Keri Brenner

All Publications

• Exploring the Psychological Aspects of Palliative Care: Lessons Learned from an Interdisciplinary Seminar of Experts. Journal of palliative medicine Brenner, K. O., Rosenberg, L. B., Cramer, M. A., Jacobsen, J. C., Applebaum, A. J., Block, S. D., Doolittle, D. B., El-Jawahri, A., Emanuel, L. L., Greer, J. A., Margulies, A. S., Logeman, J., Rinaldi, S. P., Ritchie, C. S., Rodin, G. M., Sirois, M., Tarbi, E. C., Temel, J. S., Jackson, V. A. 2021; 24 (9): 1274-1279

  Abstract

  Palliative care has been shown to help patients live well with serious illness, but the specific psychological factors that contribute to this benefit remain investigational. Although support of patient coping has emerged as a likely factor, it is unclear how palliative care helps patients to cope with serious illness. The therapeutic relationship has been proposed as a key element in beneficial patient outcomes, possibly undergirding effective patient and family coping. Understanding the distress of our patients with psychological depth requires the input of varied clinicians and thinkers. The complex conceptual model we developed draws upon the contributions of medicine, nursing, psychology, spiritual care, and social work disciplines. To elucidate these issues, we convened an interdisciplinary seminar of content experts to explore the psychological components of palliative care practice. "Healing Beyond the Cure: Exploring the Psychodynamic Aspects of Palliative Care" was held in May 2019 at Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Over two days, the working group explored these essential elements of successful palliative care encounters through lecture and open discussion. This special report describes the key psychological aspects of palliative care that we believe underlie optimal adaptive coping in palliative care patients. We also outline key areas for further development in palliative care research, education, and clinical practice. The discussion held at this meeting became the basis for a planned series of articles on the psychological elements of palliative care that will be published in the Journal of Palliative Medicine on a monthly basis during the fall and winter of 2021-2022.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2021.0224

  View details for PubMedID 34469229

• Authors' Response to Reader Comments to Jackson et al. Psychological Elements of Palliative Care Series (DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2022.0061). Journal of palliative medicine Rosenberg, L. B., Shalev, D., Brenner, K. O., Seaton, M., Jacobsen, J. C., Jackson, V. A. 2022; 25 (5): 701-702

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2022.0132

  View details for PubMedID 35499367

• Turning the Lens Inward: The Psychological Elements of Clinician Well Being. Journal of palliative medicine Shalev, D., Traeger, L. N., Doyle, K., Kiser, S. B., Brenner, K. O., Rosenberg, L. B., Jacobsen, J. C., Seaton, M., Jackson, V. A. 1800

  Abstract

  This is the seventh entry in the Psychological Elements of Palliative Care (PEPC) series. Previous articles have focused on the psychological elements of the care we provide patients and the relationships we build with our referring clinician colleagues. In this entry, we focus on how the PEPC also impact clinician well being. The PEPC are bidirectional: we impact patients, but patients also impact us. The reactions that we have to patients and the boundaries we set around the care we provide are two examples of psychological factors of care that can influence our well being. Creating spaces to explore and reflect on the psychological impact of the clinical care we provide is a key component of wellness. Such spaces vary in their configuration, but all share the opportunity to self-reflect and to experience emotional validation, normalization, and reality testing from peers or mentors. In mental health training, clinical supervision is one common format for creating such a space. While this can be replicated in the palliative care setting, other strategies include integrating a psychological orientation into interdisciplinary team meetings, creating peer support or process groups, and creating small groups within teams for longitudinal self-reflection.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2021.0548

  View details for PubMedID 35085468

• Referral Relationship: Illuminating the Ways Palliative Care Creates a Holding Environment for Referring Clinicians. Journal of palliative medicine Brenner, K. O., Logeman, J., Rosenberg, L. B., Shalev, D., Jackson, V. A., Seaton, M., Jacobsen, J. C., Emanuel, L. L. 2022

  Abstract

  Palliative care supports referring colleagues in multiples ways. This support to referring colleagues is not often explored in the literature, yet the psychological concept that best describes it is the holding environment. The holding environment is the relational space palliative care offers referring clinicians for processing emotions and information. Using the case of Gloria, a patient living with cancer, this article discusses ways palliative care creates a holding environment for her referring oncologist, Dr. Ko. As palliative care clinicians, we create this relational space for referring clinicians when we change the dynamic, accompany the clinician, recognize challenges, establish expectations, and share a clinical second look. This article is the sixth in a series exploring the psychological elements of palliative care.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2021.0527

  View details for PubMedID 35020480

• To Accompany, Always: Psychological Elements of Palliative Care for the Dying Patient. Journal of palliative medicine Rosenberg, L. B., Brenner, K. O., Shalev, D., Jackson, V. A., Seaton, M., Weisblatt, S., Jacobsen, J. C. 2022

  Abstract

  Palliative care clinicians provide psychological support throughout their patients' journeys with illness. Throughout our series exploring the psychological elements of palliative care (PEPC), we suggested that the quality of care is enhanced when clinicians have a deeper understanding of patients' psychological experience of serious illness. Palliative care clinicians are uniquely poised to offer patients a grounded, boundaried, and uplifting relationship to chart their own course through a life-altering or terminal illness. This final installment of our series on PEPC has two aims. First, to integrate PEPC into a comfort-focused or hospice setting and, second, to demonstrate how the core psychological concepts previously explored in the series manifest during the dying process. These aspects include frame/formulation, attachment, attunement, transference/countertransference, the holding environment, and clinician wellness.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2021.0667

  View details for PubMedID 35263176

• (Don't) Leave Me Alone: Attachment in Palliative Care. Journal of palliative medicine Shalev, D., Jacobsen, J. C., Rosenberg, L. B., Brenner, K. O., Seaton, M., Jackson, V. A., Greer, J. A. 1800; 25 (1): 9-14

  Abstract

  This is the fifth article in the psychological elements of palliative care series. This series focuses on how key concepts from psychotherapy can be used in the context of palliative care to improve communication and fine tune palliative care interventions. In this article, we discuss attachment-the system by which people form bonds in relationships. The different styles that people have in navigating relationships such as clinician-patient relationships develop from early life onward. Attachment styles are not pathological. But they are helpful to understand because they are a relatively stable factor that impacts how people relate to caregivers like clinicians. Our patients all express unique relational needs to us; some of our patients need closeness and reassurance to feel comfortable, others value independence and space. These needs are highly significant to palliative care clinicians; they inflect our patients' goals of care and values, they modulate our patients' psychosocial needs, and they elucidate the ways our patients respond to a range of therapeutic interventions. Understanding attachment gives us a window into these individual care needs and empowers us to tailor the care we provide for a wide range of patients.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2021.0491

  View details for PubMedID 34978911

• Defining Clinical Attunement: A Ubiquitous But Undertheorized Aspect of Palliative Care. Journal of palliative medicine Jacobsen, J., Brenner, K. O., Shalev, D., Rosenberg, L. B., Jackson, V. A. 2021

  Abstract

  Attunement, the process of understanding and responding to another's spoken and unspoken needs, is a fundamental concept of human development and the basis of meaningful relationships. To specialize the concept of attunement for palliative care, this article introduces clinical attunement. This term accounts for how palliative care clinicians must repeatedly balance patients' readiness to talk about the future with the cadence of the illness and need for medical decision making. Using the case of Gloria, an example patient living with cancer, this article discusses three skills to foster clinical attunement: asking, repairing disconnections, and offering containment. It is the fourth in a series exploring the psychological elements of palliative care.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2021.0442

  View details for PubMedID 34714128

• The Meaning of Together: Exploring Transference and Countertransference in Palliative Care Settings. Journal of palliative medicine Rosenberg, L. B., Brenner, K. O., Jackson, V. A., Jacobsen, J. C., Shalev, D., Byrne-Martelli, S., Cramer, M. A. 2021

  Abstract

  Establishing an empathic clinical relationship is a cornerstone of high-quality palliative care. More than simply approaching patients with a pleasant affect or "being nice," we propose that skilled clinicians routinely employ distinct psychological elements when creating effective bonds with seriously ill patients and their families. Palliative care involvement has been shown to improve a variety of outcomes for patients with serious cancer, and yet the components of this salutary effect are still becoming known in the literature. Many believe that a successful interpersonal relationship is the essential factor. In this article, we will apply the psychological constructs of transference and countertransference to the unique arena of palliative care communication. Although most palliative care clinicians are not mental health clinicians and have not received training or certification in psychotherapeutic techniques, there are elements from these frameworks that may be advantageously applied. We will draw on sources from psychology and psychiatry to explore the in-between spaces of clinical encounter. Using the case of Gloria, a patient living with cancer drawn from our clinical experience, we will offer adapted definitions and novel applications of these psychological concepts. Branching from the theory to everyday practice, we will then offer practical suggestions to guide the palliative care clinician in recognizing and managing strong countertransference reactions. This article is the third installment of a series on the psychological elements of palliative care.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2021.0240

  View details for PubMedID 34491110

• Foundations for Psychological Thinking in Palliative Care: Frame and Formulation. Journal of palliative medicine Shalev, D., Rosenberg, L. B., Brenner, K. O., Seaton, M., Jacobsen, J. C., Jackson, V. A. 2021; 24 (10): 1430-1435

  Abstract

  This is the second article in the psychological elements of palliative care (PEPC) series. This series focuses on how key concepts from psychotherapy can be used in the context of palliative care to improve communication and fine tune palliative care interventions. In this article, we introduce two foundational concepts: frame and formulation. The frame is the context in which care is delivered; it includes concrete aspects of clinical care such as where it takes place, for how long, and with what frequency. It also includes the conceptual aspects of care, including the specific roles of the clinician and the patient, emergency contingencies, and the extent to which emotion is invited within the clinical encounter. Defining and discussing the frame with patients are especially important in palliative care because of the strong emotions that arise when talking about serious illness and because many patients may not be familiar with palliative care before they are in care. Formulation is the process by which we make judgment-neutral psychological hypotheses to understand the feelings and behaviors of our patients. It is an ongoing, dynamic process whereby as we learn more about our patients, we integrate that data to improve our explanatory model of who they are. This helps us tailor our interventions to meet their unique needs and respect their life experiences, aptitudes, and vulnerabilities. Both concepts are foundational PEPC; understanding them will prepare readers to continue to the next four articles in the series.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2021.0256

  View details for PubMedID 34596473

• Responding to Community Needs During COVID-19: A Virtual, Interdisciplinary Palliative Care Education Series for the Public Bleymaier, C., Bragg, A., Smith, G., Brenner, K., Yotopoulos, A., Lee, C. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2021: 663–64

  View details for Web of Science ID 000621206400066

• Development of a Prognostic Awareness Impact Scale for Patients with Advanced Cancer. Journal of palliative medicine Brenner, K., Greer, J. A., Jackson, V., Park, E., Wright, E., Jacobsen, J., Topping, C., Jagielo, A., Elyze, M., Sereno, I., Temel, J. S., El-Jawahri, A. 2021

  Abstract

  Background: No reliable instruments exist to measure prognostic awareness and its psychological and behavioral impacts for patients with advanced cancer. Methods: We developed the Prognostic Awareness Impact Scale (PAIS) using a qualitative approach. During phase 1, we convened a working group with a transdisciplinary team of clinicians from oncology (n = 2), psychology (n = 2), psychiatry (n = 1), palliative care (n = 3), and survey development (n = 1) to identify key domains of PAIS. Using a consensus-driven process, the team generated an item bank for each domain. During phase 2, we conducted cognitive interviews with 39 patients with advanced cancer to assess the understandability of the PAIS. Results: The working group developed a conceptual framework for PAIS, identifying three domains: (1) cognitive understanding of prognosis (capacity to understand intellectually one's prognosis), (2) emotional coping (capacity to process prognostic uncertainty and terminal prognosis), and (3) adaptive response (capacity to use prognostic awareness to inform life decisions). Cognitive interviews revealed that patients had an accurate understanding of most PAIS items. Patients reported difficulty with binary response options for questions pertaining to emotional coping. They expressed difficulty answering numerous questions regarding their cognitive understanding of their prognosis. We revised the PAIS by (1) replacing binary response options with ordinal agreement scales; and (2) reducing the number of items focused on cognitive understanding of prognosis. Conclusion: We developed a conceptual framework to capture prognostic awareness and its psychological and behavioral impacts for patients with advanced cancer using the PAIS. Future work should focus on validating the PAIS by testing its psychometric properties.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2021.0238

  View details for PubMedID 34637630

• DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGNOSTIC AWARENESS QUESTIONNAIRE (PAQ) FOR PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CANCER Sereno, I. I., Brenner, K., Greer, J. A., Jackson, V. A., Park, E. R., Jacobsen, J., Temel, J. S., El-Jawahri, A. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2020: S261

  View details for Web of Science ID 000546262400548

• Psychiatrist in My Pocket: Essential Psychiatric Skills for the Palliative Care Provider Gamble, A., Riordan, P. A., Jordan, A. E., Webb, J. A., Brenner, K. O., Buxton, D. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2020: 401–2

  View details for Web of Science ID 000509464700048

• Lessons from a Therapist's Chair: Optimizing Palliative Communication Through Psychotherapy Best Practices and Skills Chammas, D. M., Brenner, K. O. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2020: 436–37

  View details for Web of Science ID 000509464700113

• An Integrative Framework of Appraisal and Adaptation in Serious Medical Illness. Journal of pain and symptom management Bickel, K. E., Levy, C. n., MacPhee, E. R., Brenner, K. n., Temel, J. S., Arch, J. n., Greer, J. A. 2020

  Abstract

  Multiple randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that palliative care improves the quality of life of individuals with serious medical illness. Research also suggests that in patients with advanced cancer, palliative care's focus on symptom management, coping with illness, goals of care, and treatment decisions may be associated with improved patient quality of life in part by increasing patients' use of active (versus passive) and approach-oriented (versus avoidant) coping strategies. However, without a framework outlining the process that individuals with serious medical illness and their loved ones undergo, it is challenging to discern exactly where, how, and why palliative care may affect the serious medical illness experience. To address this gap, we propose a clinically applicable framework, derived from existing theory and research in the social and behavioral sciences. This framework, called the Integrative Framework of Appraisal and Adaptation in Serious Medical Illness, describes how patients and their loved ones cognitively and emotionally process the various events that may occur as they navigate serious medical illness and the end of life. The framework also describes how individuals and their loved ones use that event processing to determine next steps, while considering the impact of their surrounding external environment, their individual social roles and their connections on this decision making. The framework presented in this article is intended to improve our ability to understand and to care for individuals with serious medical illness and their loved ones, while stimulating further discussion and research to test and refine these ideas.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.05.018

  View details for PubMedID 32446974

• Relationship Between Perceptions of Treatment Goals and Psychological Distress in Patients With Advanced Cancer. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN El-Jawahri, A. n., Forst, D. n., Fenech, A. n., Brenner, K. O., Jankowski, A. L., Waldman, L. n., Sereno, I. n., Nipp, R. n., Greer, J. A., Traeger, L. n., Jackson, V. n., Temel, J. n. 2020; 18 (7): 849–55

  Abstract

  Studies have shown gaps in prognostic understanding among patients with cancer. However, few studies have explored patients' perceptions of their treatment goals versus how they perceive their oncologist's goals, and the association of these views with their psychological distress.We conducted a cross-sectional study of 559 patients with incurable lung, gastrointestinal, breast, and brain cancers. The Prognosis and Treatment Perception Questionnaire was used to assess patients' reports of their treatment goal and their oncologist's treatment goal, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess patients' psychological symptoms.We found that 61.7% of patients reported that both their treatment goal and their oncologist's treatment goal were noncurative, whereas 19.3% reported that both their goal and their oncologist's goal were to cure their cancer, 13.9% reported that their goal was to cure their cancer whereas their oncologist's goal was noncurative, and 5% reported that their goal was noncurative whereas their oncologist's goal was curative. Patients who reported both their goal and their oncologist's goal as noncurative had higher levels of depression (B=0.99; P=.021) and anxiety symptoms (B=1.01; P=.015) compared with those who reported that both their goal and their oncologist's goal was curative. Patients with discordant perceptions of their goal and their oncologist's goal reported higher anxiety symptoms (B=1.47; P=.004) compared with those who reported that both their goal and their oncologist's goal were curative.One-fifth of patients with incurable cancer reported that both their treatment goal and their oncologist's goal were to cure their cancer. Patients who acknowledged the noncurative intent of their treatment and those who perceived that their treatment goal was discordant from that of their oncologist reported greater psychological distress.

  View details for DOI 10.6004/jnccn.2019.7525

  View details for PubMedID 32634779

• Circle of Trust: How Psychodynamic Themes Such as the 'Holding Environment' Optimize Coping with Serious Illness Brenner, K., Jackson, V., Emanuel, L. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: 426–27

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.12.153

  View details for Web of Science ID 000456406900161