Sonia Martin

All Publications

• Residential vehicle-to-grid profits under dynamic pricing: The role of real-world charging behavior ADVANCES IN APPLIED ENERGY Martin, S., Paxton, W. A., Rajagopal, R. 2026; 21

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.adapen.2025.100259

  View details for Web of Science ID 001662438700001

• Cascading marginal emissions signals for green charging with growing electric vehicle adoption. Nature communications Martin, S., Powell, S., Rajagopal, R. 2025; 16 (1): 10150

  Abstract

  Shifting electric vehicle charging to use cleaner electricity can reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Grid emissions factors can inform when to shift demand, but key assumptions behind existing emissions factor methods fail for today's grids and electric vehicle adoption levels. We combine real charging data with a Western U.S. grid model to test these methods under increasing electric vehicle adoption. We find that following existing average and marginal emissions factor methods to manage charging can inadvertently increase grid emissions when emissions factor signals are noisy, too many electric vehicles follow the same signal, or when high-emitting generators respond. We instead propose an alternative Cascading marginal emissions factor strategy that manages charging in smaller groups. We show that the Cascading strategy reduces added emissions by 10-28% across grid scenarios for at least 2 million electric vehicles. Our research reveals how demand response methods must change to reduce emissions and support the grid transition under wider electric vehicle adoption.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-64979-7

  View details for PubMedID 41257825

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC12630845

• Optimizing software defined battery systems for transformer protection APPLIED ENERGY Martin, S., Nnorom Jr, O., Levis, P., Rajagopal, R. 2025; 396

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126283

  View details for Web of Science ID 001511045900003

• Graph-based two-level clustering for electric vehicle usage patterns ENERGY AND AI Balaram, D., Dufford, B., Martin, S., Negoita, G., Yen, M., Paxton, W. A. 2025; 21

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.egyai.2025.100539

  View details for Web of Science ID 001542324500001

• Optimal coordination of electric buses and battery storage for achieving a 24/7 carbon-free electrified fleet Applied Energy Luke, J., Ribeiro, M., Martin, S., Balogun, E., Cezar, G. V., Pavone, M., Rajagopal, R. 2025; 377

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124506

• Future-proof rates for controlled electric vehicle charging: Comparing multi-year impacts of different emission factor signals ENERGY POLICY Powell, S., Martin, S., Rajagopal, R., Azevedo, I. M. L., de Chalendar, J. 2024; 190

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114131

  View details for Web of Science ID 001238079100001

• Effects of Vehicle-to-Grid Systems on Transmission Grid Congestion Martin, S., Rajagopal, R., IEEE IEEE. 2024

  View details for DOI 10.1109/ITEC60657.2024.10598968

  View details for Web of Science ID 001285069900132

• Effect of State of Charge Uncertainty on Battery Energy Storage Systems Martin, S., Onori, S., Rajagopal, R. ELSEVIER. 2022: 740-745

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.11.270

  View details for Web of Science ID 000904629000119

• Poster Abstract: Software Defined Battery-Solar Systems Martin, S., Nnorom, O., Triebe, O., Patel, L., Levis, P., Rajagopal, R., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2022: 291-292

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3563357.3567750

  View details for Web of Science ID 001066191100042

• Software defined grid energy storage 9th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation Martin, S., Mosier, N., Nnorom, O., Ou, Y., Patel, L., Triebe, O., Cezar, G., Levis, P., Rajagopal, R. 2022: 10

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3563357.3564082