Sierra Hewett Willens

All Publications

• Evaluation and accurate diagnoses of pediatric diseases using artificial intelligence NATURE MEDICINE Liang, H., Tsui, B. Y., Ni, H., Valentim, C. S., Baxter, S. L., Liu, G., Cai, W., Kermany, D. S., Sun, X., Chen, J., He, L., Zhu, J., Tian, P., Shao, H., Zheng, L., Hou, R., Hewett, S., Li, G., Liang, P., Zang, X., Zhang, Z., Pan, L., Cai, H., Ling, R., Li, S., Cui, Y., Tang, S., Ye, H., Huang, X., He, W., Liang, W., Zhang, Q., Jiang, J., Yu, W., Gao, J., Ou, W., Deng, Y., Hou, Q., Wang, B., Yao, C., Liang, Y., Zhang, S., Duan, Y., Zhang, R., Gibson, S., Zhang, C. L., Li, O., Zhang, E. D., Karin, G., Nguyen, N., Wu, X., Wen, C., Xu, J., Xu, W., Wang, B., Wang, W., Li, J., Pizzato, B., Bao, C., Xiang, D., He, W., He, S., Zhou, Y., Haw, W., Goldbaum, M., Tremoulet, A., Hsu, C., Carter, H., Zhu, L., Zhang, K., Xia, H. 2019; 25 (3): 433-+

  Abstract

  Artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods have emerged as powerful tools to transform medical care. Although machine learning classifiers (MLCs) have already demonstrated strong performance in image-based diagnoses, analysis of diverse and massive electronic health record (EHR) data remains challenging. Here, we show that MLCs can query EHRs in a manner similar to the hypothetico-deductive reasoning used by physicians and unearth associations that previous statistical methods have not found. Our model applies an automated natural language processing system using deep learning techniques to extract clinically relevant information from EHRs. In total, 101.6 million data points from 1,362,559 pediatric patient visits presenting to a major referral center were analyzed to train and validate the framework. Our model demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy across multiple organ systems and is comparable to experienced pediatricians in diagnosing common childhood diseases. Our study provides a proof of concept for implementing an AI-based system as a means to aid physicians in tackling large amounts of data, augmenting diagnostic evaluations, and to provide clinical decision support in cases of diagnostic uncertainty or complexity. Although this impact may be most evident in areas where healthcare providers are in relative shortage, the benefits of such an AI system are likely to be universal.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41591-018-0335-9

  View details for Web of Science ID 000460643100021

  View details for PubMedID 30742121

• Identifying Medical Diagnoses and Treatable Diseases by Image-Based Deep Learning. Cell Kermany, D. S., Goldbaum, M. n., Cai, W. n., Valentim, C. C., Liang, H. n., Baxter, S. L., McKeown, A. n., Yang, G. n., Wu, X. n., Yan, F. n., Dong, J. n., Prasadha, M. K., Pei, J. n., Ting, M. n., Zhu, J. n., Li, C. n., Hewett, S. n., Dong, J. n., Ziyar, I. n., Shi, A. n., Zhang, R. n., Zheng, L. n., Hou, R. n., Shi, W. n., Fu, X. n., Duan, Y. n., Huu, V. A., Wen, C. n., Zhang, E. D., Zhang, C. L., Li, O. n., Wang, X. n., Singer, M. A., Sun, X. n., Xu, J. n., Tafreshi, A. n., Lewis, M. A., Xia, H. n., Zhang, K. n. 2018; 172 (5): 1122–31.e9

  Abstract

  The implementation of clinical-decision support algorithms for medical imaging faces challenges with reliability and interpretability. Here, we establish a diagnostic tool based on a deep-learning framework for the screening of patients with common treatable blinding retinal diseases. Our framework utilizes transfer learning, which trains a neural network with a fraction of the data of conventional approaches. Applying this approach to a dataset of optical coherence tomography images, we demonstrate performance comparable to that of human experts in classifying age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema. We also provide a more transparent and interpretable diagnosis by highlighting the regions recognized by the neural network. We further demonstrate the general applicability of our AI system for diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia using chest X-ray images. This tool may ultimately aid in expediting the diagnosis and referral of these treatable conditions, thereby facilitating earlier treatment, resulting in improved clinical outcomes. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

  View details for PubMedID 29474911

• Ultrasound-Guided Maxillary Nerve Block in Nasal Surgery. Plastic and reconstructive surgery Vu, C., Willens, S. H., Alaniz, L., Humphrey, J. G., Shah, N., Vyas, R. M., Pfaff, M. J. 2025

  Abstract

  Emphasis on enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols and opioid use reduction have led to a growing interest in alternative pain management strategies. This study describes and evaluates the ultrasound-guided suprazygomatic maxillary (SZM) nerve blocks for patients undergoing functional and cosmetic nasal surgery as an adjunct to postoperative pain management. A retrospective, multicenter analysis was conducted on patients who underwent functional nasal surgery and rhinoplasty and evaluated the impact of SZM blocks on intraoperative anesthetic and opioid use, postoperative pain scores recorded in the PACU, and PACU length. A total of 64 patients met inclusion criteria. Twenty-five patients received a SZM block prior to undergoing the procedure while the remaining patients underwent standard local anesthetic use. SZM blocks significantly reduced the amount of intraoperative pain medication used (p = 0.02), including hydromorphone (p=0.007), when compared to a traditional approach to local anesthetic use. SZM blocks also significantly reduced post-anesthesia PACU stay at one institution (p=0.016). SZM nerve blocks are a simple and effective way to deliver local anesthetic and are associated with decreased intraoperative opioid use and PACU stay.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/PRS.0000000000011996

  View details for PubMedID 39875111

• A vision-language foundation model for precision oncology. Nature Xiang, J., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Xi, Y., Eweje, F., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Bergstrom, C., Gopaulchan, M., Kim, T., Yu, K. H., Willens, S., Olguin, F. M., Nirschl, J. J., Neal, J., Diehn, M., Yang, S., Li, R. 2025

  Abstract

  Clinical decision-making is driven by multimodal data, including clinical notes and pathological characteristics. Artificial intelligence approaches that can effectively integrate multimodal data hold significant promise in advancing clinical care1,2. However, the scarcity of well-annotated multimodal datasets in clinical settings has hindered the development of useful models. In this study, we developed the Multimodal transformer with Unified maSKed modeling (MUSK), a vision-language foundation model designed to leverage large-scale, unlabelled, unpaired image and text data. MUSK was pretrained on 50 million pathology images from 11,577 patients and one billion pathology-related text tokens using unified masked modelling. It was further pretrained on one million pathology image-text pairs to efficiently align the vision and language features. With minimal or no further training, MUSK was tested in a wide range of applications and demonstrated superior performance across 23 patch-level and slide-level benchmarks, including image-to-text and text-to-image retrieval, visual question answering, image classification and molecular biomarker prediction. Furthermore, MUSK showed strong performance in outcome prediction, including melanoma relapse prediction, pan-cancer prognosis prediction and immunotherapy response prediction in lung and gastro-oesophageal cancers. MUSK effectively combined complementary information from pathology images and clinical reports and could potentially improve diagnosis and precision in cancer therapy.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41586-024-08378-w

  View details for PubMedID 39779851

  View details for PubMedCentralID 9586871

• Developing Practice Guidelines on Chest Masculinization: Designing Male Neo-nipple-Areolar Complex. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open Alaniz, L., Ventura, J., Ghafari, A., Cho, H. E., Willens, S., Arora, J., Vallurupalli, M., Cordero, J., Tang, C. J. 2024; 12 (12): e6376

  Abstract

  Successful nipple-areolar complex (NAC) reconstruction greatly influences patient outcomes for transgender patients undergoing chest masculinization. Despite the recent rise in case volume, little is known on designing the ideal NAC that maintains its aesthetics in dynamic settings. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of male NACs and their dimensional variability to help develop guidelines on designing the neo-NAC.Thirty cisgender male participants were enrolled. NAC height and width, sternal notch-to-nipple distance, and internipple distance (IND) were measured in standing and supine positions with stable room temperature to prevent measurement bias. Other variables recorded included chest circumference, NAC angulation, body mass index, weight, height, age, and ethnicity.Mean standing and supine measurements were as follows: NAC height, 21.2 mm (SD, 3.9) versus 23.4 mm (SD, 4.7); NAC width, 29.0 mm (SD, 5.1) versus 29.7 mm (SD, 5.6); sternal notch-to-nipple distance, 20.8 cm (SD, 2.1) versus 19.3 cm (SD, 1.8); and IND, 22.4 cm (SD, 2.3) versus 23.5 cm (SD, 2.5). NAC height-to-width ratio decreases from supine to standing, as well as IND, indicating a medialization of the NACs when upright.Our findings suggest that during chest masculinization surgery, the design of the male neo-NAC has a risk of being positioned too medial and elliptical with upright positioning. Care must be taken intraoperatively to account for changes in neo-NAC dimensions that occur with body position changes. We strongly recommend that surgeons determine the final position of the neo-NAC intraoperatively while having the patient in upright sitting position.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/GOX.0000000000006376

  View details for PubMedID 39712386

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11661715

• External ear malformations and cardiac and renal anomalies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one Ghafari, A., Alaniz, L., Vu, C., Ibarra, A., Vallurupalli, M., Willens, S., Cordero, J., J Pfaff, M. 2024; 19 (9): e0309692

  Abstract

  External Ear Malformations (EEM) continue to be a common malformation seen in the pediatric patient population. This study aims to further elucidate the correlation between EEM and cardiac and renal anomalies.A systematic review and meta-analysis to study the incidence of cardiac and renal anomalies associated with syndromic and isolated (EEM).The literature search spanned multiple databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and MEDLINE.Studies must be focused on EEM and cardiac and/or renal anomalies. Only articles written in English were included.General study characteristics, number of EEM patients, number of cardiac and renal anomalies and whether cases were syndromic were extracted from the studies.Of 1,058 initial studies, 33 were included for meta-analyses. Mean JBI score for all included studies was 92.06%, indicating acceptable study quality. Interrater reliability was high, with a Cohen kappa score for all studies of 0.94. The resulting pooled prevalence of cardiac abnormalities was 20% [95% CI:13-28%], while renal abnormalities were 13% [95% CI: 7-20%]. The most common anomalies were VSD (3.725%) and renal agenesis (2.04%). The presence of syndrome data across studies was not a significant modifier of prevalence rates.Primary limitation is due to heterogeneity in individual study methodology and reporting standards.These results highlight a higher prevalence of cardiac-related conditions than renal anomalies in patients with both syndromic and non-syndromic EEM in the included studies, underscoring the need for thorough clinical evaluations.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0309692

  View details for PubMedID 39298400

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11412664

• Plastic Surgery and the Epidemic of Pediatric Firearm Injuries in America FACE Willens, S. H., Mamoun, L., Meshkin, D., Mocharnuk, J., Pfaff, M. J. 2024; 5 (3): 515-516

  View details for DOI 10.1177/27325016241252361

  View details for Web of Science ID 001295285900012

• Artificial Intelligence in Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America Park, K. W., Diop, M., Willens, S. H., Pepper, J. P. 2024

  Abstract

  Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly computer vision and large language models, will impact facial plastic and reconstructive surgery (FPRS) by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, refining surgical planning, and improving post-operative evaluations. These advancements can address subjective limitations of aesthetic surgery by providing objective tools for patient evaluation. Despite these advancements, AI in FPRS has yet to be fully integrated in the clinic setting and faces numerous challenges including algorithmic bias, ethical considerations, and need for validation. This article discusses current and emerging AI technologies in FPRS for the clinic setting, providing a glimpse of its future potential.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.otc.2024.05.002

  View details for PubMedID 38971626

• Synkinesis and Communicative Participation. Facial plastic surgery & aesthetic medicine Okland, T. S., Willens, S. H., Pepper, J. 2022

  Abstract

  Background: Facial palsy (FP) impacts verbal and nonverbal communication, but the effect of synkinesis on communicative ability is unknown. Objective: Among patients with nonflaccid FP, or synkinesis, is there a correlation between disease-specific quality-of-life and communicative ability or dysfunction? Methods: Retrospective study of a series of adult patients with unilateral synkinesis. Subjects were evaluated using the Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB) Short Form, Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) scale, and Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ). Associations between these scales were evaluated by computing Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: A total of 69 confirmed synkinesis patients were included. Synkinesis patient mean (standard deviation) CPIB score was 20.68 (±8.27; range of scale 0-30), indicative of communication restriction. A strong correlation was observed between total CPIB and FaCE scores (r=0.66), indicating patients with synkinesis who reported better facial function also reported greater communicative ability. There was a weak correlation between CPIB and SAQ scores (r=-0.27). Conclusion: Synkinesis is associated with significant deficits in communicative ability. Communication restrictions track strongly with the FaCE scale.

  View details for DOI 10.1089/fpsam.2022.0094

  View details for PubMedID 36260346

• Standardized Anatomic and Regenerative Facial Fat Grafting: Objective Photometric Evaluation From 1-19 Months After Injectable Tissue Replacement and Regeneration (ITR2). Aesthetic surgery journal Cohen, S. R., Wesson, J., Willens, S., Nadeau, T., Hillman, C., Dobke, M., Tiryaki, T. 2021

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: A standardized technique for facial fat grafting, Injectable Tissue Replacement and Regeneration (ITR 2), was developed to address both anatomic volume losses in superficial and deep fat compartments as well as skin aging, incorporating newer regenerative approaches.OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to track the short and long terms effects of a new standardized technique for facial fat grafting in the midfacial zone across a 19-month time period.METHODS: Twenty-nine female were analyzed for mid-facial volume changes after autologous fat transfer with ITR 2. Across 19 months, volumes were evaluated using the Vectra XT 3D Imaging System to calculate differences between a predefined, 3-dimensional mid-facial zone measured preoperatively and serially after fat grafting with novel approach using varying fat parcel sizes.RESULTS: Patient data was analyzed collectively as well as separately by age (< and > 55 years). Collective analysis revealed a trend of initial volume loss within the first 1-7 months followed by an increase within the 8-19-month range, averaging 56.6% postoperative gain and ending at an average of 52.3% gain in volume by 14-19 months. A similar trend was observed for patients <55 years of age, but to a greater extent, with a 54.1% average postoperative gain and final average of 75.2%. Conversely, patients above 55 years of age revealed a linear decay beginning at 60.6% and steadily declining to 29.5%. Multiple regression analysis revealed no statistically significant influence of weight change during the study duration.CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence shows a dynamic change in facial volume, with an initial decrease in facial volume followed by a rebound effect that demonstrated improvement of facial volume regardless of patient weight change or amount of fat injected 19 months after treatment. Volume improvement occurred to a greater extent in patients under 55 years old, whereas in patients older than 55 volume gradually decreased. To our knowledge, this study represents the first time that progressive improvement in facial volume has been shown 19 months after treatment with a new standardized technique of fat grafting.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/asj/sjab379

  View details for PubMedID 34724035

• Commentary on: Fat Grafting to Improve Results of Facelift: Systematic Review of Safety and Effectiveness of Current Treatment Paradigms. Aesthetic surgery journal Cohen, S. R., Hewett, S. 2021; 41 (1): 13-15

  View details for DOI 10.1093/asj/sjaa043

  View details for PubMedID 32556099

• In-Vitro Comparative Examination of the Effect of Stromal Vascular Fraction Isolated by Mechanical and Enzymatic Methods on Wound Healing AESTHETIC SURGERY JOURNAL Tiryaki, K., Cohen, S., Kocak, P., Turkay, S., Hewett, S. 2020; 40 (11): 1232–40

  Abstract

  Enzymatic digestion has been the gold standard for stromal vascular fraction (SVF) isolation but remains expensive and raises practical and legal concerns. Mechanical SVF isolation methods have been known to produce lower cell yields, but may potentially produce a more robust product by preserving the extracellular matrix niche.The aim of this study was to compare mechanically dissociated SVF (M-SVF) and enzymatically digested SVF (E-SVF) in terms of wound-healing efficacy.Lipoaspirate was partitioned into 2 equal groups and processed by either mechanical or enzymatic isolation methods. After SVF isolation, cell counts and viabilities were determined by flow cytometry and cell proliferation rates were measured by the WST-1 test. A wound-healing scratch assay test, which is commonly used to model in-vitro wound healing, was performed with both cell cocktails. Collagen type 1 (Col1A) gene expression level, which is known for its role in wound healing, was also measured for both groups.As predicted, E-SVF isolated more cells (mean [standard deviation], 1.74 [3.63] × 106/mL, n = 10, P = 0.015) than M-SVF (0.94 [1.69] × 106/mL, n = 10, P = 0.015), but no significant difference was observed in cell viability. However, M-SVF expressed over 2-fold higher levels of stem cell surface markers and a 10% higher proliferation rate compared with E-SVF. In addition, the migration rate and level of Col1A gene expression of M-SVF were found to be significantly higher than those of E-SVF.Although the cell yield of M-SVF was less than that of E-SVF, M-SVF appears to have superior wound-healing properties.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/asj/sjaa154

  View details for Web of Science ID 000592519100019

  View details for PubMedID 32514571

• Facelift With Power-Assisted Dissection: A Preliminary Report. Aesthetic surgery journal Cohen, S. R., Hewett, S., Baraf, P., Crowley, S. J., Atlan, M. 2020

  Abstract

  Subcutaneous elevation of the skin has remained a key component in all facelift techniques.In this preliminary report, the ABC facelift is introduced as a three-step method addressing photodamage, soft tissue laxity, and areas of bone and volume loss.The procedure consists of: (A) Anatomic and regenerative adipose grafting prior to skin elevation; (B) Baraf elevator for takedown of perpendicular subcutaneous fibers following hydro-dissection of the skin flaps with tumescent solution; and (C) Cautery dissection of the SMAS and platysma in the neck.Thirty-four patients, (31 females; 3 male) 50-77 years of age at the date of service, underwent an ABC facelift. Dissection of the skin flaps and SMAS elevation was faster compared to traditional methods, averaging 10-15 minutes per hemiface. Bleeding was reduced (average EBL, 12 ml) and the skin flaps appeared better perfused with less venous engorgement and ecchymosis compared to sharp scissor dissection. In general, patients appeared to have shorter postoperative recovery courses and less social downtime secondary to bruising and edema.The ABC facelift addresses facial laxity, volume loss, and skin aging with three simple steps: anatomic and regenerative fat grafting, combined with power-assisted dissection of the skin and cautery elevation of the SMAS. Further improvements in layer separation using more advanced tools for hydro-dissection are currently being investigated.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/asj/sjaa213

  View details for PubMedID 32722753

• Progressive Improvement in Midfacial Volume 18 to 24 Months After Simultaneous Fat Grafting and Facelift: An Insight to Fat Graft Remodeling Cohen, S. R., Hewett, S., Ross, L., Fischer, M., Saad, A., Teubel, S., Delaunay, F. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2020: 235–42

  Abstract

  Although many facelift techniques incorporate fat grafting with tissue repositioning and removal, the intermediate and long-term changes in facial volume after these techniques is unknown. Whereas fillers for facial volume have predictable life spans, we know little about the facial volume changes following fat grafting with facelift surgery.The authors sought to track the short-term and long-term effects on midfacial volume change.We evaluated a subset of patients who were followed by 3-dimensional (3D) photometric imaging 18 to 24 months after facelift with fat grafting to the deep midfacial fat compartments and buccal fat pads. Volume changes were measured preoperatively and postoperatively every 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months using the 3D photometry.At the 1- to 2-month follow-up period, average facial volume was 49.60% of the initial fat injected. At the 18- to 24-month follow-up period, average facial volume was 73.64% of the initial fat injected, indicating an increase in midfacial volume. Upon graphing available photometric data, dynamic changes in facial volume were observed. In 5 midfacial zones, facial volume appeared to initially decline (average decline, 49.0% of original fat injection), troughing at 10 months (range, 2-15 months), but later inclined (average increase in volume, 95.9% of original fat injection), peaking around 16 months (range, 4-24 months).Progressive improvement in midfacial volume in part may be explained by the graft replacement theory of Suga and Yoshimura, which suggests that grafted adipose tissue immediately dies after transplantation and is replaced by adipose-derived stem or progenitor cells.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/asj/sjy279

  View details for Web of Science ID 000515095700008

  View details for PubMedID 30335128

• Ethnic Rhinoplasty in Female Patients: The Neoclassical Canons Revisited AESTHETIC PLASTIC SURGERY Saad, A., Hewett, S., Nolte, M., Delaunay, F., Saad, M., Cohen, S. R. 2018; 42 (2): 565–76

  Abstract

  Despite the substantial amount of research devoted to objectively defining facial attractiveness, the canons have remained a paradigm of aesthetic facial analysis, yet their omnipresence in clinical assessments revealed their limitations outside of a subset of North American Caucasians, leading to criticism about their validity as a standard of facial beauty. In an effort to introduce more objective treatment planning into ethnic rhinoplasty, we compared neoclassical canons and other current standards pertaining to nasal proportions to anatomic proportions of attractive individuals from seven different ethnic backgrounds.Beauty pageant winners (Miss Universe and Miss World nominees) between 2005 and 2015 were selected and assigned to one of seven regionally defined ethnic groups. Anteroposterior and lateral images were obtained through Google, Wikipedia, Miss Universe, and Miss World Web sites. Anthropometry of facial features was performed via Adobe Photoshop TM. Individual facial measurements were then standardized to proportions and compared to the neoclassical canons.Our data reflected an ethnic-dependent preference for the multiple fitness model. Wide-set eyes, larger mouth widths, and smaller noses were significantly relevant in Eastern Mediterranean and European ethnic groups. Exceptions lied within East African and Asian groups.As in the attractive face, the concept of the ideal nasal anatomy varies between different ethnicities. Using objective criteria and proportions of beauty to plan and execute rhinoplasty in different ethnicities can help the surgeon plan and deliver results that are in harmony with patients' individual background and facial anatomy.This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s00266-017-1051-4

  View details for Web of Science ID 000426847500031

  View details for PubMedID 29273934

• Regenerative Cells For Facial Surgery: Biofilling and Biocontouring AESTHETIC SURGERY JOURNAL Cohen, S. R., Hewett, S., Ross, L., Delaunay, F., Goodacre, A., Ramos, C., Leong, T., Saad, A. 2017; 37: S16–S32

  Abstract

  Zuk et al in 2001 identified stem and regenerative cells within the stromal vascular fraction of fat. In preclinical studies, these cells appeared to stimulate angiogenesis and reduce inflammation, and soon thereafter, clinical use of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) evolved as researchers such as Rigotti, Coleman, Mojallal, our group, and others demonstrated that fat can be used for both therapeutic and aesthetic indications. The regenerative effects of fat and its contents on facial aesthetics have been shown at the histologic and cellular level. Regeneration of elastin and collagen fibers as well as improvement in capillary density and reduction of inflammation have been reported. We review our current approach to the use of regenerative cells and different types of fat grafts in facial surgery. The fat graft is classified, both from a regenerative point of view as well as a tissue product that can be modified into different tissue characteristics, depending on the area and condition treated. Clinical use of SVF enriched fat, millifat, microfat, and nanofat grafts as well as composite fat grafts are reviewed. Based on clinical experience and evidence to date, it appears that the regenerative effects seen with the use of SVF in aesthetic surgery are modest, but there appear to be definite histologic findings of regeneration. These improvements may not be clinically apparent to a patient when cell enriched fat grafts are compared to fat grafts alone. However, the subtle changes seen in histology may be cumulative over time. Three types of fat grafts are defined: millifat (parcel size 2.4<), microfat (1.2<), and nanofat (400-600 μm). Each are characterized by their injectability ratings and emulsification parcel size as well as amount of sSVF cells. Newer concepts of periosteal fat grafting, buccal fat pad grafting, pyriform aperture fat grafting, intraorbital fat grafting, and nanofat grafting are discussed. Composite fat grafts are presented as a new concept as is biofilling and biocontouring. The use of regenerative cells in facial surgery is evolving rapidly. Our understanding of the anatomic changes that occur with aging has become more precise and our ability to target histologic changes seen with aging has become more effective. Deep fat compartment grafting, superficial fat grafting, nanofat, and SVF are becoming important components of contemporary facial rejuvenation. The use of regenerative approaches in facial rejuvenation is a logical step in changing the paradigm from surgical treatment of aging to a more proactive prevention and maintenance approach that keeps up with changes in the tissues as they age.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/asj/sjx078

  View details for Web of Science ID 000424144500004

  View details for PubMedID 29025218

• Buccal Fat Pad Augmentation for Facial Rejuvenation PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY Cohen, S. R., Fireman, E., Hewett, S., Saad, A. 2017; 139 (6): 1273E–1276E

  Abstract

  The buccal space, with its fat pad, is a valuable, overlooked target in facial rejuvenation procedures. The authors identified a specific group of patients who have normal or prominent malar projection in the presence of atrophy of the buccal fat pad, with or without prominent gonial angles. Eight of 24 prospectively studied patients (Biomedical Research Institute of America) who had fat grafts and face lifts received an average of 2.7 ml of fat transferred into the buccal space. Immediate visual correction of the buccal depression was noted. No overcorrection was carried out. None of the eight patients suffered an adverse event from transoral buccal space fat grafting. Persistent facial volume in this area has been noted up to 24 months after treatment. In patients with buccal fat pad atrophy, fat grafting into the buccal space can be safely performed through an intraoral approach.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003384

  View details for Web of Science ID 000404715000006

  View details for PubMedID 28538560