Clinical Focus


  • Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery
  • Pelvic Reconstruction, Neurourology & Voiding Dysfunction

Academic Appointments


Administrative Appointments


  • ICICJ Executive Board, International Consultation on Interstitial Cystitis Japan (ICICJ) (2024 - Present)
  • Education Committee, International Continence Society (2016 - 2024)

Honors & Awards


  • Top 10 Basic Science Abstract (Peripheral circadian rhythms of bladder in patients with nocturia), SUFU 2023 Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN (2023 (03/08))
  • Best Poster Award (Novel Technique Pelvic Floor Trigger Point Injections Electrical Stimulation), SWIU 2023 Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ (2023 (01/27))
  • Basic Science Poster Award (Poster #BS20 Intradetrusor iPSC pSMC Treatment Rat Radiation Cystitis), SUFU 2019 Annual Meeting, Miami, FL (2019 (02/26))
  • 3rd Place in Category Prize (Poster Session 1 #15 Targeting Bladder Trigone in Cadaver), WSAUA 2018 Annual Meeting, Maui, HI (2018 (10/28))
  • Visiting Lecture (Management of Acute and Late Stage Complications of Radiation on Bladder), Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Peak Forum, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China (2018 (10/13))
  • Best in Category Prize (S23 Podium #443 Large Capacity Bladder after Prolapse Repair), ICS 2018 Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA (2018 (08/30))
  • Best Poster (MP33-12 Voiding Efficiency Following Correction Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Women), AUA 2018 Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA. (2018 (05/19))
  • Early-Career Investigators Showcase (Pelvic Irradiation Induces Two Phenotypes - OAB vs UAB), AUA 2018 Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA. (2018 (05/19))
  • Research Travel Award (Radiation Induced Bladder Dysfunction in the Rat), Basic Sciences Symposium. AUA 2017 Annual Meeting. Boston, MA. (2017 (05/12))
  • Best Clinical Research Award (Isometric Detrusor Reserve Predicts Spontaneous Void after TURP), Congress of Urologic Research and Education on Aging Underactive Bladder (CURE-UAB), Washington D.C. (2017 (03/09))
  • Travel Scholarship. CURE-UAB 2017 Meeting., Congress of Urologic Research and Education on Aging Underactive Bladder (CURE-UAB), Washington D.C. (2017 (03/09))
  • Spectrum KL2 Scholar, Stanford Clinical and Translational Science Award (2016-2018), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (2016 (07/01))
  • Best Resident Research Award (2014 - 2015), Albany Medical Center, Div. of Urology, Albany, NY (2015 (06/19))
  • 1st Place National Chief Resident Debate (Bladder Exstrophy: Argument for Modern Staged Repair), American Urological Association, 2015 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA (2015 (05/17))
  • Best Resident Teaching Award (2013 - 2014), Albany Medical Center, Div. of Urology, Albany, NY (2014 (06/20))
  • 2nd Place Resident Debate (Orchiopexy Retractile Testicle: Argument for Surgery), Northeast Section American Urological Association, 65th Annual Meeting, Saratoga Springs, NY (2013 (11/02))
  • 2nd Place Prize Essay Contest (Model of pelvic floor dysfunction after pelvic floor stimulation), Northeast Section American Urological Association, 65th Annual Meeting, Saratoga Springs, NY (2013 (11/01))
  • Best Resident Research Award (2012 - 2013), Albany Medical Center, Div. of Urology, Albany, NY (2013 (06/21))
  • 3rd Place Basic Science Competition (Loss renal protein phosphatase obstructive uropathy), 18th Annual Urology Resident Research Day, Skaneateles, NY (2013 (04/20))
  • 1st Place Prize Essay Contest (PPM1A and TGF-beta/SMAD signalling obstructive uropathy), Northeast Section American Urological Association, 64th Annual Meeting, Niagara Falls, Ontario (2012 (09/14))
  • 1st Place Resident Debate (Acute versus Delayed Prosthesis after Priapism), 17th Annual Urology Resident Research Day, Skaneateles, NY (2012 (04/21))

Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations


  • Member, American Urological Association (2011 - Present)
  • Member, Society of Women in Urology (2011 - Present)
  • Member, Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (2014 - Present)
  • Member, World Professional Association for Transgender Health (2015 - Present)
  • Member, International Continence Society (2016 - Present)
  • Member, Western Section American Urological Association (2018 - Present)
  • Member, Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine & Urogenital Reconstruction (2018 - Present)

Professional Education


  • Board Certification: American Board of Urology, Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery (2022)
  • Board Certification, Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (FPMRS / URPS) (2022)
  • Board Certification, The American Board of Urology (2021)
  • Master of Science, Stanford University Division of Epidemiology, CA (2018)
  • Fellowship: Stanford University Dept of Urology (2017) CA
  • Residency: Albany Medical College Urologic Surgery Residency (2015) NY
  • Residency: Albany Medical College General Surgery Residency (2011) NY
  • Medical Education: University of North Carolina School of Medicine (2010) NC
  • Bachelor of Science, North Carolina State University, NC (2004)

Current Research and Scholarly Interests


Dr. Amy Dobberfuhl, received a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from North Carolina State University in 2004 and her M.D. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine in 2010. She completed her residency training in Urology at Albany Medical College in New York in 2015. She then completed an ACGME fellowship in FPMRS (Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery) with a special emphasis on Neurourology & Voiding Dysfunction, in the Department of Urology at Stanford University in 2017. Dr. Dobberfuhl was also awarded the KL2 component of the Stanford Clinical and Translation Science Award to Spectrum (NIH 5KL2TR001083) and completed an M.S. in Epidemiology and Clinical Research from Stanford University in 2018. Following fellowship in 2017 Dr. Dobberfuhl joined the Department of Urology and her practice includes both a clinical and laboratory research focus.

Dr. Dobberfuhl's clinical practice includes: Pelvic Reconstruction, Neurourology, and Voiding Dysfunction. Dr. Dobberfuhl’s clinical research focus includes: Interstitial Cystitis / Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS), Nocturia, Urinary tract infection (UTI), Sex differences in lower urinary tract dysfunction, Radiation cystitis, and Overactive (OAB).

Dr. Dobberfuhl’s laboratory basic science and translational research focus includes: IC/BPS, Nocturia, Pelvic floor ischemia, Effect of estrogen on lower urinary tract, Animal models of voiding dysfunction, Urinary biomarkers and molecular mechanisms implicated in lower urinary tract dysfunction (WHSDM LUTS Cohort).

Clinical Trials


  • Transvaginal Botulinum Toxin A Chemodenervation for Overactive Bladder Not Recruiting

    Overactive bladder (OAB) is a highly prevalent disease process that, when refractory to oral medication therapy, can be effectively managed with injection of botulinum toxin A (BTA) into the detrusor muscle of the bladder. However, the traditional procedure requires a cystoscope inserted into the bladder which can be painful and is associated with a risk of urinary tract infection. The purpose of this study is to determine if transvaginal injection of BTA into the detrusor muscle of the bladder wall is feasible to perform, and efficacious for the treatment of refractory overactive bladder.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial.

    View full details

  • Transvaginal Botulinum Toxin A for Interstitial Cystitis / Bladder Pain Syndrome Not Recruiting

    Interstitial cystitis / bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating condition that affects millions of women in the United States. Women suffer from recurring pelvic pain, bladder pressure, painful bladder, urinary frequency (needing to go often) and urgency (feeling a strong need to go). Women are five times more likely to suffer from IC/BPS than men. IC/BPS is a common cause of painful bladder after excluding urinary tract infection. About one-third of women resort to opioids, thus contributing to the current opioid crisis. Sadly, there are no durable treatments and the majority of therapies are not FDA-approved for IC/BPS.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Amy D. Dobberfuhl, M.D., 650-723-3391.

    View full details

2024-25 Courses


Stanford Advisees


Graduate and Fellowship Programs


All Publications


  • Functional outcome of the anterior vaginal wall in a pelvic surgery injury rat model after treatment with stem cell-derived progenitors of smooth muscle cells. Research square Wang, Y., Wen, Y., Kim, K., Wu, H., Zhang, J., Dobberfuhl, A. D., Chen, B. 2024

    Abstract

    Stem-cell-derived therapy is a promising option for tissue regeneration. Human iPSC-derived progenitors of smooth muscle cells (pSMCs) have limited proliferation and differentiation, which may minimize the risk of in vivo tumor formation while restoring smooth muscle cell deficiencies. Up to 30 % of women who suffer from recurrence of vaginal prolapse after prolapse surgery are faced with reoperation. Therefore, there is an unmet need for therapies that can restore vaginal tissue function. We hypothesize that human pSMCs can restore vaginal function in a vaginal-injury rat model.Female immune-compromised RNU rats were divided into 5 groups: intact controls (n=12), VSHAM (surgery + saline injection, n=33), and cell-injection group (surgery + cell injection using three patient pSMCs lines, n=14/cell line). The surgery, similar to what is done in vaginal prolapse surgery, involved ovariectomy, urethrolysis, and vagina injury. The vagina, urethra, bladder dome and trigone were harvested 10 weeks after surgery (5 weeks after injection). Organ bath myography was performed to evaluate the contractile function of vagina, and smooth muscle thickness was examined by tissue immunohistochemistry. Collagen I, collagen III, and elastin mRNA and protein expressions in tissues were assessed.When compared to the VSHAM group, cell-injection groups showed significantly increased vaginal smooth muscle contractions induced by carbachol (groups A and C) and by KCl (group C), and significantly higher collagen I protein expression in the vagina (groups A and B). Elastin mRNA and protein expressions in the vagina did not correlate with injection group. In the urethra, mRNA expressions of collagen I, collagen III, and elastin were all significantly higher in the cell-injection groups compared to the VSHAM group. Collagen I protein expression of the urethra was also higher in the cell-injection group compared to the VSHAM group. Elastin protein expression in the urethra did not correlate with injection group.Human iPSC-derived pSMCs improved contractile function of the post-surgery vagina. Additionally, pSMC injection modulated collagen I, collagen III and elastin mRNA and protein expressions in the vagina and urethra. These findings suggest that pSMCs may be a possible therapy for vaginal prolapse recurrence after surgical intervention.

    View details for DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4172308/v1

    View details for PubMedID 38946968

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11213168

  • Utilization and Cost of Gender-affirming Surgery in the United States from 2012-2019. Annals of surgery Chu, J., Nagpal, M., Dobberfuhl, A. D. 2024

    Abstract

    To characterize the trends in and characteristics associated with the utilization and cost of gender-affirming surgery (GAS) in the United States from 2012-2019.GAS is one option among gender-diverse (GD) people to transition from their biologic anatomy to the anatomy congruent with their gender. Little is known about its utilization and cost trends and whether patient and hospital characteristics are associated with differences in utilization and cost.This serial cross-sectional study collected retrospective data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National Inpatient Sample (NIS), a representative pool of inpatient visits in the United States. Records from 2012-2019 that indicated ages 18 or older, GD diagnoses, and GAS procedures were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions. Within this cohort, demographics, utilization, and cost were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable regression models.6,325 records with GD diagnoses and GAS procedures were identified. From 2012-2019, utilization increased by more than 5-fold (0.9 to 5.0 per 100,000 records among all records), and the mean, inflation-adjusted cost increased by 36% ($19,451 to $26,517). This cost trend was similar by type of surgery, and genital surgery had consistently higher costs than chest surgery from 2012 to 2019 (genital: $21,487 to $26,712, chest: $13,238 to $21,309). Lower odds of utilization were found in records with Medicaid (OR = 0.27, 95% CI [0.22-0.35], P<0.001) and Medicare (OR = 0.15, 95% CI [0.11-0.23], P<0.001) compared to private insurance, as well as those in the lowest income quartile (OR = 0.68, 95% CI [0.54-0.85], P<0.001) compared to the highest quartile. Lower costs were found in records that indicated hospital location in the Midwest (27% lower, 95% CI [0.61-0.87], P<0.001), Northeast (34% lower, 95% CI [0.55-0.80], P<0.001) and South (39% lower, 95% CI [0.53-0.71], P<0.001) compared to the West.As demand for GAS increases with varying utilization and costs based on patient and hospital characteristics, there will likely be a need for more qualified surgeons, increased insurance coverage, and policies to ensure equitable access to GAS.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/SLA.0000000000006296

    View details for PubMedID 38618736

  • Mechanisms of oxidative stress in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Nature reviews. Urology Mohammad, A., Laboulaye, M. A., Shenhar, C., Dobberfuhl, A. D. 2024

    Abstract

    Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is characterized by bladder and/or pelvic pain, increased urinary urgency and frequency and nocturia. The pathophysiology of IC/BPS is poorly understood, and theories include chronic inflammation, autoimmune dysregulation, bacterial cystitis, urothelial dysfunction, deficiency of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) barrier and urine cytotoxicity. Multiple treatment options exist, including behavioural interventions, oral medications, intravesical instillations and procedures such as hydrodistension; however, many clinical trials fail, and patients experience an unsatisfactory treatment response, likely owing to IC/BPS phenotype heterogeneity and the use of non-targeted interventions. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of IC/BPS as reactive oxygen species impair bladder function via their involvement in multiple molecular mechanisms. Kinase signalling pathways, nociceptive receptors, mast-cell activation, urothelial dysregulation and circadian rhythm disturbance have all been linked to reactive oxygen species and IC/BPS. However, further research is necessary to fully uncover the role of oxidative stress in the pathways driving IC/BPS pathogenesis. The development of new models in which these pathways can be manipulated will aid this research and enable further investigation of promising therapeutic targets.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41585-023-00850-y

    View details for PubMedID 38326514

    View details for PubMedCentralID 3513327

  • Long-term effects of vaginal surgery and endogenous ovarian hormones on the vagina and bladder. Sexual medicine Ho, T., Zhang, J., Wen, Y., Guo, S., Dobberfuhl, A. D., Chen, B. 2023; 11 (6): qfad063

    Abstract

    Surgery is a common treatment for pelvic organ prolapse (POP); however, risk of recurrence and reoperation is high, resulting in a negative impact on quality of life and sexual function.To examine the long-term effects of POP surgery and endogenous circulating ovarian hormones on the vagina and bladder.Our animal model simulated surgical injury of the vagina and bladder during POP surgery. Female Rowett nude rats were divided into 4 groups: intact control (IC), vaginal surgery only (V), ovariectomy only (O), and ovariectomy + vaginal surgery (OV). Rats were euthanized 10 weeks postsurgery. Proximal vagina and bladder dome/trigone underwent (1) organ bath myography to assess smooth muscle contractility; (2) real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to quantify mRNA expression of elastin, collagen I and III, and PGP9.5 (protein gene product 9.5); (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for protein quantification of elastin and collagen I and III; and (4) hematoxylin-eosin/immunohistochemistry staining.The primary outcome was tissue contractility as measured by organ bath myography. Secondary outcomes included gene and protein expression of collagen I and III and elastin.O and OV showed reduced vaginal wall contractility vs IC and V (P < .002). Bladder dome and trigone displayed different contractile patterns, with significant differences between O and OV (P < .05), suggesting a negative effect from surgery rather than ovariectomy. OV demonstrated consistent reductions in contractility and elastin/collagen protein expression for the vagina and bladder vs IC. V had similar contractility and increased collagen I expression vs IC, suggesting a protective effect of ovarian hormones. Vaginal epithelium thinning was confirmed in the ovariectomized groups (P = .001), although there was no statistical significance in muscularis thinning with surgery or ovariectomy. O, V, and OV showed significant downregulation of PGP9.5 mRNA expression vs IC.These data allow researchers to gain insights into the long-term effects of surgery and deprivation of ovarian hormones. Future studies can use this animal model to investigate other mechanisms that may affect long-term tissue changes due to surgical intervention.Major strengths are long-term data on the effects of POP surgery and development of an animal model for future studies. However, the animal model limits our ability to extrapolate to humans, where tissue healing is modulated by many factors.Our animal model provides evidence that ovarian hormone deprivation and POP surgery result in negative long-term effects on tissue function and extracellular matrix.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/sexmed/qfad063

    View details for PubMedID 38074491

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10710297

  • The Potential Role of Persister Cells in Urinary Tract Infections. Current urology reports Durrani, B., Mohammad, A., Ljubetic, B. M., Dobberfuhl, A. D. 2023

    Abstract

    This review explores the role of persister cells in urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs are one of the most common bacterial infections, affecting millions of people worldwide. Persister cells are a subpopulation of bacteria with dormant metabolic activity which allows survival in the presence of antibiotics.This review summarizes recent research on the pathogenesis of persister cell formation in UTIs, the impact of persister cells on the effectiveness of antibiotics, the challenges they pose for treatment, and the need for new strategies to target these cells. Furthermore, this review examines the current state of research on the identification and characterization of persister cells in UTIs, as well as the future directions for investigations in this field. This review highlights the importance of understanding the role of persister cells in UTIs and the potential impact of targeting these cells in the development of new treatments.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11934-023-01182-5

    View details for PubMedID 37907771

    View details for PubMedCentralID 6396617

  • Pathophysiologic Insights into the Transition from Asymptomatic Bacteriuria to Urinary Tract Infection. Current urology reports Ljubetic, B. M., Mohammad, A., Durrani, B., Dobberfuhl, A. D. 2023

    Abstract

    Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) can be found in the general population but it is more common in catheterized patients. Some patients develop urinary tract infections (UTI) and others stay asymptomatic throughout time. The scientific community lacks a pathophysiologic explanation of why asymptomatic bacteriuria stays asymptomatic most of the time, and why and how it sometimes transitions to UTI. In an attempt to bridge this gap in knowledge, a summary of the current literature is conducted on the pathophysiologic differences between ASB and UTI, beyond their clinical differences.ASB and UTI cannot be differentiated just by their phylogroup or number of virulence factors. The difference may be in their metabolism gene expression. The literature lacks a pathophysiological explanation of the transition from ASB to UTI, and recent discoveries suggest that metabolic gene expression may hold the key.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11934-023-01183-4

    View details for PubMedID 37856072

    View details for PubMedCentralID 4648343

  • Our 11 year experience with percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in men and women for the treatment of interstitial cystitis / bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Urology Abdalla, A. S., Berquist, S. W., Mohammad, A., Dobberfuhl, A. D. 2023

    Abstract

    To evaluate the effect of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in interstitial cystitis / bladder pain syndrome IC/BPS.Retrospective chart review was completed for patients with at least 10 weekly treatments of PTNS from January 2010 to October 2021. PTNS success was defined as conversion to PTNS maintenance therapy following 12 weeks of PTNS induction therapy. Data were analyzed using GraphPad.Over the 11 year study period, 27 out of 34 patients (mean age 52.9±16.8 years; 25 females, 9 males) completed 12 weeks of PTNS induction therapy, and 48.1% (13/27) successfully converted to PTNS maintenance therapy. Following 12 weeks of PTNS induction therapy, significant improvements were noted in the urgency severity scale (USS range 0-4: 2.9±1.2 before versus 1.1±1.1 after PTNS, p=0.001) and nocturnal urinary frequency (number of voids: 3.3±1.9 before versus 2.2±1.6 after PTNS, p=0.041); and non-significant improvements were noted in daytime void frequency (hours: 1.5±0.7 before versus 2.0±0.9 after PTNS, p=0.090) and the pain domain of the interstitial cystitis symptoms index (ICSI question 4, range 0-4: 2.5±1.4 before versus 1.3±1.8 after PTNS, p=0.082).Our sample size is among the largest sample of PTNS in IC/BPS from a single center. While PTNS achieved non-significant improvements in pain and daytime void frequency, significant improvements were observed in urinary urgency and nocturia. PTNS appears to be a plausible option in the multi-modal approach to managing IC/BPS.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.urology.2023.08.025

    View details for PubMedID 37690542

  • Urodynamic and urethral pressure profilometry findings in women with voiding phase dysfunction treated with surgical urethrolysis. Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada Dobberfuhl, A. D., Comiter, C. V., Deb, S. 2023

    Abstract

    INTRODUCTION: Long-term urodynamic (UDS) and urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) parameters in women with voiding phase dysfunction following an anti-incontinence (AI) procedure have been poorly characterized. We report our 10-year UDS findings in women with voiding phase dysfunction after AI procedure, who underwent urethrolysis.METHODS: We identified sequential records containing urethrolysis CPT codes over a 10-year period. Records of women with preoperative UDS were reviewed for demographics, UDS tracing, and outcomes following urethrolysis.RESULTS: Twenty-five women (mean age 60 years) had voiding phase dysfunction and underwent urethrolysis at a mean of 47 months (interquartile range [IQR] 12-61) after AI procedure. Preoperatively, six (24%) women required intermittent catheterization. Free uroflowmetry revealed a mean: maximum peak flow (Qmax) 9.6 ml/s (IQR 7.0-11.0), voided volume 137 ml (IQR 81-169), and postvoid residual 167 ml (IQR 43-288). UDS revealed a mean: UPP length 24 mm (IQR 20-27), UPP closure pressure 78 cmH2O (IQR 59-103), Pdet@Qmax 31 cmH2O (IQR 19-43), Qmax 7.9 ml/s (IQR 5.0-12.0), bladder outlet obstruction index 15 (IQR 0-34), and bladder contractility index 71 (IQR 60-81). UPP length was significantly associated (Pearson correlation, p<0.05) with: bladder outlet obstruction index (r=0.80), Pdet@Qmax (r=0.75), and time since AI procedure (r=-0.70). UPP closure pressure was significantly associated with age (r=-0.64), volume of first (r=-0.64) and strong (r=-0.78) desire, and capacity (r=-0.71). Following urethrolysis, spontaneous voiding was achieved in 23 (92%) women at followup (mean 308 days).CONCLUSIONS: UPP may help characterize outlet parameters in women with voiding phase dysfunction following an AI procedure, who ultimately undergo urethrolysis.

    View details for DOI 10.5489/cuaj.8342

    View details for PubMedID 37549342

  • Outcomes of Aquablation in men with acute and chronic urinary retention. Urology Burton, C. S., Dobberfuhl, A. D., Comiter, C. V. 2023

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of Aquablation in men with acute and chronic urinary retention.METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all men undergoing Aquablation resection of the prostate between May 2021 and August 2022. Men were classified as having acute urinary retention if they required either intermittent or indwelling catheter and chronic urinary retention if they had a post void residual (PVR) >300mL prior to surgery. We compared success rates and time to passage of trial without catheter as well as complication rates to those with no retention.RESULTS: A total of 113 men underwent Aquablation including 28 with acute retention and 16 with chronic retention. Failure of initial void trial was significantly higher in patients with preoperative urinary retention (40%) and chronic retention with PVR>300mL (12.5%) compared to those with no retention (7.2%, p<0.001). Among men with acute and chronic retention 98% were voiding spontaneously at a mean 5 months follow-up. There was no difference in utilization of postoperative prostate medications, complications, IPSS or uroflowmetry among men with acute, chronic, or no retention.CONCLUSIONS: Aquablation is an effective method for treatment of men with urinary retention, with 98% achieving spontaneous voiding regardless of preoperative urodynamic findings. Men in acute retention prior to surgery were more likely to fail their initial void trial, which may support the recommendation for a delayed trial without catheter.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.urology.2023.06.028

    View details for PubMedID 37442297

  • FUNCTIONAL AND HISTOLOGIC CHANGES OF THE VAGINA IN A RODENT MODEL FOR ANTERIOR VAGINAL PROLAPSE Chen, B., Guo, S., Ho, D., Wen, Y., Zhang, J., Dobberfuhl, A. WILEY. 2023: S42-S43
  • UTILIZATION OF GENDER-AFFIRMING SURGERY IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 2012-2019 Chu, J., Nagpal, M., Dobberfuhl, A. D. WILEY. 2023: S177-S179
  • A NOVEL TECHNIQUE OF ADMINISTERING PRECISE PELVIC FLOOR TRIGGER POINT INJECTIONS WITH ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FEEDBACK Burton, C. S., Herbert, A., Dobberfuhl, A. D. WILEY. 2023: S152-S153
  • SPONTANEOUS VOIDING IN MEN WITH AND WITHOUT URINARY RETENTION UNDERGOING AQUABLATION Burton, C. S., Dobberfuhl, A. D., Comiter, C. V. WILEY. 2023: S275-S276
  • PERIPHERAL CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF THE BLADDER IN PATIENTS WITH NOCTURIA Mohammad, A., Han, S., Berquist, S. W., Beachy, P. A., Dobberfuhl, A. D. WILEY. 2023: S11-S13
  • Pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of overactive bladder symptoms in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Neurourology and urodynamics Dobberfuhl, A. D. 2022

    Abstract

    Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is prevalent, difficult to treat, and has close symptom overlap with overactive bladder (OAB). A review of the pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of IC/BPS patients with overlapping OAB symptoms has not been summarized recently in the published literature.A review of the published literature on the overlap of IC/BPS and OAB was conducted using MeSH terminology (1992-2022).The pathophysiology of IC/BPS is not fully understood. Animal research has found the bladder trigone and base are richly populated by afferent fibers, including many small unmyelinated C-fibers that may be upregulated in IC/BPS. Successful therapies with multimodal effects on OAB symptoms in patients with IC/BPS are likely to exert beneficial effects on both pain and lower urinary tract symptoms. Potentially efficacious therapies for the treatment of OAB in IC/BPS include pelvic floor physical therapy, oral pharmacotherapy (antimuscarinics and beta-3 agonists), sacral neuromodulation, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, and botulinum toxin A (BTA). Antimuscarinics and beta-3 agonists have yielded partial efficacy in IC/BPS, although may help differentiate symptoms of OAB from those associated with IC/BPS. The transvaginal trigone treatment (T3) intradetrusor injection approach allows for delivery of therapeutics to the bladder without the need for a cystoscope and appears to be feasible.Further research is needed to understand the pathophysiology of IC/BPS and symptom overlap with OAB, which in turn should enable the development of more personalized therapeutics.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/nau.24958

    View details for PubMedID 35607890

  • The evolution of incontinence into resolved, refractory and de novo urgency urinary incontinence following sling placement at time of prolapse repair in a large urodynamic cohort. Investigative and clinical urology Zhang, X., Shaffer, R. K., Dobberfuhl, A. D. 2021

    Abstract

    PURPOSE: To improve counseling in women at risk of refractory and/or de novo urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) following sling placement at time of prolapse repair, we created an outcome model to characterize changes in storage dysfunction.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 139 women who underwent urodynamics followed by sling or no sling placement at the time of prolapse repair over a 6-year period. Our primary outcome was the presence of UUI following sling placement. Data were analyzed in SAS using chi-square, Fisher's exact, Student's t-test, and Kaplan-Meier methods.RESULTS: At baseline, the sling group had significantly higher subjective (62/81 [76.5%] vs. 18/58 [31.0%]; p<0.001), objective (62/81 [76.5%] vs. 6/58 [10.3%]; p<0.001), and occult (41/81 [50.6%] vs. 6/58 [10.3%]; p<0.001) stress urinary incontinence (SUI); and rates of subjective and objective UUI were similar to the no sling group prior to surgery. After surgery (mean follow-up 859 days) there was no difference with or without sling, in the rate of SUI (subjective, objective) and further SUI treatments (bulking agent, repeat sling). Higher rates of de novo (13/81 [16.0%] vs. 6/58 [10.3%]; p=0.454) and refractory (31/81 [38.3%] vs. 14/58 [24.1%]; p=0.048) UUI were noted in the sling group following surgery. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, a greater proportion of women in the no sling group did not report UUI at longest follow-up (hazard ratio 0.63; 95% confidence interval 0.37-1.06; p=0.081).CONCLUSIONS: Women should be counseled on the risk of de novo and refractory UUI following sling placement at time of prolapse repair.

    View details for DOI 10.4111/icu.20200480

    View details for PubMedID 34387039

  • Trigone as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for bladder-centric interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. International urogynecology journal Dobberfuhl, A. D., van Uem, S., Versi, E. 2021

    Abstract

    The pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) may be bladder-centric, with afferent nerve hyperexcitability and/or due to neural central sensitization. In bladder-centric disease, the trigone's unmyelinated nociceptive C-fibers are thought to be upregulated, suggesting this as a potential target for diagnostic modalities and for treatment with local anesthetics and chemodenervation. We propose that the transvaginal trigone treatment (T3) route of administration of such treatments should be considered in women with IC/BPS, as this approach is easier and less invasive than cystoscopy. For T3, or other bladder-centric treatments to be successful, patient selection should attempt to exclude patients with predominantly neural central sensitization.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s00192-021-04878-9

    View details for PubMedID 34156506

  • Estrogen replacement is protective to the effect of in vitro hypoxia on female rabbit bladder and pelvic floor contractile response. Investigative and clinical urology Dobberfuhl, A. D., Schuler, C., Leggett, R. E., De, E. J., Levin, R. M. 2020; 61 (4): 432–40

    Abstract

    Purpose: To explore the effect of estrogen replacement on pelvic floor and bladder contractile response to electrical field stimulation, following in vitro hypoxia in an animal model of surgical menopause.Materials and Methods: Twelve female adult rabbits were divided into three groups: control, ovariectomy, and ovariectomy with estradiol replacement. At 4 weeks animals were euthanized. Bladder, coccygeus, and pubococcygeus were isolated. Tissues were equilibrated with oxygenated Tyrodes containing glucose and stimulated with electrical field stimulation. Tissues were then stimulated under hypoxic conditions for 1 hour using nitrogenated Tyrodes without glucose. Tissues were then re-oxygenated for 2 hours and stimulated.Results: Pelvic floor required 10 times the stimulation duration (power) to achieve maximum contraction at 2 g baseline tension (10 ms duration) when compared to bladder (1 ms duration). Maximal tension generated was significantly greater for bladder than pelvic floor. Coccygeus and pubococcygeus were significantly less sensitive to the effects of hypoxia and had stable contractile response to field stimulation throughout the hour of hypoxia. Hypoxia resulted in progressive and rapid decline of bladder contractile strength. Following hypoxia, pelvic floor contractile recovery was superior to bladder. Improvement in the contractile response of both bladder and pelvic floor, during the period of post-hypoxia re-oxygenation, was significantly greater in ovariectomy animals treated with estradiol replacement.Conclusions: Replacement of estradiol at time of ovariectomy reduced oxidative stress on tissue and was protective to the effects of hypoxia on pelvic floor and bladder contractile function.

    View details for DOI 10.4111/icu.2020.61.4.432

    View details for PubMedID 32666001

  • Characterizing relaxin receptor expression and exploring relaxin's effect on tissue remodeling/fibrosis in the human bladder. BMC urology Diaz, E. C., Briggs, M., Wen, Y., Zhuang, G., Wallace, S. L., Dobberfuhl, A. D., Kao, C., Chen, B. C. 2020; 20 (1): 44

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Relaxin is an endogenous protein that has been shown to have antifibrotic properties in various organ systems. There has been no characterization of relaxin's role in the human bladder. Our objective was to characterize relaxin receptor expression in the human bladder and assess relaxin's effect on tissue remodeling/fibrosis pathways in bladder smooth muscle cells.METHODS: Relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) and RXFP2 expression was assessed using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on primary bladder tissue. Primary human smooth muscle bladder cells were cultured and stimulated with various concentrations of relaxin. Western blot, qRTPCR, ELISA, and zymogram assays were used to analyze fibrosis/tissue remodeling pathway proteins.RESULTS: There was universal mRNA transcript detection and protein expression of relaxin receptors in primary bladder specimens. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated RXFP1 and RXFP2 localizing to both urothelial and smooth muscle cell layers of the bladder. 24h of in vitro relaxin stimulation did not affect mRNA expression of selected proteins in human bladder smooth muscle cells. However, 48h of in vitro relaxin stimulation resulted in upregulation of active (p=0.004) and latent (p=0.027) MMP-2 in cell lysate, and upregulation of active MMP-2 in supernatant (p=0.04). There was a dose dependent relationship with increasing expression of MMP-2 with increasing relaxin concentration. Relaxin stimulation resulted in decreased levels of active and total TGF-beta1 in supernatant and extracellular matrix (p<0.005 with 100ng/mL relaxin stimulation).CONCLUSIONS: In the human bladder, relaxin receptors are expressed at the dome and trigone and localize to the urothelium and smooth muscle cell layers. Stimulation of human bladder SMCs with relaxin in vitro affects expression of MMP-2 and TGF-beta1.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/s12894-020-00607-4

    View details for PubMedID 32321501

  • Optogenetic chronic neuromodulation of the diabetic cystopathy mouse model - functional effect Wallace, S., Briggs, M., Wen, Y., Tran, D., Montgomery, K., Zhuang, G., Dobberfuhl, A., Delp, S., Chen, B. WILEY. 2020: S47–S48
  • Statewide Success of Staged Sacral Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Urinary Complaints in California (2005-2011). Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery Dobberfuhl, A. D., Mahal, A. n., Dallas, K. B., Choi, K. M., Comiter, C. V., Elliott, C. S. 2020; 26 (7): 437–42

    Abstract

    Sacral neuromodulation (SNS) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a third-line treatment for refractory overactive bladder, idiopathic urinary retention, and fecal incontinence. Prior to implantation of an implantable pulse generator, all patients undergo a trial phase to ensure symptom improvement. The published success rates of progression from the test phase to permanent implant vary widely (range, 24% to >90%). We sought to characterize success rates using a statewide registry.Using nonpublic data, we identified SNS procedures using the California Office of Statewide Planning and Development ambulatory surgery database from 2005 to 2011. A successful trial was defined as receiving a stage 2 generator implantation after trial lead placement. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with staged success.During the study period, 1396 patients underwent a staged SNS procedure, with 962 (69%) subsequently undergoing generator placement. Successful trial rates were 72% for overactive bladder wet, 69% for urgency/frequency, 68% for interstitial cystitis, 67% for neurogenic bladder, and 57% for urinary retention. On multivariate logistic regression, only male sex (odds ratio, 0.51) and urinary retention [odds ratio, 0.54) were significantly associated with lower odds of success, whereas age, race/ethnicity, medical insurance, and placement at an academic or high-volume institution had no association.The "real world" success rates for staged SNS implantation in California are less than those observed by some academic centers of excellence but better than previously reported for Medicare beneficiaries. Successful trial rates for interstitial cystitis and neurogenic voiding dysfunction are similar to refractory overactive bladder.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/SPV.0000000000000605

    View details for PubMedID 30059438

  • The mechanical stop test and isovolumetric detrusor contractile reserve are associated with immediate spontaneous voiding after transurethral resection of prostate INTERNATIONAL UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY Dobberfuhl, A. D., Zhang, X., Comiter, C. V. 2020; 52 (2): 239-246
  • Spontaneous voiding is surprisingly recoverable via outlet procedure in men with underactive bladder and documented detrusor underactivity on urodynamics. Neurourology and urodynamics Dobberfuhl, A. D., Chen, A., Alkaram, A. F., De, E. J. 2019

    Abstract

    AIMS: To identify clinical and urodynamic factors leading to spontaneous voiding in men with detrusor underactivity (DU) and suspected bladder outlet obstruction who underwent an outlet de-obstruction procedure.METHODS: We identified 614 men who underwent an outlet procedure at our institution from 2005 to 2014. Men were stratified by bladder contractility index (BCI). The primary outcome was spontaneous voiding after surgery. Data were analyzed in Statistical analysis system software.RESULTS: Of the 131 men who underwent preoperative urodynamics, 122 (mean age 68 years) had tracings available for review. DU (BCI<100) was identified in 54% (66 of 122), of whom only 68% (45 of 66) voided spontaneously before surgery, compared with 82% (46 of 56) of men with BCI≥100. At a mean follow-up of 6.4 months postoperatively, 79% (52 of 66) of men with DU were able to void spontaneously, compared with 96% (54 of 56) of men with BCI≥100. In men with a BCI<100 unable to void before surgery, 57% (12 of 21) recovered spontaneous voiding after surgery. On logistic regression for the outcome postoperative spontaneous voiding, significant preoperative characteristics, and urodynamic factors included preoperative spontaneous voiding (odds ratio [OR]=9.460; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.955-30.289), increased maximum flow rate (Qmax; OR=1.184; 95% CI=1.014-1.382), increased detrusor pressure at maximum flow (Pdet@Qmax; OR=1.032; 95% CI=1.012-1.052), DU with BCI<100 (OR=0.138; 95% CI=0.030-0.635), and obstruction with bladder outlet obstruction index>40 (OR=5.595; 95% CI=1.685-18.575).CONCLUSION: Outlet de-obstruction improves spontaneous voiding in men with DU and may benefit men who do not meet the urodynamic threshold for obstruction.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/nau.24122

    View details for PubMedID 31432550

  • Evaluation and treatment of female stress urinary incontinence after pelvic radiotherapy NEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS Dobberfuhl, A. D. 2019; 38: S59–S69

    View details for DOI 10.1002/nau.23839

    View details for Web of Science ID 000481897500008

  • Urodynamic factors associated with the large capacity bladder and incomplete emptying after prolapse repair (2009-2015) NEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS Dobberfuhl, A. D., Shaffer, R. K., Goodman, S. N., Chen, B. H. 2019; 38 (5): 1322–31

    View details for DOI 10.1002/nau.23982

    View details for Web of Science ID 000471901900016

  • Are Fibroid and Bony Pelvis Characteristics Associated with Urinary and Pelvic Symptom Severity? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology Shaffer, R. K., Dobberfuhl, A. D., Vu, K., Fast, A. M., Dababou, S., Marrocchio, C., Lum, D. A., Hovsepian, D. M., Ghanouni, P., Chen, B. 2019

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Urinary and pelvic floor symptoms are often attributed to size and location of uterine fibroids. However, direct supporting evidence linking increased size to worsening symptoms is scant and limited to ultrasound evaluation of fibroids. Because management of fibroids is targeted towards symptomatic relief, identification of fibroid and pelvic characteristics associated with worse symptoms is vital to optimizing therapies and preventing needless interventions.OBJECTIVES: We examined the correlation between urinary, pelvic floor and fibroid symptoms, and fibroid size and location using precise uterine fibroid and bony pelvis characteristics obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review (2013-2017) of a multidisciplinary fibroid clinic identified 338 women examined via pelvic MRI, Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory questionnaire (PFDI; score 0-300), and a Uterine Fibroid Symptoms questionnaire (UFS; score 1-100). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the influence of clinical factors and MRI findings on scaled PFDI and UFS scores. Data were analyzed in STATA.RESULTS: Our cohort of 338 women had a median PFDI of 72.7 (IQR 41-112.3). Increased PFDI score was associated with clinical factors of higher BMI (p<0.001), non-commercial insurance (p<0.001), increased parity (p=0.001) and history of incontinence surgery (p=0.003). Uterine volume, dominant fibroid volume, dimension and location, and fibroid location relative to the bony pelvis structure did not reach significance when compared with pelvic floor symptom severity. The mean UFS score was 52.0 (SD 23.5). Increased UFS score was associated with dominant submucosal fibroid (p=0.011) as well as BMI (p<0.0016), and a clinical history of anemia (p<0.001) or any hormonal treatment for fibroids (p=0.009).CONCLUSION: Contrary to common belief, in this cohort of women presenting for fibroid care, size and position of fibroids or uterus were not associated with pelvic floor symptom severity. Whereas, bleeding symptom severity was associated with dominant submucosal fibroid and prior hormonal treatment. Careful attention to clinical factors such as BMI and medical history is recommended when evaluating pelvic floor symptoms in women with uterine fibroids.

    View details for PubMedID 30711512

  • Transvaginal ultrasound guided trigone and bladder injection: A cadaveric feasibility study for a novel route of intradetrusor chemodenervation INVESTIGATIVE AND CLINICAL UROLOGY Syan, R., Briggs, M. A., Olivas, J. C., Srivastava, S., Comiter, C., Dobberfuhl, A. D. 2019; 60 (1): 40–45

    Abstract

    OnabotulinumtoxinA (BTX) detrusor chemodenervation is an efficacious third-line treatment for overactive bladder. Despite high clinical efficacy rates for BTX injection, many patients refuse initial or repeat treatment due to the invasiveness of the cystoscopic route of delivery. We assess the feasibility of injecting the trigone and posterior bladder wall via a transvaginal route under ultrasound guidance using a human cadaveric model.Eight de-identified anonymous fresh female deceased donor cadaver pelvises were placed in supine split leg position. A transvaginal ultrasound probe guided injections of India ink into the trigone in 3 sites and the posterior wall in 2 sites. Full thickness bladder biopsies were then obtained and histologic analysis was performed to confirm presence of India ink in the detrusor layer.The mean time from day of death was 11.0 days (range, 4.0-23.0 days). Three to five bladder biopsies were obtained per cadaver, for a total of 34 specimens (20 trigone, 14 posterior wall). Histologic analysis revealed presence of India ink within the detrusor layer in 8/8 (100.0%) of cadavers. The surgeon's perception of appropriate targeting under ultrasound guidance was confirmed in 8/8 cadavers (100.0%) involving the bladder trigone, and 7/8 (87.5%) involving the posterior wall. Of injections that were believed to have appropriately targeted the detrusor layer, 22/34 specimens (64.7%) demonstrated the presence of India ink under histologic analysis.Intradetrusor injection of the bladder trigone and posterior wall under transvaginal ultrasound guidance is feasible and has acceptable accuracy.

    View details for PubMedID 30637360

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6318206

  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist as a novel treatment for interstitial cystitis: A rat model. Investigative and clinical urology Mahal, A., Young-Lin, N., Dobberfuhl, A., Estes, J., Comiter, C. V. 2018; 59 (4): 257–62

    Abstract

    Purpose: To understand the therapeutic potential of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist with a propensity to cause bladder mucosal proliferation, on interstitial cystitis (IC) in a rat model.Materials and Methods: Using a previously described animal model for IC, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with biweekly cyclophosphamide injections (35 mg/kg) to induce cystitis. Animals were divided into 4 groups (n=6 for each group): IC plus daily sham saline gavage (IC+Pio-), IC plus daily pioglitazone gavage (15 mg/kg) (IC+Pio+), normal rats with daily pioglitazone (IC-Pio+), and normal rats with neither IC nor pioglitazone (IC-Pio- or Control). At the end of four weeks, urinary frequency and bladder capacity were measured. Histologic examination of urothelial integrity was also performed.Results: Average voids per hour were significantly lower in IC+Pio+ (4.0±1.9) vs. IC+Pio- (10.0±2.4) rats (p<0.01) and were similar to IC-Pio+ (6.0±1.4) and IC-Pio- (6.0±1.5) controls. Cystometric capacity was significantly higher in IC+Pio+ (0.945±0.122 mL) vs. IC+Pio- rats (0.588±0.165 mL, p=0.01) and was comparable to IC-Pio- capacity (0.817±0.196 mL) and IC-Pio+ capacity (0.941±0.188 mL). Urothelial structural integrity was improved in IC+Pio+ rats versus IC+Pio- rats upon histologic observation.Conclusions: Pioglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, improved bladder function in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis by both observed urinary frequency and measured cystometric capacity. Urothelial structural integrity was also improved. Pioglitazone, due to a propensity to cause bladder mucosal proliferation, may prove useful for treating IC, and deserves further investigation.

    View details for PubMedID 29984341

  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist as a novel treatment for interstitial cystitis: A rat model INVESTIGATIVE AND CLINICAL UROLOGY Mahal, A., Young-Lin, N., Dobberfuhl, A., Estes, J., Comiter, C. 2018; 59 (4): 257–62
  • Statewide Success of Staged Sacral Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Urinary Complaints in California (2005-2011) Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery Dobberfuhl, A. D., Mahal, A., Dallas, K. B., Choi, K. M., Comiter, C. V., Elliott, C. S. 2018
  • A Systematic Approach to the Evaluation and Management of the Failed Artificial Urinary Sphincter. Current urology reports Dobberfuhl, A. D., Comiter, C. V. 2017; 18 (3): 18-?

    Abstract

    In men with post-prostatectomy incontinence, persistent or recurrent urinary leakage following artificial urinary sphincter placement is a frustrating complaint. Surgical failure can be classified as occurring early in the post-operative period vs. late-following a period of established continence-and should be managed according to the time course and severity of urinary leakage. We present a systematic approach for the evaluation and treatment of the failed artificial urinary sphincter. After considering the patient's individualized treatment goals and impact on quality of life, the clinician can more appropriately advise patients on a management strategy for their recurrent or persistent urinary incontinence following artificial urinary sphincter placement.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11934-017-0666-y

    View details for PubMedID 28233225

  • Chapter 9: Uterosacral Ligament Vaginal Vault Suspension Native Tissue Repair for Incontinence and Prolapse Dobberfuhl, A. D., De, E. J. Springer International Publishing. 2017: 131–142
  • Loss of expression of protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A during kidney injury promotes fibrotic maladaptive repair FASEB JOURNAL Samarakoon, R., Rehfuss, A., Khakoo, N. S., Falke, L. L., Dobberfuhl, A. D., Helo, S., Overstreet, J. M., Goldschmeding, R., Higgins, P. J. 2016; 30 (10): 3308-3320

    Abstract

    Protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent-1A (PPM1A) dephosphorylates SMAD2/3, which suppresses TGF-β signaling in keratinocytes and during Xenopus development; however, potential involvement of PPM1A in chronic kidney disease is unknown. PPM1A expression was dramatically decreased in the tubulointerstitium in obstructive and aristolochic acid nephropathy, which correlates with progression of fibrotic disease. Stable silencing of PPM1A in human kidney-2 human renal epithelial cells increased SMAD3 phosphorylation, stimulated expression of fibrotic genes, induced dedifferentiation, and orchestrated epithelial cell-cycle arrest via SMAD3-mediated connective tissue growth factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 up-regulation. PPM1A stable suppression in normal rat kidney-49 renal fibroblasts, in contrast, promoted a SMAD3-dependent connective tissue growth factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-induced proliferative response. Paracrine factors secreted by PPM1A-depleted epithelial cells augmented fibroblast proliferation (>50%) compared with controls. PPM1A suppression in renal cells further enhanced TGF-β1-induced SMAD3 phosphorylation and fibrotic gene expression, whereas PPM1A overexpression inhibited both responses. Moreover, phosphate tensin homolog on chromosome 10 depletion in human kidney-2 cells resulted in loss of expression and decreased nuclear levels of PPM1A, which enhanced SMAD3-mediated fibrotic gene induction and growth arrest that were reversed by ectopic PPM1A expression. Thus, phosphate tensin homolog on chromosome 10 is an upstream regulator of renal PPM1A deregulation. These findings establish PPM1A as a novel repressor of the SMAD3 pathway in renal fibrosis and as a new therapeutic target in patients with chronic kidney disease.-Samarakoon, R., Rehfuss, A., Khakoo, N. S., Falke, L. L., Dobberfuhl, A. D., Helo, S., Overstreet, J. M., Goldschmeding, R., Higgins, P. J. Loss of expression of protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A during kidney injury promotes fibrotic maladaptive repair.

    View details for DOI 10.1096/fj.201500105R

    View details for Web of Science ID 000384329800005

    View details for PubMedID 27328942

  • A Novel Cystometric Model of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction After Rabbit Pelvic Floor Noxious Electrical Stimulation FEMALE PELVIC MEDICINE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY Dobberfuhl, A. D., Spettel, S., Schuler, C., Dubin, A. H., Levin, R. M., De, E. J. 2016; 22 (4): 248-253

    Abstract

    Although a relationship between pelvic floor dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms is described in the literature, the mechanism and pathways need further characterization. We developed an animal model of pelvic floor dysfunction after noxious stimulation of the pubococcygeus (PC) muscle.Fifteen female adult rabbits were evaluated with cystometry (CMG) and electromyography (EMG) recordings from the PC muscle. Cystometry/EMG was performed before and after treatment animal (n = 11) received noxious pelvic floor electrical stimulation through the PC EMG electrode, and controls (n = 4) underwent sham needle placement. Two animals underwent S3 dorsal rhizotomy to demonstrate that the observed results required afferent innervation.Voiding changes were demonstrated in 9 of 11 rabbits after stimulation. Most of the rabbits (7/9) exhibited a prolonged-dysfunctional voiding pattern with larger capacity (mean, 17 mL [SEM, ±8 mL]), longer intercontractile interval (227% [SEM, ±76%]) and duration (163% [SEM, ±20%]), and increased postvoid residual (24 mL [SEM, ±6 mL]). The remaining dysfunctional rabbits (2/9) exhibited an overactive-dysfunctional voiding pattern with lower capacity (-26 mL [SEM, ±6 mL]), shortened intercontractile interval (16% [SEM, ±9%]) and duration (56% [SEM, ±30%]), and decreased postvoid residual (-27 mL [SEM, ±6 mL]). Nonresponder rabbits (2/11) were relatively unchanged in their micturition cycles after stimulation. Rhizotomy animals were acontractile and filled until overflow incontinence occurred.Using noxious electrical stimulation of the pelvic musculature, we were able to produce an animal model of pelvic floor dysfunction in most rabbits as hallmarked by a larger bladder capacity, an increased intercontractile interval, and prolonged contraction duration.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/SPV.0000000000000253

    View details for Web of Science ID 000378713200013

    View details for PubMedID 26829345

  • The artificial urinary sphincter and male sling for postprostatectomy incontinence: Which patient should get which procedure? Investigative and clinical urology Comiter, C. V., Dobberfuhl, A. D. 2016; 57 (1): 3-13

    Abstract

    Surgery is the most efficacious treatment for postprostatectomy incontinence. The ideal surgical approach depends on a variety of patient factors including history of prior incontinence surgery or radiation treatment, bladder contractility, severity of leakage, and patient expectations. Most patients choose to avoid a mechanical device, opting for the male sling over the artificial urinary sphincter. The modern male sling has continued to evolve with respect to device design and surgical technique. Various types of slings address sphincteric incompetence via different mechanisms of action. The recommended surgery, however, must be individualized to the patient based on degree of incontinence, detrusor contractility, and urethral compliance. A thorough urodynamic evaluation is indicated for the majority of patients, and the recommendation for an artificial urinary sphincter, a transobturator sling, or a quadratic sling will depend on urodynamic findings and the patient's particular preference. As advancements in this field evolve, and our understanding of the pathophysiology of incontinence and mechanisms of various devices improves, we expect to see continued evolution in device design.

    View details for DOI 10.4111/icu.2016.57.1.3

    View details for PubMedID 26966721

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4778750

  • Initial Evaluation and Management of Acute Urinary Retention AUA Update Series Dobberfuhl, A. D., Comiter, C. V. 2016; 35: 95-104
  • Noxious electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor and vagina induces transient voiding dysfunction in a rabbit survival model of pelvic floor dystonia. Korean journal of urology Dobberfuhl, A. D., Spettel, S., Schuler, C., Levin, R. M., Dubin, A. H., De, E. J. 2015; 56 (12): 837-844

    Abstract

    Existing data supports a relationship between pelvic floor dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms. We developed a survival model of pelvic floor dysfunction in the rabbit and evaluated cystometric (CMG), electromyographic (EMG) and ambulatory voiding behavior.Twelve female adult virgin rabbits were housed in metabolic cages to record voiding and defecation. Anesthetized CMG/EMG was performed before and after treatment animals (n=9) received bilateral tetanizing needle stimulation to the pubococcygeous (PC) muscle and controls (n=3) sham needle placement. After 7 days all animals were subjected to tetanizing transvaginal stimulation and CMG/EMG. After 5 days a final CMG/EMG was performed.Of rabbits that underwent needle stimulation 7 of 9 (78%) demonstrated dysfunctional CMG micturition contractions versus 6 of 12 (50%) after transvaginal stimulation. Needle stimulation of the PC musculature resulted in significant changes in: basal CMG pressure, precontraction pressure change, contraction pressure, interval between contractions and postvoid residual; with time to 3rd contraction increased from 38 to 53 minutes (p=0.008 vs. prestimulation). Vaginal noxious stimulation resulted in significant changes in: basal CMG pressure and interval between contractions; with time to 3rd contraction increased from 37 to 46 minutes (p=0.008 vs. prestimulation). Changes in cage parameters were primarily seen after direct needle stimulation.In a majority of animals, tetanizing electrical stimulation of the rabbit pelvic floor resulted in voiding changes suggestive of pelvic floor dysfunction as characterized by a larger bladder capacity, longer interval between contractions and prolonged contraction duration.

    View details for DOI 10.4111/kju.2015.56.12.837

    View details for PubMedID 26682025

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4681762

  • Female stress urinary incontinence and the mid-urethral sling: Is obstruction necessary to achieve dryness? WORLD JOURNAL OF UROLOGY Dobberfuhl, A. D., De, E. J. 2015; 33 (9): 1243-1250

    Abstract

    Recently, the American Urogynecologic Society and Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction released position statements on the use of mid-urethral slings. The statement offers that the polypropylene mesh mid-urethral sling (retropubic and transobturator) is now the recognized worldwide standard of care for the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence. The purpose of the current manuscript is to examine whether the polypropylene mesh mid-urethral sling should be the standard of care.Data for this review were acquired by a systematic search of the medical literature.The Trial of Mid-Urethral Slings found that retropubic and transobturator slings were associated with a significant rate of adverse events, despite being comprised of surgeons from high-volume, experienced centers. Stress urinary incontinence is not just a urethral disease due to intrinsic sphincteric deficiency. It can also be related to urethral hypermobility, which in turn is caused by anterior vaginal wall laxity. Often both hypermobility and intrinsic sphincter deficiency coexist. Recognizing the role of anterior vaginal wall support is important to understanding the role of procedures (such as Burch or needle suspension procedures) which have the potential of correcting stress incontinence without affecting voiding parameters.As a discipline, we need to conceptualize stress incontinence due to urethral hypermobility or intrinsic sphincter deficiency as separate entities and design our procedures to restore the underlying suspected pathology.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s00345-015-1600-x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000360509100005

    View details for PubMedID 26025190

  • Loss of tumour suppressor PTEN expression in renal injury initiates SMAD3-and p53-dependent fibrotic responses JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY Samarakoon, R., Helo, S., Dobberfuhl, A. D., Khakoo, N. S., Falke, L., Overstreet, J. M., Goldschmeding, R., Higgins, P. J. 2015; 236 (4): 421-432

    Abstract

    Deregulation of the tumour suppressor PTEN occurs in lung and skin fibrosis and diabetic and ischaemic renal injury. However, the potential role of PTEN and associated mechanisms in the progression of kidney fibrosis is unknown. Tubular and interstitial PTEN expression was dramatically decreased in several models of renal injury, including aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN), streptozotocin (STZ)-mediated injury and ureteral unilateral obstruction (UUO), correlating with Akt, p53 and SMAD3 activation and fibrosis. Stable silencing of PTEN in HK-2 human tubular epithelial cells induced dedifferentiation and CTGF, PAI-1, vimentin, α-SMA and fibronectin expression, compared to HK-2 cells expressing control shRNA. Furthermore, PTEN knockdown stimulated Akt, SMAD3 and p53(Ser15) phosphorylation, with an accompanying decrease in population density and an increase in epithelial G1 cell cycle arrest. SMAD3 or p53 gene silencing or pharmacological blockade partially suppressed fibrotic gene expression and relieved growth inhibition orchestrated by deficiency or inhibition of PTEN. Similarly, shRNA suppression of PAI-1 rescued the PTEN loss-associated epithelial proliferative arrest. Moreover, TGFβ1-initiated fibrotic gene expression is further enhanced by PTEN depletion. Combined TGFβ1 treatment and PTEN silencing potentiated epithelial cell death via p53-dependent pathways. Thus, PTEN loss initiates tubular dysfunction via SMAD3- and p53-mediated fibrotic gene induction, with accompanying PAI-1-dependent proliferative arrest, and cooperates with TGFβ1 to induce the expression of profibrotic genes and tubular apoptosis.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/path.4538

    View details for Web of Science ID 000358302900004

    View details for PubMedID 25810340

  • Identification of CNS Neurons Innervating the Levator Ani and Ventral Bulbospongiosus Muscles in Male Rats JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE Dobberfuhl, A. D., Oti, T., Sakamoto, H., Marson, L. 2014; 11 (3): 664-677

    Abstract

    The pelvic striated muscles play an important role in mediating erections and ejaculation, and together these muscles compose a tightly coordinated neuromuscular system that is androgen sensitive and sexually dimorphic.To identify spinal and brains neurons involved in the control of the levator ani (LA) and bulbospongiosus (BS) in the male adult and preadolescent rat.Rats were anesthetized, and the transsynaptic retrograde tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) was injected into the LA muscle of adults or the ventral BS muscle in 30-day-old rats. After 3-5 days rats were sacrificed, and PRV-labeled neurons in the spinal cords and brains were identified using immunohistochemistry. The presence of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in the lumbar spinal neurons was examined.The location and number of PRV-labeled neurons in the spinal cord and brain and GRP colocalization in the lumbar spinal cord.PRV-labeled spinal interneurons were found distributed throughout T11-S1 of the spinal cord, subsequent to dorsal medial motoneuron infection. The majority of spinal interneurons were found in the lumbosacral spinal cord in the region of the dorsal gray commissure and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Preadolescent rats had more PRV-labeled spinal interneurons at L5-S1 where the motoneurons were located but relatively less spread rostrally in the spinal cord compared with adults. Lumbar spinothalmic neurons in medial gray of L3-L4 co-localized PRV and GRP. In the brain consistent labeling was seen in areas known to be involved in male sexual behavior including the ventrolateral medulla, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and medial preoptic area.Common spinal and brain pathways project to the LA and BS muscles in the rat suggesting that these muscles act together to coordinate male sexual reflexes. Differences may exist in the amount of synaptic connections/neuronal pathways in adolescents compared with adults.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/jsm.12418

    View details for Web of Science ID 000332140300006

    View details for PubMedID 24373488

  • Evaluation & Treatment of Overactive Bladder AUA University: Core Curriculum Dobberfuhl, A. D., De, E. J. American Urological Association. 2014
  • Induction of renal fibrotic genes by TGF-beta 1 requires EGFR activation, p53 and reactive oxygen species CELLULAR SIGNALLING Samarakoon, R., Dobberfuhl, A. D., Cooley, C., Overstreet, J. M., Patel, S., Goldschmeding, R., Meldrum, K. K., Higgins, P. J. 2013; 25 (11): 2198-2209

    Abstract

    While transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1)-induced SMAD2/3 signaling is a critical event in the progression of chronic kidney disease, the role of non-SMAD mechanisms in the orchestration of fibrotic gene changes remains largely unexplored. TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway activation in renal fibrosis (induced by ureteral ligation) correlated with epidermal growth factor receptor(Y845) (EGFR(Y845)) and p53(Ser15) phosphorylation and induction of disease causative target genes plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) prompting an investigation of the mechanistic involvement of EGFR and tumor suppressor p53 in profibrotic signaling. TGF-β1, PAI-1, CTGF, p53 and EGFR were co-expressed in the obstructed kidney localizing predominantly to the tubular and interstitial compartments. Indeed, TGF-β1 activated EGFR and p53 as well as SMAD2/3. Genetic deficiency of either EGFR or p53 or functional blockade with AG1478 or Pifithrin-α, respectively, effectively inhibited PAI-1and CTGF induction and morphological transformation of renal fibroblasts as did SMAD3 knockdown or pretreatment with the SMAD3 inhibitor SIS3. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent mechanisms initiated by TGF-β1 were critical for EGFR(Y845) and p53(Ser15) phosphorylation and target gene expression. The p22(Phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase was also elevated in the fibrotic kidney with an expression pattern similar to p53 and EGFR. EGF stimulation alone initiated, albeit delayed, c-terminal SMAD3 phosphorylation (that required the TGF-β1 receptor) and rapid ERK2 activation both of which are necessary for PAI-1 and CTGF induction in renal fibroblasts. These data highlight the extensive cross-talk among SMAD2/3, EGFR and p53 pathways essential for expression of TGF-β1-induced fibrotic target genes.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.007

    View details for Web of Science ID 000324971800013

    View details for PubMedID 23872073

  • Ureteral Obstruction-Induced Renal Fibrosis: An In Vivo Platform for Mechanistic Discovery and Therapeutic Intervention. Cell & developmental biology Dobberfuhl, A. D., Samarakoon, R., Higgins, C. E., Mian, B. M., Overstreet, J. M., Higgins, S. P., Kogan, B. A., Higgins, P. J. 2012; 1 (3)

    View details for DOI 10.4172/2168-9296.1000e107

    View details for PubMedID 23264954

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3526117