding the factors that influence physical activity can aid the design of more effective interventions. Previous reviews of correlates of youth physical activity have produced conflicting results.A comprehensive review of correlates of physical activity was conducted, and semiquantitative results were summarized separately for children (ages 3-12) and adolescents (ages 13-18). The 108 studies evaluated 40 variables for children and 48 variables for adolescents.About 60% of all reported associations with physical activity were statistically significant. Variables that were consistently associated with children's physical activity were sex (male), parental overweight status, physical activity preferences, intention to be active, perceived barriers (inverse), previous physical activity, healthy diet, program/facility access, and time spent outdoors. Variables that were consistently associated with adolescents' physical activity were sex (male), ethnicity (white), age (inverse), perceived activity competence, intentions, depression (inverse), previous physical activity, community sports, sensation seeking, sedentary after school and on weekends (inverse), parent support, support from others, sibling physical activity, direct help from parents, and opportunities to exercise.These consistently related variables should be confirmed in prospective studies, and interventions to improve the modifiable variables should be developed and evaluated.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000086723700014

  View details for PubMedID 10795788

• Correlates of physical activity in a national sample of girls and boys in Grades 4 through 12 HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., Taylor, W. C., Hill, J. O., Geraci, J. C. 1999; 18 (4): 410-415

  Abstract

  Psychological, biological, social, and physical environmental variables were examined for their association with physical activity of young people. A national sample of 1,504 parents and children in Grades 4-12 were interviewed by telephone. Twenty-two potential determinants were assessed along with an 11-item child physical activity index (alpha = .76). Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted separately for 6 age-sex subgroups. Percentage of variance explained ranged from 18% for boys in Grades 4-6 to 59% for girls in Grades 10-12. Three variables had strong and consistent associations with the child physical activity index that generalized across subgroups: use of afternoon time for sports and physical activity, enjoyment of physical education, and family support for physical activity. These 3 variables should be targeted for change to promote physical activity in all groups of young people.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000081525500012

  View details for PubMedID 10431943

• Home environment and developmental outcome of African American and white infants with very low birthweight CHILDRENS HEALTH CARE Thompson, R. J., Catlett, A. T., Oehler, J. M., Gustafson, K. E., Goldstein, R. F., Prochaska, J. J. 1998; 27 (1): 1-14

  View details for DOI 10.1207/s15326888chc2701_1

  View details for Web of Science ID 000074082500001