Suraj Ganesh Borkar

All Publications

• Elucidating the roles of electrolytes and hydrogen bonding in the dewetting dynamics of the tear film. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Borkar, S., Baumli, P., Vance, T., Sharma, E., Shi, X., Wu, J. Y., Yao, G., Myung, D., Fuller, G. G. 2024; 121 (31): e2407501121

  Abstract

  This study explores the impact of electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding on tear film stability, a crucial factor for ocular surface health. While mucosal and meibomian layers have been extensively studied, the role of electrolytes in the aqueous phase remains unclear. Dry eye syndrome, characterized by insufficient tear quantity or quality, is associated with hyperosmolality, making electrolyte composition an important factor that might impact tear stability. Using a model buffer solution on a silica glass dome, we simulated physiologically relevant tear film conditions. Sodium chloride alone induced premature dewetting through salt crystal nucleation. In contrast, trace amounts of solutes with hydroxyl groups (sodium phosphate dibasic, potassium phosphate monobasic, and glucose) exhibited intriguing phenomena: quasi-stable films, solutal Marangoni-driven fluid influx increasing film thickness, and viscous fingering due to Saffman-Taylor instability. These observations are rationalized by the association of salt solutions with increased surface tension and the propensity of hydroxyl-group-containing solutes to engage in significant hydrogen bonding, altering local viscosity. This creates a viscosity contrast between the bulk buffer solution and the film region. Moreover, these solutes shield the glass dome, counteracting sodium chloride crystallization. These insights not only advance our understanding of tear film mechanics but also pave the way for predictive diagnostics in dry eye syndrome, offering a robust platform for personalized medical interventions based on individual tear film composition.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.2407501121

  View details for PubMedID 39042697

• Microfluidic extensional flow device to study mass transfer dynamics in the polymer microparticle formation process. Soft matter Sundar, S., Nirmal, G., Borkar, S., Goel, S., Ramachandran, K., Kochhar, R., Hukkanen, E. J., Chiarella, R. A., Ramachandran, A. 2024

  Abstract

  Polymer microparticles are often used to encapsulate drugs for sustained drug-release treatments. One of the ways they are manufactured is by using a solvent extraction process, in which the polymer solution is emulsified into an aqueous bulk phase using a surfactant as a stabilizing agent, followed by the removal of the solvent. The radius of a polymer drop decreases as a function of time until the polymer reaches the gelling point, after which it is separated and dried. Among the various operating parameters, the rate of solvent extraction is a critical step that affects the morphology and porosity, and consequently, the kinetics of drug release. But a fundamental mechanistic understanding of the solvent extraction dynamics as a function of shear is still unexplored. In this study, we have developed an experimental mass transfer model to predict the extraction by using the microfluidic extensional flow device (MEFD) to probe the shear and extraction dynamics at the level of a single drop in a linear extensional flow field. We used a computer-controlled feedback algorithm to manipulate the flow field and hydrodynamically trap a Hele-Shaw drop and observe the extraction process. For the polymer solution, we used a biocompatible polymer, poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) as the solvent. Our experiments were conducted by varying the extensional rate (G) in the channel from 0.1 s-1 to 10 s-1, and using an analytical solution of the flow field, we captured the dissolution process and measured the change in drop radius (R) with time (t). Interestingly, we initially observed a short-time asymptote R t, and later the long-time asymptote of R = constant; both trends were physically explained. The transport model developed in this work can be used to predict extraction rates and polymer microparticle composition for any polymer-solvent system. This work is also an important contribution to the literature on convective mass transfer in partially miscible emulsions.

  View details for DOI 10.1039/d4sm00492b

  View details for PubMedID 39041251

• Influence of hydrophobic particles on the film drainage during bubble-solid interaction PHYSICS OF FLUIDS Dhara, P., Jung, B., Gala, L., Borkar, S., Fuller, G. G. 2024; 36 (3)

  View details for DOI 10.1063/5.0196809

  View details for Web of Science ID 001182753500006

• Substrate colonization by an emulsion drop prior to spreading. Nature communications Borkar, S., Ramachandran, A. 2021; 12 (1): 5734

  Abstract

  In classical wetting, the spreading of an emulsion drop on a surface is preceded by the formation of a bridge connecting the drop and the surface across the sandwiched film of the suspending medium. However, this widely accepted mechanism ignores the finite solubility of the drop phase in the medium. We present experimental evidence of a new wetting mechanism, whereby the drop dissolves in the medium, and nucleates on the surface as islands that grow with time. Island growth is predicated upon a reduction in solubility near the contact line due to attractive interactions between the drop and the surface, overcoming Ostwald ripening. Ultimately, wetting is manifested as a coalescence event between the parent drop and one of the islands, which can result in significantly large critical film heights and short hydrodynamic drainage times prior to wetting. This discovery has broad relevance in areas such as froth flotation, liquid-infused surfaces, multiphase flows and microfluidics.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-021-26015-2

  View details for PubMedID 34593803

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC8484436

• Novel Activated Microbubbles-based Strategy to Coat Nanoparticles on Root Canal Dentin: Fluid Dynamical Characterization. Journal of endodontics Li, F. C., Borkar, S., Ramachandran, A., Kishen, A. 2019; 45 (6): 797-802

  Abstract

  Activated microbubbles (MBs) have the potential to deliver nanoparticles in complex microspaces such as root canals. The objective of the study is to determine the fluid dynamical parameters associated with ultrasonic, sonic, and manual activation of MBs in simulated root canals and to assess the effectiveness of surface coating formed by delivering chitosan nanoparticles using activated MBs within root canals in extracted teeth.In stage 1, polydimethylsiloxane models were fabricated to determine the physical effects of MBs agitated manually (MM), sonically (MS), and ultrasonically (MU). Spherical tracer particles were used to visualize and record the fluid motion using an inverted microscope linked to a high-speed camera. The velocity, wall stress, and penetration depth were analyzed at regions of interest. In stage 2, 35 extracted human incisors were divided into 7 groups to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticle delivery using activated MBs (MM, MS, and MU groups). Field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-rays were used to characterize the nanoparticle coating on root canal dentin and the degree of dentinal tubule occlusion.In stage 1, velocity, wall stress, and penetration depth increased significantly in the MB groups compared with the control (P < .01). In stage 2, 70% of the dentin surface was coated, and 65% of the dentinal tubule was occluded with nanoparticle-based coating in the MM, MU, and water ultrasonic groups. Element analysis displayed the presence of dentin smear on the root canal surface for the MU and water ultrasonic groups.Activated MBs enhanced fluid dynamical parameters when compared with water in simulated root canal models. Manual activation of MBs resulted in uniform and significant nanoparticle-based surface coating and tubule blockage in root canal dentin without dentin smear formation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.joen.2019.02.011

  View details for PubMedID 30948228