Mohammad Asif Zaman

All Publications

• Dielectrophoretic bead-droplet reactor for solid-phase synthesis. Nature communications Padhy, P., Zaman, M. A., Jensen, M. A., Cheng, Y. T., Huang, Y., Wu, M., Galambos, L., Davis, R. W., Hesselink, L. 2024; 15 (1): 6159

  Abstract

  Solid-phase synthesis underpins many advances in synthetic and combinatorial chemistry, biology, and material science. The immobilization of a reacting species on the solid support makes interfacing of reagents an important challenge in this approach. In traditional synthesis columns, this leads to reaction errors that limit the product yield and necessitates excess consumption of the mobile reagent phase. Although droplet microfluidics can mitigate these problems, its adoption is fundamentally limited by the inability to controllably interface microbeads and reagent droplets. Here, we introduce Dielectrophoretic Bead-Droplet Reactor as a physical method to implement solid-phase synthesis on individual functionalized microbeads by encapsulating and ejecting them from microdroplets by tuning the supply voltage. Proof-of-concept demonstration of the enzymatic coupling of fluorescently labeled nucleotides onto the bead using this reactor yielded a 3.2-fold higher fidelity over columns through precise interfacing of individual microreactors and beads. Our work combines microparticle manipulation and droplet microfluidics to address a long-standing problem in solid-phase synthesis with potentially wide-ranging implications.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-49284-z

  View details for PubMedID 39039069

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11263596

• Spectral tweezers: Single sample spectroscopy using optoelectronic tweezers. Applied physics letters Zaman, M. A., Wu, M., Ren, W., Jensen, M. A., Davis, R. W., Hesselink, L. 2024; 124 (7): 071104

  Abstract

  A scheme that combines optoelectronic tweezers (OET) with spectroscopic analysis is presented. Referred to as spectral tweezers, the approach uses a single focused light beam that acts both as the trapping beam for OET and the probe beam for spectroscopy. Having simultaneous manipulation and spectral characterization ability, the method is used to isolate single micro-samples from clusters and perform spectral measurements. Experimental results show that a characteristic spectral signature can be obtained for a given sample. The proposed approach can be easily integrated into the optical setups used for conventional OETs with only a few additional optical components, making it a convenient tool for bio-analytical applications.

  View details for DOI 10.1063/5.0191871

  View details for PubMedID 38356894

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10864034

• Controlled Transport of Individual Microparticles Using Dielectrophoresis. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids Zaman, M. A., Padhy, P., Wu, M., Ren, W., Jensen, M. A., Davis, R. W., Hesselink, L. 2022

  Abstract

  A dielectrophoretic device employing a planar array of microelectrodes is designed for controlled transport of individual microparticles. By exciting the electrodes in sequence, a moving dielectrophoretic force is created that can drag a particle across the electrodes in a straight line. The electrode shapes are designed to counter any lateral drift of the trapped particle during transport. This facilitates single particle transport by creating a narrow two-dimensional corridor for the moving dielectrophoretic force to operate on. The design and analysis processes are discussed in detail. Numerical simulations are performed to calculate the electromagnetic field distribution and the generated dielectrophoretic force near the electrodes. The Langevin equation is used for analyzing the trajectory of a microparticle under the influence of the external forces. The simulations show how the designed electrode geometry produces the necessary lateral confinement required for successful particle transport. Finally, experimental results are presented showing controlled bidirectional linear transport of single polystyrene beads of radius 10 and 5 μm for a distances 840 and 1100 μm, respectively. The capabilities of the proposed platform make it suitable for micro total analysis systems (μTAS) and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02235

  View details for PubMedID 36541659

• Dynamically controllable plasmonic tweezers using C-shaped nano-engravings. Applied physics letters Zaman, M. A., Hesselink, L. 2022; 121 (18): 181108

  Abstract

  A near-field optical trapping scheme using plasmonic C-shaped nano-engraving is presented. Utilizing the polarization sensitivity of the C-structure, a mechanism is proposed for dynamically controlling the electric field, the associated trapping force, and the plasmonic heating. Electromagnetic analysis and particle dynamics simulations are performed to verify the viability of the approach. The designed structure is fabricated and experimentally tested. Polarization control of the excitation light is achieved through the use of a half-wave plate. Experimental results are presented that show the functioning implementation of the dynamically adjustable plasmonic tweezers. The dynamic controllability can allow trapping to be maintained with lower field strengths, which reduces photo-thermal effects. Thus, the probability of thermal damage can be reduced when handling sensitive specimens.

  View details for DOI 10.1063/5.0123268

  View details for PubMedID 36340998

• Optoelectronic tweezers with a non-uniform background field APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Zaman, M., Padhy, P., Cheng, Y., Galambos, L., Hesselink, L. 2020; 117 (17)

  View details for DOI 10.1063/5.0020446

  View details for Web of Science ID 000588490800002

• Solenoidal optical forces from a plasmonic Archimedean spiral PHYSICAL REVIEW A Zaman, M., Padhy, P., Hesselink, L. 2019; 100 (1)

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevA.100.013857

  View details for Web of Science ID 000478039900009

• Fokker-Planck analysis of optical near-field traps. Scientific reports Zaman, M. A., Padhy, P., Hesselink, L. 2019; 9 (1): 9557

  Abstract

  The motion of a nanoparticle in the vicinity of a near-field optical trap is modeled using the Fokker-Planck equation. A plasmonic C-shaped engraving on a gold film is considered as the optical trap. The time evolution of the position probability density of the nanoparticle is calculated to analyze the trapping dynamics. A spatially varying diffusion tensor is used in the formulation to take into account the hydrodynamic interactions. The steady-state position distribution obtained from the Fokker-Planck equation is compared with experimental results and found to be in good agreement. Computational cost of the proposed method is compared with the conventionally used Langevin equation based approach. The proposed method is found to be computationally efficient (requiring 35 times less computation time) and scalable to more complex lab-on-a-chip systems.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-019-45609-x

  View details for PubMedID 31266994

• Solenoidal optical forces from a plasmonic Archimedean spiral. Physical review. A Zaman, M. A., Padhy, P., Hesselink, L. 2019; 100 (1)

  Abstract

  The optical forces generated by a right-handed plasmonic Archimedean spiral (PAS) have been mapped and analyzed. By changing the handedness of the circularly polarized excitation, the structure can switch from a trapping force profile to a rotating force profile. The Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition method has been used to separate the solenoidal component and the conservative component of the force and quantify their relative magnitude. It is shown that the for right-hand circularly polarized excitation, the PAS creates a significant amount of solenoidal forces. Using the decomposed force components, an intuitive explanation of the motion of micro- and nanoparticles in the force field is presented. Vector field topology is used to visualize the force components. The analysis is found to be consistent with numerical and experimental results. Due to the intuitive nature of the analysis, it can be used in the initial design process of complex laboratory-on-a-chip systems where a rigorous analysis is computationally expensive.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/physreva.100.013857

  View details for PubMedID 33981919

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC8112602

• Near-field optical trapping in a non-conservative force field. Scientific reports Zaman, M. A., Padhy, P., Hesselink, L. 2019; 9 (1): 649

  Abstract

  The force-field generated by a near-field optical trap is analyzed. A C-shaped engraving on a gold film is considered as the trap. By separating out the conservative component and the solenoidal component of the force-field using Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition, it was found that the force is non-conservative. Conventional method of calculating the optical potential from the force-field is shown to be inaccurate when the trapping force is not purely conservative. An alternative method is presented to accurately estimate the potential. The positional statistics of a trapped nanoparticle in this non-conservative field is calculated. A model is proposed that relates the position distribution to the conservative component of the force. The model is found to be consistent with numerical and experimental results. In order to show the generality of the approach, the same analysis is repeated for a plasmonic trap consisting of a gold nanopillar. Similar consistency is observed for this structure as well.

  View details for PubMedID 30679539

• Near-field optical trapping in a non-conservative force field SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Zaman, M., Padhy, P., Hesselink, L. 2019; 9

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-36653-0

  View details for Web of Science ID 000456554600088

• Extracting the potential-well of a near-field optical trap using the Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Zaman, M., Padhy, P., Hansen, P. C., Hesselink, L. 2018; 112 (9)

  View details for DOI 10.1063/1.5016810

  View details for Web of Science ID 000427022500003

• Capturing range of a near-field optical trap PHYSICAL REVIEW A Zaman, M., Padhy, P., Hesselink, L. 2017; 96 (4)

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevA.96.043825

  View details for Web of Science ID 000412746000012

• Dielectrophoresis-assisted plasmonic trapping of dielectric nanoparticles PHYSICAL REVIEW A Zaman, M. A., Padhy, P., Hansen, P. C., Hesselink, L. 2017; 95 (2)

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevA.95.023840

  View details for Web of Science ID 000395979500010

• Impedance matching in optically induced dielectrophoresis: Effect of medium conductivity on trapping force. Applied physics letters Zaman, M. A., Wu, M., Ren, W., Hesselink, L. 2024; 125 (5): 051108

  Abstract

  An impedance analysis for optically induced dielectrophoresis is presented. A circuit model is developed for this purpose. The model parameters are fully defined in terms of the geometrical and material properties of the system. It is shown that trapping force can only be generated when the material properties follow certain impedance matching conditions. The impedance match factor is introduced to succinctly quantify the phenomenon. It is used to calculate bounds on the allowed electrical conductivity of the suspension medium. Results from the proposed model are found to be in good agreement with full-wave numerical simulations. By computing the acceptable set of material parameters with little computational cost, the presented analysis can streamline ODEP system design for various applications.

  View details for DOI 10.1063/5.0223354

  View details for PubMedID 39100735

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11296733

• Microparticle electrical conductivity measurement using optoelectronic tweezers. Journal of applied physics Ren, W., Zaman, M. A., Wu, M., Jensen, M. A., Davis, R. W., Hesselink, L. 2023; 134 (11): 113104

  Abstract

  When it comes to simulate or calculate an optoelectronic tweezer (OET) response for a microparticle suspended in a given medium, a precise electrical conductivity (later referred to as conductivity) value for the microparticle is critical. However, there are not well-established measurements or well-referenced values for microparticle conductivities in the OET realm. Thus, we report a method based on measuring the escape velocity of a microparticle with a standard OET system to calculate its conductivity. A widely used 6mum polystyrene bead (PSB) is used for the study. The conductivity values are found to be invariant around 2*10-3S/m across multiple different aqueous media, which helps clarify the ambiguity in the usage of PSB conductivity. Our convenient approach could principally be applied for the measurement of multiple unknown OET-relevant material properties of microparticle-medium systems with various OET responses, which can be beneficial to carry out more accurate characterization in relevant fields.

  View details for DOI 10.1063/5.0169565

  View details for PubMedID 37736285

• Resolution improvement of optoelectronic tweezers using patterned electrodes. Applied physics letters Zaman, M. A., Wu, M., Ren, W., Jensen, M. A., Davis, R. W., Hesselink, L. 2023; 123 (4): 041104

  Abstract

  An optoelectronic tweezer (OET) device is presented that exhibits improved trapping resolution for a given optical spot size. The scheme utilizes a pair of patterned physical electrodes to produce an asymmetric electric field gradient. This, in turn, generates an azimuthal force component in addition to the conventional radial gradient force. Stable force equilibrium is achieved along a pair of antipodal points around the optical beam. Unlike conventional OETs where trapping can occur at any point around the beam perimeter, the proposed scheme improves the resolution by limiting trapping to two points. The working principle is analyzed by performing numerical analysis of the electromagnetic fields and corresponding forces. Experimental results are presented that show the trapping and manipulation of micro-particles using the proposed device.

  View details for DOI 10.1063/5.0160939

  View details for PubMedID 37502178

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10371355

• Topological visualization of the plasmonic resonance of a nano C-aperture. Applied physics letters Zaman, M. A., Ren, W., Wu, M., Padhy, P., Hesselink, L. 2023; 122 (8): 081107

  Abstract

  The plasmonic response of a nano C-aperture is analyzed using the Vector Field Topology (VFT) visualization technique. The electrical currents that are induced on the metal surfaces when the C-aperture is excited by light is calculated for various wavelengths. The topology of this two-dimensional current density vector is analyzed using VFT. The plasmonic resonance condition is found to coincide with a distinct shift in the topology which leads to increased current circulation. A physical explanation of the phenomenon is discussed. Numerical results are presented to justify the claims. The analyses suggest that VFT can be a powerful tool for studying the physical mechanics of nano-photonic structures.

  View details for DOI 10.1063/5.0143309

  View details for PubMedID 36846092

• Plasmonic Response of Nano-C-apertures: Polarization Dependent Field Enhancement and Circuit Model PLASMONICS Zaman, M., Hesselink, L. 2022

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11468-022-01735-3

  View details for Web of Science ID 000912587600001

• Numerical Solution of the Poisson Equation Using Finite Difference Matrix Operators ELECTRONICS Zaman, M. 2022; 11 (15)

  View details for DOI 10.3390/electronics11152365

  View details for Web of Science ID 000839181100001

• Modeling Brownian Microparticle Trajectories in Lab-on-a-Chip Devices with Time Varying Dielectrophoretic or Optical Forces. Micromachines Zaman, M. A., Wu, M., Padhy, P., Jensen, M. A., Hesselink, L., Davis, R. W. 2021; 12 (10)

  Abstract

  Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices capable of manipulating micro/nano-sized samples have spurred advances in biotechnology and chemistry. Designing and analyzing new and more advanced LOCs require accurate modeling and simulation of sample/particle dynamics inside such devices. In this work, we present a generalized computational physics model to simulate particle/sample trajectories under the influence of dielectrophoretic or optical forces inside LOC devices. The model takes into account time varying applied forces, Brownian motion, fluid flow, collision mechanics, and hindered diffusion caused by hydrodynamic interactions. We develop a numerical solver incorporating the aforementioned physics and use it to simulate two example cases: first, an optical trapping experiment, and second, a dielectrophoretic cell sorter device. In both cases, the numerical results are found to be consistent with experimental observations, thus proving the generality of the model. The numerical solver can simulate time evolution of the positions and velocities of an arbitrarily large number of particles simultaneously. This allows us to characterize and optimize a wide range of LOCs. The developed numerical solver is made freely available through a GitHub repository so that researchers can use it to develop and simulate new designs.

  View details for DOI 10.3390/mi12101265

  View details for PubMedID 34683316

• Optimized Deep Reactive-Ion Etching of Nanostructured Black Silicon for High-Contrast Optical Alignment Marks ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS Yusuf, M., Herring, G. K., Neustock, L., Zaman, M., Raghuram, U., Narasimhan, V. K., Chia, C., Howe, R. T. 2021; 4 (7): 7047-7061

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acsanm.1c01070

  View details for Web of Science ID 000677582900055

• Microparticle transport along a planar electrode array using moving dielectrophoresis. Journal of applied physics Zaman, M. A., Padhy, P., Ren, W., Wu, M., Hesselink, L. 2021; 130 (3): 034902

  Abstract

  We present a device that can achieve controlled transport of colloidal microparticles using an array of micro-electrodes. By exciting the micro-electrodes in regular sequence with an AC voltage, a time-varying moving dielectrophoretic force-field is created. This force propels colloidal microparticles along the electrode array. Using this method, we demonstrate bidirectional transport of polystyrene micro-spheres. Electromagnetic simulation of the device is performed, and the dielectrophoretic force profile around the electrode array is mapped. We develop a Brownian dynamics model of the trajectory of a particle under the influence of the time-varying force-field. Numerical and experimental results showing controlled particle transport are presented. The numerical model is found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The developed numerical framework can be useful in designing and modeling lab-on-a-chip devices that employ external non-contact forces for micro-/nanoparticle manipulation.

  View details for DOI 10.1063/5.0049126

  View details for PubMedID 34334807

• Dynamically controlled dielectrophoresis using resonant tuning. Electrophoresis Padhy, P., Zaman, M. A., Jensen, M. A., Hesselink, L. 2021

  Abstract

  Electrically polarizable micro and nanoparticles and droplets can be trapped using the gradient electric field of electrodes. But the spatial profile of the resultant dielectrophoretic force is fixed once the electrode structure is defined. To change the force profile, entire complex lab-on-a-chip systems must be re-fabricated with modified electrode structures. To overcome this problem, we propose an approach for the dynamic control of the spatial profile of the dielectrophoretic force by interfacing the trap electrodes with a resistor and an inductor to form a resonant RLC circuit. Using a dielectrophoretically trapped water droplet suspended in silicone oil, we show that the resonator amplitude, detuning and linewidth can be continuously varied by changing the supply voltage, supply frequency and the circuit resistance to obtain the desired trap depth, range, and stiffness. We show that by proper tuning of the resonator the trap range can be extended without increasing the supply voltage, thus preventing sensitive samples from exposure to high electric fields at the stable trapping position. Such unprecedented dynamic control of dielectrophoretic forces opens avenues for the tunable active manipulation of sensitive biological and biochemical specimen in droplet microfluidic devices used for single cell and biochemical reactionanalysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/elps.202000328

  View details for PubMedID 33599974

• iLabs as an online laboratory platform: A case study at Stanford University during the COVID-19 Pandemic Zaman, M., Neustock, L., Hesselink, L., Klinger, T., Kollmitzer, C., Pester, A. IEEE. 2021: 1621-1629

  View details for DOI 10.1109/EDUCON46332.2021.9454028

  View details for Web of Science ID 000689064100242

• Photonic radiative cooler optimization using Taguchi's method INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES Zaman, M. 2019; 144: 21–26

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2019.05.019

  View details for Web of Science ID 000478788300003

• Design of a high numerical aperture achromatic objective lens for endomicroscopy OPTICAL ENGINEERING Zaman, M., Buyukalp, Y. 2019; 58 (7)

  View details for DOI 10.1117/1.OE.58.7.075101

  View details for Web of Science ID 000481890800025

• In-plane near-field optical barrier on a chip OPTICS LETTERS Padhy, P., Zaman, M., Hesselink, L. 2019; 44 (8): 2061–64

  Abstract

  Nanoparticles trapped on resonant near-field structures engraved on a metallic substrate experience forces due to the engravings, as well as the image-like interaction with the substrate. In the case of normally incident optical excitation, the force due to the substrate is solely perpendicular to its surface. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate that under the combined influence of the aforementioned forces, a plasmonic nanoparticle can be repelled from the engraving along the substrate, while attracting it towards the substrate along its normal. This behavior can be achieved over a range of excitation wavelengths of the short wavelength mode of the coupled particle-substrate-trap system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first illustration of an in-plane near-field optical barrier on a chip. The barrier is stable against resistive heating of the nanoparticle, as well as the induced non-isothermal flow. The wavelength-dependent switch between the proposed in-plane potential barrier and the stable potential well can pave the way for the gated transport of single nanoparticles, while holding them bound to the chip.

  View details for DOI 10.1364/OL.44.002061

  View details for Web of Science ID 000464601900046

  View details for PubMedID 30985811

• A semi-analytical model of a near-field optical trapping potential well JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Zaman, M., Padhy, P., Hesselink, L. 2017; 122 (16)

  View details for DOI 10.1063/1.5000269

  View details for Web of Science ID 000414225500001

• On the substrate contribution to the back action trapping of plasmonic nanoparticles on resonant near-field traps in plasmonic films OPTICS EXPRESS Padhy, P., Zaman, M., Hansen, P., Hesselink, L. 2017; 25 (21): 26198–214

  Abstract

  Nanoparticles trapped on resonant near-field apertures/engravings carved in plasmonic films experience optical forces due to the steep intensity gradient field of the aperture/engraving as well as the image like interaction with the substrate. For non-resonant nanoparticles the contribution of the substrate interaction to the trapping force in the vicinity of the trap (aperture/engraving) mode is negligible. But, in the case of plasmonic nanoparticles, the contribution of the substrate interaction to the low frequency stable trapping mode of the coupled particle-trap system increases as their resonance is tuned to the trap resonance. The strength of the substrate interaction depends on the height of the nanoparticle above the substrate. As a result, a difference in back action mechanism arises for nanoparticle displacements perpendicular to the substrate and along it. For nanoparticle displacements perpendicular to the substrate, the self induced back action component of the trap force arises due to changing interaction with the substrate as well as the trap. On the other hand, for displacements along the substrate, it arises solely due to the changing interaction with the trap. This additional contribution of the substrate leads to more pronounced back action. Numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate these effects using a bowtie engraving as the near-field trap and a nanorod as the trapped plasmonic nanoparticle. The substrate's role may be important in manipulation of plasmonic nanoparticles between successive traps of on-chip optical conveyor belts, because they have to traverse over regions of bare substrate while being handed off between these traps.

  View details for DOI 10.1364/OE.25.026198

  View details for Web of Science ID 000413103300123

  View details for PubMedID 29041280

• Adjoint method for estimating Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model parameters JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Zaman, M. A., Hansen, P. C., Neustock, L. T., Padhy, P., Hesselink, L. 2016; 120 (9)

  View details for DOI 10.1063/1.4962153

  View details for Web of Science ID 000383978100014

• Optimization of multilayer antireflection coating for photovoltaic applications OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY Sikder, U., Zaman, M. A. 2016; 79: 88-94

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.11.011

  View details for Web of Science ID 000370457200014

• Application of Taguchi's method to optimize fiber Raman amplifier OPTICAL ENGINEERING Zaman, M. A. 2016; 55 (4)

  View details for DOI 10.1117/1.OE.55.4.046103

  View details for Web of Science ID 000375950900023

• Effect of Substrate in Optical Trapping of Metallic Nanoparticle on Nano Apertures and Engravings Padhy, P., Hansen, P., Ryan, J., Zaman, M., Huang, T. W., Hesselink, L., IEEE IEEE. 2016

  View details for Web of Science ID 000391286402115

• Bouc-Wen hysteresis model identification using Modified Firefly Algorithm JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS Zaman, M. A., Sikder, U. 2015; 395: 229-233

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.07.080

  View details for Web of Science ID 000360025900033