Lianna Wat

All Publications

• PTER is a N-acetyltaurine hydrolase that regulates feeding and obesity. Nature Wei, W., Lyu, X., Markhard, A. L., Fu, S., Mardjuki, R. E., Cavanagh, P. E., Zeng, X., Rajniak, J., Lu, N., Xiao, S., Zhao, M., Moya-Garzon, M. D., Truong, S. D., Chou, J. C., Wat, L. W., Chidambaranathan-Reghupaty, S., Coassolo, L., Xu, D., Shen, F., Huang, W., Ramirez, C. B., Jang, C., Li, L., Svensson, K. J., Fischbach, M. A., Long, J. Z. 2024

  Abstract

  Taurine is a conditionally essential micronutrient and one of the most abundant amino acids in humans1-3. In endogenous taurine metabolism, dedicated enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of taurine from cysteine and in the downstream metabolism of secondary taurine metabolites4,5. One taurine metabolite is N-acetyltaurine6. Levels of N-acetyltaurine are dynamically regulated by stimuli that alter taurine or acetate flux, including endurance exercise7, dietary taurine supplementation8 and alcohol consumption6,9. So far, the identities of the enzymes involved in N-acetyltaurine metabolism, and the potential functions of N-acetyltaurine itself, have remained unknown. Here we show that the body mass index associated orphan enzyme phosphotriesterase-related (PTER)10 is a physiological N-acetyltaurine hydrolase. In vitro, PTER catalyses the hydrolysis of N-acetyltaurine to taurine and acetate. In mice, PTER is expressed in the kidney, liver and brainstem. Genetic ablation of Pter in mice results in complete loss of tissue N-acetyltaurine hydrolysis activity and a systemic increase in N-acetyltaurine levels. After stimuli that increase taurine levels, Pter knockout mice exhibit reduced food intake, resistance to diet-induced obesity and improved glucose homeostasis. Administration of N-acetyltaurine to obese wild-type mice also reduces food intake and body weight in a GFRAL-dependent manner. These data place PTER into a central enzymatic node of secondary taurine metabolism and uncover a role for PTER and N-acetyltaurine in body weight control and energy balance.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41586-024-07801-6

  View details for PubMedID 39112712

  View details for PubMedCentralID 3501277

• Protocol for invivo measurement of basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse tissues. STAR protocols Zhao, M., Wat, L. W., Svensson, K. J. 2023; 4 (2): 102179

  Abstract

  Here, we present an invivo protocol for measuring basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in tissues from mice. We describe steps for administering 2-deoxy-D-[1,2-3H]glucose in the presence or absence of insulin via intraperitoneal injections. We then detail tissue collection, tissue processing to measure 3H counts on a scintillation counter, and data interpretation. This protocol can be applied to other glucoregulatory hormones, genetic mouse models, and other species. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Jiang etal. (2021).1.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102179

  View details for PubMedID 36933224

• Rapid and accurate deorphanization of ligand-receptor pairs using AlphaFold. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology Danneskiold-Samsøe, N. B., Kavi, D., Jude, K. M., Nissen, S. B., Wat, L. W., Coassolo, L., Zhao, M., Santana-Oikawa, G. A., Broido, B. B., Garcia, K. C., Svensson, K. J. 2023

  Abstract

  Secreted proteins are extracellular ligands that play key roles in paracrine and endocrine signaling, classically by binding cell surface receptors. Experimental assays to identify new extracellular ligand-receptor interactions are challenging, which has hampered the rate of novel ligand discovery. Here, using AlphaFold-multimer, we developed and applied an approach for extracellular ligand-binding prediction to a structural library of 1,108 single-pass transmembrane receptors. We demonstrate high discriminatory power and a success rate of close to 90 % for known ligand-receptor pairs where no a priori structural information is required. Importantly, the prediction was performed on de novo ligand-receptor pairs not used for AlphaFold training and validated against experimental structures. These results demonstrate proof-of-concept of a rapid and accurate computational resource to predict high-confidence cell-surface receptors for a diverse set of ligands by structural binding prediction, with potentially wide applicability for the understanding of cell-cell communication.

  View details for DOI 10.1101/2023.03.16.531341

  View details for PubMedID 36993313

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10055078

• A low sugar diet enhances Drosophila body size in males and females via sex-specific mechanisms. Development (Cambridge, England) Millington, J. W., Biswas, P., Chao, C., Xia, Y. H., Wat, L. W., Brownrigg, G. P., Sun, Z., Basner-Collins, P. J., Geltink, R. I., Rideout, E. J. 2022

  Abstract

  In Drosophila, changes to dietary protein elicit different body size responses between the sexes. Whether these differential body size effects extend to other macronutrients remains unclear. Here, we show that lowering dietary sugar (0S diet) enhanced body size in male and female larvae. Despite an equivalent phenotypic effect between the sexes, we detected sex-specific changes to signaling pathways, transcription, and whole-body glycogen and protein. In males, the low sugar diet augmented insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway (IIS) activity by increasing insulin sensitivity, where increased IIS was required for male metabolic and body size responses in 0S. In females reared on low sugar, IIS activity and insulin sensitivity were unaffected, and IIS function did not fully account for metabolic and body size responses. Instead, we identified a female-biased requirement for the target of rapamycin pathway in regulating metabolic and body size responses. Together, our data suggest the mechanisms underlying the low sugar-induced increase in body size are not fully shared between the sexes, highlighting the importance of including males and females in larval studies even when similar phenotypic outcomes are observed.

  View details for DOI 10.1242/dev.200491

  View details for PubMedID 35195254

• Sex determination gene transformer regulates the male-female difference in Drosophila fat storage via the adipokinetic hormone pathway ELIFE Wat, L. W., Chowdhury, Z. S., Millington, J. W., Biswas, P., Rideout, E. J. 2021; 10

  Abstract

  Sex differences in whole-body fat storage exist in many species. For example, Drosophila females store more fat than males. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this sex difference in fat storage remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify a key role for sex determination gene transformer (tra) in regulating the male-female difference in fat storage. Normally, a functional Tra protein is present only in females, where it promotes female sexual development. We show that loss of Tra in females reduced whole-body fat storage, whereas gain of Tra in males augmented fat storage. Tra's role in promoting fat storage was largely due to its function in neurons, specifically the Adipokinetic hormone (Akh)-producing cells (APCs). Our analysis of Akh pathway regulation revealed a male bias in APC activity and Akh pathway function, where this sex-biased regulation influenced the sex difference in fat storage by limiting triglyceride accumulation in males. Importantly, Tra loss in females increased Akh pathway activity, and genetically manipulating the Akh pathway rescued Tra-dependent effects on fat storage. This identifies sex-specific regulation of Akh as one mechanism underlying the male-female difference in whole-body triglyceride levels, and provides important insight into the conserved mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in whole-body fat storage.

  View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.72350.sa2

  View details for Web of Science ID 000720132300001

  View details for PubMedID 34672260

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC8594944

• Female-biased upregulation of insulin pathway activity mediates the sex difference in Drosophila body size plasticity ELIFE Millington, J. W., Brownrigg, G. P., Chao, C., Sun, Z., Basner-Collins, P. J., Wat, L. W., Hudry, B., Miguel-Aliaga, I., Rideout, E. J. 2021; 10

  Abstract

  Nutrient-dependent body size plasticity differs between the sexes in most species, including mammals. Previous work in Drosophila showed that body size plasticity was higher in females, yet the mechanisms underlying increased female body size plasticity remain unclear. Here, we discover that a protein-rich diet augments body size in females and not males because of a female-biased increase in activity of the conserved insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway (IIS). This sex-biased upregulation of IIS activity was triggered by a diet-induced increase in stunted mRNA in females, and required Drosophila insulin-like peptide 2, illuminating new sex-specific roles for these genes. Importantly, we show that sex determination gene transformer promotes the diet-induced increase in stunted mRNA via transcriptional coactivator Spargel to regulate the male-female difference in body size plasticity. Together, these findings provide vital insight into conserved mechanisms underlying the sex difference in nutrient-dependent body size plasticity.

  View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.58341

  View details for Web of Science ID 000618526800001

  View details for PubMedID 33448263

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7864645

• A role for triglyceride lipase brummer in the regulation of sex differences in Drosophila fat storage and breakdown PLOS BIOLOGY Wat, L. W., Chao, C., Bartlett, R., Buchanan, J. L., Millington, J. W., Chih, H., Chowdhury, Z. S., Biswas, P., Huang, V., Shin, L. J., Wang, L., Gauthier, M. L., Barone, M. C., Montooth, K. L., Welte, M. A., Rideout, E. J. 2020; 18 (1): e3000595

  Abstract

  Triglycerides are the major form of stored fat in all animals. One important determinant of whole-body fat storage is whether an animal is male or female. Here, we use Drosophila, an established model for studies on triglyceride metabolism, to gain insight into the genes and physiological mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in fat storage. Our analysis of triglyceride storage and breakdown in both sexes identified a role for triglyceride lipase brummer (bmm) in the regulation of sex differences in triglyceride homeostasis. Normally, male flies have higher levels of bmm mRNA both under normal culture conditions and in response to starvation, a lipolytic stimulus. We find that loss of bmm largely eliminates the sex difference in triglyceride storage and abolishes the sex difference in triglyceride breakdown via strongly male-biased effects. Although we show that bmm function in the fat body affects whole-body triglyceride levels in both sexes, in males, we identify an additional role for bmm function in the somatic cells of the gonad and in neurons in the regulation of whole-body triglyceride homeostasis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that lipid droplets are normally present in both the somatic cells of the male gonad and in neurons, revealing a previously unrecognized role for bmm function, and possibly lipid droplets, in these cell types in the regulation of whole-body triglyceride homeostasis. Taken together, our data reveal a role for bmm function in the somatic cells of the gonad and in neurons in the regulation of male-female differences in fat storage and breakdown and identify bmm as a link between the regulation of triglyceride homeostasis and biological sex.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000595

  View details for Web of Science ID 000510743800011

  View details for PubMedID 31961851

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6994176