Peter Meaney

All Publications

• Evaluating the implementation of the Pediatric Acute Care Education (PACE) program in northwestern Tanzania: a mixed-methods study guided by normalization process theory. BMC health services research Mwanga, J. R., Hokororo, A., Ndosi, H., Masenge, T., Kalabamu, F. S., Tawfik, D., Mediratta, R. P., Rozenfeld, B., Berg, M., Smith, Z. H., Chami, N., Mkopi, N. P., Mwanga, C., Diocles, E., Agweyu, A., Meaney, P. A. 2024; 24 (1): 1066

  Abstract

  In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), such as Tanzania, the competency of healthcare providers critically influences the quality of pediatric care. To address this issue, we introduced Pediatric Acute Care Education (PACE), an adaptive learning program to enhance provider competency in Tanzania's guidelines for managing seriously ill children. Adaptive learning is a promising alternative to current in-service education, yet optimal implementation strategies in LMIC settings are unknown.(1) To evaluate the initial PACE implementation in Mwanza, Tanzania, using the construct of normalization process theory (NPT); (2) To provide insights into its feasibility, acceptability, and scalability potential.Mixed-methods study involving healthcare providers at three facilities. Quantitative data was collected using the Normalization MeAsure Development (NoMAD) questionnaire, while qualitative data was gathered through in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus groups discussions (FGDs).Eighty-two healthcare providers completed the NoMAD survey. Additionally, 24 senior providers participated in IDIs, and 79 junior providers participated in FGDs. Coherence and cognitive participation were high, demonstrating that PACE is well understood and resonates with existing healthcare goals. Providers expressed a willingness to integrate PACE into their practices, distinguishing it from existing educational methods. However, challenges related to resources and infrastructure, particularly those affecting collective action, were noted. Early indicators point toward the potential for long-term sustainability of the PACE, but assessment of reflexive monitoring was limited due to the study's focus on PACE's initial implementation.This study offers vital insights into the feasibility and acceptability of implementing PACE in a Tanzanian context. While PACE aligns well with healthcare objectives, addressing resource and infrastructure challenges as well as conducting a longer-term study to assess reflexive monitoring is crucial for its successful implementation. Furthermore, the study underscores the value of the NPT as a framework for guiding implementation processes, with broader implications for implementation science and pediatric acute care in LMICs.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s12913-024-11554-3

  View details for PubMedID 39272036

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11401409

• Evaluating the Implementation of the Pediatric Acute Care Education (PACE) Program in Northwestern Tanzania: A Mixed-Methods Study Guided by Normalization Process Theory. Research square Mwanga, J. R., Hokororo, A., Ndosi, H., Masenge, T., Kalabamu, F. S., Tawfik, D., Mediratta, R. P., Rozenfeld, B., Berg, M., Smith, Z. H., Chami, N., Mkopi, N. P., Mwanga, C., Diocles, E., Agweyu, A., Meaney, P. A. 2024

  Abstract

  In low- and -middle-income countries (LMICs) like Tanzania, the competency of healthcare providers critically influences the quality of pediatric care. To address this, we introduced PACE (Pediatric Acute Care Education), an adaptive e-learning program tailored to enhance provider competency in line with Tanzania's national guidelines for managing seriously ill children. Adaptive e-learning presents a promising alternative to traditional in-service education, yet optimal strategies for its implementation in LMIC settings remain to be fully elucidated.This study aimed to (1) evaluate the initial implementation of PACE in Mwanza, Tanzania, using the constructs of Normalization Process Theory (NPT), and (2) provide insights into its feasibility, acceptability, and scalability potential.A mixed-methods approach was employed across three healthcare settings in Mwanza: a zonal hospital and two health centers. NPT was utilized to navigate the complexities of implementing PACE. Data collection involved a customized NoMAD survey, focus groups and in-depth interviews with healthcare providers.The study engaged 82 healthcare providers through the NoMAD survey and 79 in focus groups and interviews. Findings indicated high levels of coherence and cognitive participation, demonstrating that PACE is well-understood and resonates with existing healthcare goals. Providers expressed a willingness to integrate PACE into their practice, distinguishing it from existing educational methods. However, challenges related to resources and infrastructure, particularly affecting collective action, were noted. The short duration of the study limited the assessment of reflexive monitoring, though early indicators point towards the potential for PACE's long-term sustainability.This study offers vital insights into the feasibility and acceptability of implementing PACE in a Tanzanian context. While PACE aligns well with healthcare objectives, addressing resource and infrastructure challenges is crucial for its successful and sustainable implementation. Furthermore, the study underscores the value of NPT as a framework in guiding implementation processes, with broader implications for implementation science and pediatric acute care in LMICs.

  View details for DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4432440/v1

  View details for PubMedID 38854141

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11160918

• Implementing adaptive e-learning for newborn care in Tanzania: an observational study of provider engagement and knowledge gains. BMJ open Meaney, P. A., Hokororo, A., Ndosi, H., Dahlen, A., Jacob, T., Mwanga, J. R., Kalabamu, F. S., Joyce, C. L., Mediratta, R., Rozenfeld, B., Berg, M., Smith, Z. H., Chami, N., Mkopi, N., Mwanga, C., Diocles, E., Agweyu, A. 2024; 14 (2): e077834

  Abstract

  To improve healthcare provider knowledge of Tanzanian newborn care guidelines, we developed adaptive Essential and Sick Newborn Care (aESNC), an adaptive e-learning environment. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess implementation success with use of in-person support and nudging strategy and (2) describe baseline provider knowledge and metacognition.6-month observational study at one zonal hospital and three health centres in Mwanza, Tanzania. To assess implementation success, we used the Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework and to describe baseline provider knowledge and metacognition we used Howell's conscious-competence model. Additionally, we explored provider characteristics associated with initial learning completion or persistent activity.aESNC reached 85% (195/231) of providers: 75 medical, 53 nursing and 21 clinical officers; 110 (56%) were at the zonal hospital and 85 (44%) at health centres. Median clinical experience was 4 years (IQR 1-9) and 45 (23%) had previous in-service training for both newborn essential and sick newborn care. Efficacy was 42% (SD ±17%). Providers averaged 78% (SD ±31%) completion of initial learning and 7% (SD ±11%) of refresher assignments. 130 (67%) providers had ≥1 episode of inactivity >30 day, no episodes were due to lack of internet access. Baseline conscious-competence was 53% (IQR: 38%-63%), unconscious-incompetence 32% (IQR: 23%-42%), conscious-incompetence 7% (IQR: 2%-15%), and unconscious-competence 2% (IQR: 0%-3%). Higher baseline conscious-competence (OR 31.6 (95% CI 5.8 to 183.5)) and being a nursing officer (aOR: 5.6 (95% CI 1.8 to 18.1)), compared with medical officer, were associated with initial learning completion or persistent activity.aESNC reach was high in a population of frontline providers across diverse levels of care in Tanzania. Use of in-person support and nudging increased reach, initial learning and refresher assignment completion, but refresher assignment completion remains low. Providers were often unaware of knowledge gaps, and lower baseline knowledge may decrease initial learning completion or activity. Further study to identify barriers to adaptive e-learning normalisation is needed.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077834

  View details for PubMedID 38309746

• Physical Realism of Simulation Training for Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries-A Systematic Review. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare Issa, M., Furia, F., Whaiba, A., Meaney, P. A., Shilkofski, N., Donoghue, A., Lockey, A., Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2024; 19 (1S): S41-S49

  Abstract

  ABSTRACT: This systematic review was conducted, according to PRISMA standards, to examine the impact of the level of physical realism of simulation training on clinical, educational, and procedural outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as defined by the World Bank. A search from January 1, 2011 to January 24, 2023 identified 2311 studies that met the inclusion criteria including 9 randomized (n = 627) and 2 case-controlled studies (n = 159). Due to the high risk of bias and inconsistency, the certainty of evidence was very low, and heterogeneity prevented any metaanalysis. We observed limited evidence for desirable effects in participant satisfaction and confidence, but no significant difference in skills acquisition and performance in the clinical practice environment. When considering the equivocal evidence and cost implications, we recommend the use of lower physical realism simulation training in LMIC settings. It is important to standardize outcomes and conduct more studies in lower income settings.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/SIH.0000000000000761

  View details for PubMedID 38240617

• Development of pediatric acute care education (PACE): An adaptive electronic learning (e-learning) environment for healthcare providers in Tanzania. Digital health Meaney, P. A., Hokororo, A., Masenge, T., Mwanga, J., Kalabamu, F. S., Berg, M., Rozenfeld, B., Smith, Z., Chami, N., Mkopi, N., Mwanga, C., Agweyu, A. 2023; 9: 20552076231180471

  Abstract

  Globally, inadequate healthcare provider (HCP) proficiency with evidence-based guidelines contributes to millions of newborn, infant, and child deaths each year. HCP guideline proficiency would improve patient outcomes. Conventional (in person) HCP in-service education is limited in 4 ways: reach, scalability, adaptability, and the ability to contextualize. Adaptive e-learning environments (AEE), a subdomain of e-learning, incorporate artificial intelligence technology to create a unique cognitive model of each HCP to improve education effectiveness. AEEs that use existing internet access and personal mobile devices may overcome limits of conventional education. This paper provides an overview of the development of our AEE HCP in-service education, Pediatric Acute Care Education (PACE). PACE uses an innovative approach to address HCPs' proficiency in evidence-based guidelines for care of newborns, infants, and children. PACE is novel in 2 ways: 1) its patient-centric approach using clinical audit data or frontline provider input to determine content and 2) its ability to incorporate refresher learning over time to solidify knowledge gains. We describe PACE's integration into the Pediatric Association of Tanzania's (PAT) Clinical Learning Network (CLN), a multifaceted intervention to improve facility-based care along a single referral chain. Using principles of co-design, stakeholder meetings modified PACE's characteristics and optimized integration with CLN. We plan to use three-phase, mixed-methods, implementation process. Phase I will examine the feasibility of PACE and refine its components and protocol. Lessons gained from this initial phase will guide the design of Phase II proof of concept studies which will generate insights into the appropriate empirical framework for (Phase III) implementation at scale to examine effectiveness.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/20552076231180471

  View details for PubMedID 37529543

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10387696

• Feasibility of an Adaptive E-Learning Environment to Improve Provider Proficiency in Essential and Sick Newborn Care in Mwanza, Tanzania. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences Meaney, P., Hokororo, A., Ndosi, H., Dahlen, A., Jacob, T., Mwanga, J. R., Kalabamu, F. S., Joyce, C., Mediratta, R., Rozenfeld, B., Berg, M., Smith, Z., Chami, N., Mkopi, N. P., Mwanga, C., Diocles, E., Agweyu, A. 2023

  Abstract

  Introduction: To improve healthcare provider knowledge of Tanzanian newborn care guidelines, we developed adaptive Essential and Sick Newborn Care (aESNC), an adaptive e-learning environment (AEE). The objectives of this study were to 1) assess implementation success with use of in-person support and nudging strategy and 2) describe baseline provider knowledge and metacognition.Methods: 6-month observational study at 1 zonal hospital and 3 health centers in Mwanza, Tanzania. To assess implementation success, we used the RE-AIM framework and to describe baseline provider knowledge and metacognition we used Howell's conscious-competence model. Additionally, we explored provider characteristics associated with initial learning completion or persistent activity.Results: aESNC reached 85% (195/231) of providers: 75 medical, 53 nursing, and 21 clinical officers; 110 (56%) were at the zonal hospital and 85 (44%) at health centers. Median clinical experience was 4 years [IQR 1,9] and 45 (23%) had previous in-service training for both newborn essential and sick newborn care. Efficacy was 42% (SD±17%). Providers averaged 78% (SD±31%) completion of initial learning and 7%(SD±11%) of refresher assignments. 130 (67%) providers had ≥1 episode of inactivity >30 day, no episodes were due to lack of internet access. Baseline conscious-competence was 53% [IQR:38-63%], unconscious-incompetence 32% [IQR:23-42%], conscious-incompetence 7% [IQR:2-15%], and unconscious-competence 2% [IQR:0-3%]. Higher baseline conscious-competence (OR 31.6 [95%CI:5.8, 183.5) and being a nursing officer (aOR: 5.6 [95%CI:1.8, 18.1]), compared to medical officer) were associated with initial learning completion or persistent activity.Conclusion: aESNC reach was high in a population of frontline providers across diverse levels of care in Tanzania. Use of in-person support and nudging increased reach, initial learning, and refresher assignment completion, but refresher assignment completion remains low. Providers were often unaware of knowledge gaps, and lower baseline knowledge may decrease initial learning completion or activity. Further study to identify barriers to adaptive e-learning normalization is needed.Key questions: What is already known on this topic . Summarize the state of scientific knowledge on this subject before you did your study and why this study needed to be done . - In sub-Saharan Africa, gaps in care quality may contribute to its high neonatal mortality.- Provider knowledge is a main driver of care quality, but current conventional in-service education methods are inadequate in adaptivity, reach, effectiveness, and refresher assignments.- Hard copies of national guidelines have been disseminated to health facilities expectations are HCPs will learn and adhere to them.- Adaptive eLearning, a subdomain of e-learning, holds the potential to overcome limitations to in-service medical education, but the optimal implementation strategy is unknown. What this study adds . Summarize what we now know because of this study that we did not know before . - Baseline knowledge of essential and sick newborn care was low, mostly due to unconscious incompetence (providers thinking they were correct when they were incorrect).- Initial learning completion increased significantly with the use of an in-person program manager and an escalating nudging strategy, and technical issues were not identified as a significant limitation to participation. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy . Summarize the implications of this study . - Provider self-reporting may underestimate knowledge gaps as most gaps are not known by providers.- Adaptive e-learning may be a feasible and acceptable way to disseminate guideline and improve quality of care if an implementation strategy can be identified to increase refresher assignment completion.- Once the ideal implementation strategy is identified, effectiveness of adaptive e-learning at scale can be evaluated.

  View details for DOI 10.1101/2023.07.11.23292406

  View details for PubMedID 37502852

• Knowledge acquisition and retention following Saving Children's Lives course for healthcare providers in Botswana: a longitudinal cohort study. BMJ open Meaney, P. A., Joyce, C. L., Setlhare, S., Smith, H. E., Mensinger, J. L., Zhang, B., Kalenga, K., Kloeck, D., Kgosiesele, T., Jibril, H., Mazhani, L., de Caen, A., Steenhoff, A. P. 2019; 9 (8): e029575

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVES: Millions of children die every year from serious childhood illnesses. Most deaths are avertable with access to quality care. Saving Children's Lives (SCL) includes an abbreviated high-intensity training (SCL-aHIT) for providers who treat serious childhood illnesses. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of SCL-aHIT on knowledge acquisition and retention of providers.SETTING: 76 participating centres who provide primary and secondary care in Kweneng District, Botswana.PARTICIPANTS: Doctors and nurses expected by the District Health Management Team to provide initial care to seriously ill children, completed SCL-aHIT between January 2014 and December 2016, submitted demographic data, course characteristics and at least one knowledge assessment.METHODS: Retrospective, cohort study. Planned and actual primary outcome was adjusted acquisition (change in total knowledge score immediately after training) and retention (change in score at 1, 3 and 6 months), secondary outcomes were pneumonia and dehydration subscores. Descriptive statistics and linear mixed models with random intercept and slope were conducted. Relevant institutional review boards approved this study.RESULTS: 211 providers had data for analysis. Cohort was 91% nurses, 61% clinic/health postbased and 45% pretrained in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). A strong effect of SCL-aHIT was seen with knowledge acquisition (+24.56±1.94, p<0.0001), and loss of retention was observed (-1.60±0.67/month, p=0.018). IMCI training demonstrated no significant effect on acquisition (+3.58±2.84, p=0.211or retention (+0.20±0.91/month, p=0.824) of knowledge. On average, nurses scored lower than physicians (-19.39±3.30, p<0.0001). Lost to follow-up had a significant impact on knowledge retention (-3.03±0.88/month, p=0.0007).CONCLUSIONS: aHIT for care of the seriously ill child significantly increased provider knowledge and loss of knowledge occurred over time. IMCI training did not significantly impact overall knowledge acquisition nor retention, while professional status impacted overall score and lost to follow-up impacted retention.

  View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029575

  View details for PubMedID 31420392

• Feasibility and preliminary validity evidence for remote video-based assessment of clinicians in a global health setting. PloS one Smith, K. A., Setlhare, S. n., DeCaen, A. n., Donoghue, A. n., Mensinger, J. L., Zhang, B. n., Snow, B. n., Zambo, D. n., Ndlovu, K. n., Littman-Quinn, R. n., Bhanji, F. n., Meaney, P. A. 2019; 14 (8): e0220565

  Abstract

  Serious childhood illnesses (SCI), defined as severe pneumonia, severe dehydration, sepsis, and severe malaria, remain major contributors to amenable child mortality worldwide. Inadequate recognition and treatment of SCI are factors that impact child mortality in Botswana. Skills assessments of providers caring for SCI have not been validated in low and middle-income countries.To establish preliminary inter-rater reliability, validity evidence, and feasibility for an assessment of providers who care for SCI using simulated patients and remote video capture in community clinic settings in Botswana.This was a pilot study. Four scenarios were developed via a modified Delphi technique and implemented at primary care clinics in Kweneng, Botswana. Sessions were video captured and independently reviewed. Response process and internal structure analysis utilized intra-class correlation (ICC) and Fleiss' Kappa. A structured log was utilized for feasibility of remote video capture.Eleven subjects participated. Scenarios of Lower Airway Obstruction (ICC = 0.925, 95%CI 0.695-0.998) and Hypovolemic Shock from Severe Dehydration (ICC = 0.892, 95%CI 0.596-0.997) produced excellent ICC among raters while Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI, ICC = 0, 95%CI -0.034-0.97) and LRTI + Distributive Shock from Sepsis (0.365, 95%CI -0.025-0.967) were poor. Oxygen therapy (0.707), arranging transport (0.706), and fluid administration (0.701) demonstrated substantial task reliability.Initial development of an assessment tool demonstrates many, but not all, criteria for validity evidence. Some scenarios and tasks demonstrate excellent reliability among raters, but others may be limited by manikin design and study implementation. Remote simulation assessment of some skills by clinic-based providers in global health settings is reliable and feasible.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0220565

  View details for PubMedID 31374102

• Knowledge Accrual Following Participation in Pediatric Fundamental Critical Care Support Course in Gaborone, Botswana* PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Cox, M., Afonso, N., Mazhani, L., Kloeck, D., Mysore, M., Roy, K., Setlhare, S., Daman, T., Meaney, P. A. 2018; 19 (8): E417–E424

  Abstract

  To describe provider characteristics, knowledge acquisition, perceived relevance, and instruction quality of the Society of Critical Care Medicine's Pediatric Fundamentals of Critical Care Support course pilot implementation in Botswana.Observational, single center.Academic, upper middle-income country.Healthcare providers in Botswana.A cohort of healthcare providers completed the standard 2-day Pediatric Fundamentals of Critical Care Support course and qualitative survey during the course. Cognitive knowledge was assessed prior to and immediately following training using standard Pediatric Fundamentals of Critical Care Support multiple choice questionnaires. Data analysis used Fisher exact, chi-square, paired t test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum where appropriate.There was a significant increase in overall multiple choice questionnaires scores after training (mean 67% vs 77%; p < 0.001). Early career providers had significantly lower mean baseline scores (56% vs 71%; p < 0.01), greater knowledge acquisition (17% vs 7%; p < 0.02), but no difference in posttraining scores (73% vs 78%; p = 0.13) compared with more senior providers. Recent pediatric resuscitation or emergency training did not significantly impact baseline scores, posttraining scores, or decrease knowledge acquisition. Eighty-eight percent of providers perceived the course was highly relevant to their clinical practice, but only 71% reported the course equipment was similar to their current workplace.Pediatric Fundamentals of Critical Care Support training significantly increased provider knowledge to care for hospitalized seriously ill or injured children in Botswana. Knowledge accrual is most significant among early career providers and is not limited by previous pediatric resuscitation or emergency training. Further contextualization of the course to use equipment relevant to providers work environment may increase the value of training.

  View details for PubMedID 29901527

• Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet (London, England) 2017

  Abstract

  National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015.We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time.Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0-42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2-55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015.This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30818-8

  View details for PubMedID 28528753

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5528124

• Impact of contextualized pediatric resuscitation training on pediatric healthcare providers in Botswana RESUSCITATION Wright, S. W., Steenhoff, A. P., Elci, O., Wolfe, H. A., Ralston, M., Kgosiesele, T., Makone, I., Mazhani, L., Nadkarni, V. M., Meaney, P. A. 2015; 88: 57–62

  Abstract

  Worldwide, 6.6 million children die each year, partly due to a failure to recognize and treat acutely ill children. Programs that improve provider recognition and treatment initiation may improve child survival.Describe provider characteristics and hospital resources during a contextualized pediatric resuscitation training program in Botswana and determine if training impacts provider knowledge retention.The American Heart Association's Pediatric Emergency Assessment Recognition and Stabilization (PEARS) course was contextualized to Botswana resources and practice guidelines in this observational study. A cohort of facility-based nurses (FBN) was assessed prior to and 1-month following training. Survey tools assessed provider characteristics, cognitive knowledge and confidence and hospital pediatric resources. Data analysis utilized Fisher's exact, Chi-square, Wilcoxon rank-sum and linear regression where appropriate.61 healthcare providers (89% FBNs, 11% physicians) successfully completed PEARS training. Referral facilities had more pediatric specific equipment and high-flow oxygen. Median frequency of pediatric resuscitation was higher in referral compared to district level FBN's (5 [3,10] vs. 2 [1,3] p=0.007). While 50% of FBN's had previous resuscitation training, none was pediatric specific. Median provider confidence improved significantly after training (3.8/5 vs. 4.7/5, p<0.001), as did knowledge of correct management of acute pneumonia and diarrhea (44% vs. 100%, p<0.001, 6% vs. 67%, p<0.001, respectively).FBN's in Botswana report frequent resuscitation of ill children but low baseline training. Provider knowledge for recognition and initial treatment of respiratory distress and shock is low. Contextualized training significantly increased FBN provider confidence and knowledge retention 1-month after training.

  View details for PubMedID 25534076

• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: Improving Cardiac Resuscitation Outcomes Both Inside and Outside the Hospital: A Consensus Statement From the American Heart Association (vol 128, pg 417, 2013) CIRCULATION Meaney, P. A. 2013; 128 (20): E408

  View details for DOI 10.1161/01.cir.0000437040.13277.4f

  View details for Web of Science ID 000326915200007

• Training hospital providers in basic CPR skills in Botswana: Acquisition, retention and impact of novel training techniques RESUSCITATION Meaney, P. A., Sutton, R. M., Tsima, B., Steenhoff, A. P., Shilkofski, N., Boulet, J. R., Davis, A., Kestler, A. M., Church, K. K., Niles, D. E., Irving, S. Y., Mazhani, L., Nadkarni, V. M. 2012; 83 (12): 1484–90

  Abstract

  Globally, one third of deaths each year are from cardiovascular diseases, yet no strong evidence supports any specific method of CPR instruction in a resource-limited setting. We hypothesized that both existing and novel CPR training programs significantly impact skills of hospital-based healthcare providers (HCP) in Botswana.HCP were prospectively randomized to 3 training groups: instructor led, limited instructor with manikin feedback, or self-directed learning. Data was collected prior to training, immediately after and at 3 and 6 months. Excellent CPR was prospectively defined as having at least 4 of 5 characteristics: depth, rate, release, no flow fraction, and no excessive ventilation. GEE was performed to account for within subject correlation.Of 214 HCP trained, 40% resuscitate ≥ 1/month, 28% had previous formal CPR training, and 65% required additional skills remediation to pass using AHA criteria. Excellent CPR skill acquisition was significant (infant: 32% vs. 71%, p<0.01; adult 28% vs. 48%, p<0.01). Infant CPR skill retention was significant at 3 (39% vs. 70%, p<0.01) and 6 months (38% vs. 67%, p<0.01), and adult CPR skills were retained to 3 months (34% vs. 51%, p=0.02). On multivariable analysis, low cognitive score and need for skill remediation, but not instruction method, impacted CPR skill performance.HCP in resource-limited settings resuscitate frequently, with little CPR training. Using existing training, HCP acquire and retain skills, yet often require remediation. Novel techniques with increased student: instructor ratio and feedback manikins were not different compared to traditional instruction.

  View details for PubMedID 22561463

• Resuscitation training in developing countries: A systematic review RESUSCITATION Meaney, P. A., Topjian, A. A., Chandler, H. K., Botha, M., Soar, J., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M. 2010; 81 (11): 1462–72

  Abstract

  To evaluate whether the inclusion of any specific resuscitation training educational strategy in developing countries improves outcomes.As part of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation evidence evaluation process, a systematic review of the literature was conducted. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews; Medline; Google Scholar and EmBASE were searched using multiple search strategies.Forty-four papers were relevant to review, including 38 studies that provided support for the use of resuscitation training programs in developing countries. All studies that examined self-efficacy (15 studies) and student satisfaction (8 studies) reported improvement. There was no consistent testing method for educational outcomes across studies and few studies examined both educational outcomes and patient outcome (1 of 15 self-efficacy, 0 of 18 cognitive knowledge, 0 of 8 psychomotor skills, 0 of 5 simulated operational performance). Fourteen of 15 studies that examined patient survival were either newborn or trauma resuscitation, 1 adult resuscitation, and none were in pediatric resuscitation. Increased patient survival after resuscitation training was variable, with an absolute risk reduction that ranged from 0% to 34%.Resuscitation training in developing countries was well received and viewed as valuable training by the students and local counterparts. Important student, training environment characteristics, educational outcomes and patient outcomes were inconsistently defined and reported. Institution of training in trauma and newborn resuscitation in developing countries has significantly reduced mortality, but this has not been demonstrated with other training programs.

  View details for PubMedID 20727656

• FEASIBILITY TRIAL OF ADAPTIVE ELECTRONIC LEARNING FOR PEDIATRIC HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN TANZANIA Smith, Z., Hokororo, A., Masenge, T., Mwanga, J., Kalabamu, S., Berg, M., Rozenfeld, B., Xwatsal, E., Pastory, N., Msoke, I., Ndosi, H., Chami, N., Mkopi, N., Mwanga, C., Agweyu, A., Meaney, P. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023: 423

  View details for Web of Science ID 000921450901160

• Improved survival to hospital discharge in pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest using 2 Joules/kilogram as first defibrillation dose for initial pulseless ventricular arrhythmia. Resuscitation Hoyme, D. B., Zhou, Y., Girotra, S., Haskell, S. E., Samson, R. A., Meaney, P., Berg, M., Nadkarni, V. M., Berg, R. A., Hazinski, M. F., Lasa, J. J., Atkins, D. L. 2020

  Abstract

  The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends first defibrillation energy dose of 2 joules/kilogram (J/kg) for pediatric cardiac arrest with ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (pVT). However, optimal first energy dose remains unclear.METHODS: Using AHA Get With the Guidelines-Resuscitation (GWTG-R) database, we identified children ≤12 yo with IHCA due to VF/pVT. Primary exposure was energy dose in J/kg. We categorized energy doses: 1.7-2.5J/kg as reference (reflecting 2J/kg intended dose),<1.7J/kg and >2.5J/kg. We compared survival for reference doses to all other doses. We constructed models to test association of energy dose with survival; adjusting for age, location, illness category, initial rhythm and vasoactive medications.RESULTS: We identified 301 patients ≤12 yo with index IHCA and initial VF/pVT. Survival to discharge was significantly lower with energy doses other than 1.7-2.5J/kg. Individual dose categories of<1.7J/kg or >2.5J/kg were not associated with differences in survival. For patients with initial VF, doses >2.5J/kg had worse survival compared to reference. For all patients ≤18 yo (n=422), there were no differences in survival between dosing categories. However, all ≤18 with initial VF receiving >2.5J/kg had worse survival.CONCLUSIONS: First energy doses other than 1.7-2.5J/kg are associated with lower rate of survival to hospital discharge in patients ≤12 yo with initial VF/pVT, and first doses >2.5J/kg had lower survival rates in all patients ≤18 yo with initial VF. These results support current AHA guidelines for first pediatric defibrillation energy dose of 2J/kg.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.05.048

  View details for PubMedID 32522702

• Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcome Reports: Update of the Utstein Resuscitation Registry Template for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest A Consensus Report From a Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, European Resuscitation Council, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa, Resuscitation Council of Asia) RESUSCITATION Nolan, J. P., Berg, R. A., Andersen, L. W., Bhanji, F., Chan, P. S., Donnino, M. W., Lim, S., Ma, M., Nadkarni, V. M., Starks, M. A., Perkins, G. D., Morley, P. T., Soar, J., Aickin, R., Atkins, D. L., Berg, K. M., Bingham, R., Bottiger, B. W., Brooks, S. C., Callaway, C. W., Castren, M., Chung, S., Considine, J., Couto, T., De Caen, A. R., Deakin, C. D., Drennan, I. R., Escalante, R., Gazmuri, R. J., Guerguerian, A., Hazinski, M., Kudenchuk, P. J., Lofgren, B., Maconochie, I., Mancini, M. E., Meaney, P. A., Neumar, R. W., Ng, K., Nicholson, T. C., Nishiyama, C., Nuthall, G. A., Olasveengen, T. M., Paiva, E. F., Parr, M. J., Reis, A. G., Reynolds, J. C., Ristagno, G., Sandroni, C., Schexnayder, S. M., Scholefield, B. R., Smyth, M. A., Stanton, D., Tijssen, J. A., Vaillancourt, C., van de Voorde, P., Wang, T., Welsford, M., Utstein Collaborators 2019; 144: 166–77

  Abstract

  Utstein-style reporting templates provide a structured framework with which to compare systems of care for cardiac arrest. The 2004 Utstein reporting template encompassed both out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest. A 2015 update of the Utstein template focused on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, which makes this update of the in-hospital template timely. Representatives of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation developed an updated in-hospital Utstein reporting template iteratively by meeting face-to-face, by teleconference, and by online surveys between 2013 and 2018. Data elements were grouped by hospital factors, patient variables, pre-event factors, cardiac arrest and postresuscitation processes, and outcomes. Elements were classified as core or supplemental by use of a modified Delphi process. Variables were described as core if they were considered essential. Core variables should enable reasonable comparisons between systems and are considered essential for quality improvement programs. Together with core variables, supplementary variables are considered useful for research.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.08.021

  View details for Web of Science ID 000493389300023

  View details for PubMedID 31536777

• Paediatric targeted temperature management post cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis RESUSCITATION Buick, J. E., Wallner, C., Aickin, R., Meaney, P. A., de Caen, A., Maconochie, I., Skifvars, M. B., Welsford, M., Atkins, D., Bingham, R., Couto, T., Guerguerian, A., Hazinski, M., Layonas, E., Nadkarni, V., Ng, K., Nuthall, G., Ohshimo, S., Ong, Y., Reis, A., Schexnayder, S., Scholefield, B., Shimizu, N., Tijssen, J., Van de Voorde, P., Int Liaison Comm Resuscitation 2019; 139: 65–75

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.03.038

  View details for Web of Science ID 000470076000009

• Paediatric targeted temperature management post cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation Buick, J. E., Wallner, C., Aickin, R., Meaney, P. A., de Caen, A., Maconochie, I., Skifvars, M. B., Welsford, M., International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Pediatric Life Support Task Force, Meaney, P., Aickin, R., de Caen, A., Maconochie, I., Atkins, D., Bingham, R., Couto, T. B., Guerguerian, A., Hazinski, M. F., Layonas, E., Nadkarni, V., Ng, K., Nuthall, G., Ohshimo, S., Ong, Y. G., Reis, A., Schexnayder, S., Scholefield, B., Shimizu, N., Tijssen, J., Van de Voorde, P. 2019

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation prioritized the need to update the review on the use of targeted temperature management (TTM) in paediatric post cardiac arrest care. In this meta-analysis, the effectiveness of TTM at 32-36°C was compared with no target or a different target for comatose children who achieve a return of sustained circulation after cardiac arrest.METHODS: Electronic databases were searched from inception to December 13, 2018. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies with a comparator group that evaluated TTM in children were included. Pairs of independent reviewers extracted the demographic and outcome data, appraised risk of bias, and assessed GRADE certainty of effects. A random effects meta-analysis was undertaken where possible.RESULTS: Twelve studies involving 2060 patients were included. Two randomized controlled trials provided the evidence that TTM at 32-34°C compared with a target at 36-37.5°C did not statistically improve long-term good neurobehavioural survival (risk ratio: 1.15; 95% CI: 0.69-1.93), long-term survival (RR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.93-1.39), or short-term survival (risk ratio: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.96-1.36). TTM at 32-34°C did not show statistically increased risks of infection, recurrent cardiac arrest, serious bleeding, or arrhythmias. A novel analysis suggests that another small RCT might provide enough evidence to show benefit for TTM in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.CONCLUSION: There is currently inconclusive evidence to either support or refute the use of TTM at 32-34°C for comatose children who achieve return of sustained circulation after cardiac arrest. Future trials should focus on children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

  View details for PubMedID 30951842

• 2018 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations Summary CIRCULATION Soar, J., Donnino, M. W., Maconochie, I., Aickin, R., Atkins, D. L., Andersen, L. W., Berg, K. M., Bingham, R., Boettiger, B. W., Callaway, C. W., Couper, K., Couto, T., de Caen, A. R., Deakin, C. D., Drennan, I. R., Guerguerian, A., Lavonas, E. J., Meaney, P. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Neumar, R. W., Ng, K., Nicholson, T. C., Nuthall, G. A., Ohshimo, S., O'Neil, B. J., Ong, G., Paiva, E. F., Parr, M. J., Reis, A. G., Reynolds, J. C., Ristagno, G., Sandroni, C., Schexnayder, S. M., Scholefield, B. R., Shimizu, N., Tijssen, J. A., Van de Voorde, P., Wang, T., Welsford, M., Hazinski, M., Nolan, J. P., Morley, P. T., ILCOR Collaborators 2018; 138 (23): E714–E730

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000611

  View details for Web of Science ID 000452030100001

• 2018 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations Summary RESUSCITATION Soar, J., Donnino, M. W., Maconochie, I., Aickin, R., Atkins, D. L., Andersen, L. W., Berg, K. M., Bingham, R., Boettiger, B. W., Callaway, C. W., Couper, K., Couto, T., de Caen, A. R., Deakin, C. D., Drennan, I. R., Guerguerian, A., Lavonas, E. J., Meaney, P. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Neumar, R. W., Ng, K., Nicholson, T. C., Nuthall, G. A., Ohshimo, S., O'Neil, B. J., Ong, G., Paiva, E. F., Parr, M. J., Reis, A. G., Reynolds, J. C., Ristagno, G., Sandroni, C., Schexnayder, S. M., Scholefield, B. R., Shimizu, N., Tijssen, J. A., Van de Voorde, P., Wang, T., Welsford, M., Hazinski, M., Nolan, J. P., Morley, P. T., ILCOR Collaborators 2018; 133: 194–206

  Abstract

  The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has initiated a continuous review of new, peer-reviewed, published cardiopulmonary resuscitation science. This is the second annual summary of International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations that includes the most recent cardiopulmonary resuscitation science reviewed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. This summary addresses the role of antiarrhythmic drugs in adults and children and includes the Advanced Life Support Task Force and Pediatric Task Force consensus statements, which summarize the most recent published evidence and an assessment of the quality of the evidence based on Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria. The statements include consensus treatment recommendations approved by members of the relevant task forces. Insights into the deliberations of each task force are provided in the Values and Preferences and Task Force Insights sections. Finally, the task force members have listed the top knowledge gaps for further research.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.10.017

  View details for Web of Science ID 000451022200041

  View details for PubMedID 30409433

• 2017 American Heart Association Focused Update on Pediatric Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality An Update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care CIRCULATION Atkins, D. L., de Caen, A. R., Berger, S., Samson, R. A., Schexnayder, S. M., Joyner, B. L., Bigham, B. L., Niles, D. E., Duff, J. P., Hunt, E. A., Meaney, P. A. 2018; 137 (1): E1–E6

  Abstract

  This focused update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care follows the Pediatric Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation evidence review. It aligns with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation's continuous evidence review process, and updates are published when the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation completes a literature review based on new science. This update provides the evidence review and treatment recommendation for chest compression-only CPR versus CPR using chest compressions with rescue breaths for children <18 years of age. Four large database studies were available for review, including 2 published after the "2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care." Two demonstrated worse 30-day outcomes with chest compression-only CPR for children 1 through 18 years of age, whereas 2 studies documented no difference between chest compression-only CPR and CPR using chest compressions with rescue breaths. When the results were analyzed for infants <1 year of age, CPR using chest compressions with rescue breaths was better than no CPR but was no different from chest compression-only CPR in 1 study, whereas another study observed no differences among chest compression-only CPR, CPR using chest compressions with rescue breaths, and no CPR. CPR using chest compressions with rescue breaths should be provided for infants and children in cardiac arrest. If bystanders are unwilling or unable to deliver rescue breaths, we recommend that rescuers provide chest compressions for infants and children.

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000540

  View details for Web of Science ID 000428024500001

  View details for PubMedID 29114009

• 2017 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations Summary CIRCULATION Olasveengen, T. M., de Caen, A. R., Mancini, M. E., Maconochie, I. K., Aickin, R., Atkins, D. L., Berg, R. A., Bingham, R. M., Brooks, S. C., Castren, M., Chung, S., Considine, J., Couto, T., Escalante, R., Gazmuri, R. J., Guerguerian, A., Hatanaka, T., Koster, R. W., Kudenchuk, P. J., Lang, E., Lim, S., Lofgren, B., Meaney, P. A., Montgomery, W. H., Morley, P. T., Morrison, L. J., Nation, K. J., Ng, K., Nadkarni, V. M., Nishiyama, C., Nuthall, G., Ong, G., Perkins, G. D., Reis, A. G., Ristagno, G., Sakamoto, T., Sayre, M. R., Schexnayder, S. M., Sierra, A. F., Singletary, E. M., Shimizu, N., Smyth, M. A., Stanton, D., Tijssen, J. A., Travers, A., Vaillancourt, C., Van de Voorde, P., Hazinski, M., Nolan, J. P., ILCOR Collaborators 2017; 136 (23): E424–E440

  Abstract

  The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has initiated a near-continuous review of cardiopulmonary resuscitation science that replaces the previous 5-year cyclic batch-and-queue approach process. This is the first of an annual series of International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations summary articles that will include the cardiopulmonary resuscitation science reviewed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation in the previous year. The review this year includes 5 basic life support and 1 pediatric Consensuses on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Each of these includes a summary of the science and its quality based on Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task force members are provided in Values and Preferences sections. Finally, the task force members have prioritized and listed the top 3 knowledge gaps for each population, intervention, comparator, and outcome question.

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000541

  View details for Web of Science ID 000417016800001

  View details for PubMedID 29114010

• 2017 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations Summary RESUSCITATION Olasveengen, T. M., de Caen, A. R., Mancini, M. E., Maconochie, I. K., Aickin, R., Atkins, D. L., Berg, R. A., Bingham, R. M., Brooks, S. C., Castren, M., Chung, S., Considine, J., Couto, T., Escalante, R., Gazmuri, R. J., Guerguerian, A., Hatanaka, T., Koster, R. W., Kudenchuk, P. J., Lang, E., Lim, S., Lofgren, B., Meaney, P. A., Montgomery, W. H., Morley, P. T., Morrison, L. J., Nation, K. J., Ng, K., Nadkarni, V. M., Nishiyama, C., Nuthall, G., Ong, G., Perkins, G. D., Reis, A. G., Ristagno, G., Sakamoto, T., Sayre, M. R., Schexnayder, S. M., Sierra, A. F., Singletary, E. M., Shimizu, N., Smyth, M. A., Stanton, D., Tijssen, J. A., Travers, A., Vaillancourt, C., Van de Voorde, P., Hazinski, M., Nolan, J. P., ILCOR Collaborators 2017; 121: 201–14

  Abstract

  The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has initiated a near-continuous review of cardiopulmonary resuscitation science that replaces the previous 5-year cyclic batch-and-queue approach process. This is the first of an annual series of International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations summary articles that will include the cardiopulmonary resuscitation science reviewed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation in the previous year. The review this year includes 5 basic life support and 1 paediatric Consensuses on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Each of these includes a summary of the science and its quality based on Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task force members are provided in Values and Preferences sections. Finally, the task force members have prioritised and listed the top 3 knowledge gaps for each population, intervention, comparator, and outcome question.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.10.021

  View details for Web of Science ID 000416179400043

  View details for PubMedID 29128145

• Don't wait for the weight RESUSCITATION Fowler, J. C., Woods-Hill, C. Z., Meaney, P. A. 2017; 117: A3–A4

  View details for PubMedID 28610964

• Improved Retention of Chest Compression Psychomotor Skills With Brief "Rolling Refresher" Training SIMULATION IN HEALTHCARE-JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR SIMULATION IN HEALTHCARE Niles, D. E., Nishisaki, A., Sutton, R. M., Elci, O. U., Meaney, P. A., O'Connor, K. A., Leffelman, J., Kramer-Johansen, J., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. 2017; 12 (4): 213–19

  Abstract

  High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is critical to improve survival from cardiac arrest. However, cardiopulmonary resuscitation knowledge and psychomotor skill proficiency are transient. We hypothesized that brief, in situ refresher training will improve chest compression (CC) psychomotor skill retention for bedside providers.Nurses completed a baseline skill evaluation of CC quality 6 months after traditional basic life support recertification. Data collected using ResusciAnne with SkillReporter included the following: CC depth, rate, complete release, and correct hand position. Total compliance was defined as 100% CC with depth of 50 mm or greater, rate of 100/min or greater, and more than 90% complete release. After the baseline evaluation, the subjects completed "Rolling Refresher" (RR) CC psychomotor training using audiovisual feedback every 2 to 3 months for 12 months until 30 seconds of CCs fulfilling total compliance criteria was achieved. Chest compression quality evaluations were repeated twice ("RR 6 month" and "RR 12 month" evaluation) after implementation of RR program.Thirty-seven providers enrolled and completed the baseline evaluation. Mean depth was 36.3 (9.7) mm, and 8% met criteria for depth, 35% for rate, and 5% for total compliance. After RRs were implemented, CC quality improved significantly at RR 6-month evaluation: odds ratio for meeting criteria were the following: depth of 35.1 (95% confidence interval = 2.5496, P = 0.009) and total compliance of 22.3 (95% confidence interval = 2.1239, P = 0.010). There was no difference in CC quality at RR 12-month versus RR 6-month evaluation.Retention of CC psychomotor skill quality is limited to 6 months after traditional basic life support recertification. Rolling Refresher CC training can significantly improve retention of CC psychomotor skills. Whether CC skills are improved, maintained, or deteriorate after 12 months of Refresher training and optimal frequency of Refreshers is unknown.

  View details for PubMedID 28368963

• Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015 Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study JAMA PEDIATRICS Kassebaum, N., Hmwe Kyu, H., Zoeckler, L., Elizabeth Olsen, H., Thomas, K., Pinho, C., Bhutta, Z. A., Dandona, L., Ferrari, A., Ghiwot, T., Hay, S. I., Kinfu, Y., Liang, X., Lopez, A., Carvalho Malta, D., Mokdad, A. H., Naghavi, M., Patton, G. C., Salomon, J., Sartorius, B., Topor-Madry, R., Vollset, S., Werdecker, A., Whiteford, H. A., Abate, K., Abbas, K., Damtew, S., Ahmed, M., Akseer, N., Al-Raddadi, R., Alemayohu, M., Altirkawi, K., Abajobir, A., Amare, A. T., Antonio, C. T., Amlov, J., Al Artaman, Asayesh, H., Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Bacha, U., Betsu, B., Barac, A., Bamighausen, T., Baye, E., Bedi, N., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Alberto Bernal, O., Beyene, A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Anne Boyce, C., Brazinova, A., Hailu, G., Carter, A., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Charlson, F. J., Chitheer, A. A., Choi, J., Ciobanu, L. G., Crump, J., Dandona, R., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribew, A., deveber, G., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Dubey, M., Endries, A., Erskine, H. E., Faraon, E., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fernandes, J. C., Obadare Fijabi, D., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T. D., Sorio Flor, L., Foreman, K. J., Franklin, R. C., Fraser, M. S., Frostad, J. J., Fullman, N., Gebregergs, G., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J. M., Gibney, K. B., Yihdego, M., Ginawi, I., Gishu, M., Gizachew, T., Glaser, E., Gold, A. L., Goldberg, E., Gona, P., Goto, A., Gugnani, H., Jiang, G., Gupta, R., Tesfay, F., Hankey, G. J., Havmoeller, R., Hijar, M., Horino, M., Hosgood, H., Hu, G., Jacobsen, K. H., Jakovljevic, M. B., Jayaraman, S. P., Jha, V., Jibat, T., Johnson, C. O., Jonas, J., Kasaeian, A., Kawakami, N., Keiyoro, P. N., Khalil, I., Khang, Y., Khubchandani, J., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. A., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L. D., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K. J., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kulikoff, R., Kumar, A., Lal, D., Lam, H. Y., Larson, H. J., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Leung, J., Lim, S. S., Lo, L., Lo, W. D., Looker, K. J., Lotufo, P. A., El Razek, H., Malekzadeh, R., Shifti, D., Mazidi, M., Meaney, P. A., Meles, K., Memiah, P., Mendoza, W., Mengistie, M., Mengistu, G., Mensah, G. A., Miller, T. R., Mock, C., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Mueller, U., Nagata, C., Naheed, A., Nguyen, G., Le Nguyen, Q., Nsoesie, E., Oh, I., Okoro, A., Olusanya, J., Olusanya, B. O., Ortiz, A., Paudel, D., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Polanczyk, G. V., Pourmalek, F., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Rankin, Z., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A. N., Roba, H., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Sagar, R., Sanabria, J., Mohammed, M., Santos, I. S., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Ben Schottker, Schwebel, D. C., Scott, J. G., Sepanlou, S. G., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M., She, J., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I., Singh, J., Silpakit, N., Smith, A., Sreeramareddy, C., Stanaway, J. D., Stein, D. J., Steiner, C., Sufiyan, M., Swaminathan, S., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tadese, F., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T., Shifa, G., Terkawi, A., Thomas, B., Thomson, A. J., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Tran, B., Troeger, C., Ukwaja, K. N., Uthman, O., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Vlassov, V., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Gebrehiwot, S., Westerman, R., Williams, H. C., Wolfe, C. A., Woodbrook, R., Yano, Y., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaki, M., Zegeye, E., Zuhlke, L., Murray, C. L., Vos, T. 2017; 171 (6): 573–92

  Abstract

  Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health.To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion.Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss.Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3% (95% UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries.Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored.

  View details for PubMedID 28384795

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5540012

• Survival Rates Following Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrests During Nights and Weekends JAMA PEDIATRICS Bhanji, F., Topjian, A. A., Nadkarni, V., Praestgaard, A. H., Hunt, E. A., Cheng, A., Meaney, P. A., Berg, R. A., Amer Heart Assoc Get Guidelines-Re 2017; 171 (1): 39–45

  Abstract

  Nearly 6000 hospitalized children in the United States receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) annually. Little is known about whether the survival of these children is influenced by the time of the event (eg, nighttime or weekends). Differences in survival could have important implications for hospital staffing, training, and resource allocation.To determine whether outcomes after pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrests differ during nights and weekends compared with days/evenings and weekdays.This study included a total of 354 hospitals participating in the American Heart Association's Get With the Guidelines-Resuscitation registry from January 1, 2000, to December 12, 2012. Index cases (12 404 children) from all children younger than 18 years of age receiving CPR for at least 2 minutes were included. Data analysis was performed in December 2014 and June 2016. We aggregated hourly blocks of time, using previously defined time intervals of day/evening and night, as well as weekend. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of independent variables on survival to hospital discharge. We used a combination of a priori variables based on previous literature (including age, first documented rhythm, location of event in hospital, extracorporeal CPR, and hypotension as the cause of arrest), as well as variables that were identified in bivariate generalized estimating equation models, and maintained significance of P ≤ .15 in the final multivariable models.The primary outcome measure was survival to hospital discharge, and secondary outcomes included return of circulation lasting more than 20 minutes and 24-hour survival.Of 12 404 children (56.0% were male), 8731 (70.4%) experienced a return of circulation lasting more than 20 minutes, 7248 (58.4%) survived for 24 hours, and 4488 (36.2%) survived to hospital discharge. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that the rate of survival to hospital discharge was lower during nights than during days/evenings (adjusted odds ratio, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.80-0.97]; P = .007) but was not different between weekends and weekdays (adjusted odds ratio, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.84-1.01]; P = .09).The rate of survival to hospital discharge was lower for pediatric CPR events occurring at night than for CPR events occurring during daytime and evening hours, even after adjusting for many potentially confounding patient-, event-, and hospital-related factors.

  View details for PubMedID 27820606

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6159879

• Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 LANCET Wang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Carter, A., Casey, D. C., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., Coates, M. M., Coggeshall, M., Dandona, L., Dicker, D. J., Erskine, H. E., Ferrari, A. J., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M. H., Fraser, M. S., Pullman, N., Gething, P. W., Goldberg, E. M., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J. A., Hay, S. I., Huynh, C., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N. J., Kinfu, Y., Kulikoff, X. R., Kutz, M., Kyu, H. H., Larson, H. J., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S. S., Lind, M., Lozano, R., Marquez, N., Mensah, G. A., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A. H., Mooney, M. D., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D. M., Pinho, C., Roth, G. A., Salomon, J. A., Sandar, L., Silpakit, N., Sligar, A., Sorensen, R. J., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B. A., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Vollset, S. E., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H. A., Wolock, T., Zoeckler, L., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Abreu, D. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abyu, G. Y., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A. L., Ademi, Z., Adou, A. K., Adsuar, J. C., Afanvi, K. A., Afshin, A., Agardh, E. E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A. A., Ajala, O. N., Akanda, A. S., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F. H., Alabed, S., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N. K., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S. F., Aldridge, R. W., Alegretti, M. A., Aleman, A. V., Alemu, Z. A., Alexander, L. T., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Martin, E. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amegah, A. K., Ameh, E. A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S. M., Andersen, H. H., Anderson, B., Anderson, G. M., Antonio, C. A., Aregay, A. F., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V. S., Al Artaman, Asayesh, H., Asghar, R. J., Atique, S., Arthur Avokpaho, E. F., Awasthi, A., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M. C., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, A., Basu, S., Bayou, Y. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Belay, H. A., Bell, B., Bell, M. L., Bello, A. K., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B. D., Beyene, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A. A., Biroscak, B. J., Biryukov, S., Bjertness, E., Blore, J. D., Blosser, C. D., Bohensky, M. A., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Bourne, R. R., Brainin, M., Brayne, C. E., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J., Brenner, H., Brewer, J. D., Brown, A., Brown, J., Brugha, T. S., Buckle, G. C., Butt, Z. A., Calabria, B., Campos-Novato, I. R., Campuzano, J. C., Carapetis, J. R., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J. J., Castaneda-Oquela, C. A., Rivas, J. C., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Cerda, J., Chen, W., Chew, A., Chiang, P. P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V. H., Choi, J. J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Cohen, A. J., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S. M., Cooper, C., Cooper, L. T., Cortinovis, M., Cowie, B. C., Crump, J. A., Damsere-Derry, J., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Darby, S. C., Dargan, P. I., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A. C., Davitoiu, D. V., de Castro, E. F., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E. L., dos Santos, K. P., Dossou, E., Driscoll, T. R., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Bartholow, B., Ellenbogen, R. G., Lycke, C., Elyazar, I., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Faghmous, I. D., Fahimi, S., Jose, E., Farid, T. A., Sa Farinha, C. S., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V. L., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J. G., Fernandes, J. C., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R., Flaxman, A., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F. G., Franca, E. B., Franklin, R. C., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Hirst, T., Futran, N. D., Gall, S. L., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F. G., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Gebru, A. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Gessner, B. D., Ghoshal, A. G., Gibney, K. B., Gillum, R. F., Gilmour, S., Giref, A. Z., Giroud, M., Gishu, M. D., Giussani, G., Glaser, E., Godwin, W. W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Gosselin, R. A., Gotay, C. C., Goto, A., Gouda, H. N., Greaves, F., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R. A., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Halasa, Y. A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A. J., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J. M., Havmoeller, R., Heckbert, S. R., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Heydarpour, P., Hilderink, H. B., Hoek, H. W., Hogg, R. S., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hotez, P. J., Hoy, D. G., Hsairi, M., Htet, A. S., Than Htike, M. M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Huybrechts, I., Huynh, G., Iburg, K. M., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V. J., Jacobs, T. A., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., James, P., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S. P., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P. N., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jonas, J. B., Joshi, T. K., Kabir, Z., Karnak, R., Kan, H., Kant, S., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karimkhani, C., Karletsos, D., Karthikeyan, G., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J. F., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I. A., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Muthafer Khoja, T. A., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y. J., Kissela, B. M., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L. D., Knudsen, A. K., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Krog, N. H., Defo, B. K., Bicer, B. K., Kudom, A. A., Kuipers, E. J., Kulkarni, V. S., Kumar, G. A., Kwan, G. F., Lal, A., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lam, J. O., Langan, S. M., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A., Laryea, D. O., Latif, A. A., Lawrynowicz, A. E., Leigh, J., Levi, M., Li, Y., Lindsay, M. P., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, P. Y., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P. A., Lucas, R. M., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Ma, S., Pedro Machado, V. M., Mackay, M. T., Maclachlan, J. H., Abd El Razek, H. M., Abd El Razek, M. M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Ayele Manamo, W. A., Mandisarisa, J., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C. C., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D. J., Martin, G. R., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M. B., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A. J., Massano, J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B. M., McGarvey, S. T., McGrath, J. J., McKee, M., McMahon, B. J., Meaney, P. A., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A. B., Melaku, Y. A., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mhimbira, F. A., Micha, R., Miller, T. R., Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C. N., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohan, V., Mola, G. L., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J. C., Montero, P., Montico, M., Montine, T. J., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Morgan, K., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Satyanarayana Murthy, G. V., Murthy, S., Musa, K. I., Nachega, J. B., Nagel, G., Naidoo, K. S., Naik, N., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S., Newton, C. R., Newton, J. N., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F. N., Ngirabega, J. d., Quyen Le Nguyen, Q., Nisar, M. I., Nkamedjie Pete, P. M., Nomura, M., Norheim, O. F., Norman, P. E., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Ogbo, F. A., Ohkubo, T., Ojelabi, F. A., Olivares, P. R., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Opio, J. N., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Ozdemir, R., Pa, M., Pandian, J. D., Pant, P. R., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Park, J., Parry, C. D., Parsaeian, M., Caicedo, A. J., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Paul, V. K., Pearce, N., Pedro, J. M., Stokic, L. P., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Piel, F. B., Pillay, J. D., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J. A., Polinder, S., Pope, C. A., Popova, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Qorbani, M., Quame-Amaglo, J., Quistberg, D. A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H., Rahman, S. u., Rai, R. K., Rajavi, Z., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Rakovac, I., Rana, S. M., Ranabhat, C. L., Rangaswamy, T., Rao, P., Rao, S. R., Refaat, A. H., Rehm, J., Reitsma, M. B., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Ribeiro, A. L., Ricci, S., Blancas, M. J., Roberts, B., Roca, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Roy, N. K., Ruhago, G. M., Sagar, R., Saha, S., Sahathevan, R., Saleh, M. M., Sanabria, J. R., Sanchez-Nino, M. D., Sanchez-Riera, L., Santos, I. S., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M. P., Schmidt, M. I., Schneider, I. J., Schottker, B., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Shackelford, K. A., Shaddick, G., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M. A., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shen, Z., Shepard, D. S., Sheth, K. N., Shetty, B. P., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M. G., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silberberg, D. H., Silva, D. A., Silveira, D. G., Silverberg, J. I., Simard, E. P., Singh, A., Singh, G. M., Singh, J. A., Singh, O. P., Singh, P. K., Singh, V., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soriano, J. B., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D. J., Stein, M. B., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B. F., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., Szoeke, C. E., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Takahashi, K., Takala, J. S., Talongwa, R. T., Tandon, N., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H. R., Ao, B. J., Tedla, B. A., Tefera, W. M., ten Have, M., Terkawi, A. S., Tesfay, F. H., Tessema, G. A., Thomson, A. J., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Thrift, A. G., Thurston, G. D., Tillmann, T., Tirschwell, D. L., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Nx, J. A., Traebert, J., Tran, B. X., Truelsen, T., Trujillo, U., Tura, A. K., Tuzcu, E. M., Uchendu, U. S., Ukwaja, K. N., Undurraga, E. A., Uthman, O. A., Van Dingenen, R., van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A. M., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Vijayakumar, L., Villalpando, S., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V. V., Wagner, J. A., Wagner, G. R., Wallin, M. T., Wang, L., Watkins, D. A., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R. A., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J. D., Williams, H. C., Wiysonge, C. S., Woldeyohannes, S. M., Wolfe, C. D., Won, S., Wong, J. Q., Woolf, A. D., Xavier, D., Xiao, Q., Xu, G., Yakob, B., Yalew, A. Z., Yan, L. L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H. G., Yip, P., Yirsaw, B. D., Yonemoto, N., Yonga, G., Younis, M. Z., Yu, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M. E., Zannad, F., Zavala, D. E., Zeeb, H., Zeleke, B. M., Zhang, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L. J., Vos, T., Lopez, A. D., Murray, C. J. 2016; 388 (10053): 1459-1544

  Abstract

  Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures.We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4-61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5-72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7-17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5-70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6-5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8-18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6-16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9-14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1-44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7-51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8-34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3-37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death.At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000385285000007

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5388903

• Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 LANCET Wang, H., Bhutta, Z. A., Coates, M. M., Coggeshall, M., Dandona, L., Diallo, K., Franca, E., Fraser, M., Fullman, N., Gething, P. W., Hay, S. I., Kinfu, Y., Kita, M., Kulikoff, X., Larson, H. J., Liang, J., Liang, X., Lim, S. S., Lind, M., Lopez, A. D., Lozano, R., Mensah, G. A., Mikesell, J. B., Mokdad, A. H., Mooney, M. D., Naghavi, M., Nguyen, G., Rakovac, I., Salomon, J. A., Silpakit, N., Sligar, A., Sorensen, R. D., Vos, T., Zhu, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abera, S., Aboyans, V., Abraham, B., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. E., Abyu, G., Achoki, T., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Adelekan, A., Adou, A., Agarwal, A., Ajala, O. N., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Alam, K., Alam, N. M., Alasfoor, D., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Alemu, Z., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Ameh, E. A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H. H., Anderson, G. M., Antonio, C. T., Arlov, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Banigbe, B. F., Barac, A., Barber, R. M., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T., Barrero, L. H., Bayou, T., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Bekele, T., Bell, M. L., Bello, A. K., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J. D., Bourne, R. A., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. K., Brown, A., Colin Buckle, G., Burch, M., Butt, Z. A., Ricardo Campos-Nonato, I., Cesar Campuzano, J., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D. O., Jesus Carrero, J., Carter, A., Casey, D. C., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Rivas, J., Castro, R., Catala-Lopez, F., Cercy, K., Chang, H., Chang, J., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L. G., Colquhoun, S. M., Cooper, C., Cornaby, L., Damtew, S., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., das Neves, J., Davis, A. C., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D., deVeber, G. A., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Ding, E. L., Doshi, P., Doyle, K. E., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Ebrahimi, H., Ellingsen, C., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Faraon, E., Farid, T. A., Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J. C., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. A., Foigt, N., Franklin, R. C., Friedman, J., Furst, T., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Ganguly, P., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J. M., Gessner, B. D., Ginawi, I., Giref, A., Gishu, M., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Goto, A., Gouda, H. N., Gugnani, H., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gyawali, B., Haagsma, J. A., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A. J., Hankey, G. J., Harb, H. L., Harikrishnan, S., Harun, K. M., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Heredia-Pi, I., Hoek, H. W., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hotez, P. J., Hoy, D. G., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, J. J., Huang, H., Huiart, L., Huynh, C., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B. T., Innos, K., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A., Jee, S., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jin, Y., Jonas, J. B., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Kang, G., Karch, A., Karema, C., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J., Kazanjan, K., Keiyoro, P., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I. A., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khonelidze, I., Khubchandani, J., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L. D., Kokubo, Y., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A. A., Kumar, G., Kutz, M. J., Kyu, H. H., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lam, J. O., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Li, Y., Li, Y., Lindsay, M., Liu, P. Y., Liu, S., Lloyd, B. K., Lo, W. D., Logroscino, G., Low, N., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Ma, S., Abd El Razek, H., Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mapoma, C. C., Marcenes, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Masiye, F., McGrath, J. J., Meaney, P. A., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Mekonnen, A. B., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mhimbira, F., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C. N., Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S. U., Monasta, L., Hernandez, J., Montico, M., Moore, A. R., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Mueller, U. O., Murphy, G. V., Murthy, S., Nachega, J. B., Naheed, A., Naidoo, K. S., Naldi, L., Nand, D., Nangia, V., Neupane, S., Newton, C. R., Newton, J. N., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Nguhiu, P., Quyen Le Nguyen, Nisar, M., Pete, P., Norheim, O. F., Norman, R. E., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Ojelabi, F., Olivares, P. R., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Oren, E., Ota, E., Mahesh, P. A., Park, E., Park, H., Parsaeian, M., Caicedo, A., Patten, S. B., Pedro, J., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Pillay, J., Pishgar, F., Polinder, S., Pope, D., Popova, S., Pourmalek, F., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R. S., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Raju, M., Ram, U., Rana, S. M., Ranabhat, C., Rao, P., Refaat, A. H., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Reynolds, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Roy, A., Ruhago, G., Sagar, R., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J. R., Sanchez-Nino, M., Santos, I. S., Santos, J., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schneider, I. C., Schottker, B., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Setegn, T., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Sheth, K. N., Shibuya, K., Shin, H., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shuie, I., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E. P., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J. A., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Soriano, J. B., Soshnikov, S., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Stroumpoulis, K., Sturua, L., Sunguya, B. F., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., Szoeke, C. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Tekle, T., Shifa, G., Terkawi, A., Tesfay, F., Tessema, G., Thapa, K., Thomson, A. J., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Tran, B., Troeger, C., Truelsen, T., Dimbuene, Z., Tura, A., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K. N., Uneke, C., Uthman, O. A., Vaezghasemi, M., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Verma, R., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Weiss, D. J., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Widdowson, M., Wijeratne, T., Williams, T., Wiysonge, C., Wolfe, C. A., Wolfe, I., Won, S., Wubshet, M., Xiao, Q., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yakob, B., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zeeb, H., Zhang, H., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhou, M., Zodpey, S., Murray, C. L., GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collabora 2016; 388 (10053): 1725–74

  Abstract

  Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time.Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for under-5 mortality. Third, we analysed levels and cause compositions of under-5 mortality, across time and geographies, as they related to rising SDI. Finally, we decomposed the changes in under-5 mortality to changes in SDI at the global level, as well as changes in leading causes of under-5 deaths for countries and territories. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 child mortality estimation process, as well as data sources, in accordance with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).Globally, 5·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·7-6·0) children younger than 5 years died in 2015, representing a 52·0% (95% UI 50·7-53·3) decrease in the number of under-5 deaths since 1990. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths fell at a slower pace since 1990, decreasing by 42·4% (41·3-43·6) to 2·6 million (2·6-2·7) neonatal deaths and 47·0% (35·1-57·0) to 2·1 million (1·8-2·5) stillbirths in 2015. Between 1990 and 2015, global under-5 mortality decreased at an annualised rate of decrease of 3·0% (2·6-3·3), falling short of the 4·4% annualised rate of decrease required to achieve MDG4. During this time, 58 countries met or exceeded the pace of progress required to meet MDG4. Between 2000, the year MDG4 was formally enacted, and 2015, 28 additional countries that did not achieve the 4·4% rate of decrease from 1990 met the MDG4 pace of decrease. However, absolute levels of under-5 mortality remained high in many countries, with 11 countries still recording rates exceeding 100 per 1000 livebirths in 2015. Marked decreases in under-5 deaths due to a number of communicable diseases, including lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, and malaria, accounted for much of the progress in lowering overall under-5 mortality in low-income countries. Compared with gains achieved for infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies, the persisting toll of neonatal conditions and congenital anomalies on child survival became evident, especially in low-income and low-middle-income countries. We found sizeable heterogeneities in comparing observed and expected rates of under-5 mortality, as well as differences in observed and expected rates of change for under-5 mortality. At the global level, we recorded a divergence in observed and expected levels of under-5 mortality starting in 2000, with the observed trend falling much faster than what was expected based on SDI through 2015. Between 2000 and 2015, the world recorded 10·3 million fewer under-5 deaths than expected on the basis of improving SDI alone.Gains in child survival have been large, widespread, and in many places in the world, faster than what was anticipated based on improving levels of development. Yet some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, still had high rates of under-5 mortality in 2015. Unless these countries are able to accelerate reductions in child deaths at an extraordinary pace, their achievement of proposed SDG targets is unlikely. Improving the evidence base on drivers that might hasten the pace of progress for child survival, ranging from cost-effective intervention packages to innovative financing mechanisms, is vital to charting the pathways for ultimately ending preventable child deaths by 2030.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000423462600001

  View details for PubMedID 27733285

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5224696

• Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 LANCET Forouzanfar, M. H., Afshin, A., Alexander, L. T., Anderson, H. R., Bhutta, Z. A., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., Cohen, A. J., Dandona, L., Estep, K., Ferrari, A. J., Frostad, J. J., Fullman, N., Gething, P. W., Godwin, W. W., Griswold, M., Kinfu, Y., Kyu, H. H., Larson, H. J., Liang, X., Lim, S. S., Liu, P. Y., Lopez, A. D., Lozano, R., Marczak, L., Mensah, G. A., Mokdad, A. H., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Naghavi, M., Neal, B., Reitsma, M. B., Roth, G. A., Salomon, J. A., Sur, P. J., Vos, T., Wagner, J. A., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Zhou, M., Aasvang, G. M., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abera, S. F., Abraham, B., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abyu, G. Y., Adebiyi, A. O., Adedeji, I. A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A. K., Adsuar, J. C., Agardh, E. E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A. A., Ajala, O. N., Akinyemiju, T. F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N. K., Aldhahri, S. F., Aldridge, R. W., Alemu, Z. A., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvarez Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A. K., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S. M., Andersen, H. H., Anderson, B. O., Antonio, C. A., Anwar, P., Arnlov, J., Al Artaman, Asayesh, H., Asghar, R. J., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E. F., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B. P., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M. C., Balakrishnan, K., Barac, A., Barber, R. M., Barker-Collo, S. L., Baernighausen, T., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Bans, C., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bell, M. L., Bello, A. K., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B. D., Beyene, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J. D., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Bourne, R. R., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J., Brenner, H., Broday, D. M., Brugha, T. S., Brunekreef, B., Butt, Z. A., Cahill, L. E., Calabria, B., Ricardo Campos-Nonato, I., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Casey, D. C., Castaneda-Oquela, C. A., Castillo Rivas, J., Estanislao Castro, R., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P. P., Chibalabala, M., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Choi, J. J., Christensen, H., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Coates, M. M., Colquhoun, S. M., Cooper, L. T., Cooperrider, K., Cornaby, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J. A., Cuevas-Nasu, L., Damasceno, A., Dandona, R., Darby, S. C., Dargan, P. I., das Neves, J., Davis, A. C., Davletov, K., Filipa de Castro, E., De la Cruz-Gongora, V., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L. C., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribew, A., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Diaz-Tome, C., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Dorsey, E. R., Doyle, K. E., Driscoll, T. R., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B. B., Elyazar, I., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Erskine, H. E., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Fahimi, S., Aquino Faraon, E. J., Farid, T. A., Sofia e Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V. L., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J. G., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R., Fleming, T., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Fowkes, F. G., Franklin, R. C., Fuerst, T., Futran, N. D., Gakidou, E., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Geleijnse, J. M., Gessner, B. D., Giref, A. Z., Giroud, M., Gishu, M. D., Goenka, S., Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, M., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Gotay, C. C., Goto, A., Gouda, H. N., Gugnani, H. C., Guillemin, F., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gutierrez, R. A., Haagsma, J. A., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, G. B., Halasa, Y. A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Handal, A. J., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Harikrishnan, S., Maria Haro, J., Hassanvand, M. S., Hassen, T. A., Havmoeller, R., Beatriz Heredia-Pi, I., Francisco Hernandez-Llanes, N., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H. W., Hoffman, H. J., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hoy, D. G., Hsairi, M., Htet, A. S., Hu, G., Huang, J. J., Husseini, A., Hutchings, S. J., Huybrechts, I., Iburg, K. M., Idrisov, B. T., Ileanu, B. V., Inoue, M., Jacobs, T. A., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., Jansen, H. A., Jassal, S. K., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jee, S. H., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jin, Y., Johnson, C. O., Jonas, J. B., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D. S., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khatibzadeh, S., Khera, S., Khoja, T. A., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kimokoti, R. W., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L. D., Kokubo, Y., Kopec, J. A., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Kromhout, H., Krueger, H., Ku, T., Defo, B. K., Kuchenbecker, R. S., Bicer, B. K., Kuipers, E. J., Kumar, G. A., Kwan, G. F., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Larsson, A., Latif, A. A., Beatriz Lawrynowicz, A. E., Leasher, J. L., Leigh, J., Leung, J., Levi, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, J., Liu, S., Lloyd, B. K., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P. A., Lunevicius, R., Maclntyre, M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Manamo, W. A., Mapoma, C. C., Marcenes, W., Martin, R. V., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Matsushita, K., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B. M., McGrath, J. J., McKee, M., Meaney, P. A., Medina, C., Mehari, A., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A. B., Melaku, Y. A., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Mensink, G. B., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mesfin, Y. M., Mhimbira, F. A., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C. N., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mola, G. L., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J. C., Montico, M., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U. O., Mullany, E., Mumford, J. E., Murthy, G. V., Nachega, J. B., Naheed, A., Nangia, V., Nassiri, N., Newton, J. N., Ng, M., Quyen Le Nguyen, Q., Nisar, M. I., Pete, P. M., Norheim, O. F., Norman, R. E., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Obermeyer, C. M., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I., Oladimeji, O., Olivares, P. R., Olsen, H., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Opio, J. N., Oren, E., Orozco, R., Ortiz, A., Ota, E., Mahesh, P. A., Pana, A., Park, E., Parry, C. D., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Caicedo, A. J., Patil, S. T., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Pearce, N., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Piel, F. B., Pillay, J. D., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Pond, C. D., Pope, C. A., Pope, D., Popova, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prasad, N. M., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R. H., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H., Rahman, S. u., Rai, R. K., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Ram, U., Rana, S. M., Ranganathan, K., Rao, P., Razo Garcia, C. A., Refaat, A. H., Rehm, C. D., Rehm, J., Reinig, N., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Ribeiro, A. L., Rivera, J. A., Rolm, H. S., Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez-Ramirez, S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Roman, Y., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Saleh, M. M., Sanabria, J. R., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Pimienta, T. G., Sandar, L., Santomauro, D. F., Santos, I. S., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schmidhuber, J., Schmidt, M. I., Schneider, I. J., Schoettker, B., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Scott, J. G., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M. A., Levy, T. S., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Sheth, K. N., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Shrime, M. G., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silva, D. A., Alves Silveira, D. G., Silverberg, J. I., Simard, E. P., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J. A., Singh, P. K., Slepak, E. L., Soljak, M., Soneji, S., Sorensen, R. J., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stathopoulou, V., Steckling, N., Steel, N., Stein, D. J., Stein, M. B., Stockl, H., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B. F., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., Szoeke, C. E., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Takahashi, K., Talongwa, R. T., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B. W., Taylor, H. R., Tedla, B. A., Tefera, W. M., Tegegne, T. K., Tekle, D. Y., Terkawi, A. S., Thakur, J. S., Thomas, B. A., Thomas, M. L., Thomson, A. J., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Thrift, A. G., Thurston, G. D., Tillmann, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tobollik, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Towbin, J. A., Bach Xuan Tran, B. X., Dimbuene, Z. T., Tsilimparis, N., Tura, A. K., Tuzcu, E. M., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K. N., Undurraga, E. A., Uneke, C. J., Uthman, O. A., van Donkelaar, A., van Os, J., Varakin, Y. Y., Vasankari, T., Veerman, J. L., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vollset, S. E., Wagner, G. R., Waller, S. G., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H. A., Wijeratne, T., Wiysonge, C. S., Wolfe, C. D., Won, S., Woolf, A. D., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A. K., Yakob, B., Yalew, A. Z., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M. E., Zhu, J., Zipkin, B., Zodpey, S., Zuhlke, L. J., Murray, C. J. 2016; 388 (10053): 1659-1724

  Abstract

  The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI).Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6-58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8-42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa.Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000385285000010

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5388856

• Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 LANCET Kassebaum, N. J., Arora, M., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Carter, A., Casey, D. C., Charlson, F. J., Coates, M. M., Coggeshall, M., Cornaby, L., Dandona, L., Dicker, D. J., Erskine, H. E., Ferrari, A. J., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M. H., Fullman, N., Gething, P. W., Goldberg, E. M., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J. A., Johnson, C., Kemmer, L., Khalil, I. A., Kinfu, Y., Kutz, M. J., Kyu, H. H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S. S., Lim, S. S., Lozano, R., Mensah, G. A., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A. H., Mooney, M. D., Naghavi, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D. M., Pinho, C., Rankin, Z., Reinig, N., Salomon, J. A., Sandar, L., Smith, A., Sorensen, R. J., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B. A., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Wagner, J. A., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H. A., Zhou, M., Zoeckler, L., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abraham, B., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Achoki, T., Ackerman, I. N., Adebiyi, A. O., Adedeji, I. A., Adsuar, J. C., Afanvi, K. A., Afshin, A., Agardh, E. E., Agarwal, A., Kumar, S., Ahmed, M. B., Kiadaliri, A. A., Ahmadieh, H., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N. K., Aldhahri, S. F., Alegretti, M. A., Aleman, A. V., Alemu, Z. A., Alexander, L. T., Raghib, A., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Martin, E. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A. K., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S. M., Anderson, G. M., Anderson, B. O., Antonio, C. A., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V. S., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R. J., Avokpaho, E. F., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B. P., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Bayou, T. A., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bell, B., Bell, M. L., Benjet, C., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B. D., Beyene, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bienhofff, K., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A. A., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J. D., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Bourne, R. R., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J., Brugha, T. S., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G. C., Butt, Z. A., Calabria, B., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Campuzano, J. C., Carabin, H., Carapetis, J. R., Cardenas, R., Carrero, J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Rivas, J. C., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P. P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Choi, J. J., Choudhury, L., Christensen, H., Ciobanu, L. G., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S. M., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J. A., Damasceno, A., Dandona, R., Dargan, P. I., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A. C., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L. C., Derrett, S., Des Jarlais, D. C., deVeber, G. A., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Ding, E. L., Doyle, K. E., Driscoll, T. R., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B. B., Ebrahimi, H., Ellenbogen, R. G., Elyazar, I., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fahimi, S., Farid, T. A., Sa Farinha, C. S., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V. L., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J. G., Fernandes, J. C., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F. G., Franklin, R. C., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Furst, T., Futran, N. D., Gabbe, B., Gankpe, F. G., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Geleijnse, J. M., Gibney, K. B., Gillum, R. F., Ginawi, I. A., Giref, A. Z., Giroud, M., Gishu, M. D., Godwin, W. W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Gotay, C. C., Goto, A., Gouda, H. N., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R. A., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Halasa, Y. A., Ribhi, R., Hamadeh, Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Handal, A. J., Hankey, G. J., Harb, H. L., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J. M., Hassanvand, M. S., Hassen, T. A., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Hedayati, M. T., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H. W., Hoffman, D. J., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hoy, D. G., Hsairi, M., Huang, H., Huang, J. J., Iburg, K. M., Idrisov, B. T., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Jacobsen, K. H., Jauregui, A., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jin, Y., Jonas, J. B., Kabir, Z., Kajungu, D. K., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Kandel, A., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D. S., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y., Khoja, T. A., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y. J., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L. D., Knudsen, A. K., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Defo, B. K., Kuchenbecker, R. S., Bicer, B. K., Kuipers, E. J., Kumar, G. A., Kwan, G. F., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Larsson, A., Latif, A. A., Lavados, P. M., Lawrynowicz, A. E., Leasher, J. L., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Li, Y., Li, Y., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, P. Y., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B. K., Logroscino, G., Looker, K. J., Lotufo, P. A., Lucas, R. M., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., El Razek, H. M., Mandavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Marcenes, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A. J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B. M., McGrath, J. J., McKee, M., Meaney, P. A., Mehari, A., Melaku, Y. A., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mesfin, Y. M., Mhimbira, F. A., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mitchell, P. B., Mock, C. N., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J. C., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Mori, R., Mueller, U. O., Mumford, J. E., Murdoch, M. E., Murthy, G. V., Nachega, J. B., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Newton, J. N., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F. N., Le Nguyen, Q., Nisar, M. I., Pete, P. M., Nolla, J. M., Norheim, O. F., Norman, R. E., Norrving, B., Obermeyer, C. M., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I., Oladimeji, O., Olivares, P. R., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Ota, E., Oyekale, A. S., Pa, M., Park, E., Parsaeian, M., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Pedro, J. M., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Piel, F. B., Pillay, J. D., Pishgar, F., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Popova, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prasad, N. M., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R. H., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H., Rahman, S. u., Rai, D., Rai, R. K., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Ram, U., Ranganathan, K., Refaat, A. H., Reitsma, M. B., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Reynolds, A., Ribeiro, A. L., Ricci, S., Roba, H. S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Roy, A., Sackey, B. B., Sagar, R., Sanabria, J. R., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. V., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schmidt, M. I., Schneider, I. J., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M. A., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Sheth, K. N., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shin, R., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Santos Silva, D. A., Silverberg, J. I., Simard, E. P., Singh, A., Singh, J. A., Singh, P. K., Skirbekk, V., Skogen, J. C., Soljak, M., Soreide, K., Sorensen, R. J., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Stein, D. J., Stein, M. B., Steiner, T. J., Stovner, L. J., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B. F., Sur, P. J., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., Szoeke, C. E., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H. R., Ao, B. J., Tegegne, T. K., Tekle, D. Y., Terkawi, A. S., Tessema, G. A., Thakur, J. S., Thomson, A. J., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Thrift, A. G., Thurston, G. D., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Tran, B. X., Dimbuene, Z. T., Tsilimbaris, M., Tura, A. K., Tuzcu, E. M., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K. N., Undurraga, E. A., Uneke, C. J., Uthman, O. A., van Gool, C. H., van Os, J., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A. M., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Wagner, G. R., Wallin, M. T., Wang, L., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Werdecker, A., WestermaM, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J. D., Williams, H. C., Wiysonge, C. S., Woldeyohannes, S. M., Wolfe, C. D., Won, S., Xu, G., Yadav, A. K., Yakob, B., Yan, L. L., Yan, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M. E., Zeeb, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L. J., Zeeb, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L. J., Vos, T., Lopez, A. D., Murray, C. J. 2016; 388 (10053): 1603-1658

  Abstract

  Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development.We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate.Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2·9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2·9-3·0) for men and 3·5 years (3·4-3·7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0·85 years (0·78-0·92) and 1·2 years (1·1-1·3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs.Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000385285000009

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5388857

• Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 LANCET Kassebaum, N. J., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Dandona, L., Gething, P. W., Hay, S. I., Kinfu, Y., Larson, H. J., Liang, X., Lim, S. S., Lopez, A. D., Lozano, R., Mensah, G. A., Mokdad, A. H., Naghavi, M., Pinho, C., Salomon, J. A., Steiner, C., Vos, T., Wang, H., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdallat, M. A., Abdulle, A. M., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abubakar, I., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Achoki, T., Adebiyi, A. O., Adedeji, I. A., Adelekan, A. L., Adou, A. K., Afanvi, K. A., Agarwal, A., Kiadaliri, A. A., Ajala, O. N., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N. K., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S. F., Aldridge, R. W., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Martin, E. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A. K., Ammar, W., Amrock, S. M., Andersen, H. H., Anderson, G. M., Antoine, R. M., Antonio, C. A., Aregay, A. F., Arnlov, J., Arora, M., Arsenijevic, V. S., Al Artaman, Asayesh, H., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E. F., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B. P., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M. C., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T., Basu, S., Bayou, T. A., Bayou, Y. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N. W., Bekele, T., Bell, M. L., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B. D., Beyene, A. S., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A. A., Biroscak, B. J., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J. D., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J., Brugha, T. S., Butt, Z. A., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Campuzano, J. C., Cardenas, R., Carrero, J. J., Carter, A., Casey, D. C., Castaneda-Oquela, C. A., Castro, R. E., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Chang, H., Chang, J. -., Chavan, L., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Choi, J. J., Chowdhury, R., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Coates, M. M., Coggeshall, M., Colistro, V., Colquhoun, S. M., Cooper, C., Cooper, L. T., Cortinovis, M., Dahiru, T., Damasceno, A., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., das Neves, J., De Leo, D., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D. C., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dicker, D. J., Ding, E. L., Dossou, E., Dubey, M., Ebel, B. E., Ellingsen, C. L., Elyazar, I., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Faraon, E. J., Farid, T. A., Farinha, C. S., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J. C., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R., Fleming, T., Gt, N. F., Franca, E. B., Franklin, R. C., Fraser, M. S., Friedman, J., Pullman, N., Furst, T., Futran, N. D., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Gebremedhin, M., Gebru, A. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Gibney, K. B., Giref, A. Z., Giroud, M., Gishu, M. D., Glaser, E., Goenka, S., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Goto, A., Graetz, N., Gugnani, H. C., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A. J., Hankey, G. J., Harb, H. L., Harikrishnan, S., Harun, K. M., Havmoeller, R., Hoek, H. W., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hoy, D. G., Htet, A. S., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J. J., Huybrechts, I., Huynh, C., Iannarone, M., Iburg, K. M., Idrisov, B. T., Iyer, V. J., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jee, S. H., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jonas, J. B., Kabir, Z., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karletsos, D., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J. F., Kazanjan, K., Kazi, D. S., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y., Khonelidze, I., Khosravi, A., Khubchandani, J., Kim, Y. J., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L. D., Kokubo, Y., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Krishnaswami, S., Defo, B. K., Bicer, B. K., Kudom, A. A., Kulikoff, X. R., Kulkarni, C., Kumar, G. A., Kutz, M. J., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., Lan, Q., Larsson, A., Laryea, D. O., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Li, Y., Li, Y., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, P. Y., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B. K., Lotufo, P. A., Lunevicius, R., Ma, S., El Razek, H. M., El Razek, M. M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mapoma, C. C., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D. J., Marquez, N., Masiye, F., Marzan, M. B., Mason-Jones, A. J., Mazorodze, T. T., Meaney, P. A., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A. B., Melaku, Y. A., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mhimbira, F. A., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Ibrahim, N. M., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mola, G. L., Monasta, L., Monis, J. d., Hernandez, J. C., Montero, P., Montico, M., Mooney, M. D., Moore, A. R., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Mueller, U., Murthy, G. V., Murthy, S., Nachega, J. B., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nand, D., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Neupane, S., Newton, J. N., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F. N., Nguhiu, P., Nguyen, G., Le Nguyen, Q., Nisar, M. I., Nomura, M., Norheim, O. F., Norman, R. E., Nyakarahuka, L., Obermeyer, C. M., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I., Ojelabi, F. A., Olivares, P. R., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Opio, J. N., Oren, E., Ota, E., Oyekale, A. S., Pa, M., Pain, A., Papantoniou, N., Park, E., Park, H., Caicedo, A. J., Patten, S. B., Paul, V. K., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Pillay, J. D., Pishgar, F., Polinder, S., Pope, D., Pourmalek, F., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H., Rahman, S. u., Rai, R. K., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Rangaswamy, T., Rao, P. V., Refaat, A. H., Remuzzi, G. 2016; 388 (10053): 1775-1812

  Abstract

  In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015.We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility.Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and/or miscarriage. Historical patterns suggest achievement of SDG 3.1 will require 91% coverage of one antenatal care visit, 78% of four antenatal care visits, 81% of in-facility delivery, and 87% of skilled birth attendance.Several challenges to improving reproductive health lie ahead in the SDG era. Countries should establish or renew systems for collection and timely dissemination of health data; expand coverage and improve quality of family planning services, including access to contraception and safe abortion to address high adolescent fertility; invest in improving health system capacity, including coverage of routine reproductive health care and of more advanced obstetric care-including EmOC; adapt health systems and data collection systems to monitor and reverse the increase in indirect, other direct, and late maternal deaths, especially in high SDI locations; and examine their own performance with respect to their SDI level, using that information to formulate strategies to improve performance and ensure optimum reproductive health of their population.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000385285000012

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5224694

• Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 LANCET Vos, T., Allen, C., Arora, M., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Brown, A., Carter, A., Casey, D. C., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., Coggeshall, M., Cornaby, L., Dandona, L., Dicker, D. J., Dilegge, T., Erskine, H. E., Ferrari, A. J., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T., Forouzanfar, M. H., Fullman, N., Gething, P. W., Goldberg, E. M., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J. A., Johnson, C. O., Kassebaum, N. J., Kawashima, T., Kemmer, L., Khalil, I. A., Kinfu, Y., Kyu, H. H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S. S., Lopez, A. D., Lozano, R., Marczak, L., Mensah, G. A., Mokdad, A. H., Naghavi, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Olsen, H., Pigott, D. M., Pinho, C., Rankin, Z., Reinig, N., Salomon, J. A., Sandar, L., Smith, A., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B. A., Troeger, C., Wagner, J. A., Wang, H., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H. A., Zoeckler, L., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abraham, B., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Ackerman, I. N., Adebiyi, A. O., Ademi, Z., Adou, A. K., Afanvi, K. A., Agardh, E. E., Agarwal, A., Kiadaliri, A. A., Ahmadieh, H., Ajala, O. N., Akinyemi, R. O., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N. K., Aldhahri, S. F., Alegretti, M. A., Alemu, Z. A., Alexander, L. T., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amberbir, A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S. M., Andersen, H. H., Anderson, G. M., Anderson, B., Antonio, C. A., Aregay, A. F., Arnlov, J., Al Artaman, Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E. F., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B. P., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bell, B., Bell, M. L., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Benzian, H., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B. D., Beyene, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bienhofff, K., Bikbov, B., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J., Brown, J., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G. C., Butt, Z. A., Calabria, B., Ricardo Campos-Nonato, I., Cesar Campuzano, J., Carabin, H., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D. O., Carrero, J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castillo Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P. P., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Choi, J. J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Coates, M. M., Colquhoun, S. M., Cooper, C., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J. A., Damtew, S. A., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Dargan, P. I., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A. C., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L. C., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Derrett, S., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E. L., Driscoll, T. R., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B. B., Ebrahimi, H., Ellenbogen, R. G., Elyazar, I., Endres, M., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Eshrati, B., Estep, K., Farid, T. A., Sofia e Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V. L., Felson, D. T., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J. G., Fernandes, J. C., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R., Foreman, K., Fowkes, G. R., Fox, J., Franklin, R. C., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Furst, T., Futran, N. D., Gabbe, B., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F. G., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Geleijnse, J. M., Gessner, B. D., Gibney, K. B., Ginawi, I. A., Giref, A. Z., Giroud, M., Gishu, M. D., Glaser, E., Godwin, W. W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Gotay, C. C., Goto, A., Gouda, H. N., Grainger, R., Greaves, F., Guillemin, F., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R. A., Haile, D., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Halasa, Y. A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hancock, J., Handal, A. J., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Harikrishnan, S., Maria Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Beatriz Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H. W., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hoy, D. G., Htet, A. S., Huang, H., Huang, J. J., Huynh, C., Iannarone, M., Iburg, K. M., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V. J., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jee, S. H., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P. N., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jin, Y., Jonas, J. B., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemp, A. H., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khaiff, A. R., Khaiff, E. A., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khoja, T. A., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, P., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y. J., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L. D., Knudsen, A. K., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G. A., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Defo, B. K., Bicer, B. K., Kudom, A. A., Kuipers, E. J., Kumar, G. A., Kutz, M., Kwan, G. F., Lal, A., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lam, H., Lam, J. O., Langan, S. M., Larsson, A., Lavados, P. M., Leasher, J. L., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Li, Y., Li, Y., Liang, J., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B. K., Lo, W. D., Logroscino, G., Looker, K. J., Lotufo, P. A., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Mackay, M. T., Abd El Razek, M. M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D. J., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Massano, J., McGarvey, S. T., McGrath, J. J., McKee, M., McMahon, B. J., Meaney, P. A., Mehari, A., Meija-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A. B., Melaku, Y. A., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mhimbira, F. A., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mirarefin, M., Mitchell, P. B., Mock, C. N., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J. C., Montico, M., Mooney, M. D., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Mueller, U. O., Mullany, E., Mumford, J. E., Murdoch, M. E., Nachega, J. B., Nagel, G., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Newton, J. N., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F. N., Quyen Le Nguyen, Q., Nisar, M. I., Nkamedjie Pete, P. M., Nona, J. M., Norheim, O. F., Norman, R. E., Norrving, B., Nunes, B. P., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I., Ohkubo, T., Olivares, P. R., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Mahesh, P. A., Park, E., Parsaeian, M., de Azeredo Passos, V. M., Paternina Caicedo, A. J., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Pereira, D. M., Perez-Padilla, R., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Piel, F. B., Pillay, J. D., Pishgar, F., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J. A., Polinder, S., Pond, C. D., Popova, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Prasad, N. M., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R. H., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H., Rahman, S. u., Rai, R. K., Rajsic, S., Ram, U., Rao, P., Refaat, A. H., Reitsma, M. B., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Reynolds, A., Ribeiro, A. L., Rios Blancas, M. J., Rolm, H. S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Sahathevan, R., Sanabria, J. R., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. V., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M. P., Schmidt, M. I., Schneider, I. J., Schottker, B., Schwebel, D. C., Scott, J. G., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Shackelford, K. A., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M. A., Sharma, R., Sharma, U., Shen, J., Shepard, D. S., Sheth, K. N., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M. G., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silva, D. A., Alves Silveira, D. G., Singh, A., Singh, J. A., Singh, O. P., Singh, P. K., Sivonda, A., Skirbekk, V., Skogen, J. C., Sligar, A., Silwa, K., Soljak, M., Soreide, K., Soriano, J. B., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Stein, D. J., Steiner, T. J., Steinke, S., Stovner, L., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B. F., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., Szoeke, C. E., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Takala, J. S., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H. R., Te Ao, B. J., Tedla, B. A., Terkawi, A. S., Thomson, A. J., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Thrift, A. G., Thurston, G. D., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Tran, B. X., Dimbuene, Z. T., Tsilimbaris, M., Tura, A. K., Tuzcu, E. M., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K. N., Undurraga, E. A., Uneke, C. J., Uthman, O. A., van Gool, C. H., Varakin, Y. Y., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Verma, R. K., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Wagner, G. R., Waller, S. G., Wang, L., Watkins, D. A., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R. A., Williams, H. C., Wiysonge, C. S., Wolfe, C. D., Won, S., Woodbrook, R., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A. K., Yan, L. L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H. G., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M. E., Zeeb, H., Zhou, M., Zodpey, S., Zuhlke, L. J., Murray, C. J. 2016; 388 (10053): 1545-1602

  Abstract

  Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015.We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores.We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4-19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30-2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35-2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20-30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000385285000008

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5055577

• Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 LANCET Lim, S. S., Allen, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Dandona, L., Forouzanfar, M. H., Fullman, N., Gething, P. W., Goldberg, E. M., Hay, S. I., Holmberg, M., Kinfu, Y., Kutz, M. J., Larson, H. J., Liang, X., Lopez, A. D., Lozano, R., McNellan, C. R., Mokdad, A. H., Mooney, M. D., Naghavi, M., Olsen, H. E., Pigott, D. M., Salomon, J. A., Vos, T., Wang, H., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abraham, B., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Abyu, G. Y., Achoki, T., Adebiyi, A. O., Adedeji, I. A., Afanvi, K. A., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A. A., Ahmadieh, H., Ahmed, K. Y., Akanda, A. S., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, U., Alasfoor, D., Albuhairan, F. S., Aldhahri, S. F., Dge, R. W., Alemu, Z. A., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alkhateeb, M. A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Altirkawi, K. A., Martin, E. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A. K., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S. M., Andersen, H. H., Anderson, B. O., Anderson, G. M., Antonio, C. A., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R. J., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E. F., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B. P., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barber, R., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T., Barrero, L. H., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basu, S., Bayou, T. A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bell, M. L., Bello, A. K., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Benzian, H., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Bernal, O. A., Betsu, B. D., Beyene, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bienhoff, K. A., Bikbov, B., Binagwaho, A., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Bourne, R. R., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J., Broday, D. M., Brugha, T. S., Buchbinder, R., Butt, Z. A., Cahill, L. E., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Campuzano, J. C., Carabin, H., Cardenas, R., Carrero, J. J., Carter, A., Casey, D., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Rivas, J. C., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cecilio, P., Chang, H., Chang, J., Charlson, F. J., Che, X., Chen, A. Z., Chiang, P. P., Chibalabala, M., Chisumpa, V. H., Choi, J. J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Coates, M. M., Coggeshall, M., Cohen, A. J., Cooke, G. S., Cooper, C., Cooper, L. T., Cowie, B. C., Crump, J. A., Damtew, S. A., Dandona, R., Dargan, P. I., das Neves, J., Davis, A. C., Davletov, K., de Castro, E. F., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L. C., Deribe, K., Derrett, S., Jarlais, D. C., Deshpande, A., deVeber, G. A., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Ding, E. L., Dorsey, E. R., Doyle, K. E., Driscoll, T. R., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B. B., Ebrahimi, H., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Erskine, H. E., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Fahimi, S., Farid, T. A., Farinha, C. S., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V. L., Felicio, M. M., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J. G., Fernandes, J. C., Ferrari, A. J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R., Fitzmaurice, C., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Fowkes, F. G., Franca, E. B., Franklin, R. C., Fraser, M., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Furst, T., Gabbe, B., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Gebru, A. A., Gessner, B. D., Gillum, R. F., Ginawi, I. A., Giref, A. Z., Giroud, M., Gishu, M. D., Godwin, W., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Gotay, C. C., Goto, A., Gouda, H. N., Graetz, N., Greenwell, K. F., Griswold, M., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R. A., Gyawali, B., Haagsma, J. A., Haakenstad, A., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, G. B., Halasa, Y. A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G. J., Harb, H. L., Haro, J. M., Hassanvand, M. S., Havmoeller, R., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Hoek, H. W., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hoy, D. G., Htet, A. S., Hu, G., Huang, H., Iburg, K. M., Idrisov, B. T., Inoue, M., Islami, F., Jacobs, T. A., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., James, P., Jansen, H. A., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jee, S. H., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jin, Y., Jonas, J. B., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Kandel, A., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., KarimIchani, C., Karunapema, P., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N. J., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J. F., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khoja, T. A., Khosravi, A., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, S., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L. D., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G. A., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krueger, H., Defo, B. K., Kuchenbecker, R. S., Kuipers, E. J., Kulikoff, X. R., Kulkarni, V. S., Kumar, G. A., Kwan, G. F., Kyu, H. H., Lal, A., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lan, Q., Langan, S. M., Larsson, A., Laryea, D. O., Latif, A. A., Leasher, J. L., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Li, Y., Li, Y., Lind, M., Linn, S., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, P. Y., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B. K., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P. A., Lucas, R. M., Lunevicius, R., Abd El Razek, M. M., Magis-Rodriguez, C., Mandavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Mapoma, C. C., Margolis, D. J., Martin, R. V., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A. J., Massano, J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B. M., McGrath, J. J., McKee, M., Meaney, P. A., Mehari, A., Mekonnen, A. B., Melaku, Y. A., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Mensink, G. B., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mesfin, Y. M., Mhimbira, F. A., Micha, R., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mitchell, P. B., Mock, C. N., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Monis, J. d., Hernandez, J. C., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Mueller, U. O., Murdoch, M. E., Murimira, B., Murray, J., Murthy, G. V., Murthy, S., Musa, K. I., Nachega, J. B., Nagel, G., Naidoo, K. S., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Neal, B., Nejjari, C., Newton, C. R., Newton, J. N., Ngalesoni, F. N., Nguhiu, P., Nguyen, G., Quyen Le Nguyen, Q. L., Nisar, M. I., Pete, P. M., Nolte, S., Nomura, M., Norheim, O. F., Norrving, B., Obermeyer, C. M., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I., Oladimeji, O., Olivares, P. R., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Opio, J. N., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osborne, R. H., Ota, E., Owolabi, M. O., Mahesh, P. A., Park, E., Park, H., Parry, C. D., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Patel, V., Caicedo, A. J., Patil, S. T., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Paudel, D., Pedro, J. M., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Piel, F. B., Pillay, J. D., Pinho, C., Pishgar, F., Polinder, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R. H., Radfar, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H., Rahman, S. u., Rai, R. K., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Ram, U., Rana, S. M., Ranabhat, C. L., Ranganathan, K., Rao, P. C., Refaat, A. H., Reitsma, M. B., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Ribeiro, A. L., Blancas, M. J., Rolm, H. S., Roberts, B., Rodriguez, M., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Roy, N., Sackey, B. B., Sagar, R., Saleh, M. M., Sanabria, J. R., Santomauro, D. F., Santos, I. S., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S. M., Schmidhuber, J., Schmidt, M. I., Schneider, I. J., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Shackelford, K., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M. A., Levy, T. S., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Sheth, K. N., Shey, M., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silpakit, N., Silva, D. A., Silverberg, J. I., Simard, E. P., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, G. M., Singh, J. A., Singh, O. P., Singh, P. K., Skirbekk, V., Sligar, A., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Sorensen, R. J., Soriano, J. B., Soshnikov, S., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stahl, H., Stanaway, J. D., Stathopoulou, V., Steckling, N., Steel, N., Stein, D. J., Steiner, C., Stockl, H., Stranges, S., Strong, M., Sun, J., Sunguya, B. F., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., Szoeke, C. E., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Talongwa, R. T., Tarawneh, M. R., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H. R., Tedla, B. A., Tefera, W., Tegegne, T. K., Tekle, D. Y., Shifa, G. T., Terkawi, A. S., Tessema, G. A., Thakur, J. S., Thomson, A. J., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Thrift, A. G., Thurston, G. D., Tillmann, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Tran, B. X., Dimbuene, Z. T., Tura, A. K., Tuzcu, E. M., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K. N., Undurraga, E. A., Uneke, C. J., Uthman, O. A., van Donkelaar, A., Varakin, Y. Y., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A. M., Veerman, J. L., Venketasubramanian, N., Verma, R. K., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V. V., Volkow, P., Vollset, S. E., Wagner, G. R., Wallin, M. T., Wang, L., Wanga, V., Watkins, D. A., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Weiss, D. J., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H. A., Wilkinson, J. D., Wiysonge, C. S., Wolfe, C. D., Wolfe, I., Won, S., Woolf, A. D., Workie, S. B., Wubshet, M., Xu, G., Yadav, A. K., Yakob, B., Yalew, A. Z., Yan, L. L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M. E., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Zapata, T., Zegeye, E. A., Zhao, Y., Zhou, M., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Murray, C. J. 2016; 388 (10053): 1813-1850

  Abstract

  In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030. We provide an analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015).We applied statistical methods to systematically compiled data to estimate the performance of 33 health-related SDG indicators for 188 countries from 1990 to 2015. We rescaled each indicator on a scale from 0 (worst observed value between 1990 and 2015) to 100 (best observed). Indices representing all 33 health-related SDG indicators (health-related SDG index), health-related SDG indicators included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG index), and health-related indicators not included in the MDGs (non-MDG index) were computed as the geometric mean of the rescaled indicators by SDG target. We used spline regressions to examine the relations between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI, a summary measure based on average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate) and each of the health-related SDG indicators and indices.In 2015, the median health-related SDG index was 59·3 (95% uncertainty interval 56·8-61·8) and varied widely by country, ranging from 85·5 (84·2-86·5) in Iceland to 20·4 (15·4-24·9) in Central African Republic. SDI was a good predictor of the health-related SDG index (r(2)=0·88) and the MDG index (r(2)=0·92), whereas the non-MDG index had a weaker relation with SDI (r(2)=0·79). Between 2000 and 2015, the health-related SDG index improved by a median of 7·9 (IQR 5·0-10·4), and gains on the MDG index (a median change of 10·0 [6·7-13·1]) exceeded that of the non-MDG index (a median change of 5·5 [2·1-8·9]). Since 2000, pronounced progress occurred for indicators such as met need with modern contraception, under-5 mortality, and neonatal mortality, as well as the indicator for universal health coverage tracer interventions. Moderate improvements were found for indicators such as HIV and tuberculosis incidence, minimal changes for hepatitis B incidence took place, and childhood overweight considerably worsened.GBD provides an independent, comparable avenue for monitoring progress towards the health-related SDGs. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of income, education, and fertility as drivers of health improvement but also emphasises that investments in these areas alone will not be sufficient. Although considerable progress on the health-related MDG indicators has been made, these gains will need to be sustained and, in many cases, accelerated to achieve the ambitious SDG targets. The minimal improvement in or worsening of health-related indicators beyond the MDGs highlight the need for additional resources to effectively address the expanded scope of the health-related SDGs.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000385285000013

  View details for PubMedID 27665228

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5055583

• Physiologic monitoring of CPR quality during adult cardiac arrest: A propensity-matched cohort study RESUSCITATION Sutton, R. M., French, B., Meaney, P. A., Topjian, A. A., Parshuram, C. S., Edelson, D. P., Schexnayder, S., Abella, B. S., Merchant, R. M., Bembea, M., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Amer Heart Assoc Get With 2016; 106: 76–82

  Abstract

  The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends monitoring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality using end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) or invasive hemodynamic data. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between clinician-reported physiologic monitoring of CPR quality and patient outcomes.Prospective observational study of index adult in-hospital CPR events using the AHA's Get With The Guidelines - Resuscitation Registry. Physiologic monitoring was defined using specific database questions regarding use of either ETCO2 or arterial diastolic blood pressure (DBP) to monitor CPR quality. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between physiologic monitoring and outcomes in a propensity score matched cohort.In the matched cohort, (monitored n=3032; not monitored n=6064), physiologic monitoring of CPR quality was associated with a higher rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC; OR 1.22, CI95 1.04-1.43, p=0.017) compared to no monitoring. Survival to hospital discharge (OR 1.04, CI95 0.91-1.18, p=0.57) and survival with favorable neurological outcome (OR 0.97, CI95 0.75-1.26, p=0.83) were not different between groups. Of index events with only ETCO2 monitoring indicated (n=803), an ETCO2 >10mmHg during CPR was reported in 520 (65%), and associated with improved survival to hospital discharge (OR 2.41, CI95 1.35-4.30, p=0.003), and survival with favorable neurological outcome (OR 2.31, CI95 1.31-4.09, p=0.004) compared to ETCO2 ≤10mmHg.Clinician-reported use of either ETCO2 or DBP to monitor CPR quality was associated with improved ROSC. An ETCO2 >10mmHg during CPR was associated with a higher rate of survival compared to events with ETCO2 ≤10mmHg.

  View details for PubMedID 27350369

• Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 LANCET HIV Wang, H., Wolock, T. M., Carter, A., Nguyen, G., Kyu, H. H., Gakidou, E., Hay, S. I., Mills, E. J., Trickey, A., Msemburi, W., Coates, M. M., Mooney, M. D., Fraser, M. S., Sligar, A., Salomon, J., Larson, H. J., Friedman, J., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbas, K. M., Abd El Razek, M. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abera, S. F., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Abyu, G. Y., Adebiyi, A. O., Adedeji, I. A., Adelekan, A. L., Adofo, K., Adou, A. K., Ajala, O. N., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F. H., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N. K., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S. F., Aldridge, R. W., Alegretti, M. A., Aleman, A. V., Alemu, Z. A., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A. K., Ammar, W., Amrock, S. M., Antonio, C. A., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Al Artaman, Asayesh, H., Asghar, R. J., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Atkins, L. S., Avokpaho, E. F., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B. P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Barac, A., Barnighausen, T., Basu, A., Bayou, T. A., Bayou, Y. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Betsu, B. D., Beyene, A. S., Bhatia, E., Bhutta, Z. A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S. M., Bisanzio, D., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J., Brown, A., Burch, M., Butt, Z. A., Campuzano, J. C., Cardenas, R., Carrero, J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Rivas, J. C., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, H., Chang, J., Chavan, L., Chen, W., Chiang, P. P., Chibalabala, M., Chisumpa, V. H., Choi, J. J., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cooper, C., Dahiru, T., Damtew, S. A., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., das Neves, J., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D. C., Dharmaratne, S. D., Ding, E. L., Doshi, P. P., Driscoll, T. R., Dubey, M., Elshrek, Y. M., Elyazar, I., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Faghmous, I. D., Sofia e Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J. C., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R., Foigt, N., Fullman, N., Furst, T., Gankpe, F. G., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Gebru, A. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Gessner, B. D., Gething, P. W., Ghiwot, T. T., Giroud, M., Gishu, M. D., Glaser, E., Goenka, S., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Goto, A., Gugnani, H. C., Guimaraes, M. D., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hagan, H., Hailu, G. B., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J. M., Harun, K. M., Havmoeller, R., Hedayati, M. T., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Hoek, H. W., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hoy, D. G., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J. J., Iburg, K. M., Idrisov, B. T., Innos, K., Iyer, V. J., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jonas, J. B., Kabir, Z., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karletsos, D., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J. F., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y., Khubchandani, J., Kim, Y. J., Kinfu, Y., Kivipelto, M., Kokubo, Y., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Defo, B. K., Bicer, B. K., Kulkarni, V. S., Kumar, G. A., Lal, D. K., Lam, H., Lam, J. O., Langan, S. M., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Li, Y., Lim, S. S., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, S., Lloyd, B. K., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P. A., Lunevicius, R., Abd El Razek, H. M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Makhlouf, C., Malekzadeh, R., Mapoma, C. C., Marcenes, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M. B., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A. J., Mayosi, B. M., McKee, M., Meaney, P. A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mekonnen, A. B., Melaku, Y. A., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mhimbira, F. A., Miller, T. R., Mikesell, J., Mirarefin, M., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Monasta, L., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Mori, R., Mueller, U. O., Murimira, B., Murthy, G. V., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Nawaz, H., Nejjari, C., Ngalesoni, F. N., Ngirabega, J. d., Quyen Le Nguyen, Q., Nisar, M. I., Norheim, O. F., Norman, R. E., Nyakarahuka, L., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I., Ojelabi, F. A., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Opio, J. N., Oren, E., Ota, E., Padukudru, M. A., Park, H., Park, J., Patil, S. T., Patten, S. B., Paul, V. K., Pearson, K., Peprah, E. K., Pereira, C. C., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Pillay, J. D., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Pourmalek, F., Prokop, D. M., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H., Rahman, S. u., Rai, R. K., Rajsic, S., Ram, U., Rana, S. M., Rao, P. V., Remuzzi, G., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roy, A., Ruhago, G. M., Saeedi, M. Y., Sagar, R., Saleh, M. M., Sanabria, J. R., Santos, I. S., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Sawhney, M., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Shaikh, M. A., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shibuya, K., Shin, H. H., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silpakit, N., Santos Silva, D. A., Alves Silveira, D. G., Simard, E. P., Sindi, S., Singh, J. A., Singh, O. P., Singh, P. K., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Soneji, S., Sorensen, R. J., Soriano, J. B., Soti, D. O., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Sunguya, B. F., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Talongwa, R. T., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Tedla, B. A., Tekle, T., Shifa, G. T., Temesgen, A. M., Terkawi, A. S., Tesfay, F. H., Tessema, G. A., Thapa, K., Thomson, A. J., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Towbin, J. A., Bach Xuan Tran, B. X., Dimbuene, Z. T., Tsilimparis, N., Tura, A. K., Ukwaja, K. N., Uneke, C. J., Uthman, O. A., Venketasubramanian, N., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Wang, L., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J. D., Wiysonge, C. S., Wolfe, C. D., Won, S., Wong, J. Q., Xu, G., Yadav, A. K., Yakob, B., Yalew, A. Z., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Yebyo, H. G., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Yu, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M. E., Zeeb, H., Zhang, H., Zhao, Y., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L. J., Lopez, A. D., Murray, C. J. 2016; 3 (8): E361-E387

  Abstract

  Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015.For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification.Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6-40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7-1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1-1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections.Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30087-X

  View details for Web of Science ID 000380842400010

  View details for PubMedID 27470028

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5056319

• The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013 INJURY PREVENTION Haagsma, J. A., Graetz, N., Bolliger, I., Naghavi, M., Higashi, H., Mullany, E. C., Abera, S., Abraham, J., Adofo, K., Alsharif, U., Ameh, E. A., Ammar, W., Antonio, C. T., Barrero, L. H., Bekele, T., Bose, D., Brazinova, A., Catala-Lopez, F., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P. I., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Derrett, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Driscoll, T. R., Duan, L., Ermakov, S., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V. L., Franklin, R. C., Gabbe, B., Gosselin, R. A., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hamadeh, R., Hijar, M., Hu, G., Jayaraman, S. P., Jiang, G., Khader, Y., Khan, E., Krishnaswami, S., Kulkarni, C., Lecky, F. E., Leung, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Majdan, M., Mason-Jones, A. J., Matzopoulos, R., Meaney, P. A., Mekonnen, W., Miller, T. R., Mock, C. N., Norman, R. E., Orozco, R., Polinder, S., Pourmalek, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Refaat, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Roy, N., Schwebel, D. C., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Skirbekk, V., Soreide, K., Soshnikov, S., Stein, D. J., Sykes, B. L., Tabb, K. M., Temesgen, A., Tenkorang, E., Theadom, A. M., Bach Xuan Tran, Vasankari, T. J., Vavilala, M. S., Vlassov, V., Woldeyohannes, S., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Murray, C. L., Vos, T. 2016; 22 (1): 3–18

  Abstract

  The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors study used the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) to quantify the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. This paper provides an overview of injury estimates from the 2013 update of GBD, with detailed information on incidence, mortality, DALYs and rates of change from 1990 to 2013 for 26 causes of injury, globally, by region and by country.Injury mortality was estimated using the extensive GBD mortality database, corrections for ill-defined cause of death and the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on inpatient and outpatient data sets, 26 cause-of-injury and 47 nature-of-injury categories, and seven follow-up studies with patient-reported long-term outcome measures.In 2013, 973 million (uncertainty interval (UI) 942 to 993) people sustained injuries that warranted some type of healthcare and 4.8 million (UI 4.5 to 5.1) people died from injuries. Between 1990 and 2013 the global age-standardised injury DALY rate decreased by 31% (UI 26% to 35%). The rate of decline in DALY rates was significant for 22 cause-of-injury categories, including all the major injuries.Injuries continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing world. The decline in rates for almost all injuries is so prominent that it warrants a general statement that the world is becoming a safer place to live in. However, the patterns vary widely by cause, age, sex, region and time and there are still large improvements that need to be made.

  View details for PubMedID 26635210

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4752630

• Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 LANCET Forouzanfar, M. H., Alexander, L., Anderson, H. R., Bachman, V. F., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Casey, D., Coates, M. M., Cohen, A., Delwiche, K., Estep, K., Frostad, J. J., Astha, K. C., Kyu, H. H., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Ng, M., Slepak, E. L., Thomas, B. A., Wagner, J., Aasvang, G. M., Abbafati, C., Ozgoren, A. A., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abraham, B., Abraham, J. P., Abubakar, I., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Aburto, T. C., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A., Adofo, K., Adou, A. K., Adsuar, J. C., Afshin, A., Agardh, E. E., Al Khabouri, M. J., Al Lami, F. H., Alam, S. S., Alasfoor, D., Albittar, M. I., Alegretti, M. A., Aleman, A. V., Alemu, Z. A., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Ali, M. K., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, P. J., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amankwaa, A. A., Amare, A. T., Ameh, E. A., Ameli, O., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Anderson, B. O., Antonio, C. A., Anwari, P., Cunningham, S. A., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V. S., Artaman, A., Asghar, R. J., Assadi, R., Atkins, L. S., Atkinson, C., Avila, M. A., Awuah, B., Badawi, A., Bahit, M. C., Bakfalouni, T., Balakrishnan, K., Balalla, S., Balu, R. K., Banerjee, A., Barber, R. M., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basto-Abreu, A. C., Basu, A., Basu, S., Basulaiman, M. O., Ruvalcaba, C. B., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Bekele, T., Bell, M. L., Benjet, C., Bennett, D. A., Benzian, H., Bernabe, E., Beyene, T. J., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Bhutta, Z. Q., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A. A., Blore, J. D., Blyth, F. M., Bohensky, M. A., Basara, B. B., Borges, G., Bornstein, N. M., Bose, D., Boufous, S., Bourne, R. R., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J., Brenner, H., Briggs, A. D., Broday, D. M., Brooks, P. M., Bruce, N. G., Brugha, T. S., Brunekreef, B., Buchbinder, R., Bui, L. N., Bukhman, G., Bulloch, A. G., Burch, M., Burney, P. G., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Campuzano, J. C., Cantoral, A. J., Caravanos, J., Cardenas, R., Cardis, E., Carpenter, D. O., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castro, R. E., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cavlin, A., Chadha, V. K., Chang, J., Charlson, F. J., Chen, H., Chen, W., Chen, Z., Chiang, P. P., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chowdhury, R., Christophi, C. A., Chuang, T., Chugh, S. S., Cirillo, M., Classen, T. K., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S. M., Contreras, A. G., Cooper, C., Cooperrider, K., Cooper, L. T., Coresh, J., Courville, K. J., Criqui, M. H., Cuevas-Nasu, L., Damsere-Derry, J., Danawi, H., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P. I., Davis, A., Davitoiu, D. V., Dayama, A., de Castro, E. F., De la Cruz-Gongora, V., De Leo, D., de Lima, G., Degenhardt, L., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Derrett, S., Jarlais, D. C., Dessalegn, M., deVeber, G. A., Devries, K. M., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dherani, M. K., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E. R., Driscoll, T. R., Duan, L., Durrani, A. M., Ebel, B. E., Ellenbogen, R. G., Elshrek, Y. M., Endres, M., Ermakov, S. P., Erskine, H. E., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Fahimi, S., Faraon, E. J., Farzadfar, F., Fay, D. F., Feigin, V. L., Feigl, A. B., Fereshtehnejad, S., Ferrari, A. J., Ferri, C. P., Flaxman, A. D., Fleming, T. D., Foigt, N., Foreman, K. J., Paleo, U. F., Franklin, R. C., Gabbe, B., Gaffikin, L., Gakidou, E., Gamkrelidze, A., Gankpe, F. G., Gansevoort, R. T., Garcia-Guerra, F. A., Gasana, E., Geleijnse, J. M., Gessner, B. D., Gething, P., Gibney, K. B., Gillum, R. F., Ginawi, I. A., Giroud, M., Giussani, G., Goenka, S., Goginashvili, K., Dantes, H. G., Gona, P., de Cosio, T. G., Gonzalez-Castell, D., Gotay, C. C., Goto, A., Gouda, H. N., Guerrant, R. L., Gugnani, H. C., Guillemin, F., Gunnell, D., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gutierrez, R. A., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hagan, H., Hagstromer, M., Halasa, Y. A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hammami, M., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Haregu, T. N., Haro, J. M., Havmoeller, R., Hay, S. I., Hedayati, M. T., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Hernandez, L., Heuton, K. R., Heydarpour, P., Hijar, M., Hoek, H. W., Man, H. J., Hornberger, J. C., Hosgood, H. D., Hoy, D. G., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Hu, H., Huang, C., Huang, J. J., Hubbell, B. J., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Iannarone, M. L., Iburg, K. M., Idrisov, B. T., Ikeda, N., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Islami, F., Ismayilova, S., Jacobsen, K. H., Jansen, H. A., Jarvis, D. L., Jassal, S. K., Jauregui, A., Jayaraman, S., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P. N., Jha, V., Jiang, F., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J. B., Juel, K., Kan, H., Roseline, S. S., Karam, N. E., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karthikeyan, G., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D. S., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Khader, Y. S., Khalifa, S. E., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y., Khatibzadeh, S., Khonelidze, I., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, S., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kinge, J. M., Kissela, B. M., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L. D., Knudsen, A. K., Kokubo, Y., Kose, M. R., Kosen, S., Kraemer, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Kromhout, H., Ku, T., Defo, B. K., Bicer, B. K., Kuipers, E. J., Kulkarni, C., Kulkarni, V. S., Kumar, G. A., Kwan, G. F., Lai, T., Balaji, A. L., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lam, H., Lan, Q., Lansingh, V. C., Larson, H. J., Larsson, A., Laryea, D. O., Lavados, P. M., Lawrynowicz, A. E., Leasher, J. L., Lee, J., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Li, Y., Li, Y., Liang, J., Liang, X., Lim, S. S., Lindsay, M. P., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B. K., Logroscino, G., London, S. J., Lopez, N., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Lotufo, P. A., Lozano, R., Lunevicius, R., Ma, J., Ma, S., Machado, V. M., MacIntyre, M. F., Magis-Rodriguez, C., Mahdi, A. A., Majdan, M., Malekzadeh, R., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C. C., Marape, M., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D. J., Margono, C., Marks, G. B., Martin, R. V., Marzan, M. B., Mashal, M. T., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A. J., Matsushita, K., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B. M., Mazorodze, T. T., Mckay, A. C., McKee, M., McLain, A., Meaney, P. A., Medina, C., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mejia-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, W., Melaku, Y. A., Meltzer, M., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, A., Mhimbira, F. A., Micha, R., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Misganaw, A., Mishra, S., Ibrahim, N. M., Mohammad, K. A., Mokdad, A. H., Mola, G. L., Monasta, L., Hernandez, J. C., Montico, M., Moore, A. R., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Moschandreas, J., Moturi, W. N., Arian, D. M., Mueller, U. O., Mukaigawara, M., Mullany, E. C., Murthy, K. S., Naghavi, M., Nahas, Z., Naheed, A., Naidoo, K. S., Naldi, L., Nand, D., Nangia, V., Narayan, K. M., Nash, D., Neal, B., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S. P., Newton, C. R., Ngalesoni, F. N., Ngirabega, J. d., Nguyen, G., Nguyen, N. 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  Abstract

  The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2

  View details for Web of Science ID 000365993200031

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4685753

• Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition LANCET Murray, C. J., Barber, R. M., Foreman, K. J., Ozgoren, A. A., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J. P., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Achoki, T., Ackerman, I. N., Ademi, Z., Adou, A. K., Adsuar, J. C., Afshin, A., Agardh, E. E., Alam, S. S., Alasfoor, D., Albittar, M. I., Alegretti, M. A., Alemu, Z. A., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., AlMazroa, M. A., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Ameh, E. A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Anderson, H. R., Anderson, B. O., Antonio, C. A., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V. S., Artaman, A., Asghar, R. J., Assadi, R., Atkins, L. S., Avila, M. A., Awuah, B., Bachman, V. F., Badawi, A., Bahit, M. C., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, A., Basu, S., Basulaiman, M. O., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bekele, T., Bell, M. L., Benjet, C., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Benzian, H., Bernabe, E., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Beyene, T. J., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Bhutta, Z. A., Bienhoff, K., Bikbov, B., Biryukov, S., Blore, J. D., Blosser, C. D., Blyth, F. M., Bohensky, M. A., Bolliger, I. W., Basara, B. B., Bornstein, N. M., Bose, D., Boufous, S., Bourne, R. R., Boyers, L. N., Brainin, M., Brayne, C. E., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J., Brenner, H., Briggs, A. D., Brooks, P. M., Brown, J. C., Brugha, T. S., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G. C., Budke, C. M., Bulchis, A., Bulloch, A. G., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Carabin, H., Carapetis, J. R., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D. O., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castro, R. E., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cavlin, A., Chadha, V. K., Chang, J., Charlson, F. 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I., Nolte, S., Norheim, O. F., Norman, R. E., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Oh, I., Ohkubo, T., Ohno, S. L., Olusanya, B. O., Opio, J. N., Ortblad, K., Ortiz, A., Pain, A. W., Pandian, J. D., Panelo, C. I., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Park, J., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Paul, V. K., Pavlin, B. I., Pearce, N., Pereira, D. M., Perez-Padilla, R., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pervaiz, A., Pesudovs, K., Peterson, C. B., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Phillips, B. K., Phillips, D. E., Piel, F. B., Plass, D., Poenaru, D., Polinder, S., Pope, D., Popova, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Prasad, N. M., Pullan, R. L., Qato, D. M., Quistberg, D. A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahman, S. U., Raju, M., Rana, S. M., Razavi, H., Reddy, K. S., Refaat, A., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Ribeiro, A. L., Richardson, L., Richardus, J. H., Roberts, D. A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Rothstein, D. H., Rowley, J. T., Roy, N., Ruhago, G. M., Saeedi, M. Y., Saha, S., Sahraian, M. A., Sampson, U. K., Sanabria, J. R., Sandar, L., Santos, I. S., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Scarborough, P., Schneider, I. J., Schoettker, B., Schumacher, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Scott, J. G., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Serina, P. T., Servan-Mori, E. E., Shackelford, K. A., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Levy, T. S., Shangguan, S., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shinohara, Y., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Shrime, M. G., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silberberg, D. H., Simard, E. P., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J. A., Singh, L., Skirbekk, V., Slepak, E. L., Sliwa, K., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soshnikov, S., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stanaway, J. D., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D. J., Stein, M. B., Steiner, C., Steiner, T. J., Stevens, A., Stewart, A., Stovner, L. J., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B. F., Swaminathan, S., Swaroop, M., Sykes, B. L., Tabb, K. M., Takahashi, K., Tandon, N., Tanne, D., Tanner, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taylor, H. 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E., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., Zonies, D., Zou, X., Salomon, J. A., Lopez, A. D., Vos, T. 2015; 386 (10009): 2145-2191

  Abstract

  Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures.We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4-61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5-72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7-17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5-70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6-5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8-18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6-16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9-14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1-44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7-51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8-34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3-37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death.At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X

  View details for Web of Science ID 000365992600030

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5388903

• Part 11: Pediatric Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care CIRCULATION Atkins, D. L., Berger, S., Duff, J. P., Gonzales, J. C., Hunt, E. A., Joyner, B. L., Meaney, P. A., Niles, D. E., Samson, R. A., Schexnayder, S. M. 2015; 132 (18): S519–S525

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000265

  View details for Web of Science ID 000365552800011

  View details for PubMedID 26472999

• Part 6: Pediatric Basic Life Support and Pediatric Advanced Life Support 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations (Reprinted from Circulation, vol 132, pg S177-S203, 2015) PEDIATRICS De Caen, A. R., Aickin, R., Maconochie, I. K., Atkins, D. L., Biarent, D., Guerguerian, A., Kleinman, M. E., Kloeck, D. A., Meaney, P. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Ng, K., Nuthall, G., Reis, A. G., Shimizu, N., Tibballs, J., Pintos, R. 2015; 136: S88–S119

  View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2015-3373C

  View details for Web of Science ID 000363970100002

  View details for PubMedID 26471382

• Part 6: Pediatric Basic Life Support and Pediatric Advanced Life Support 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations CIRCULATION de Caen, A. R., Maconochie, I. K., Aickin, R., Atkins, D. L., Biarent, D., Guerguerian, A., Kleinman, M. E., Kloeck, D. A., Meaney, P. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Ng, K., Nuthall, G., Reis, A. G., Shimizu, N., Tibballs, J., Pintos, R., Pediat Basic Life Support Pediat A 2015; 132 (16): S177–S203

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000275

  View details for Web of Science ID 000385818900006

  View details for PubMedID 26472853

• Pediatric basic life support and pediatric advanced life support 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations RESUSCITATION Maconochie, I. K., de Caen, A. R., Aickin, R., Atkins, D. L., Biarent, D., Guerguerian, A., Kleinman, M. E., Kloeck, D. A., Meaney, P. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Ng, K., Nuthall, G., Reis, A. G., Shimizu, N., Tibballs, J., Pintos, R., Pediat Basic Life Support Chapter, Pediat Adv Life Support Chapter 2015; 95: E147–E168

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.044

  View details for Web of Science ID 000366580600006

  View details for PubMedID 26477423

• Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 LANCET Vos, T., Barber, R. M., Bell, B., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Biryukov, S., Bolliger, I., Charlson, F., Davis, A., Degenhardt, L., Dicker, D., Duan, L., Erskine, H., Feigin, V. L., Ferrari, A. J., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T., Graetz, N., Guinovart, C., Haagsma, J., Hansen, G. M., Hanson, S. W., Heuton, K. R., Higashi, H., Kassebaum, N., Kyu, H., Laurie, E., Liang, X., Lofgren, K., Lozano, R., MacIntyre, M. F., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Naghavi, M., Nguyen, G., Odell, S., Ortblad, K., Roberts, D. A., Roth, G. A., Sandar, L., Serina, P. T., Stanaway, J. D., Steiner, C., Thomas, B., Vollset, S. E., Whiteford, H., Wolock, T. M., Ye, P., Zhou, M., Avila, M. A., Aasvang, G. M., Abbafati, C., Ozgoren, A. A., Abd-Allah, F., Aziz, M. I., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J. P., Abraham, B., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Aburto, T. C., Achoki, T., Ackerman, I. N., Adelekan, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A. K., Adsuar, J. C., Arnlov, J., Agardh, E. E., Al Khabouri, M. J., Alam, S. S., Alasfoor, D., Albittar, M. I., Alegretti, M. A., Aleman, A. V., Alemu, Z. A., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, P. J., AlMazroa, M. A., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ameli, O., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Anderson, B. O., Anderson, H. R., Antonio, C. A., Anwari, P., Apfel, H., Arsenijevic, V. S., Artaman, A., Asghar, R. J., Assadi, R., Atkins, L. S., Atkinson, C., Badawi, A., Bahit, M. C., Bakfalouni, T., Balakrishnan, K., Balalla, S., Banerjee, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Basu, A., Baxter, A., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bekele, T., Bell, M. L., Benjet, C., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Benzian, H., Bernabe, E., Beyene, T. J., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Bhutta, Z. Q., Bienhoff, K., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Blore, J. D., Blyth, F. M., Bohensky, M. A., Basara, B. B., Borges, G., Bornstein, N. M., Bose, D., Boufous, S., Bourne, R. R., Boyers, L. N., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brayne, C. E., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J., Brenner, H., Briggs, A. D., Brooks, P. M., Brown, J., Brugha, T. S., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G. C., Bukhman, G., Bulloch, A. G., Burch, M., Burnett, R., Cardenas, R., Cabral, N. L., Nonato, I. R., Campuzano, J. C., Carapetis, J. R., Carpenter, D. O., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Chadha, V. K., Chang, J., Chen, H., Chen, W., Chiang, P. P., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christophi, C. A., Chugh, S. S., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M., Cohen, A., Colistro, V., Colquhoun, S. M., Contreras, A. G., Cooper, L. T., Cooper, C., Cooperrider, K., Coresh, J., Cortinovis, M., Criqui, M. H., Crump, J. A., Cuevas-Nasu, L., Dandona, R., Dandona, L., Dansereau, E., Dantes, H. G., Dargan, P. I., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D. V., Dayama, A., De la Cruz-Gongora, V., de la Vega, S. F., De Leo, D., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Derrett, S., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dessalegn, M., de Veber, G. A., Dharmaratne, S. D., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E. L., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E. R., Driscoll, T. R., Duber, H., Durrani, A. M., Edmond, K. M., Ellenbogen, R. G., Endres, M., Ermakov, S. P., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fahimi, S., Farzadfar, F., Fay, D. F., Felson, D. T., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J. G., Ferri, C. P., Flaxman, A., Foigt, N., Foreman, K. J., Fowkes, F. G., Franklin, R. C., Furst, T., Futran, N. D., Gabbe, B. J., Gankpe, F. G., Garcia-Guerra, F. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Gessner, B. D., Gibney, K. B., Gillum, R. F., Ginawi, I. A., Giroud, M., Giussani, G., Goenka, S., Goginashvili, K., Gona, P., de Cosio, T. G., Gosselin, R. A., Gotay, C. C., Goto, A., Gouda, H. N., Guerrant, R. L., Gugnani, H. C., Gunnell, D., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gutierrez, R. A., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hagan, H., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamavid, H., Hammami, M., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Haro, J. M., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Hay, S., Hedayati, M. T., Pi, I. B., Heydarpour, P., Hijar, M., Hoek, H. W., Hoffman, H. J., Hornberger, J. C., Hosgood, H. D., Hossain, M., Hotez, P. J., Hoy, D. G., Hsairi, M., Hu, H., Hu, G., Huang, J. J., Huang, C., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Iannarone, M., Iburg, K. M., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Jacobsen, K. H., Jassal, S. K., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P. N., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J. B., Joseph, J., Juel, K., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karimkhani, C., Karthikeyan, G., Katz, R., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D. S., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Khader, Y. S., Khalifa, S. E., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khonelidze, I., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, S., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kinge, J. M., Kissela, B. M., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A. K., Kokubo, Y., Kosen, S., Kramer, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnamurthi, R. V., Krishnaswami, S., Defo, B. K., Bicer, B. K., Kuipers, E. J., Kulkarni, V. S., Kumar, K., Kumar, G. A., Kwan, G. F., Lai, T., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lan, Q., Lansingh, V. C., Larson, H., Larsson, A., Lawrynowicz, A. E., Leasher, J. L., Lee, J., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Li, B., Li, Y., Li, Y., Liang, J., Lim, S., Lin, H., Lind, M., Lindsay, M. P., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, S., Lloyd, B. K., Ohno, S. L., Logroscino, G., Looker, K. J., Lopez, A. D., Lopez-Olmedo, N., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Lotufo, P. A., Low, N., Lucas, R. M., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Ma, J., Ma, S., Mackay, M. T., Majdan, M., Malekzadeh, R., Mapoma, C. C., Marcenes, W., March, L. M., Margono, C., Marks, G. B., Marzan, M. B., Masci, J. R., Mason-Jones, A. J., Matzopoulos, R. G., Mayosi, B. M., Mazorodze, T. T., McGill, N. W., McGrath, J. J., McKee, M., McLain, A., McMahon, B. J., Meaney, P. A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mejia-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, W., Melaku, Y. A., Meltzer, M., Memish, Z. A., Mensah, G., Meretoja, A., Mhimbira, F. A., Micha, R., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mitchell, P. B., Mock, C. N., Moffitt, T. E., Ibrahim, N. M., Mohammad, K. A., Mokdad, A. H., Mola, G. L., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Montine, T. J., Moore, A. R., Moran, A. E., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Moschandreas, J., Moturi, W. N., Moyer, M., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U. O., Mukaigawara, M., Murdoch, M. E., Murray, J., Murthy, K. S., Naghavi, P., Nahas, Z., Naheed, A., Naidoo, K. S., Naldi, L., Nand, D., Nangia, V., Narayan, K. M., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S. P., Newman, L. M., Newton, C. R., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F. N., Nhung, N. T., Nisar, M. I., Nolte, S., Norheim, O. F., Norman, R. E., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Oh, I. H., Ohkubo, T., Omer, S. B., Opio, J. N., Ortiz, A., Pandian, J. D., Panelo, C. I., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Parry, C. D., Caicedo, A. J., Patten, S. B., Paul, V. K., Pavlin, B. I., Pearce, N., Pedraza, L. S., Pellegrini, C. A., Pereira, D. M., Perez-Ruiz, F. P., Perico, N., Pervaiz, A., Pesudovs, K., Peterson, C. B., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Phillips, D., Phillips, B., Piel, F. B., Plass, D., Poenaru, D., Polanczyk, G. V., Polinder, S., Pope, C. A., Popova, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Prasad, N. M., Qato, D., Quistberg, D. A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, S. u., Raju, M., Rakovac, I., Rana, S. M., Razavi, H., Refaat, A., Rehm, J., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Ribeiro, A. L., Riccio, P. M., Richardson, L., Richardus, J. H., Riederer, A. M., Robinson, M., Roca, A., Rodriguez, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, N., Ruhago, G. M., Sabin, N., Sacco, R. L., Ksoreide, K., Saha, S., Sahathevan, R., Sahraian, M. A., Sampson, U., Sanabria, J. R., Sanchez-Riera, L., Santos, I. S., Satpathy, M., Saunders, J. E., Sawhney, M., Saylan, M. I., Scarborough, P., Schoettker, B., Schneider, I. J., Schwebel, D. C., Scott, J. G., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Serdar, B., Servan-Mori, E. E., Shackelford, K., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Levy, T. S., Shangguan, S., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shepard, D. S., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shinohara, Y., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Shrime, M. G., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silberberg, D. H., Simard, E. P., Sindi, S., Singh, J. A., Singh, L., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Soljak, M., Soneji, S., Soshnikov, S. S., Speyer, P., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stoeckl, H., Stathopoulou, V. K., Steckling, N., Stein, M. B., Stein, D. J., Steiner, T. J., Stewart, A., Stork, E., Stovner, L. J., Stroumpoulis, K., Sturua, L., Sunguya, B. F., Swaroop, M., Sykes, B. L., Tabb, K. M., Takahashi, K., Tan, F., Tandon, N., Tanne, D., Tanner, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taylor, H. R., Ao, B. J., Temesgen, A. M., ten Have, M., Tenkorang, E. Y., Terkawi, A. S., Theadom, A. M., Thomas, E., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Thrift, A. G., Tleyjeh, I. M., Tonelli, M., Topouzis, F., Towbin, J. A., Toyoshima, H., Traebert, J., Tran, B. X., Trasande, L., Trillini, M., Truelsen, T., Trujillo, U., Tsilimbaris, M., Tuzcu, E. M., Ukwaja, K. N., Undurraga, E. A., Uzun, S. B., Van Brakel, W. H., de Vijver, S. v., Van Dingenen, R., van Gool, C. H., Varakin, Y. Y., Vasankari, T. J., Vavilala, M. S., Veerman, L. J., Velasquez-Melendez, G., Venketasubramanian, N., Vijayakumar, L., Villalpando, S., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V. V., Waller, S., Wallin, M. T., Wan, X., Wang, L., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Warouw, T. S., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Werdecker, A., Wessells, K. R., Westerman, R., Wilkinson, J. D., Williams, H. C., Williams, T. N., Woldeyohannes, S. M., Wolfe, C. D., Wong, J. Q., Wong, H., Woolf, A. D., Wright, J. L., Wurtz, B., Xu, G., Yang, G., Yano, Y., Yenesew, M. A., Yentur, G. K., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Kim, K. Y., Zaki, M. E., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhao, Y., Zhu, J., Zonies, D., Zunt, J. R., Salomon, J. A., Murray, C. J. 2015; 386 (9995): 743-800

  Abstract

  Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013.Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries.Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013.Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4

  View details for Web of Science ID 000360287900025

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4561509

• Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 LANCET Naghavi, M., Wang, H., Lozano, R., Davis, A., Liang, X., Zhou, M., Vollset, S. E., Ozgoren, A. A., Abdalla, S., Abd-Allah, F., Aziz, M. I., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abraham, B., Abraham, J. P., Abuabara, K. E., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A., Ademi, Z. N., Adofo, K., Adou, A. K., Adsuar, J. C., Aernlov, J., Agardh, E. E., Akena, D., Al Khabouri, M. J., Alasfoor, D., Albittar, M., Alegretti, M. A., Aleman, A. V., Alemu, Z. A., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Alhabib, S., Ali, M. K., Ali, R., Alla, F., Al Lami, F., Allebeck, P., AlMazroa, M. A., Salman, R. A., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alviz-Guzman, N., Amankwaa, A. A., Amare, A. T., Ameli, O., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Anderson, H. R., Anderson, B. O., Antonio, C. A., Anwari, P., Apfel, H., Cunningham, S. A., Arsenijevic, V. S., Al Artaman, Asad, M. M., Asghar, R. J., Assadi, R., Atkins, L. S., Atkinson, C., Badawi, A., Bahit, M. C., Bakfalouni, T., Balakrishnan, K., Balalla, S., Banerjee, A., Barber, R. M., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basu, A., Basu, S., Basulaiman, M. O., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bekele, T., Bell, M. L., Benjet, C., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Benzian, H., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Beyene, T. J., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Bhutta, Z. A., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Biryukov, S., Blore, J. D., Blyth, F. M., Bohensky, M. A., Borges, G., Bose, D., Boufous, S., Bourne, R. R., Boyers, L. N., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brayne, C. E., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Briggs, A. D., Brown, J. C., Brugha, T. S., Buckle, G. C., Bui, L. N., Bukhman, G., Burch, M., Nonato, I. R., Carabin, H., Cardenas, R., Carapetis, J., Carpenter, D. O., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castro, R. E., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Chang, J., Charlson, F. C., Che, X., Chen, H., Chen, Y., Chen, J. S., Chen, Z., Chiang, P. P., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christophi, C. A., Chuang, T., Chugh, S. S., Cirillo, M., Coates, M. M., Coffeng, L. E., Coggeshall, M. S., Cohen, A., Colistro, V., Colquhoun, S. M., Colomar, M., Cooper, L. T., Cooper, C., Coppola, L. M., Cortinovis, M., Courville, K., Cowie, B. C., Criqui, M. H., Crump, J. A., Cuevas-Nasu, L., Leite, I. d., Dabhadkar, K. C., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dansereau, E., Dargan, P. I., Dayama, A., De la Cruz-Gongora, V., de la Vega, S. F., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Jarlais, D. C., Dessalegn, M., deVeber, G. A., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dherani, M., Diaz-Ortega, J., Diaz-Torne, C., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E. R., Driscoll, T. R., Duan, L., Duber, H. C., Durrani, A. M., Ebel, B. E., Edmond, K. M., Ellenbogen, R. G., Elshrek, Y., Ermakov, S. P., Erskine, H. E., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fuerst, T., Fahimi, S., Fahrion, A. S., Faraon, E. J., Farzadfar, F., Fay, D. F., Feigl, A. B., Feigin, V. L., Felicio, M. M., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J. G., Ferrari, A. J., Fleming, T. D., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M. H., Fowkes, F. G., Fra Paleo, U., Franklin, R. C., Futran, N. D., Gaffikin, L., Gambashidze, K., Gankpe, F. G., Garcia-Guerra, F. A., Garcia, A. C., Geleijnse, J. M., Gessner, B. D., Gibney, K. B., Gillum, R. F., Gilmour, S., Abdelmageem, I., Ginawi, M., Giroud, M., Glaser, E. L., Goenka, S., Dantes, H. G., Gona, P., Gonzalez-Medina, D., Guinovart, C., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gosselin, R. A., Gotay, C. C., Goto, A., Gowda, H. N., Graetz, N., Greenwell, K. F., Gugnani, H. C., Gunnell, D., Gutierrez, R. A., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hagan, H., Hagstromer, M., Halasa, Y. A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamavid, H., Hammami, M., Hancock, J., Hankey, G. J., Hansen, G. M., Harb, H. L., Harewood, H., Haro, J. M., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hedayati, M. T., Pi, I. B., Heuton, K. R., Heydarpour, P., Higashi, H., Hijar, M., Hoek, H. W., Hoffman, H. J., Hornberger, J. C., Hosgood, H. D., Hossain, M., Hotez, P. J., Hoy, D. G., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Huang, J. J., Huffman, M. D., Hughes, A. J., Husseini, A., Huynh, C., Iannarone, M., Iburg, K. M., Idrisov, B. T., Ikeda, N., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Islami, F., Ismayilova, S., Jacobsen, K. H., Jassal, S., Jayaraman, S. P., Jensen, P. N., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J. B., Joseph, J., Juel, K., Kabagambe, E. K., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karimkhani, C., Karthikeyan, G., Kassebaum, N., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazanjan, K., Kazi, D. S., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Khader, Y. S., Khalifa, S. E., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Kieling, C., Kinfu, Y., Kinge, J. M., Kim, D., Kim, S., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A. K., Kokubo, Y., Kosen, S., Kotagal, M., Kravchenko, M. A., Krishnaswami, S., Krueger, H., Defo, B. K., Kuipers, E. J., Bicer, B. K., Kulkarni, C., Kulkarni, V. S., Kumar, K., Kumar, R. B., Kwan, G. F., Kyu, H., Lai, T., Balaji, A. L., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lam, H., Lan, Q., Lansingh, V. C., Larson, H. J., Larsson, A., Lavados, P. M., Lawrynowicz, A. E., Leasher, J. L., Lee, J., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leung, R., Levitz, C., Li, B., Li, Y., Li, Y., Liddell, C., Lim, S. S., de Lima, G. M., Lind, M. L., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B. K., Lofgren, K. T., Logroscino, G., London, S. J., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Lotufo, P. A., Lucas, R. M., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Ma, S., Machado, V. M., MacIntyre, M. F., Mackay, M. T., Maclachlan, J. H., Magis-Rodriguez, C., Mahdi, A. A., Majdan, M., Malekzadeh, R., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C. C., Marape, M., Marcenes, W., Margono, C., Marks, G. B., Marzan, M. B., Masci, J. R., Mashal, M. T., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A. J., Matzopolous, R., Mayosi, B. M., Mazorodze, T. T., McGrath, J. J., Mckay, A. C., McKee, M., McLain, A., Meaney, P. A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mejia-Rodriguez, F., Melaku, Y. A., Meltzer, M., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, A., Mhimbira, F. A., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Misganaw, A., Mishra, S. K., Mock, C. N., Moffitt, T. E., Ibrahim, N. M., Mohammad, K. A., Mokdad, A. H., Mola, G. L., Monasta, L., Monis, J. d., Hernandez, J. C., Montico, M., Montine, T. J., Mooney, M. D., Moore, A. R., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moran, A. E., Mori, R., Moschandreas, J., Moturi, W. N., Moyer, M. L., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U. O., Mukaigawara, M., Mullany, E. C., Murray, J., Mustapha, A., Naghavi, P., Naheed, A., Naidoo, K. S., Naldi, L., Nand, D., Nangia, V., Narayan, K. M., Nash, D., Nasher, J., Nejjari, C., Nelson, R. G., Neuhouser, M., Neupane, S. P., Newcomb, P. A., Newman, L., Newton, C. R., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F. N., Nguyen, G., Nhung Thi Trang Nguyen, N. T., Nisar, M. 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  Abstract

  Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries.We estimated age-sex-specific all-cause mortality using the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data. We generally estimated cause of death as in the GBD 2010. Key improvements included the addition of more recent vital registration data for 72 countries, an updated verbal autopsy literature review, two new and detailed data systems for China, and more detail for Mexico, UK, Turkey, and Russia. We improved statistical models for garbage code redistribution. We used six different modelling strategies across the 240 causes; cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was the dominant strategy for causes with sufficient information. Trends for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were informed by meta-regression of prevalence studies. For pathogen-specific causes of diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections we used a counterfactual approach. We computed two measures of convergence (inequality) across countries: the average relative difference across all pairs of countries (Gini coefficient) and the average absolute difference across countries. To summarise broad findings, we used multiple decrement life-tables to decompose probabilities of death from birth to exact age 15 years, from exact age 15 years to exact age 50 years, and from exact age 50 years to exact age 75 years, and life expectancy at birth into major causes. For all quantities reported, we computed 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We constrained cause-specific fractions within each age-sex-country-year group to sum to all-cause mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions.Global life expectancy for both sexes increased from 65.3 years (UI 65.0-65.6) in 1990, to 71.5 years (UI 71.0-71.9) in 2013, while the number of deaths increased from 47.5 million (UI 46.8-48.2) to 54.9 million (UI 53.6-56.3) over the same interval. Global progress masked variation by age and sex: for children, average absolute differences between countries decreased but relative differences increased. For women aged 25-39 years and older than 75 years and for men aged 20-49 years and 65 years and older, both absolute and relative differences increased. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the prominent role of reductions in age-standardised death rates for cardiovascular diseases and cancers in high-income regions, and reductions in child deaths from diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and neonatal causes in low-income regions. HIV/AIDS reduced life expectancy in southern sub-Saharan Africa. For most communicable causes of death both numbers of deaths and age-standardised death rates fell whereas for most non-communicable causes, demographic shifts have increased numbers of deaths but decreased age-standardised death rates. Global deaths from injury increased by 10.7%, from 4.3 million deaths in 1990 to 4.8 million in 2013; but age-standardised rates declined over the same period by 21%. For some causes of more than 100,000 deaths per year in 2013, age-standardised death rates increased between 1990 and 2013, including HIV/AIDS, pancreatic cancer, atrial fibrillation and flutter, drug use disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and sickle-cell anaemias. Diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, neonatal causes, and malaria are still in the top five causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The most important pathogens are rotavirus for diarrhoea and pneumococcus for lower respiratory infections. Country-specific probabilities of death over three phases of life were substantially varied between and within regions.For most countries, the general pattern of reductions in age-sex specific mortality has been associated with a progressive shift towards a larger share of the remaining deaths caused by non-communicable disease and injuries. Assessing epidemiological convergence across countries depends on whether an absolute or relative measure of inequality is used. Nevertheless, age-standardised death rates for seven substantial causes are increasing, suggesting the potential for reversals in some countries. Important gaps exist in the empirical data for cause of death estimates for some countries; for example, no national data for India are available for the past decade.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2

  View details for Web of Science ID 000347715900024

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4340604

• PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF CPR QUALITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED SURVIVAL FROM CARDIAC ARREST Meaney, P., French, B., Parshuram, C., Schexnayder, S., Edelson, D., Abella, B., Merchant, R., Sutton, R. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2014

  View details for Web of Science ID 000346211800190

• Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 LANCET Murray, C. J., Ortblad, K. F., Guinovart, C., Lim, S. S., Wolock, T. M., Roberts, D. A., Dansereau, E. A., Graetz, N., Barber, R. M., Brown, J. C., Wang, H., Duber, H. C., Naghavi, M., Dicker, D., Dandona, L., Salomon, J. A., Heuton, K. R., Foreman, K., Phillips, D. E., Fleming, T. D., Flaxman, A. D., Phillips, B. K., Johnson, E. K., Coggeshall, M. S., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Abraham, J. P., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Achoki, T., Adeyemo, A. O., Adou, A. K., Adsuar, J. C., Agardh, E. E., Akena, D., Al Kahbouri, M. J., Alasfoor, D., Albittar, M. I., Alcala-Cerra, G., Angel Alegretti, M., Alemu, Z. A., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alla, F., Allen, P. J., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amankwaa, A. A., Amare, A. T., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Anderson, B. O., Antonio, C. A., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V. S., Artaman, A., Asghar, R. J., Assadi, R., Atkins, L. S., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Basu, S., Beardsley, J., Bekele, T., Bell, M. L., Bernabe, E., Beyene, T. J., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Bhutta, Z. A., Bin Abdulhak, A., Binagwaho, A., Blore, J. D., Basara, B. B., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Breitborde, N., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Chadha, V. K., Chang, J., Chiang, P. P., Chuang, T., Colomar, M., Cooper, L. T., Cooper, C., Courville, K. J., Cowie, B. C., Criqui, M. H., Dandona, R., Dayama, A., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Deribe, K., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dessalegn, M., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dilmen, U., Ding, E. L., Driscoll, T. R., Durrani, A. M., Ellenbogen, R. G., Ermakov, S. P., Esteghamati, A., Faraon, E. J., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fijabi, D. O., Forouzanfar, M. H., Paleo, U. F., Gaffikin, L., Gamkrelidze, A., Gankpe, F. G., Geleijnse, J. M., Gessner, B. D., Gibney, K. B., Ginawi, I. A., Glaser, E. L., Gona, P., Goto, A., Gouda, H. N., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hamadeh, R. R., Hammami, M., Hankey, G. J., Harb, H. L., Maria Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Hay, S. I., Hedayati, M. T., Heredia Pi, I. B., Hoek, H. W., Hornberger, J. C., Hosgood, H. D., Hotez, P. J., Hoy, D. G., Huang, J. J., Iburg, K. M., Idrisov, B. T., Innos, K., Jacobsen, K. H., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P. N., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jonas, J. B., Juel, K., Kan, H., Kankindi, I., Karam, N. E., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D. S., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Khader, Y. S., Khalifa, S. E., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y., Khonelidze, I., Kinfu, Y., Kinge, J. M., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kosen, S., Defo, B. K., Kulkarni, V. S., Kulkarni, C., Kumar, K., Kumar, R. B., Kumar, G. A., Kwan, G. F., Lai, T., Balaji, A. L., Lam, H., Lan, Q., Lansingh, V. C., Larson, H. J., Larsson, A., Lee, J., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leung, R., Li, Y., Li, Y., Ferreira De Lima, G. M., Lin, H., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B. K., Lotufo, P. A., Pedro Machado, V. M., Maclachlan, J. H., Magis-Rodriguez, C., Majdan, M., Mapoma, C. C., Marcenes, W., Barrieotos Marzan, M., Masci, J. R., Mashal, M. T., Mason-Jones, A. J., Mayosi, B. M., Mazorodze, T. T., Mckay, A. C., Meaney, P. A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mejia-Rodriguez, F., Melaku, Y. A., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mohammad, K. A., Mokdad, A. H., Mola, G. L., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moore, A. R., Mori, R., Moturi, W. N., Mukaigawara, M., Murthy, K. S., Naheed, A., Naidoo, K. S., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Narayan, K. M., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Nelson, R. G., Neupane, S. P., Newton, C. R., Ng, M., Nisar, M. I., Nolte, S., Norheim, O. F., Nowaseb, V., Nyakarahuka, L., Oh, I., Ohkubo, T., Olusanya, B. O., Omer, S. B., Opio, J. N., Orisakwe, O. E., Pandian, J. D., Papachristou, C., Paternina Caicedo, A. J., Patten, S. B., Paul, V. K., Pavlin, B. I., Pearce, N., Pereira, D. M., Pervaiz, A., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Pourmalek, F., Qato, D., Quezada, A. D., Quistberg, D. A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, S. u., Raju, M., Rana, S. M., Razavi, H., Reilly, R. Q., Remuzzi, G., Richardus, J. H., Ronfani, L., Roy, N., Sabin, N., Saeedi, M. Y., Sahraian, M. A., Samonte, G. M., Sawhney, M., Schneider, I. J., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shibuya, K., Shin, H. H., Shiue, I., Shivakoti, R., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silberberg, D. H., Silva, A. P., Simard, E. P., Singh, J. A., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Soneji, S., Soshnikov, S. S., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stathopoulou, V. K., Stroumpoulis, K., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., Tabb, K. M., Talongwa, R. T., Tenkorang, E. Y., Terkawi, A. S., Thomson, A. J., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Towbin, J. A., Traebert, J., Tran, B. X., Dimbuene, Z. T., Tsilimbaris, M., Uchendu, U. S., Ukwaja, K. N., Uzun, S. B., Vallely, A. J., Vasankari, T. J., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Waller, S., Wallin, M. T., Wang, L., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Westerman, R., White, R. A., Wilkinson, J. D., Williams, T. N., Woldeyohannes, S. M., Wong, J. Q., Xu, G., Yang, Y. C., Yano, Y., Yentur, G. K., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Jin, K. Y., Zaki, M. E., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhou, M., Zhu, J., Zou, X. N., Lopez, A. D., Vos, T. 2014; 384 (9947): 1005-1070

  Abstract

  The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration.To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets.Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (1·6 million to 1·9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19·1 million life-years (16·6 million to 21·5 million) have been saved, 70·3% (65·4 to 76·1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·5 million (7·4 million to 7·7 million), prevalence was 11·9 million (11·6 million to 12·2 million), and number of deaths was 1·4 million (1·3 million to 1·5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·1 million (6·9 million to 7·3 million), prevalence was 11·2 million (10·8 million to 11·6 million), and number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·2 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64·0% of cases (63·6 to 64·3) and 64·7% of deaths (60·8 to 70·3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1·2 million deaths (1·1 million to 1·4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31·5% (15·7 to 44·1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990.Our estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18·7% smaller than UNAIDS's estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8

  View details for Web of Science ID 000341679700032

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4202387

• 2010 American Heart Association recommended compression depths during pediatric in-hospital resuscitations are associated with survival RESUSCITATION Sutton, R. M., French, B., Niles, D. E., Donoghue, A., Topjian, A. A., Nishisaki, A., Leffelman, J., Wolfe, H., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Meaney, P. A. 2014; 85 (9): 1179–84

  Abstract

  Gaps exist in pediatric resuscitation knowledge due to limited data collected during cardiac arrest in real children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the 2010 American Heart Association (AHA) recommended chest compression (CC) depth (≥51 mm) and survival following pediatric resuscitation attempts.Single-center prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed observational study of children (>1 year) who received CCs between October 2006 and September 2013 in the intensive care unit (ICU) or emergency department (ED) at a tertiary care children's hospital. Multivariate logistic regression models controlling for calendar year and known potential confounders were used to estimate the association between 2010 AHA depth compliance and survival outcomes. The primary outcome was 24-h survival. The primary predictor variable was event AHA depth compliance, prospectively defined as an event with ≥60% of 30-s epochs achieving an average CC depth ≥51 mm during the first 5 min of the resuscitation.There were 89 CC events, 87 with quantitative CPR data collected (23 AHA depth compliant). AHA depth compliant events were associated with improved 24-h survival on both univariate analysis (70% vs. 16%, p<0.001) and after controlling for potential confounders (calendar year of arrest, gender, first documented rhythm; aOR 10.3; CI(95): 2.75-38.8; p<0.001).2010 AHA compliant chest compression depths (≥51 mm) are associated with higher 24-h survival compared to shallower chest compression depths, even after accounting for potentially confounding patient and event factors.

  View details for PubMedID 24842846

• Does a Resuscitation Pharmacologic Bundle of Epinephrine, Terlipressin, and Corticosteroids Improve Outcome From Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest? PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Berg, R. A., Meaney, P. A., Nadkarni, V. M. 2014; 15 (6): 573–74

  View details for PubMedID 25000425

• Interdisciplinary ICU Cardiac Arrest Debriefing Improves Survival Outcomes CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Wolfe, H., Zebuhr, C., Topjian, A. A., Nishisaki, A., Niles, D. E., Meaney, P. A., Boyle, L., Giordano, R. T., Davis, D., Priestley, M., Apkon, M., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Sutton, R. M. 2014; 42 (7): 1688–95

  Abstract

  In-hospital cardiac arrest is an important public health problem. High-quality resuscitation improves survival but is difficult to achieve. Our objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel, interdisciplinary, postevent quantitative debriefing program to improve survival outcomes after in-hospital pediatric chest compression events.Single-center prospective interventional study of children who received chest compressions between December 2008 and June 2012 in the ICU.Structured, quantitative, audiovisual, interdisciplinary debriefing of chest compression events with front-line providers.Primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes included survival of event (return of spontaneous circulation for ≥ 20 min) and favorable neurologic outcome. Primary resuscitation quality outcome was a composite variable, termed "excellent cardiopulmonary resuscitation," prospectively defined as a chest compression depth ≥ 38 mm, rate ≥ 100/min, ≤ 10% of chest compressions with leaning, and a chest compression fraction > 90% during a given 30-second epoch. Quantitative data were available only for patients who are 8 years old or older. There were 119 chest compression events (60 control and 59 interventional). The intervention was associated with a trend toward improved survival to hospital discharge on both univariate analysis (52% vs 33%, p = 0.054) and after controlling for confounders (adjusted odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 0.91-6.8; p = 0.075), and it significantly increased survival with favorable neurologic outcome on both univariate (50% vs 29%, p = 0.036) and multivariable analyses (adjusted odds ratio, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.01-7.5; p = 0.047). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation epochs for patients who are 8 years old or older during the debriefing period were 5.6 times more likely to meet targets of excellent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (95% CI, 2.9-10.6; p < 0.01).Implementation of an interdisciplinary, postevent quantitative debriefing program was significantly associated with improved cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality and survival with favorable neurologic outcome.

  View details for PubMedID 24717462

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4092119

• Imagine what we will "know" tomorrow: The naked truth about cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality research RESUSCITATION Sutton, R. M., Wolfe, H., Meaney, P. A. 2014; 85 (6): 722–23

  View details for PubMedID 24746787

• First quantitative analysis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality during in-hospital cardiac arrests of young children RESUSCITATION Sutton, R. M., Niles, D., French, B., Maltese, M. R., Leffelman, J., Eilevstjonn, J., Wolfe, H., Nishisaki, A., Meaney, P. A., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M. 2014; 85 (1): 70–74

  Abstract

  The objective of this study is to report, for the first time, quantitative data on CPR quality during the resuscitation of children under 8 years of age. We hypothesized that the CPR performed would often not achieve 2010 Pediatric Basic Life Support (BLS) Guidelines, but would improve with the addition of audiovisual feedback.Prospective observational cohort evaluating CPR quality during chest compression (CC) events in children between 1 and 8 years of age. CPR recording defibrillators collected CPR data (rate (CC/min), depth (mm), CC fraction (CCF), leaning (%>2.5 kg.)). Audiovisual feedback was according to 2010 Guidelines in a subset of patients. The primary outcome, "excellent CPR" was defined as a CC rate ≥ 100 and ≤ 120 CC/min, depth ≥ 50 mm, CCF >0.80, and <20% of CC with leaning.8 CC events resulted in 285 thirty-second epochs of CPR (15,960 CCs). Percentage of epochs achieving targets was 54% (153/285) for rate, 19% (54/285) for depth, 88% (250/285) for CCF, 79% (226/285) for leaning, and 8% (24/285) for excellent CPR. The median percentage of epochs per event achieving targets increased with audiovisual feedback for rate [88 (IQR: 79, 94) vs. 39 (IQR 18, 62) %; p=0.043] and excellent CPR [28 (IQR: 7.2, 52) vs. 0 (IQR: 0, 1) %; p=0.018].In-hospital pediatric CPR often does not meet 2010 Pediatric BLS Guidelines, but compliance is better when audiovisual feedback is provided to rescuers.

  View details for PubMedID 23994802

• Simplified dispatcher instructions improve bystander chest compression quality during simulated pediatric resuscitation RESUSCITATION Rodriguez, S., Sutton, R. M., Berg, M. D., Nishisaki, A., Maltese, M., Meaney, P. A., Niles, D. E., Leffelman, J., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M. 2014; 85 (1): 119–23

  Abstract

  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality is associated with survival outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of simplified dispatcher CPR instructions to improve the chest compression (CC) quality during simulated pediatric cardiac arrest in public places.Adult bystanders recruited in public places were randomized to receive one of two scripted dispatcher CPR instructions: (1) "Push as hard as you can" (PUSH HARD) or (2) "Push approximately 2 inches" (TWO INCHES). A pediatric manikin with realistic CC characteristics (similar to a 6-year-old child), and a CPR recording defibrillator was used for quantitative CC data collection during a 2-min simulated pediatric scenario. The primary outcome was average CC depth treated as a continuous variable. Secondary outcomes included compliance with American Heart Association (AHA) CPR targets. Analysis was by two-sided unpaired t-test and Chi-square test, as appropriate.128 out of 140 providers screened met inclusion/exclusion criteria and all 128 consented. The average CC depth (mean (SEM)) was greater in PUSH HARD compared to TWO INCHES (43 (1) vs. 36 (1) mm, p<0.01) and met AHA targets more often (39% (25/64) vs. 20% (13/64), p=0.02). CC rates trended higher in the PUSH HARD group (93 (4) vs. 82 (4) CC/min, p=0.06). More providers did not achieve full chest recoil with PUSH HARD compared to TWO INCHES (53% (34/64) vs. 75% (48/64), p=0.01).Simplified dispatcher assisted pediatric CPR instructions: "Push as hard as you can" was associated with lay bystanders providing deeper and faster CCs on a simulated, 6-year-old pediatric manikin. However, percentage of providers leaning between CC increased. The potential effect of these simplified instructions in younger children remains unanswered.

  View details for PubMedID 24036408

• Pushing harder, pushing faster, minimizing interruptions ... But falling short of 2010 cardiopulmonary resuscitation targets during in-hospital pediatric and adolescent resuscitation RESUSCITATION Sutton, R. M., Wolfe, H., Nishisaki, A., Leffelman, J., Niles, D., Meaney, P. A., Donoghue, A., Maltese, M. R., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M. 2013; 84 (12): 1680–84

  Abstract

  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of instituting the 2010 Basic Life Support Guidelines on in-hospital pediatric and adolescent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality. We hypothesized that quality would improve, but that targets for chest compression (CC) depth would be difficult to achieve.Prospective in-hospital observational study comparing CPR quality 24 months before and after release of the 2010 Guidelines. CPR recording/feedback-enabled defibrillators collected CPR data (rate (CC/min), depth (mm), CC fraction (CCF, %), leaning (%>2.5kg)). Audiovisual feedback for depth was: 2005, ≥38mm; 2010, ≥50mm; for rate: 2005, ≥90 and ≤120CC/min; 2010, ≥100 and ≤120CC/min. The primary outcome was average event depth compared with Student's t-test.45 CPR events (25 before; 20 after) occurred, resulting in 1336 thirty-second epochs (909 before; 427 after). Compared to 2005, average event depth (50±13mm vs. 43±9mm; p=0.047), rate (113±11CC/min vs. 104±8CC/min; p<0.01), and CCF (0.94 [0.93, 0.96] vs. 0.9 [0.85, 0.94]; p=0.013) increased during 2010. CPR epochs during the 2010 period more likely to meet Guidelines for CCF (OR 1.7; CI95: 1.2-2.4; p<0.01), but less likely for rate (OR 0.23; CI95: 0.12-0.44; p<0.01), and depth (OR 0.31; CI95: 0.12-0.86; p=0.024).Institution of the 2010 Guidelines was associated with increased CC depth, rate, and CC fraction; yet, achieving 2010 targets for rate and depth was difficult.

  View details for PubMedID 23954664

• Simplified Dispatcher-Assisted Pediatric CPR Instructions Improves Bystander Chest Compression Quality Rodriguez, S., Sutton, R. M., Berg, M. D., Nishisaki, A., Leffelman, J., Maltese, M. R., Niles, D. E., Meaney, P. A., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2013

  View details for Web of Science ID 000332162900070

• Survival From Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest is Worse at Night Compared With Days and Evenings: A Report From the AHA Get With the Guidelines-Resuscitation (GWTG=R) Registry Bhanji, F., Meaney, P. A., Praestgaard, A., Peberdy, M., Cheng, A., Hunt, E. A., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2013

  View details for Web of Science ID 000332162900012

• Response to Letters Regarding Article, "Duration of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Illness Category Impact Survival and Neurologic Outcomes for In-Hospital Pediatric Cardiac Arrests" CIRCULATION Matos, M. I., Watson, R., Nadkarni, V. M., Huang, H., Berg, R. A., Meaney, P. A., Carroll, C. L., Berens, R. J., Praestgaard, A., Weissfeld, L., Spinella, P. C. 2013; 128 (7): E102–E103

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004015

  View details for Web of Science ID 000323102400007

  View details for PubMedID 24137625

• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: Improving Cardiac Resuscitation Outcomes Both Inside and Outside the Hospital: A Consensus Statement From the American Heart Association CIRCULATION Meaney, P. A., Bobrow, B. J., Mancini, M. E., Christenson, J., de Caen, A. R., Bhanji, F., Abella, B. S., Kleinman, M. E., Edelson, D. P., Berg, R. A., Aufderheide, T. P., Menon, V., Leary, M., CPR Quality Summit Investigators, Amer Heart Assoc Emergency, Council Cardiopulm Critical Care 2013; 128 (4): 417–35

  Abstract

  The "2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" increased the focus on methods to ensure that high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is performed in all resuscitation attempts. There are 5 critical components of high-quality CPR: minimize interruptions in chest compressions, provide compressions of adequate rate and depth, avoid leaning between compressions, and avoid excessive ventilation. Although it is clear that high-quality CPR is the primary component in influencing survival from cardiac arrest, there is considerable variation in monitoring, implementation, and quality improvement. As such, CPR quality varies widely between systems and locations. Victims often do not receive high-quality CPR because of provider ambiguity in prioritization of resuscitative efforts during an arrest. This ambiguity also impedes the development of optimal systems of care to increase survival from cardiac arrest. This consensus statement addresses the following key areas of CPR quality for the trained rescuer: metrics of CPR performance; monitoring, feedback, and integration of the patient's response to CPR; team-level logistics to ensure performance of high-quality CPR; and continuous quality improvement on provider, team, and systems levels. Clear definitions of metrics and methods to consistently deliver and improve the quality of CPR will narrow the gap between resuscitation science and the victims, both in and out of the hospital, and lay the foundation for further improvements in the future.

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829d8654

  View details for Web of Science ID 000322123500027

  View details for PubMedID 23801105

• Laundry Detergent "Pod" Ingestions A Case Series and Discussion of Recent Literature PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY CARE Beuhler, M. C., Gala, P. K., Wolfe, H. A., Meaney, P. A., Henretig, F. M. 2013; 29 (6): 743–47

  Abstract

  The objectives of this study were to present and explore the clinical presentation of the increasingly common pediatric exposure to the widely available single-use laundry packets or "laundry pods."This is a case report of 4 pediatric patients with significant toxicity due to laundry pod detergent exposure and a review of the available literature including abstract-only publications.An unexpectedly severe clinical pattern was noted; 3 of the 4 children required intubation for management, airway injury was noted in 1 of them, and 2 of them had hospital courses of at least 1 week. The literature suggests that laundry pod exposures are associated with increased morbidity compared to traditional laundry detergent exposures. To date, no specific contaminant or component has been identified as being responsible for the injury, although some evidence points to the surfactant component.A different approach to the triage and management of pediatric exposures to laundry detergent pod ingestions is required compared with nonpod ingestions. Although the exact cause is not known, practitioners should be vigilant for rapid onset of neurological impairment and inability to protect the airway in addition to its caustic effects.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/PEC.0b013e318294f3db

  View details for Web of Science ID 000330469400012

  View details for PubMedID 23736069

• Duration of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Illness Category Impact Survival and Neurologic Outcomes for In-hospital Pediatric Cardiac Arrests CIRCULATION Matos, R. I., Watson, R., Nadkarni, V. M., Huang, H., Berg, R. A., Meaney, P. A., Carroll, C. L., Berens, R. J., Praestgaard, A., Weissfeld, L., Spinella, P. C., Amer Heart Assoc Get 2013; 127 (4): 442-+

  Abstract

  Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for >20 minutes has been considered futile after pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrests. This concept has recently been questioned, although the effect of CPR duration on outcomes has not recently been described. Our objective was to determine the relationship between CPR duration and outcomes after pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrests.We examined the effect of CPR duration for pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrests from the Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation prospective, multicenter registry of in-hospital cardiac arrests. We included 3419 children from 328 U.S. and Canadian Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation sites with an in-hospital cardiac arrest between January 2000 and December 2009. Patients were stratified into 5 patient illness categories: surgical cardiac, medical cardiac, general medical, general surgical, and trauma. Survival to discharge was 27.9%, but only 19.0% of all cardiac arrest patients had favorable neurological outcomes. Between 1 and 15 minutes of CPR, survival decreased linearly by 2.1% per minute, and rates of favorable neurological outcome decreased by 1.2% per minute. Adjusted probability of survival was 41% for CPR duration of 1 to 15 minutes and 12% for >35 minutes. Among survivors, favorable neurological outcome occurred in 70% undergoing <15 minutes of CPR and 60% undergoing CPR >35 minutes. Compared with general medical patients, surgical cardiac patients had the highest adjusted odds ratios for survival and favorable neurological outcomes, 2.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.8-3.4) and 2.7 (95% confidence interval, 2.0-3.9), respectively.CPR duration was independently associated with survival to hospital discharge and neurological outcome. Among survivors, neurological outcome was favorable for the majority of patients. Performing CPR for >20 minutes is not futile in some patient illness categories.

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.125625

  View details for Web of Science ID 000314163600017

  View details for PubMedID 23339874

• "ROLLING REFRESHER" CPR EDUCATION IMPROVES CHEST COMPRESSION PSYCHOMOTOR SKILL ACQUISITION AND RETENTION. Niles, D., O'Connor, K., Mellar, B., Leffelman, J., Sutton, R., Nishisaki, A., Berg, R., Meaney, P., Nadkarni, V. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2012: U164–U165

  View details for Web of Science ID 000312045700557

• Cardiac arrest resuscitation "without walls": A concept of the past? The present?? The future??? RESUSCITATION Meaney, P. A., Boyer, D. L. 2012; 83 (10): 1177–78

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.07.006

  View details for Web of Science ID 000309050600010

  View details for PubMedID 22800862

• Repair of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From Pulmonary Artery in an Infant With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis WORLD JOURNAL FOR PEDIATRIC AND CONGENITAL HEART SURGERY Kirsch, R. E., DiMaria, M., Quartermain, M. D., Meaney, P. A., Fuller, S. 2012; 3 (2): 267–70

  Abstract

  In anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA), infants 6 to 12 weeks will often present with symptoms consistent with reflux or bronchiolitis. In those infants diagnosed with both ALCAPA and concomitant active respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis, others have reported delaying revascularization therapy until resolution of the RSV bronchiolitis. Here, we report the case of a three-month-old infant, diagnosed with ALCAPA and active RSV bronchiolitis, who underwent successful myocardial revascularization within 24 hours of presentation and diagnosis.

  View details for PubMedID 23804788

• Evaluation of Quantitative Debriefing After Cardiac Arrest Zebuhr, C., Sutton, R., Morrison, W., Niles, D., Boyle, L., Nishisaki, A., Meaney, P., Leffelman, J., Berg, R., Nadkarni, V. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2011

  View details for Web of Science ID 000299738700192

• Low-Dose, High-Frequency CPR Training Improves Skill Retention of In-Hospital Pediatric Providers PEDIATRICS Sutton, R. M., Niles, D., Meaney, P. A., Aplenc, R., French, B., Abella, B. S., Lengetti, E. L., Berg, R. A., Helfaer, M. A., Nadkarni, V. 2011; 128 (1): E145–E151

  Abstract

  To investigate the effectiveness of brief bedside cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training to improve the skill retention of hospital-based pediatric providers. We hypothesized that a low-dose, high-frequency training program (booster training) would improve CPR skill retention.CPR recording/feedback defibrillators were used to evaluate CPR quality during simulated arrest. Basic life support-certified, hospital-based providers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 study arms: (1) instructor-only training; (2) automated defibrillator feedback only; (3) instructor training combined with automated feedback; and (4) control (no structured training). Each session (time: 0, 1, 3, and 6 months after training) consisted of a pretraining evaluation (60 seconds), booster training (120 seconds), and a posttraining evaluation (60 seconds). Excellent CPR was defined as chest compression (CC) depth ≥ one-third anterior-posterior chest depth, rate ≥90 and ≤120 CC per minute, ≤20% of CCs with incomplete release (>2500 g), and no flow fraction ≤ 0.30.Eighty-nine providers were randomly assigned; 74 (83%) completed all sessions. Retention of CPR skills was 2.3 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-4.5; P=.02) more likely after 2 trainings and 2.9 times (95% CI: 1.4-6.2; P=.005) more likely after 3 trainings. The automated defibrillator feedback only group had lower retention rates compared with the instructor-only training group (odds ratio: 0.41 [95% CI: 0.17-0.97]; P = .043).Brief bedside booster CPR training improves CPR skill retention. Our data reveal that instructor-led training improves retention compared with automated feedback training alone. Future studies should investigate whether bedside training improves CPR quality during actual pediatric arrests.

  View details for PubMedID 21646262

• Resuscitation training in developing countries: Importance of a stable program of formation of instructors Reply RESUSCITATION Meaney, P. A., Topjian, A. A., Chandler, H. K., Botha, M., Soar, J., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M. 2011; 82 (6): 780–81

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.015

  View details for Web of Science ID 000291341500031

• "Booster" training: Evaluation of instructor-led bedside cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill training and automated corrective feedback to improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation compliance of Pediatric Basic Life Support providers during simulated cardiac arrest PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Sutton, R. M., Niles, D., Meaney, P. A., Aplenc, R., French, B., Abella, B. S., Lengetti, E. L., Berg, R. A., Helfaer, M. A., Nadkarni, V. 2011; 12 (3): E116–E121

  Abstract

  To investigate the effectiveness of brief bedside "booster" cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training to improve CPR guideline compliance of hospital-based pediatric providers.Prospective, randomized trial.General pediatric wards at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.Sixty-nine Basic Life Support-certified hospital-based providers.CPR recording/feedback defibrillators were used to evaluate CPR quality during simulated pediatric arrest. After a 60-sec pretraining CPR evaluation, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three instructional/feedback methods to be used during CPR booster training sessions. All sessions (training/CPR manikin practice) were of equal duration (2 mins) and differed only in the method of corrective feedback given to participants during the session. The study arms were as follows: 1) instructor-only training; 2) automated defibrillator feedback only; and 3) instructor training combined with automated feedback.Before instruction, 57% of the care providers performed compressions within guideline rate recommendations (rate >90 min(-1) and <120 min(-1)); 71% met minimum depth targets (depth, >38 mm); and 36% met overall CPR compliance (rate and depth within targets). After instruction, guideline compliance improved (instructor-only training: rate 52% to 87% [p .01], and overall CPR compliance, 43% to 78% [p < .02]; automated feedback only: rate, 70% to 96% [p = .02], depth, 61% to 100% [p < .01], and overall CPR compliance, 35% to 96% [p < .01]; and instructor training combined with automated feedback: rate 48% to 100% [p < .01], depth, 78% to 100% [p < .02], and overall CPR compliance, 30% to 100% [p < .01]).Before booster CPR instruction, most certified Pediatric Basic Life Support providers did not perform guideline-compliant CPR. After a brief bedside training, CPR quality improved irrespective of training content (instructor vs. automated feedback). Future studies should investigate bedside training to improve CPR quality during actual pediatric cardiac arrests.

  View details for PubMedID 20625336

• Effect of Defibrillation Energy Dose During In-Hospital Pediatric Cardiac Arrest PEDIATRICS Meaney, P. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Atkins, D. L., Berg, M. D., Samson, R. A., Hazinski, M., Berg, R. A. 2011; 127 (1): E16–E23

  Abstract

  To examine the effectiveness of initial defibrillation attempts. We hypothesized that (1) an initial shock dose of 2 ± 10 J/kg would be less effective for terminating fibrillation than suggested in published historical data and (2) a 4 J/kg shock dose would be more effective.This was a National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation prospective, multisite, observational study of in-hospital pediatric (aged ≤18 years) ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia cardiac arrests from 2000-2008. Termination of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia and event survival after initial shocks of 2 J/kg were compared with historic controls and a 4 J/kg shock dose.Of 266 children with 285 events, 173 of 285 (61%) survived the event and 61 of 266 (23%) survived to discharge. Termination of fibrillation after initial shock was achieved for 152 of 285 (53%) events. Termination of fibrillation with 2 ± 10 J/kg was much less frequent than that seen among historic control subjects (56% vs 91%; P < .001), but not different than 4 J/kg. Compared with 2 J/kg, an initial shock dose of 4 J/kg was associated with lower rates of return of spontaneous circulation (odds ratio: 0.41 [95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.81]) and event survival (odds ratio: 0.42 [95% confidence interval: 0.18-0.98]).The currently recommended 2 J/kg initial shock dose for in-hospital cardiac arrest was substantially less effective than previously published. A higher initial shock dose (4 J/kg) was not associated with superior termination of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia or improved survival rates. The optimal pediatric defibrillation dose remains unknown.

  View details for PubMedID 21172997

• Acute Kidney Injury FUNDAMENTALS OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY Meaney, P. A., Meyers, K. C., Mattei, P. 2011: 73–82

  View details for DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6643-8_11

  View details for Web of Science ID 000288294500011

• DURATION OF CPR AND ILLNESS CATEGORY IMPACT IN-HOSPITAL PEDIATRIC CARDIAC ARREST OUTCOMES Matos, R., Watson, R., Nadkarni, V., Huang, H., Meaney, P., Carroll, C., Berg, R., Berens, R., Praestgaard, A., Spinella, P. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2010: U126

  View details for Web of Science ID 000284520800425

• "BOOSTER" TRAINING: LOW-DOSE, HIGH-FREQUENCY CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) TRAINING IMPROVES SKILL RETENTION OF HOSPITAL-BASED PEDIATRIC PROVIDERS Sutton, R., Niles, D., Meaney, P., Aplenc, R., French, B., Abella, B., Berg, R., Helfaer, M., Nadkarni, V. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2010: U17

  View details for Web of Science ID 000284520800059

• Part 16: Education, Implementation, and Teams 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care CIRCULATION Bhanji, F., Mancini, M. E., Sinz, E., Rodgers, D. L., McNeil, M., Hoadley, T. A., Meeks, R. A., Hamilton, M., Meaney, P. A., Hunt, E. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Hazinski, M. 2010; 122 (18): S920–S933

  Abstract

  Optimizing the links in the Chain of Survival improves outcomes and saves lives. The use of evidence-based education and implementation strategies will allow organizations and communities to strengthen these links in the most effective and efficient manner.

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971135

  View details for Web of Science ID 000283047600016

  View details for PubMedID 20956232

• Analysis of transthoracic impedance during real cardiac arrest defibrillation attempts in older children and adolescents: Are stacked-shocks appropriate? RESUSCITATION Niles, D. E., Nishisaki, A., Sutton, R. M., Brunner, S., Stavland, M., Mahadevaiah, S., Meaney, P. A., Maltese, M. R., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M. 2010; 81 (11): 1540–43

  Abstract

  In 2005, the AHA changed the treatment recommendation for shockable rhythms from 3 transthoracic stacked-shocks to a single shock followed by immediate chest compressions. The stacked-shock recommendation was based on low first-shock efficacy of monophasic waveforms and the theoretical decrease in transthoracic impedance (TTI) following each shock. The objective of this study was to characterize TTI following biphasic defibrillation attempts in children ≥ 8 yrs during cardiac arrest to assess whether a stacked-shock approach may be appropriate to improve defibrillation success.TTI (Ohms (Ω)) was collected via standard anterior-apical defibrillator electrode pads during consecutive in-hospital cardiac arrest biphasic defibrillation attempts in children ≥ 8 yrs. Analytic data points for TTI were: 0.1s pre-shock (baseline); post-shock at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 s. TTI variables analyzed with descriptive summaries/paired t-test. p values < 0.05 considered statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons.Analysis yielded 13 evaluable shock events during 5 cardiac arrests (mean age 14.3 ± 5 yrs, weight 47.4 ± 7.3 kg) between September 2006 and May 2009. Compared to 0.1s pre-shock baseline values (56.8 ± 23.4 Ω), TTI was significantly lower immediately 0.1s post-shock (55.2 ± 22.2 Ω, p = 0.003). Post-shock mean difference from baseline was 1.6 Ω at 0.1s (p = 0.015), 1.4 Ω at 0.5s (p = 0.019) 1.4 Ω at 1.0 s (p = 0.023), 1.1 Ω at 1.5 s (p = 0.028), and 0.95 Ω at 2.0 s (p = 0.096). Time to recharge our clinical defibrillators to standard biphasic shock dose was 2.80 ± 0.05 s.During cardiac arrests in children ≥ 8 yrs, TTI decreased after biphasic shocks, but the limited magnitude and duration of TTI changes suggest that stacked-shocks would not improve defibrillation success.

  View details for PubMedID 20708836

• Part 12: Education, Implementation, and Teams 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations CIRCULATION Mancini, M. E., Soar, J., Bhanji, F., Billi, J. E., Dennett, J., Finn, J., Ma, M., Perkins, G. D., Rodgers, D. L., Hazinski, M., Jacobs, I., Morley, P. T., Educ Implementation Teams Chapter 2010; 122 (16): 8539–81

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971143

  View details for Web of Science ID 000283047100012

  View details for PubMedID 20956260

• Part 12: Education, implementation, and teams 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations RESUSCITATION Soar, J., Mancini, M. E., Bhanji, F., Billi, J. E., Dennett, J., Finn, J., Ma, M., Perkins, G. D., Rodgers, D. L., Hazinski, M., Jacobs, I., Morley, P. T., Educ Implementation & Teams Chapte 2010; 81 (1): E288–E332

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.030

  View details for Web of Science ID 000288816100012

  View details for PubMedID 20956038

• The problem of delayed inhospital defibrillation is obscured by poor time-interval data reply CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Meaney, P., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Halperin, H. R., Kern, K. B., Indik, J. H. 2010; 38 (6): 1500

  View details for DOI 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181dd0983

  View details for Web of Science ID 000278231700024

• Women of child-bearing age have better inhospital cardiac arrest survival outcomes than do equal-aged men CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Topjian, A. A., Localio, A., Berg, R. A., Alessandrini, E. A., Meaney, P. A., Pepe, P. E., Larkin, G., Peberdy, M., Becker, L. B., Nadkarni, V. M., Natl Registry Cardiopulm Resuscita 2010; 38 (5): 1254–60

  Abstract

  Estrogen and progesterone improve neurologic outcomes in experimental models of cardiac arrest and stroke. Our objective was to determine whether women of child-bearing age are more likely than men to survive to hospital discharge after in-hospital cardiac arrest.Prospective, observational study.Five hundred nineteen hospitals in the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation database.Patients included 95,852 men and women 15-44 yrs and 56 yrs or older with pulseless cardiac arrests from January 1, 2000 through July 31, 2008.Patients were stratified a priori by gender and age groups (15-44 yrs and > or =56 yrs). Fixed-effects regression conditioning on hospital was used to examine the relationship between age, gender, and survival outcomes. The unadjusted survival to discharge rate for younger women of child-bearing age (15-44 yrs) was 19% (940/4887) vs. 17% (1203/7025) for younger men (p = .013). The adjusted hospital discharge difference between these younger women and men was 2.8% (95% confidence interval, 1.0% to 4.6%; p = .002), and these younger women also had a 2.6% (95% confidence interval, 0.9% to 4.3%; p = .002) absolute increase in favorable neurologic outcome. For older women compared with men (> or =56 yrs), there were no demonstrable differences in discharge rates (18% vs. 18%; adjusted difference, -0.1%; 95% confidence interval, -0.9% to 0.6%; p = .68) or favorable neurologic outcome (14% vs. 14%; adjusted difference, -0.1%; 95% confidence interval, -0.7% to 0.5%; p = .74).Women of child-bearing age were more likely than comparably aged men to survive to hospital discharge after in-hospital cardiac arrest, even after controlling for etiology of arrest and other important variables.

  View details for PubMedID 20228684

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3934212

• Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Meaney, P. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Kern, K. B., Indik, J. H., Halperin, H. R., Berg, R. A. 2010; 38 (1): 101–8

  Abstract

  To determine the relationship of electrocardiographic rhythm during cardiac arrest with survival outcomes.Prospective, observational study.Total of 411 hospitals in the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.Total of 51,919 adult patients with pulseless cardiac arrests from April 1999 to July 2005.Registry data collected included first documented rhythm, patient demographics, pre-event data, event data, and survival and neurologic outcome data. Of 51,919 indexed cardiac arrests, first documented pulseless rhythm was ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 3810 (7%), ventricular fibrillation (VF) in 8718 (17%), pulseless electrical activity (PEA) in 19,262 (37%) and asystole 20,129 (39%). Subsequent VT/VF (that is, VT or VF occurring during resuscitation for PEA or asystole) occurred in 5154 (27%), with first documented rhythm of PEA and 4988 (25%) with asystole. Survival to hospital discharge rate was not different between those with first documented VF and VT (37% each, adjusted odds ratio [OR]) 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95-1.23). Survival to hospital discharge was slightly more likely after PEA than asystole (12% vs. 11%, adjusted OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.00-1.18), Survival to discharge was substantially more likely after first documented VT/VF than PEA/asystole (adjusted OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.55-1.82). Survival to discharge was also more likely after PEA/asystole without subsequent VT/VF compared with PEA/asystole with subsequent VT/VF (14% vs. 7% for PEA without vs. with subsequent VT/VF; 12% vs. 8% for asystole without vs. with subsequent VT/VF; adjusted OR 1.60; 95% CI, 1.44-1.80).Survival to hospital discharge was substantially more likely when the first documented rhythm was shockable rather than nonshockable, and slightly more likely after PEA than asystole. Survival to hospital discharge was less likely following PEA/asystole with subsequent VT/VF compared to PEA/asystole without subsequent VT/VF.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b43282

  View details for Web of Science ID 000273224800015

  View details for PubMedID 19770741

• "BOOSTER" TRAINING: BRIEF, PERIODIC, BEDSIDE MANIKIN CPR SKILL DEBRIEFING IMPROVES SKILL ACQUISITION AND RETENTION DURING SIMULATED INPATIENT WARD PEDIATRIC ARREST Sutton, R., Niles, D., Meaney, P., Aplenc, R., French, B., Lengetti, E., Berg, R., Helfaer, M., Nadkarni, V. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2009: A272

  View details for Web of Science ID 000272509900527

• Brief Bedside CPR Skill Debriefing and Automated Corrective Feedback During Simulated Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Sutton, R. M., Niles, D., Meaney, P., Aplenc, R., French, B., Abella, B. S., Lengetti, E., Berg, R. A., Helfaer, M. A., Nadkarni, V. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2009: S1453

  View details for Web of Science ID 000271831505053

• Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Gaborone, Botswana Wood, S. M., Shah, S. S., Bafana, M., Ratner, A. J., Meaney, P. A., Malefho, K. S., Steenhoff, A. P. CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS. 2009: 782–85

  Abstract

  This cross-sectional study at a tertiary-care hospital in Botswana from 2000 to 2007 was performed to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. We identified a high prevalence (11.2% of bacteremia cases) of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteremia. MRSA isolates had higher proportions of resistance to commonly used antimicrobials than did methicillin-susceptible isolates, emphasizing the need to revise empiric prescribing practices in Botswana.

  View details for PubMedID 19591580

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2905209

• Short Report: Antibiotic Use in Pediatric Patients Admitted to a Referral Hospital in Botswana AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE Fisher, B. T., Meaney, P. A., Shah, S. S., Irwin, S. A., Grady, C. A., Kurup, S., Malefho, K. S., Jibril, H., Steenhoff, A. P. 2009; 81 (1): 129–31

  Abstract

  Inappropriate antimicrobial drug use is well described for hospitalized patients in the United States. Antibiotic use in hospitals in developing countries is less well documented. We evaluated the antibiotics prescribed to 91 pediatric inpatients in Botswana. The results showed that the duration of prescribed therapy can be excessive. Recommendations for potential interventions to reduce antibiotic overuse in this setting are necessary.

  View details for PubMedID 19556577

• Vasopressin for in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: Results from the American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Duncan, J. M., Meaney, P., Simpson, P., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V., Schexnayder, S., Natl Registry CPR Investigators 2009; 10 (2): 191–95

  Abstract

  To describe the landscape of vasopressin uses reported to the American Heart Association National Registry of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and test the hypothesis that vasopressin use will be associated with improved return of a sustained circulation (ROSC) following in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest.Multicentered, national registry of in-hospital CPR.One hundred seventy-six North American Hospitals reporting to registry from October 1999 to November 2004.Totally, 1293 consecutive pediatric patients with pulseless cardiac arrest meeting criteria for analysis identified from a registry of all patients resuscitated for cardiac arrest. Inclusion criteria were age <18 years, chest compressions and/or defibrillation, in-hospital location, and documented resuscitation record.None.Prearrest, event, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and postresuscitation variables were collected. Primary outcome variable was ROSC >20 minutes. Secondary survival outcomes included 24 hour, discharge and favorable neurologic survival on hospital discharge. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariable analysis to evaluate the association of vasopressin with survival outcomes were performed.Only 5% of patients received vasopressin in this review. Vasopressin was most often given in a pediatric hospital (57%) and in and intensive care setting (76.6%). Patients who were given vasopressin had longer arrest duration (median 37 minutes) vs. those who did not (24 minutes) (p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, vasopressin was associated with worse ROSC but no difference in 24 hours or discharge survival.Vasopressin was given infrequently in in-hospital cardiac arrest. It was most likely to be given in an intensive care setting, and in a pediatric hospital. Multivariate analysis shows an association with vasopressin use and worse ROSC.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31819a36f2

  View details for Web of Science ID 000264247600007

  View details for PubMedID 19188873

• GENDER IS ASSOCIATED WITH SURVIVAL FROM IN-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST Topjian, A., Meaney, P., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V., Alessandrini, E., Localio, R. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2008: A148

  View details for Web of Science ID 000261213700548

• Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Peberdy, M., Ornato, J. P., Larkin, G., Braithwaite, R., Kashner, T., Carey, S. M., Meaney, P. A., Cen, L., Nadkarni, V. M., Praestgaard, A. H., Berg, R. A., Natl Registry Cardiopulm Resuscita 2008; 299 (7): 785–92

  Abstract

  Occurrence of in-hospital cardiac arrest and survival patterns have not been characterized by time of day or day of week. Patient physiology and process of care for in-hospital cardiac arrest may be different at night and on weekends because of hospital factors unrelated to patient, event, or location variables.To determine whether outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest differ during nights and weekends compared with days/evenings and weekdays.We examined survival from cardiac arrest in hourly time segments, defining day/evening as 7:00 am to 10:59 pm, night as 11:00 pm to 6:59 am, and weekend as 11:00 pm on Friday to 6:59 am on Monday, in 86,748 adult, consecutive in-hospital cardiac arrest events in the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation obtained from 507 medical/surgical participating hospitals from January 1, 2000, through February 1, 2007.The primary outcome of survival to discharge and secondary outcomes of survival of the event, 24-hour survival, and favorable neurological outcome were compared using odds ratios and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Point estimates of survival outcomes are reported as percentages with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).A total of 58,593 cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest occurred during day/evening hours (including 43,483 on weekdays and 15,110 on weekends), and 28,155 cases occurred during night hours (including 20,365 on weekdays and 7790 on weekends). Rates of survival to discharge (14.7% [95% CI, 14.3%-15.1%] vs 19.8% [95% CI, 19.5%-20.1%], return of spontaneous circulation for longer than 20 minutes (44.7% [95% CI, 44.1%-45.3%] vs 51.1% [95% CI, 50.7%-51.5%]), survival at 24 hours (28.9% [95% CI, 28.4%-29.4%] vs 35.4% [95% CI, 35.0%-35.8%]), and favorable neurological outcomes (11.0% [95% CI, 10.6%-11.4%] vs 15.2% [95% CI, 14.9%-15.5%]) were substantially lower during the night compared with day/evening (all P values < .001). The first documented rhythm at night was more frequently asystole (39.6% [95% CI, 39.0%-40.2%] vs 33.5% [95% CI, 33.2%-33.9%], P < .001) and less frequently ventricular fibrillation (19.8% [95% CI, 19.3%-20.2%] vs 22.9% [95% CI, 22.6%-23.2%], P < .001). Among in-hospital cardiac arrests occurring during day/evening hours, survival was higher on weekdays (20.6% [95% CI, 20.3%-21%]) than on weekends (17.4% [95% CI, 16.8%-18%]; odds ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09-1.22]), whereas among in-hospital cardiac arrests occurring during night hours, survival to discharge was similar on weekdays (14.6% [95% CI, 14.1%-15.2%]) and on weekends (14.8% [95% CI, 14.1%-15.2%]; odds ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.94-1.11]).Survival rates from in-hospital cardiac arrest are lower during nights and weekends, even when adjusted for potentially confounding patient, event, and hospital characteristics.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jama.299.7.785

  View details for Web of Science ID 000253226900021

  View details for PubMedID 18285590

• Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest Meaney, P. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Kern, K. B., Indik, J. H., Berg, R. A., Halperin, H. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2007: A95

  View details for Web of Science ID 000251398900333

• Higher survival rates among younger patients after pediatric intensive care unit cardiac arrests PEDIATRICS Meaney, P. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Cook, E., Testa, M., Helfaer, M., Kaye, W., Larkin, G., Berg, R. A., Amer Heart Assoc Natl Registry Car 2006; 118 (6): 2424–33

  Abstract

  Age is an important determinant of outcome from adult cardiac arrests but has not been identified previously as an important factor in pediatric cardiac arrests except among premature infants. Chest compressions can result in more effective blood flow during cardiac arrest in an infant than an older child or adult because of increased chest wall compliance. We, therefore, hypothesized that survival from cardiac arrest would be better among infants than older children.We evaluated 464 pediatric ICU arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation from 2000 to 2002. NICU cardiac arrests were excluded. Data from each arrest include >200 variables describing facility, patient, prearrest, arrest intervention, outcome, and quality improvement data. Age was categorized as newborn (<1 month; N = 62), infant (1 month to <1 year; N = 105), younger child (1 year to <8 years; N = 90), and older child (8 years to <21 years; N = 207). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the association between age and survival.Overall survival was 22%, with 27% of newborns, 36% of infants, 19% of younger children and 16% of older children surviving to hospital discharge. Newborns and infants demonstrated double and triple the odds of surviving to hospital discharge from a cardiac arrest in an intensive care setting when compared with older children. When potential confounders were controlled, newborns increased their advantage to almost fivefold, while infants maintained their survival advantage to older children.Survival from pediatric ICU cardiac arrest is age dependent. Newborns and infants have better survival rates even after adjusting for potential confounding variables.

  View details for PubMedID 17142528

• Outcomes of in-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Samson, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Meaney, P. A., Carey, S. M., Berg, M. D., Berg, R. A., Amer Heart Assoc Natl Registry CPR 2006; 354 (22): 2328–39

  Abstract

  Ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia are less common causes of cardiac arrest in children than in adults. These tachyarrhythmias can also begin during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), presumably as reperfusion arrhythmias. We determined whether the outcome is better for initial than for subsequent ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia.All cardiac arrests in persons under 18 years of age were identified from a large, multicenter, in-hospital cardiac-arrest registry. The results from children with initial ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia, children in whom ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia developed during CPR, and children with no ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia were compared by chi-square and multivariable logistic-regression analysis.Of 1005 index patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest, 272 (27 percent) had documented ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia during the arrest. In 104 patients (10 percent), ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia was the initial pulseless rhythm; in 149 patients (15 percent), it developed during the arrest. The time of initiation of ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia was not documented in 19 patients. Thirty-five percent of patients with initial ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia survived to hospital discharge, as compared with 11 percent of patients with subsequent ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia (odds ratio, 2.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.8). Twenty-seven percent of patients with no ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia survived to hospital discharge, as compared with 11 percent of patients with subsequent ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia (odds ratio, 3.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.8 to 7.6).In pediatric patients with in-hospital cardiac arrests, survival outcomes were highest among patients in whom ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia was present initially than among those in whom it developed subsequently. The outcomes for patients with subsequent ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia were substantially worse than those for patients with asystole or pulseless electrical activity.

  View details for DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa052917

  View details for Web of Science ID 000237918500005

  View details for PubMedID 16738269

• An exceedingly agitated patient PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY CARE Beno, S., Osterhoudt, K. C., Meaney, P. 2004; 20 (12): 845–48

  View details for PubMedID 15572976

• In-hospital pediatric ventricular fibrillation: results from the national registry of CPR Samson, R. A., Berg, R. A., Berg, M. D., Nadkarni, Meaney, P. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2004: 453–54

  View details for Web of Science ID 000224783502448