Asad Gul Rao

All Publications

• Updated trends in the global prevalence and burden of mental disorders, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet (London, England) 2026; 407 (10543): 2040-2064

  Abstract

  The 2023 iteration of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) estimated prevalence, incidence, and health burden for 375 diseases and injuries, including 12 mental disorders. We assess past, current, and emerging trends in the prevalence and burden of mental disorders across sexes and age groups, for 21 regions, 204 countries and territories, and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, from 1990 to 2023.Mental disorders included in GBD 2023 were anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, and a residual category of other mental disorders. A literature review identified epidemiological data for each disorder. These were analysed via a Bayesian meta-regression to estimate prevalence by disorder, sex, age, location, and year. Disorder-specific prevalence was multiplied by disability weights representing the severity of health loss associated with each disorder to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Deaths due to anorexia nervosa were assessed with a Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to estimate deaths by sex, age, location, and year, and then multiplied by the standard life expectancy at age of death to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). YLDs equalled disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all mental disorders except anorexia nervosa (the only mental disorder considered as an underlying cause of death in GBD), for which DALYs represented the sum of YLDs and YLLs. We presented prevalence, deaths, YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs as counts, age-specific rates per 100 000 population, and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population.We estimated 1·17 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·06-1·31) prevalent cases of mental disorders globally in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised prevalence rate of 14 210·7 cases (12 849·5-15 940·1) per 100 000 population. These estimates represented a 95·5% (75·0-121·2) increase in prevalent cases and 24·2% (11·4-41·4) increase in age-standardised prevalence rate between 1990 and 2023. All mental disorders showed increases in prevalent cases between 1990 and 2023, while notable increases were seen in age-standardised prevalence rates for anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, schizophrenia, and conduct disorder. There were an estimated 171 million (127-228) DALYs due to mental disorders globally across sex and age in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised DALY rate of 2070·5 DALYs (1519·1-2750·5) per 100 000 population. Mental disorders contributed to 6·1% (4·8-7·6) of all-cause DALYs in 2023, making them the fifth leading cause of global DALYs (up from 12th in 1990). DALYs were almost entirely composed of YLDs. Mental disorders were the leading cause of YLDs in 2023 (up from second in 1990), explaining 17·3% (14·8-20·6) of all-cause global YLDs. Leading causes of mental disorder DALYs were anxiety disorders (ranked 11th among the 304 diseases and injuries at Level 4 of the GBD cause hierarchy), major depressive disorder (15th), and schizophrenia (41st). Globally in 2023, mental disorder age-standardised DALY rates were higher among females (2239·6 [1643·7-3014·1] per 100 000) than among males (1900·2 [1399·8-2510·8] per 100 000), and peaked in the 15-19 years age group (2617·3 [1850·6-3696·8] per 100 000). All locations showed increased mental disorder DALY rates in 2023 compared with 1990, ranging across countries and territories from 1302·4 (952·7-1683·7) per 100 000 in Viet Nam to 3555·8 (2661·9-4715·0) per 100 000 in the Netherlands. Across SDI quintiles, DALY rates ranged from 1853·0 (1352·1-2469·3) per 100 000 for middle SDI to 2184·1 (1606·1-2890·3) per 100 000 for high SDI.A significant health burden was imposed by mental disorders in all countries and territories in 2023, irrespective of the health resources available. In some instances, this burden has increased over time and is unevenly distributed across populations. Stronger surveillance systems, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, are required. Additionally, we need more coordinated and inclusive policies to reduce the burden through early treatment and prevention, tailored to sex and age differences across locations. Responding to the mental health needs of our global population, especially those most vulnerable, is an obligation, not a choice.Gates Foundation, Queensland Health, and University of Queensland.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00519-2

  View details for PubMedID 42167272

• Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, its risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. The Lancet. Neurology 2026; 25 (5): 451-468

  Abstract

  Meningitis remains the leading infectious cause of neurological disabilities globally, disproportionately affecting children younger than 5 years and populations in the African meningitis belt. Whereas previous global estimates focused on ten pathogen categories, this study presents the most comprehensive analysis to date, assessing the meningitis burden attributable to 17 causative pathogens based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 framework.GBD is a systematic, scientific effort aimed at quantifying the comparative magnitude of health loss caused by diseases, injuries, and risk factors across age groups, sexes, and geographical locations over time. We estimated meningitis mortality using the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) and morbidity using DisMod-MR 2.1, incorporating data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, hospital data, and systematic reviews. Aetiology-specific estimates were generated with pathogen-linked case-fatality ratios and splined binomial regression models. Risk factor attribution was based on established risk-outcome pairs and population attributable fractions.In 2023, there were 259 000 (95% uncertainty interval 202 000-335 000) global deaths and 2·54 million (2·20-2·93) incident cases of meningitis. Children younger than 5 years accounted for more than a third of deaths (86 600 [53 300-149 000]). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, non-polio enteroviruses, and other viruses were the leading causes of death, while non-polio enteroviruses caused the most cases. The four WHO-defined preventable meningitis pathogens of interest (S pneumoniae, N meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Group B streptococcus) contributed to 98 700 deaths (77 000-127 000) and 594 000 cases (514 000-686 000). Low birthweight, short gestation, and household air pollution were the top risk factors for meningitis-related mortality.Although mortality and incidence have declined significantly since 1990, progress is insufficient to meet WHO 2030 targets. Despite marked progress in reducing bacterial meningitis via global vaccination campaigns, a substantial meningitis burden persists, attributable both to common pathogens such as S pneumoniae and N meningitidis and to emerging non-bacterial pathogens such as Candida spp and drug-resistant fungi. Achieving WHO goals will require sustained investment in surveillance, vaccination, maternal screening, and health-system strengthening, especially in high-burden settings.Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and UK Department of Health and Social Care.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S1474-4422(26)00101-8

  View details for PubMedID 41911930

• Association of Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis with Postoperative Outcomes Following Pediatric Gastrostomy Tube Placement: A Propensity Score Overlap Weighted Analysis. Journal of pediatric surgery Khan, M. O., Thobani, H., Ahmad, S., Iqbal, B., Tahan, D., Ehsan, A. N., Rao, A. G., Tirrell, T., Islam, S., Khan, F. A. 2026: 163152

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) before gastrostomy tube placement is supported by guidelines but evidence regarding its efficacy in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) in children is conflicting and largely extrapolated from adult data. This study aims to analyze the association between SAP and postoperative outcomes in children undergoing G-Tube placement.METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study using the ACS NSQIP-Pediatric database (2021-2024) to identify children undergoing gastrostomy tube insertion. Patients with contaminated/dirty wound classifications or concurrent surgeries were excluded. The primary exposure was preoperative SAP, and propensity score overlap weighting was utilized to balance covariates like race, age, and ASA classification to estimate the association between SAP and 30-day SSI, unplanned readmission, and reoperation. Associations after overlap weighting were reported as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) while baseline comparisons were done using Wilcoxon rank sum test, Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test as appropriate. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS: A total of 14,109 patients were included (mean age 2.7 ± 4.0 years), of whom 13,408 (95.0%) received SAP and 701 (5.0%) did not. Cefazolin was the most common agent (94.7%). White (8,246, 58%) was the most common race, though significant baseline differences existed in race/ethnicity between the SAP and no-SAP groups (p < 0.001). Unadjusted 30-day SSI rates were 4.7% for the SAP group and 4.4% for the no-SAP group (p = 0.8). In the weighted analysis, SAP was not associated with a reduction in SSIs (AOR 1.01, 95% CI 0.69-1.46), unplanned readmissions (AOR 0.93, 95% CI 0.70-1.22), or reoperations (AOR 0.78; 95% CI 0.48-1.27). Sub-analysis stratified by risk profile further confirmed no statistically significant benefit from prophylaxis in reducing infectious complications.CONCLUSIONS: Routine surgical antibiotic prophylaxis appears not to be associated with improved short-term outcomes or reduced infection rates following pediatric gastrostomy tube placement. These findings support reevaluation of institutional protocols to potentially reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure without compromising patient safety.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2026.163152

  View details for PubMedID 41999972

• Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES Sirota, S., Bender, R., Dominguez, R., Movo, A., Swetschinski, L. R., Araki, D. T., Han, C., Wool, E. E., He, J., Carter, A., Jabbar, A. A. J., Aalipour, M., Aalruz, H., Dolatabadi, Z., Abbastabar, H., Abd ElHafeez, S., Abdalla, A., Abdalla, M., Abdullah, Abdallah, E. M., Razeq, N., Abdelkader, A., Abd-Elsalam, S., Abdelwahab, S., Abdoun, M., Abdous, A., Abdrabou, M. M., Aziz, J., Abdulah, D., Abdullahi, A., Abdul-Rahman, T., Abdykerimova, K., Getahun, H., Abedi, A., Abejew, A., Abidi, S., Abil, O., Abiodun, O., Aboagye, R., Abolhassani, H., Abonie, U., Aborode, A., Abourashed, N. M., Abtahi, D., Abu, Z., Abu Farha, R., Abuadas, F. A., Abubakar, A., Abubakar, U., Abu-Elala, N., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abuhelwa, A. Y., Abukhadijah, H. J., Abushanab, D., Acharya, A., Acharya, K., Acharya, S., Achore, M., Adal, O., Adams, L. C., Addo, I., Adebisi, T., Adedia, D., Adedokun, K., Adegoke, N. A., Adekanmbi, V., Adeleke, O., Adesina, M., Adesola, R., Adetunji, C., Adetunji, J., Adewumi, I., Adhana, M., Adhikary, R., Adiba, A., Adiga, U., Adnan, M., Adnani, Q., Affinito, G., Afzal, S., Agafari, G., Aggarwal, N., Agordoh, P., Agrawal, A., Agyemang-Duah, W., Ahadi, M., Ahinkorah, B., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, D., Ahmad, F., Ahmad, I., Ahmad, K., Ahmad, M. M., Ahmad, R., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, M., Ahmed, A., Ahmed, A., Ahmed, G., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M., Ahmed, M., Ahmed, M., Ahmed, N., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S., El-Imam, I., Akeju, O., Akhigbe, R., Akhtar, M., Akinosoglou, K., Akram, H., Al Awaidy, S., Al Hasan, S., Al Zoubi, M., Al-Abbadi, M., Alajlani, M. M., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, M., Alanezi, F., Alanzi, T. M., Alao, J., Alarifi, A., Al-Ashwal, F. Y., Alavi, S., Albashtawy, M., AlBataineh, M. T., Al-Dewik, N., Aldhaleei, W. A., Aleidi, S. M., Alemnew, F., Alfalki, A. M., Algammal, A. M., Alhumaidi, A., Alhumaydhi, F. A., Ali, H., Ali, K., Ali, M., Ali, M., Ali, M., Ali, R., Ali, S., Ali, S., Al-Iede, M., Alif, S., Alimohammadi, M., Rokny, H., Alipour, M., Al-Jabi, S. W., Aljofan, M., Aljunid, S., Allemailem, K. S., Al-Marwani, S., Almazan, J., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Almobayed, A., Alnaeem, M., Alnakshabandie, W., Alniss, H., Alomari, M. A., Alqahtani, J. S., Al-Qudimat, A., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Alrimawi, I., Alrousan, S., Alsabri, M. A., Alshahrani, N. Z., Alshetaiwi, H., Alsowaida, Y., Altaany, Z., Altaf, A., Al-Tammemi, A. B., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., Althobiani, M. A., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Alwafi, H., Al-Wardat, M., Al-Worafi, Y., Aly, H., Alyahya, M., Alzoubi, K. H., Al-Zubairi, A. S., Al-Zubayer, M., Al-Zyoud, W. A., Amafah, E., Mohammadi, M., Amhare, A., Amini, S., Aminu, K., Aminu, N., Aminzare, M., Amiri, S., Amirtharaj, A., Amugsi, D. A., Amusa, G., Anagnostakis, F., Anbesu, E., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anil, A., Anjana, P., Anjorin, A., Annadurai, K., Anuoluwa, B., Anuoluwa, I., Anvari, S., Anwer, R., Anyasodor, A., Apostol, G., Appati, W., Arabloo, J., Arockiaraj, J., Arooj, M., Artamonov, A. A., Arumuganainar, D., Arystan, N., Asdaq, S., Asebot, M., Asefa, S., Asemahagn, M. A., Ashraf, S., Ashraf, T., Ashrafi, M., Aslam, M., Asri, Y., Assefa, D., Assembekov, B., Atac, O., Athari, S., Atre, S. R., Atta, J., Atwan, Z. A., Augello, M., Aujayeb, A., Aurangzeb, K., Awan, S., Awoke, A., Awosile, B. B., Ayele, H., Ayipo, Y., Ayyoubzadeh, S., Azad, A. M., Azadi, D., Azami, H., Aziz, S., Azizan, A., Babatope, A., Babu, G., Bacha, I., Badar, M., Badran, A., Baghizadeh, F., Baghlaf, K. K., Bahreini, R., Baig, A., Bakhshali, M., Balakrishnan, S., Hasankhani, M., Barac, A., Barik, M., Barqawi, H., Bashir, M., Bashir, S., Bashiri, A., Basri, R., Bassat, Q., Bastan, M., Batiha, A., Batra, K., Batra, R., Bayat, M., Bayleyegn, Z., Bazaid, A. S., Bedi, N., Beeraka, N. M., Behzadi, P., Belay, B., Belayneh, A., Belayneh, M., Bele, S., Belgaumi, U., Bell, M. L., Bello, M., Bello, O., Bello, U., Tune, S., Bera, O., Berihun, A., Bermudez, A. C., Bettencourt, P. J. G., Bhargava, A., Bhaskar, S., Bhattacharjee, P., Bhattacharjee, S., Bhatti, J., Bhatti, M., Binsaleh, N., Birru, E., Biswas, B., Biswas, M., Bitar, A., Bitew, M., Bizzozero-Peroni, B., Bodhare, T., Bogale, E., Boloor, A., Bolourinejad, P., Borran, M., Bosoka, S., Carvajal, A., Bouaoud, S., Boxe, C., Briko, N., Linh Phuong Bui, Busch, F., Bustanji, Y., Calina, D., Capodici, A., Carugno, A., Carvalho, F., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Cegolon, L., Cenderadewi, M., Cernigliaro, A., Cevik, M., Chadwick, J., Chakraborty, C., Chakraborty, S., Chattu, V., Chau, L., Chaudhary, A., Chaudhuri, S., Chaurasia, A., Chen, H., Chen, H., Chen, H., Chen, R., Chen, X., Chew, N. W. S., Ching, P. R., Chisti, M., Cho, W. C. S., Chong, B., Chopra, D., Chopra, S., Chowdhury, E., Christopher, D. J., Chu, D., Chuang, T., Chukwu, I., Chung, E., Chung, S., Chutiyami, M., Conti, S., Corlateanu, A., Cosma, C., Cruz-Martins, N., Dabbagh, A., Dadras, O., Dagnew, E., Dai, X., Dang, A., Daniel, R., Danpanichkul, P., Danso, S. E., Darcho, S., Darouei, B., Darwesh, A., Das, J. K., Das, S., Davletov, D., de Souza, W., Deekonda, S., Del Riccio, M., Delgado-Enciso, I., Demeke, D., Derese, T., Dervisevic, E., Dervisevic, M., Desalegn, G., Devanbu, V., Devegowda, D., Dewan, S., Dhali, A., Dhane, A. S., Dhimal, M., Dhimal, M., Dhungel, B., Di Bella, S., Di Paolo, A., Di Pumpo, M., Ding, G., Hoa Thi Do, Mai Ngoc Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Dokova, K., Dolatkhah, N., Dorostkar, F., Doshi, O., Dourado, P., Dowou, R., Duraisamy, S., Durojaiye, O., Dutta, S., Ebohon, O., Ebrahimi, M., Ed-Dra, A., Edeh, C., Edinur, H., Efendi, F., Eghbali, F., Eini, E., Ekholuenetale, M., Eko, S., El Arab, R., El Sayed, I., Zaki, M., Eldaboush, A., El-Deyarbi, M., Elhadi, M., Elhadi, Y., Elhoumed, M., Elmeligy, O., Elmonem, M. A., Elnaem, M., Elshaer, M., Eltahawy, A., Eshetie, S., Eshrati, B., Eshun, G., Eslami, M., Fadavian, H., Fagbamigbe, A., Fakhradiyev, I., Fally, M., Fan, Q., Farahmand, M., Farasani, A., Fareed, M., Farhana, A., Farooq, S., Fasina, F., Fasina, M., Fatehizadeh, A., Fatima, Z., Fekadu, G., Ferrara, P., Ferreira, N., Fetensa, G., Feyisa, B., Firew, B., Fischer, F., Fonzo, M., Rodrigues, C., Fowotade, O., Gaal, P., Gad, A., Gaihre, S., Gajdacs, M., Ganesh, B., Gangachannaiah, S., Gao, X., Garcia, F., Garcia-Azorin, D., Garlasco, J., Gatzioufas, Z., Gautam, R. K., Gebremeskel, T., Geremew, G., Gessner, B. D., Getahun, G. K., Getaneh, G., Gete, K., Ghadiri, K., Ghaffari, K., Ghamkhar, A., Gharaibeh, L., Ghasemi, M., Ghatee, M., Ghazy, R., Ghimire, S., Ghoba, S., Gil, A., Gilani, S., Giri, B., Girombelli, A., Gobolos, L., Gohari, K., Goleij, P., Golmohammadi, M., Gong, W., Goshu, Y., Guadie, H., Guan, S., Guarducci, G., Gubari, M., Gulma, K., Gunawardane, D., Gupta, A., Gupta, G., Gupta, L., Gupta, S., Gupta, S., Gupta, V., Gupta, V., Gutierrez-Murillo, R., Guzman-Esquivel, J., Habteyohannes, A., Hadei, M., Hadi, N. R., Hadian, Z., Hafiz, A., Nguyen Hai Nam, Haile, A., Hailu, K., Haller, S., Hamad, I. M., Hamed, M., Hammoud, A., Yekdes, D., Hanif, A., Hanifi, N., Hanna, F., Haque, A., Harapan, H., Harboe, Z., Harsini, S., Has, E., Hasan, I., Hasan, M., Hasani, H., Haselbeck, A., Zadeh, A., Hashempur, M., Hasnain, A., Hasnain, M., Hassan, A., Hassan, I., Hassan, I., Hassan, M., Hassan, M., Hassan, N., Hassani, S., Hathagoda, L., Hayat, K., He, Q., Heibati, B., Heidari, M., Helmy, Y. A., Hendy, A., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Hiraike, Y., Holla, R., Holler, J., Hossain, A., Hossain, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Huang, J., Huang, Y., Hushmandi, K., Hussain, J., Hussein, A. M., Hussein, D., Hussein, M., Hussein, N. R., Husseiny, M., Ibitoye, S., Ibragimova, L., Ibrahim, A., Ibrahim, K. S., Ibrayeva, A., Ikiroma, A., Ikram, A., Ikuta, K. S., Ilesanmi, O., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Ilyas, M., Ilyasu, S., Imam, M., Immurana, M., Irham, L., Isa, M., Ishaqui, A., Islam, M., Islam, M., Islam, S., Ismael, S., Ismail, F., Ismail, N., Ismoldayev, Y., Iwagami, M., Iwu-Jaja, C., Iyasu, A. N., Jaafari, J., Jadidi, A., Jahrami, H., Jain, A., Jakovljevic, M., Jalloh, M., Jamal, A., Jamal, Q., Jamaluddin, J., James, J., Jamora, R. G., Jarrahi, E., Mamaghani, A., Javidnia, J., Jawaid, T., Jayaram, S., Jayasinghe, R., Jayasinghe, Y., Jeon, J., Jeong, S., Jiang, M., Jin, W., Johnston, I., Jomehzadeh, N., Jonas, J. B., Jose, J., Joseph, A., Joseph, N., Joshi, K., Joshua, C., Vaishali, K., Kaambwa, B., Kadashetti, V., Kadir, D., Kadir, M., Kaibullayeva, J., Kalavani, K., Kalra, S., Kamal, M., Kamorudeen, R. T., Kamyshnyi, O., Kang, J., Kanmodi, K., Kannan, S. S., Kant, S., Kar, D., Kar, D., Karajizadeh, M., Karakasis, P., Karami, J., Karch, A., Behnagh, A., Karkhah, S., Karobari, M., Karpinski, T. M. M., Kashoo, F., Kashyap, M., Kassahun, N., Kausar, M., Kazemi, F., Kebede, A., Kebede, H., Kebede, Y., Keivanlou, M., Kempen, J. H., Keshwani, A., Khader, Y., Khajuria, H., Khalifa, H. O., Khalil, A., Khalili, P., Khamesipour, F., Khan, A., Khan, F., Khan, I., Khan, I., Khan, M., Khan, M., Khan, M., Khan, S., Khan, Y., Khan, Z., Khasbage, S., Khatatbeh, H., Khatatbeh, M., Kheirallah, K. A., Khezeli, M., Khoshvaght, P., Khoshvaght, S., Khosravi, F., Khosravi, S., Kim, G., Kim, H., Kim, M., Kimokoti, R. W., Kini, S. B., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kishore, L., Klu, D., Shivakumar, K. M., Kochhar, S., Koh, S., Kolahi, A., Kompani, F., Korma, W., Kormoker, T., Korshunov, V., Korzh, O., Kostev, K., Koul, P. A., Kretchy, J., Krishan, K., Kuddus, M., Kuehni, C. E., Kuitunen, I., Kulimbet, M., Kulshreshtha, S., Kumah, E., Kumar, D., Kumar, J., Kumar, K., Kumar, N., Kumar, R., Kumar, T., Kumar, V., Kumaran, S., Kundu, S., Kunjavara, J., Kunutsor, S. K., Kurmi, O. P., Kurniasari, M., Kushawaha, P., Kusuma, D., Kuttybayev, A., Kuwornu, J., Kyto, V., La Vecchia, A., Lahariya, C., Lai, H., Lajunen, T., Lakanova, B., Lal, D., Lanfranchi, F., Lau, C. L., Lawanson, T., Duc Huy Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Ledda, C., Lee, S., Lee, S., Lee, W., Leivaditis, V., Lemma, D., Lewis, M., Li, C., Li, X., Lin, J., Liu, G., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Llanaj, E., Lodhi, M., Loftus, M. J., Lu, K., Lubinda, J., Lucchetti, G., Luo, P., Lutambi, A. M., Lv, H., Lytras, M. D., Lytvyak, E., Amin, H. M., Ma, K., Ma, Z., Mabrok, M., Madadi, F., Madadizadeh, F., Maffia, P., Maghool, F., Magwe, E., Mahamed, S., Mahmood, N., Mahmoudi, S., Malik, A., Malik, S., Malik, T., Malinga, L., Malkamu, B., Manilal, A., Mansoor, F., Manzoor, S., Maqbool, T., Marateb, H., Margetis, K., Marks-Hultstrom, M., Martinez-Guerra, B., Martins-Melo, F., Martorell, M., Marzo, R., Marzouk, S., Matei, C. N., Mathangasinghe, Y., Mathur, N., Matozinhos, F., Mattiello, R., Maude, R., Mavrovounis, G., McPhail, S. M., Mediratta, R. P., Mehari, M., Mehboob, R., Mehrotra, R., Mekonnen, L., Meles, H., Melese, A., Memary, E., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Menezes, G., Mengistie, E., Menon, T. P., Meo, S., Mercogliano, M., Meretoja, T. J., Merza, M., Mestrovic, T., Mettananda, C., Mettananda, S., Metwally, M. M. M., Mewoabi, S. D., Miazgowski, B., Michalek, I., Minervini, G., Ming, W., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirshahvalad, S., Mishra, A., Mishra, S., Mishra, V., Mohamed, M., Mohamed, N., Ahmed, K., Mohammad, T., Mohammadi, A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadi, S., Mohammadi, S., Mohammed, O., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, Y., Mohan, S., Mohanta, Y., Mohseni, M., Mohsenzadeh, A., Mokdad, A. H., Mollaei, A., Monasta, L., Moni, M., Montalti, M., Moraga, P., Morais, D., Morawska, L., Morovvati, M., Morsy, M. M., Eceomo, F., Mosquera, C., Mosser, J. F., Motappa, R., Mousavi, S., Khaneghah, A., Kiasary, F., Kiasary, S., Mousnad, M., Mowafy, H., Yousefi, K., Mubarik, S., Muhammad, J., Mukherjee, S., Mukhopadhyay, A., Mulatu, S., Mulita, F., Muniyandi, M., Munjal, K., Murillo-Zamora, E., Musa, S., Musaigwa, F., Muthu, S., Muthusamy, R., Muvunyi, C., Muzaffar, M., Nafei, A., Nagarajan, A., Nagarajan, K., Naguib, G., Naik, G. R., Naik, H., Nainu, F., Nair, S., Najmuldeen, H., Nangia, V., Naqid, I. A., Nargus, S., Nashwan, A. J., Nasiri, H., Nassar, M., Natto, Z. S., Naureen, Z., Nayak, B., Nazari, J., Nchanji, G., Nega, A., Negash, A., Negoi, I., Negoi, R., Nematollahi, M., Nepal, S., Netsere, H., Ngabonziza, J., Cuong Tat Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Hien Thu Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Long Nguyen, Nghia Phu Nguyen, Tham Thi Nguyen, Trang Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Niazi, R., Nikoobar, A., Niyonsenga, J., Nkrumah-Boateng, P., Nnaji, C. A., Nnyanzi, L., Nomura, S., Noreen, S., Nriagu, V. C., Nri-Ezedi, C., Nshimiyimana, J., Nugen, F., Nunemo, M. H., Nwakama, C. N., Nzoputam, C., Nzoputam, O., Oancea, B., Oddi, F., Oduro, M., Ofakunrin, A. O. D., Ogundijo, O., Ojedoyin, O., Okati-Aliabad, H., Okeke, S., Okekunle, A., Okonji, O., Okunlola, O., Okwute, P., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, B., Onyedibe, K., Opitz, M., Oradova, A., Ordak, M., Orish, V. N., Orscelik, A., Ortiz-Prado, E., Osborne, A., Osei, E., Othman, E. H., Otorkpa, O., Ouyahia, A., Owusu, I., Oyebanji, O., Oyebola, K., Oyelade, T., Oyeniran, K., Oyeyemi, O. T., Ozsahin, I., Mahesh, P. A., Padubidri, J., Paija, D., Palicz, T., Pana, A., Panda, S., Pandey, A., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Panos, G. D., Pantazopoulos, I., Paolino, G., Papa, M., Papadimopoulos, I., Paranjkhoo, P., Pardhan, S., Parida, A., Park, C., Pashaei, A., Pasovic, M., Passera, R., Patel, J., Patel, M., Patel, N., Patel, S., Patil, S., Patoulias, D., Pawar, S., Pawar, S., Toroudi, H., Pekarcikova, J., Peprah, P., Pereira, G., Perera, N., Chacon, G., Perna, S., Petcu, I., Peter, O., Hai Quang Pham, Tung Thanh Pham, Philip, A. K., Piracha, Z., Pirera, E., Plotnikov, E., Poddighe, D., Polibin, R. V., Poluru, R., Postma, M. J., Pourasghary, S., Pourbabaki, R., Poursadeqiyan, M., Pourtaheri, N., Prada, S. I., Pradhan, P., Prashant, A., Prates, E., Purkait, T., Puvvula, J., Qanash, H., Qasim, N., Qi, X., Qi, Z., Qiu, J., Rabiee, N., Rabiu, A., Rachmat, B., Radhakrishnan, R., Radhakrishnan, V., Raghav, Y., Raghuveer, P., Rahamon, S., Rahim, H., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, F., Rahman, M., Rahman, M., Rahman, M., Rahmati, M., Raina, S., Raj, J., Raja, A., Rajaa, S., Rajendran, G., Rajendran, J., Rajindrajith, S., Rajizadeh, M., Rakhimov, K., Ramadan, M., Ramasamy, C., Ramasamy, S., Ramazanu, S., Ramzan, M., Ranabhat, C., Noei, F., Rao, A., Rao, M., Rao, S. J., Rasouli-Saravani, A., Rath, R., Rathi, I., Rathish, D., Rauniyar, S., Rawaf, D., Rawaf, S., Ray, A., Reddy, M., Redwan, E., Reta, M., Reyes, L., Rezaei, N., Rezaeian, M., Rizvi, M., Roever, L., Rohilla, R., Rony, M., Ross, A., Rout, H., Roy, A., Roy, P., Roy, P., Roy, S., Roy, S., Chowdhury, S., Rubeshkumar, P., Ruela, G., Chandan, S. N., Saad, A. M. A., Sabbatucci, M., Saber-Ayad, M., Rafiei, S., Saddique, M., Sadee, B., Sadeghi, E., Sadeghi, E., Sadek, B., Sadr, H., Saeed, M., Saeed, S., Saeed, U., Saeedi, M., Sagharichi, M., Saghazadeh, A., Sah, A., Saha, I., Rafsanjani, A., Sharif-Askari, F., Sharif-Askari, N., Sahebkar, A., Sahu, M., Sahu, S., Saki, M., Sakshaug, J. W., Salami, B., Saleem, Z., Saleh, M. A., Salehi, M., Sallam, M., Kafil, H., Samodra, Y., Samy, A. M., Sanjari, E., Sanjeev, R., Sankar, S., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Jose, B., Saravanan, A., Sarma, H., Sarmadi, M., Sarode, G., Sarode, S. C., Sassano, M., Sathian, B., Satpathy, M., Far, M., Saya, G., Sedighi, M., Seifmanesh, H., Sekaran, S., Selvaraj, B., Selvaraj, S., Selvaraj, V., Semenova, Y., Senthilkumaran, S., Serban, D., Sethi, Y., Alshohadaei, S., Seyedi, D., Seylani, A., Shaalan, Y., Shahbaz, K., Shahid, S., Shahid, S., Shahini, E., Shahwan, M., Shaikh, M., Shaikh, N., Shakeri, A., Shakerimoghaddam, A., Shakoor, S., Sham, S., Shamim, M., Shams, A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamsi, A., Shan, D., Shannawaz, M., Sharifan, A., Rad, J., Jazi, F., Sharma, A., Sharma, B., Sharma, K., Sharma, M., Sharma, M., Sharma, R., Sharma, V., Shastry, R. P., Shastry, S., Shawahna, R., Sheidaei, A., Shenoy, R., Shenoy, S. M., Sherchan, S. P., Shetty, M., Shetty, P. H., Shetty, P. K., Shi, W., Shiferaw, D., Shimul, M., Il Shin, J., Shittu, A., Shiue, I., Shivamallu, C., Shivarov, V., Shoaib, A., Shokri, A., Shool, S., Shorofi, S., Shrestha, S., Shuaibu, S., Sibuyi, N., Siddig, E., Silva, L., Simkhada, P., Simpson, C. R., Singer, M., Singh, A., Singh, A., Singh, H., Singh, H., Singh, J. A., Singh, K., Singh, P., Singh, P., Singh, P., Singh, S., Singh, S., Singh, S., Singh, S., Singh, V., Sinha, M., Sinto, R., Skryabin, V., Skryabina, A., SobhZahedi, M., Sohel, M., Sokhan, A., Soliman, A. M., Soliman, M., Soliman, N., Soliman, S. S. M., Soltaninejad, H., Song, W., Sood, P., Soraneh, S., Sorensen, R. J. D., Soriano, J. B., Sorrentino, M., Spagnolo, A., Spahic, E., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Sridharan, K., Srinivasan, M., Sriram, S., Stanikzai, M., Steiropoulos, P., Stergachis, A., Stubbs, B., Su, C., Subasi, O., Subramanian, B., Subramaniyan, V., Sujon, H., Sulaiman, S. K., Sullman, M. J. M., Sundaram, T., Swain, C., Szarpak, L., Sudha, S. T. Y., Tabatabaei, S., Tabatabaeizadeh, S., Tabatabai, S., Tabche, C., Taha, Z., Soodejani, M., Taiba, J., Talaat, I. M., Tampa, M., Tanashat, M., Tanveer, M., Tareke, A., Tariku, M., Tariq, S., Tat, N. Y., Tat, V. Y., Taveira, N., Tedla, M. G., Tefera, Y., Tekulu, T., Temedie-Asogwa, T., Temsah, M., Tesfu, A., Tessema, B., Thakur, C., Thangaraju, P., Thapar, R., Tharwat, I., Tharwat, S., Thienemann, F., Thind, M., Thiruvengadam, M., Ticoalu, J., Tiwari, K., Tiwari, V., Tleshev, M., Tomo, S., Tovani-Palone, M., An Thien Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Quynh Thuy Huong Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Vy Thi Le Trinh, Tristan, C., Tromans, S., Truppa, C., Tse, G., Tseriotis, V., Tuglo, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, H., Ullah, R., Ullah, S., Umar, L., Umar, M., Umar, M., Upadhyay, E., Usman, J., Ozsahin, D., Uzuncibuk, H., Uzzaman, N., Vaithinathan, A., Valdez, P. R., Vaman, R., Van den Eynde, J., Vasankari, T., Vasudevan, S., Venkidasamy, B., Verma, A., Verma, P., Veroux, M., Villa, S., Villafane, J., Vitiello, A., Vu, L., Waheed, Y., Walia, M., Wander, A., Wang, L., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Wassie, Y., Weerasekara, I., Wei, X., Wickramasinghe, D., Wickramasinghe, N., Wieckiewicz, M., Wilandika, A., Wireko, A., Wiysonge, C., Wojewodzic, M. W., Wonde, T., Wondmeneh, Y., Wongnaah, F., Wu, F., Wu, J., Wu, Z., Wubie, Y., Xia, Z., Xiao, L., Xiao, N., Xie, W., Xu, H., Xu, S., Yadav, M., Yahoo (Syed), S., Yahya, G., Yakubu, Y., Yang, H., Yang, K., Yang, X., Yao, H., Yao, L., Yassin, M. A., YektaKooshali, M., Yesuf, S., Yewodiaw, T., Yezli, S., Yi, S., Yismaw, M., Yismaw, Y., Yon, D., Yonemoto, N., Yu, Y., Yuan, H., Yuan, Q., Yunusa, U., Yuwanati, M., Zafar, M., Zafar, M., Zaghampour, M., Zakham, F., Zamagni, G., Zaman, B., Zamora, N., Zar, H. J., Zastrozhin, M., Zeariya, M. G. M., Zeb, J., Zemariam, A., Zensen, S., Zeru, E. M., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Zhang, P., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhanuzakov, M., Zhao, C., Zhao, L., Zhu, B., Zhu, Z., Zhumagaliuly, A., Zielinska, M., Zumla, A., Zyoud, A. H., Zyoud, S. H., Zyoud, S. H., Hay, S. I., Naghavi, M., Murray, C. J. L., Kyu, H., GBD 2023 Lower Resp Infect Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators 2026; 26 (4): 343-361

  Abstract

  Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the world's leading infectious cause of death. This analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to 26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years.Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years.In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24-2·81) deaths and 98·7 million (87·7-112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4-47·4) since 2010, with a global mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6-116·4) per 100 000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 for children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, sub-Saharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5 mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number of LRI deaths globally (634 000 [95% UI 565 000-721 000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5-26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (271 000 [243 000-298 000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3-11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228 000 [204 000-261 000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8-9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (responsible for 177 000 [95% UI 155 000-201 000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67 800 [59 900-75 900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for approximately 22% of LRI deaths.This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target. Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies-including newer interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies-and health systems capable of early diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future pneumonia control strategies.Gates Foundation.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00689-9

  View details for Web of Science ID 001732492900001

  View details for PubMedID 41412141

• Outcomes of robotic-assisted soave pull-through procedure for Hirschsprung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of robotic surgery Rizvi, S. B., Khalid, L., Shahid, F., Ibrahim, S., Mansoor, T., Fatimi, A. S., Thobani, H., Rao, A. G., Ehsan, A. N., Khan, F. A. 2026; 20 (1): 221

  Abstract

  Pull-through procedures remain the mainstay of treatment for Hirschsprung disease (HD). While laparoscopic-assisted procedures are widely performed, robotic-assisted Soave pull-through (RSPT) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative with potential technical advantages. We systematically reviewed the available literature to evaluate the perioperative and functional outcomes of RSPT. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched through February 2025. Eligible studies included pediatric (< 18 years) patients undergoing RSPT. Data were pooled using random-effects models with two heterogeneity estimators to ensure robustness given the small number of included studies. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 and τ² statistics. Primary outcomes included operative time, console time, intraoperative blood loss, and length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included constipation, enterocolitis, and soiling. Study quality was assessed using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool. Six retrospective studies comprising 282 patients were included. Pooled mean operative and console times were 192.2 min (95% CI: 95.2-388.0) and 105.6 min (95% CI: 34.7-321.5), respectively. Mean intraoperative blood loss was 9.8 mL (95% CI: 1.9-49.4), and pooled postoperative LOS was 6.5 days (95% CI: 4.6-9.1). No difference in estimates was observed by estimator models. Postoperative complications were typically mild, manageable conservatively, and improved over time. RSPT appears to be a feasible minimally invasive option for HD, demonstrating low blood loss, short hospital stay, and acceptable functional outcomes, albeit with longer operative times which reflect logistical rather than technical inefficiency. Future adequately powered, higher quality, multicenter trials with standardized outcomes are needed to better define its role relative to established laparoscopic approaches.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11701-026-03170-6

  View details for PubMedID 41639487

  View details for PubMedCentralID 7066788

• Patch Repair Versus Flap Repair for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of pediatric surgery Fatimi, A. S., Salman, R., Manal, H., Anns, K. M., Thobani, H., Ehsan, A. N., Rao, A. G., Tahan, D., Tirrell, T. F., Islam, S., Khan, F. A. 2026: 162919

  Abstract

  Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) often requires non-primary repair of large defects using either a prosthetic patch or an autologous muscle flap. However, their comparative effectiveness remains uncertain. We systematically reviewed the existing literature to synthesize outcomes relevant to durability and perioperative safety of patch versus flap repair in neonates.PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were systematically searched from inception to May 2025 for pediatric studies directly comparing patch versus flap repair for CDH in neonates. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models on RevMan v5.4.1. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool.Ten single-center retrospective cohorts comprising a total of 450 patients (Patch Repair: 220, Flap Repair: 230) who underwent CDH repair were included in our synthesis. Patch repair was associated with an increased risk of hernia recurrence (RR: 3.57 [95% CI: 1.47-8.69]), postoperative bleeding complications (RR: 2.15 [95% CI: 1.09-4.24]), and in-hospital mortality (RR: 1.66 [95% CI: 1.13-2.43]). No statistically significant differences were detected in the rates of chest wall deformities, scoliosis, bowel obstruction, ventral incisional hernia, operative time, or hospital length of stay. However, the overall certainty of evidence was very low across most outcomes, reflecting the retrospective designs, small sample sizes, and inconsistent follow-up/definitions.Within low-certainty evidence, patch repair was associated with higher observed hernia recurrence. Data on postoperative bleeding and mortality, including among on-ECMO repairs, were limited and insufficient to support causal inference. Definitive guidance will require prospective multicenter studies using standardized techniques, adjudicated bleeding endpoints, and long-term surveillance.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2026.162919

  View details for PubMedID 41539378

• Comparing Palliative Approaches for GOO in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of surgical oncology Rao, A. G., Nadeem, M. A., Awan, A. R., Wehrle, C. J., Gross, A., Giuseppucci, A., Berber, B., Mohiuddin, S., Stevens, T., Siddiki, H., Stackhouse, K. A., Naffouje, S., Joyce, D., Augustin, T., Simon, R., Matthew Walsh, R., Naples, R. 2026; 133 (1): 81-91

  Abstract

  Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) can be managed with endoscopic duodenal stenting (EDS), gastrojejunostomy (GJ), or EUS-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE). In our meta-analysis of LAPC patients, EDS enabled quicker recovery and chemotherapy but had higher re-intervention rates, while GJ offered greater durability. Our systematic review showed EUS-GE had high success and low re-intervention in malignant GOO, though LAPC-specific data were lacking. Further comparative studies are needed to guide individualized treatment.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/jso.70131

  View details for PubMedID 41241872

• Outcomes of Sutureless versus Sutured Closure for Gastroschisis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of pediatric surgery Rao, A. G., Awan, A. R., Ayazuddin, M., Thobani, H., Ehsan, A. N., Fatimi, A. S., Minhas, A., Javid, A., Tirrell, T. F., Sylvester, K. G., Islam, S., Khan, F. A. 2025: 162867

  Abstract

  Sutureless closure is a minimally invasive alternative to traditional sutured repair for gastroschisis, yet, uncertainty persists regarding its safety and outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare treatment outcomes of sutured and sutureless gastroschisis closure.We searched the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov repositories for studies comparing outcomes of sutureless versus sutured gastroschisis closure from inception to June 2025. Outcome included mortality, feeding milestones, anesthesia outcomes, hernia outcomes, hospital stay, and postoperative complications. A random-effects model was applied and meta-regression was also conducted.Twenty-three studies (2,646 infants; 821 sutureless, 1,825 sutured) were included. Sutureless repair did not increase mortality risk [Risk ratio (RR)=1.11; 95% CI=0.61, 2.03), or delay feeding milestones [time to full feeds mean difference (MD)=-1.62 days; 95%=CI: -4.61, 1.38], although regional analyses favored faster feeding with sutureless repair (p < 0.01). Sutureless closure was associated with significantly reduced utilization of general anesthesia (RR=0.23; 95% CI=0.15, 0.36; p < 0.00001), shortened ventilation duration (MD=-1.96 days; 95% CI=-2.66, -1.26; p < 0.01), and reduced surgical site infection risk (RR=0.60; 95% CI=0.43, 0.83; p = 0.003). However, umbilical hernia incidence (RR=2.50; 95% CI=1.57, 3.98) and hernia repair (RR=2.66; 95% CI=1.65, 4.27) were higher following sutureless closure. Hospital stay showed no overall difference, and sutureless repair did not increase the risk for postoperative complications. Meta-regression identified regional practices, sex distribution, and case mix as key modifiers, highlighting the influence of center-level practices and the observational nature of the data.Sutureless closure offers substantial perioperative advantages but carries a higher umbilical hernia risk. However, these findings arise predominantly from observational studies and may be influenced by confounding by indication and institutional practice patterns. While the overall evidence supports sutureless closure as a safe approach, structured follow-up and family counseling are warranted.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2025.162867

  View details for PubMedID 41391653

• Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease in adults, 1990-2023, and its attributable risk factors: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet (London, England) 2025; 406 (10518): 2461-2482

  Abstract

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and ranks among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. This analysis aimed to present global CKD estimates using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 to inform evidence-based policies for CKD identification and treatment.This analysis focused on adults aged 20 years and older over the period 1990 to 2023, from 204 countries and territories. Data sources used were published literature, vital registration systems, kidney failure treatment registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden, including deaths, incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool. A comparative risk assessment approach estimated the proportion of cardiovascular deaths attributable to impaired kidney function and estimated risk factors for CKD.Globally, in 2023, 788 million (95% uncertainty interval 743-843) people aged 20 years and older were estimated to have CKD, up from 378 million (354-407) in 1990. The global age-standardised prevalence of CKD in adults was 14·2% (13·4-15·2), a relative rise of 3·5% (2·7-4·1) from 1990. The region with the highest age-standardised prevalence was north Africa and the Middle East (18·0%; 16·9-19·4). Most people had stage 1-3 CKD, with a combined prevalence of 13·9% (13·1-15·0). In 2023, CKD was the ninth leading cause of death globally, accounting for 1·48 million (1·30-1·65) deaths, and the 12th leading cause of DALYs, with an age-standardised DALY rate of 769·2 (691·8-857·4) per 100 000. Impaired kidney function as a risk factor accounted for 11·5% (8·4-14·5) of cardiovascular deaths. High fasting plasma glucose, body-mass index, and systolic blood pressure were all leading risk factors for CKD DALYs.CKD is a major global health issue, with rising prevalence and increasing importance as a cause of death and as a risk factor for cardiovascular death. A better understating of aetiology, appropriate screening, and implementation programmes are needed to translate advances in CKD treatment into improved patient outcomes.Gates Foundation, Wellcome, US National Kidney Foundation, and US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01853-7

  View details for PubMedID 41213283

• Trends and Disparities in Mortality due to Obesity and Arrhythmias in the U.S: 1999-2023 Rao, A., Parvez, A., Pervez, N., Murtaza, S., Sarwari, A., Shahzad, Z. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2025

  View details for DOI 10.1161/circ.152.suppl_3.4358742

  View details for Web of Science ID 001613911000019

• Assessing the Oncological Safety of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus Jaradat, J. H., Al-Ahmad, R. I., Al Jaghbeer, M., Abdelaziz, A. A., Abu Afifeh, N. M., Abu Afifeh, G., Rao, A., Alzoubi, A., Nashwan, A. J. 2025; 17 (11): e96071

  Abstract

  Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are essential for treating type 2 diabetes and promoting weight loss. Despite their therapeutic benefits, concerns have arisen regarding their potential association with pancreatic and thyroid cancers. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the correlation between GLP-1 receptor agonists and cancer incidence in obese/overweight individuals, including both patients with diabetes and overweight/obese non-diabetic participants. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases identified randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for inclusion. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment followed rigorous methodologies, using the Risk of Bias 2 tool. Of the 1,882 identified studies, nine RCTs (9,078 participants) met the inclusion criteria. The studies varied in duration (12-104 weeks) and demographics, with a mean participant age of 46.9 years and a mean body mass index of 36.9 kg/m². In non-diabetic overweight/obese participants, GLP-1 receptor agonists significantly reduced body weight and HbA1c levels compared to placebo. However, varying incidences of neoplasms were observed, with liraglutide showing a statistically significant odds ratio of 2.8150 for cancer risk. Semaglutide trials have reported mixed results, with some studies showing an increase in neoplasm events in the intervention groups. Although GLP-1 receptor agonists effectively manage weight and glycemic control in overweight/obese patients, their association with increased cancer risk warrants cautious application, especially in individuals with a predisposition to thyroid or pancreatic cancers. Further studies are needed to conclusively determine the safety profile of these therapies.

  View details for DOI 10.7759/cureus.96071

  View details for PubMedID 41356998

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC12676983

• Role of antibiotic prophylaxis in liver transplant patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine Nadeem, M. A., Awan, A. R., Rao, A. G., Ayyazuddin, M., Salma Shabbar Banatwala, U. E., Laique, S., Bansal, P., Junna, S., Siddiki, H., Koval, C., Fujiki, M., Schlegel, A., Hashimoto, K., Wehrle, C. J., Esfeh, J. M. 2025; 89: 103560

  Abstract

  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is frequently performed in liver transplant recipients for the management of biliary complications. While frequently medically necessary, ERCP carries a risk of post-procedural infections, particularly in immunosuppressed transplant patients. Prophylactic antibiotics are sometimes recommended, but their role remains uncertain. We aimed to address this knowledge gap.This single-arm systematic review and meta-analysis included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case-control studies evaluating the use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to or during ERCP (for any indication) in liver transplant recipients. No restrictions were placed on patient age, sex, or ethnicity. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus were searched for relevant studies published between database inception and June 2025. Primary outcomes of interest were incidence of post-ERCP cholangitis, infection, or pancreatitis, incidence of overall procedural complications, and mortality attributable to procedural complications. The quality of included studies was assessed via ROBINS-I. This work is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42024604381.This review included 26 studies involving more than 3800 liver transplant recipients undergoing over 7300 ERCP procedures. All studies were non-randomised, comprising nine prospective and 17 retrospective studies. The pooled complication rate was 25.7% per patient and 6.7% per procedure; the pooled cholangitis rate was 8.6% per patient and 3.5% per procedure; and the pooled pancreatitis rate was 6.1% per patient and 1.9% per procedure. In the overall cohort, the pooled mortality rate due to post-ERCP complications was 1.1% with two deaths reported among 594 patients. Both fatalities were attributed to sepsis secondary to cholangitis. Bile cultures were positive in 80.1% of the samples with a sensitivity of 63.7% to prophylactic antibiotics used and 24.3% of isolates resistant to more than one antibiotic. The highest resistance was observed against gentamicin (54.1%) and ceftriaxone (53.7%) while resistance was lower for piperacillin/tazobactam (26.2%) and carbapenems (26.6%). Resistance rates were higher in transplant recipients compared to the general ERCP population.Despite widespread prophylactic antibiotic use, post-ERCP infections and antimicrobial resistance remain prevalent in liver transplant recipients. These findings support more targeted prophylactic strategies using agents with lower resistance rates, particularly in patients undergoing repeat ERCPs. This single-arm analysis did not include a direct comparator group of patients without antibiotic prophylaxis. Future prospective studies and randomised controlled trials are essential to determine the optimal prophylactic regimen, dose, and duration in this high-risk population.None.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103560

  View details for PubMedID 41140449

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC12546977

• Somatostatin Analogues in the Management of Gastrointestinal Angiodysplasia: An Updated Meta-Analysis Ijaz, O., Shahzad, Z., Ilmaguook, B., Fatima, I., Moiz, M., Haider, M., Samrah, F., Rukh, M., Safdar, M., Rashid, Y., Rao, A. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2025: S305

  View details for DOI 10.14309/01.ajg.0001133112.18030.69

  View details for Web of Science ID 001598670900050

• Is enteral vitamin A supplementation the right approach for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants? Nutrition and health Akbar, A., Khan, M. H., Zaheer, A., Gul Rao, A. 2025; 31 (3): 827-830

  Abstract

  BackgroundVitamin A is a fat-soluble micronutrient crucial for vision, immune function, and cellular growth. Deficiency remains a significant public health issue, particularly in developing countries, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Despite various supplementation and fortification programs, vitamin A deficiency persists due to dietary inadequacies and socioeconomic disparities. Recent studies have also explored concerns about excessive intake, linking high doses to toxicity and adverse health outcomes.AimThis letter aims to highlight the ongoing challenges in addressing vitamin A deficiency, emphasize the importance of balanced intake, and propose strategic interventions for improving vitamin A status globally. Strengthening public health initiatives and increasing awareness about the risks of both deficiency and toxicity can lead to better health outcomes.ObjectiveTo assess the current burden of vitamin A deficiency, discuss the limitations of existing supplementation and fortification programs, and suggest evidence-based strategies to ensure optimal vitamin A levels in at-risk populations.MethodsNot Applicable.ResultsDespite extensive public health efforts, vitamin A deficiency affects millions, particularly children and pregnant women. While supplementation has shown benefits in reducing mortality and blindness, gaps in distribution, adherence, and dietary diversification hinder progress. Additionally, excessive vitamin A intake has been associated with hepatotoxicity and teratogenic effects, necessitating a balanced approach.ConclusionAddressing vitamin A deficiency requires a multifaceted approach, including sustainable dietary interventions, improved supplementation strategies, and stricter regulation of fortified foods to prevent toxicity. Strengthening nutrition education and integrating vitamin A programs with broader health initiatives can enhance effectiveness and long-term impact.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/02601060251349883

  View details for PubMedID 40509740

• Chlormequat in our food: A potential hidden threat to health, highlighting the need for improved food safety practices. Nutrition and health , Rizwan, A. A., Gul Rao, A., Akbar, A. 2025; 31 (3): 837-839

  Abstract

  Background: Chlormequat (chlorocholine) is one of the most widely used plant growth regulators. It enhances the strength of cereal crops such as wheat and barley. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved the use of chlormequat; however, in recent times, there has been growing concern about its health impacts, including endocrine and reproductive toxicity. Recent studies have highlighted the growing presence of chlormequat in food and biological samples, raising questions about long-term human exposure. Aim: This article highlights the critical need to review the safety issues associated with chlormequat use in food production by assessing its potential health risks and addressing existing regulatory inadequacies. By identifying gaps in current regulations and emphasizing the importance of consumer education, the article advocates for stronger food safety practices and more sustainable farming methods to reduce exposure to chlormequat. Implementing these solutions will not only mitigate potential health risks but also promote public health and improve overall food safety standards. Methods: Not applicable. Results: Observations have shown a steady and sharp rise in the level of chlormequat detection in both food and human biological samples over these years. Animal studies have confirmed significant disturbance in reproductive and endocrine functions, although studies in humans are scant. Current regulations do not include long-term human safety, though these regulations do set limits on residues. Furthermore, improper agricultural application increases the risks of overexposure. Conclusion: The result shows the implication of heightened regulatory measures, consumer awareness, and further research into the long-term effects of chlormequat on human health. Some concerns with chemical growth regulators like chlormequat could be minimized by promoting sustainable farming and precision agriculture methods.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/02601060251328772

  View details for PubMedID 40130520

• Trends and disparities in mortality due to hypertensive disease and coexisting obesity in the USA: 1999-2023. The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology Rao, A. G., Parvez, A., Shahid, S., Pervez, N., Rana, J. S., Fudim, M., Khan, M. S. 2025; 77 (1): 81

  Abstract

  Hypertensive disease and obesity frequently coexist and synergistically increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the USA. Despite this intersection, national trends and disparities in mortality attributable to both conditions remain underexplored.We conducted a retrospective analysis using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research Multiple Cause of Death database. Hypertensive disease-related deaths with co-listed obesity were extracted for US adults between 1999 and 2023. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were calculated, and Joinpoint regression was used to estimate annual percentage changes (APCs) and identify significant trends.A total of 412,767 deaths were attributed to hypertensive disease and coexisting obesity from 1999 and 2023. The AAMRs rose nearly tenfold, from 1.3 per 100,000 in 1999 to 13.23 in 2023. While mortality rates increased overtime for both sexes, men consistently exhibited higher rates than women (AAPC: 10.38 vs. 8.15). Older adults (AAMR: 32.63) had the highest mortality, followed by middle-aged (5.56) and young adults (0.71), though young adults saw the steepest relative rise (AAPC: 9.63). Non-Hispanic (NH) Black individuals had the highest mortality (AAPC: 7.78), followed by NH American Indian/Alaska Native (8.76), NH White (9.90), Hispanic (6.48) and NH Asian/Pacific Islander populations (6.51). Geographic disparities widened over time. The South and Midwest bore the heaviest regional burden, while urban-rural analyses showed a higher and quicker rise in mortality in non-metropolitan areas (AAPC: 12.13 vs. 10.73 in metro areas).Mortality due to hypertensive disease with coexisting obesity has escalated sharply across USA over the past 2 decades. These results highlight the need for further investigation into the factors contributing to the observed disparities and trends.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s43044-025-00677-5

  View details for PubMedID 40856971

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC12380657

• Trends and Disparities in Mortality due to Diabetes Mellitus and Sepsis in the US Adults: 1999-2023 ENDOCRINOLOGY DIABETES & METABOLISM Rao, A., Shahid, S., Pervez, N., Pervez, R., Ahmed, R. 2025; 8 (5): e70082

  Abstract

  Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases susceptibility to infection and worsens outcomes in sepsis, a leading cause of preventable death. However, population-level trends in sepsis-related mortality among diabetic individuals in the United States (US) remain poorly characterised, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study evaluates national patterns, temporal shifts, and demographic disparities in sepsis-related mortality in diabetic patients from 1999 to 2023.We conducted a retrospective analysis using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) Multiple Cause of Death database. Sepsis-related deaths with co-listed DM were extracted for US adults between 1999 and 2023. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were calculated and Joinpoint regression was used to estimate annual percentage changes (APCs) and identify significant trends.A total of 483,207 sepsis-related deaths occurred in individuals with DM during the study period. AAMRs declined significantly from 1999 to 2018 (APC: -1.22; p < 0.001), reversed sharply from 2018 to 2021 (APC: +18.14; p = 0.01), and declined again through 2023 (APC: -12.25; p < 0.001). Mortality was highest among older adults (AAMR: 32.63), males (9.72 vs. 7.80 in females), and non-Hispanic Black and American Indian/Alaska Native populations (AAMRs: 17.94 and 17.92, respectively). Hispanic populations showed the steepest pandemic-era increase (APC: +22.49) and subsequent decline (APC: -20.43). Rural areas consistently had higher AAMRs than urban areas (8.77 vs. 8.27), with sharper increases during the pandemic. State-level disparities widened dramatically from 2021 to 2023, and regionally, the South and Midwest exhibited the highest and most persistent mortality burdens.Sepsis-related mortality in diabetic individuals in the US has undergone dynamic shifts over the past 25 years, punctuated by COVID-19 era surges and shaped by deep-rooted demographic, geographic, and structural inequities. These findings warrant integrated diabetes-infection care models, early sepsis recognition, and equity-driven interventions to reduce mortality.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/edm2.70082

  View details for Web of Science ID 001543820700001

  View details for PubMedID 40743439

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC12312802

• Enhancing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography safety: Predictive insights into gastric retention. World journal of gastrointestinal surgery Rao, A. G., Nashwan, A. J. 2025; 17 (3): 98898

  Abstract

  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a vital tool for diagnosing and treating biliary and pancreatic disorders, but its safety and efficacy are marred by preoperative gastric retention. Jia et al retrospectively analyzed 190 patients who underwent ERCP and found that gastrointestinal obstruction, jaundice, opioid use, female sex, and primary diseases were independent predictors and risk factors of preoperative gastric retention. Based on these findings and comprehensive analysis, a proposed predictive model offers clinicians valuable tools to tailor preoperative strategies, improving the procedural safety and efficacy of ERCP. Despite having several limitations, like single-center design and limited generalizability, the study marks a significant advancement in optimizing ERCP outcomes through predictive analytics. Further research with larger populations and prospective designs is warranted to establish these findings.

  View details for DOI 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i3.98898

  View details for PubMedID 40162417

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11948121

• Comparative Effectiveness of Epidural Analgesia and Intravenous Lidocaine for Postoperative Pain in Major Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Anesthesiology research and practice Jawwad, M., Dar, D. N., Khan, R. F., Chaudhry, A., Arkam, F., Rao, A. G., Mir, Y., Mubashir, M. M., Mir, A., Imran, H., Maqbool, U., Pereira, P. C. 2025; 2025: 9822744

  Abstract

  Background: Pain management is an integral part of recovery after major abdominal surgeries. Traditionally, epidural analgesia is used for postoperative pain management in major abdominal surgeries. However, intravenous lidocaine has recently been proven to be a good alternative. However, there is very limited evidence comparing their efficacy in major abdominal surgery. The aim of this review is to compare the effectiveness of epidural analgesia with intravenous lidocaine in reducing pain and opioid consumption following major abdominal surgery. Methods: We searched PubMed and Cochrane Library from inception to May 2024 to identify studies that match our topic. We performed all statistical analyses using RevMan. The primary outcome was pain scores. The other outcomes were opioid requirements, postoperative nausea and vomiting, hospital stay duration, and time to pass flatus. Results: Seven studies (six randomized clinical trials and one observational study; n = 643) were included. Our results suggest that epidural bupivacaine significantly reduced pain scores during the first 24 h postoperatively as compared with the patients who received intravenous lidocaine (Std. mean difference: -0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.40, -0.06; and p=0.008). There was no difference at 48 h (Std. mean difference: -0.09; 95% CI: -0.27, 0.08; and p=0.028) and 72 h intervals (Std. mean difference: -0.08; 95% CI: -0.25, 0.09; and p=0.037). Conclusion: Our study shows that epidural analgesia, particularly epidural bupivacaine, provides superior pain relief as compared to intravenous lidocaine during the first 24 h postoperatively. However, there was heterogeneity among studies. Thus, in future, large standardized randomized controlled trials are required.

  View details for DOI 10.1155/anrp/9822744

  View details for PubMedID 40225041

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11991782

• Microvascular decompression: a contemporary update. BMC surgery Okon, I. I., Menon, S. S., Osama, M., Aiman, M., Paleare, L. F., Eliseo, D. L., Shafqat, M. D., Ezeaku, C. O., Ferreira, M. Y., Razouqi, Y., Kapsetaki, M., Saniel, J. D., Panit, N. M., Rao, A. G., Iqbal, U., Otobo, D. D., Alkhawaldeh, I. M., Pereira, F. S., Akbar, I., Kasimieh, O., Chaurasia, B. 2025; 25 (1): 20

  Abstract

  Microvascular decompression (MVD) is the gold-standard surgical treatment for cranial nerve compression disorders, including trigeminal neuralgia (TN), hemifacial spasm (HFS), and glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN). This review synthesizes historical milestones, recent advances, and evolving techniques in MVD, with a primary focus on these conditions.A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, BioMed Central, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Studies published between 1970 and 2024 were analyzed, emphasizing surgical techniques, clinical outcomes, and technological innovations in MVD. Articles addressing TN, HFS, GPN, and other cranial nerve disorders treated with MVD were selected for detailed evaluation.MVD demonstrates high efficacy, with 80-90% of patients achieving immediate symptom relief. Nevertheless, 15-25% of patients experience symptom recurrence, though long-term outcomes remain favorable. Fully endoscopic MVD has shown potential for enhanced intraoperative visualization, particularly in complex anatomical regions; however, its impact on surgical precision and clinical outcomes is still under investigation. Moreover, innovations in visualization technologies, including three-dimensional exoscopic systems and artificial intelligence-assisted surgery, continue to improve procedural safety and outcomes. Despite these advancements, complications such as hearing loss (1-2%) and cerebrospinal fluid leakage (2-4%) persist, highlighting the need for continuous refinement of techniques.MVD is evolving with the integration of cutting-edge technologies, resulting in improved clinical outcomes and reduced complication rates. Emerging innovations such as robotic-assisted MVD and gene therapies for cranial nerve disorders, including TN and GPN, promise even greater efficacy and precision. However, further research is necessary to standardize surgical protocols and address disparities in healthcare systems globally.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s12893-025-02762-7

  View details for PubMedID 39794712

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11724535

• Robotic Surgery for Ventral Hernia: A Double-Edged Sword? Next Research Shahid, S., Rao, A. G. 2025; 2(2) (100430)

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100430

• Advancements in transcatheter tricuspid valve repair and replacement: a state-of-the-art review with echocardiographic outcomes Global Cardiology Rao, A. G., Javaid, S. S., Rashid, A. M., Alenezi, F. 2025

  View details for DOI 10.4081/cardio.2025.81

• EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF PROTAMINE FOR HEPARIN REVERSAL IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT: AN UPDATED META-ANALYSIS Rao, A. G., Pervez, N., Shahid, S., Pervez, R. 2025

  View details for DOI 10.1016/S0735-1097(25)01416-0

• Intersection of the glymphatic system and diabetes: Navigating a new frontier. World journal of diabetes Rao, A. G., Nashwan, A. J. 2024; 15 (12): 2376-2379

  Abstract

  Diabetes is one of the most devastating medical dilemmas impacting every region of the world severely. The study by Tian et al investigates glymphatic system dysfunction in the context of glucose metabolism and diabetes, using diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space. The study evaluated individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), prediabetes, and normal glucose metabolism. It found that prediabetic and T2DM groups had significantly impaired glymphatic function. Glymphatic dysfunction may serve as an early indicator of cognitive deterioration in diabetes due to the correlations shown between these abnormalities and clinical factors as well as cognitive performance. The study has some positives, such as thorough evaluations and novel imaging methods, but its cross-sectional design and limited sample size restrict its applicability. More extensive, long-term research is required to verify these results. Furthermore, there are significant clinical implications. Patients with diabetes may benefit from immediate therapies to prevent microvascular and macrovascular damage if glymphatic dysfunction is identified early. The study promotes comprehensive diabetes care with a focus on maintaining cognitive function. In conclusion, the work of Tian et al is crucial because it opens the door to better treatment and diagnostic strategies for diabetes-related cognitive deterioration.

  View details for DOI 10.4239/wjd.v15.i12.2376

  View details for PubMedID 39676809

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11580595

• Cognitive clarity in colon surgery: The dexmedetomidine advantage. World journal of gastrointestinal surgery Rao, A. G., Nashwan, A. J. 2024; 16 (11): 3629-3631

  Abstract

  Colon cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers globally, especially in the older age group. A large number of older patients undergoing surgery for colon cancer suffer from postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The trial by Bu et al demonstrated that dexmedetomidine (Dex) significantly reduced the incidence of POCD compared to placebo in individuals undergoing colon cancer surgery. Additionally, better cerebral oxygenation and lower cerebral injury markers were reported with the use of Dex. The trial has some limitations, such as a single-center design and a smaller sample size, and further studies with larger patient populations and robust multi-center designs are warranted to establish these findings.

  View details for DOI 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i11.3629

  View details for PubMedID 39649203

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11622082

• Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Olezarsen in Lowering Triglyceride Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Shahzad, Z., Ijaz, O., Rao, A., Rasool, W., Wani, S., Rauf, F., Ilmaguook, B., Khan, A., Bhatti, A., Batool, A. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2024

  View details for DOI 10.1161/circ.150.suppl_1.4144136

  View details for Web of Science ID 001400066401272

• Is Gene Therapy the Game-Changer for Autosomal Recessive Deafness 9? Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery Rao, A. G., Pervez, N. 2024; 49 (6): 842-843

  View details for DOI 10.1111/coa.14199

  View details for PubMedID 38993067

• Are inorganic nitrates the key to preventing contrast-induced nephropathy? International urology and nephrology Rao, A. G., Kataria, M., Ishaque, G. 2024; 56 (11): 3683-3684

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11255-024-04123-4

  View details for PubMedID 38886299

  View details for PubMedCentralID 7576747

• Entangled: Rapunzel syndrome with postoperative intussusception. Journal of surgical case reports Shahzad, Z., Ijaz, O., Akram, U., Pervez, N., Rao, A. G., Nashwan, A. J. 2024; 2024 (10): rjae623

  Abstract

  We present a case of a 7-year-old girl with Rapunzel syndrome, a rare complication of trichobezoar, initially presenting with nonspecific symptoms. Diagnostic challenges led to delayed intervention. Surgical removal of the trichobezoar was successful, but postoperative complications included jejunojejunal intussusception, highlighting the necessity for vigilant follow-up and comprehensive psychiatric evaluation. The emergence of intussusception emphasizes the profound impact of underlying psychiatric disorders, such as trichotillomania and trichophagia, which contribute to trichobezoar formation. These conditions necessitate ongoing psychiatric management to address behavioral factors that predispose to recurrent bezoar formation and associated gastrointestinal complications. Effective follow-up strategies should encompass immediate postoperative care and long-term psychiatric support to optimize patient outcomes and minimize the risk of recurrent intussusception.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/jscr/rjae623

  View details for PubMedID 39372396

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11449833

• Efficacy of Mycophenolate Mofetil vs Standard Therapy for the Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis: An Updated Meta-Analysis Ijaz, O., Shahzad, Z., Rao, A., Ilmaguook, B., Rauf, F. A., Shah, S., Ali, R., Rehman, K., Bajwa, M. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2024: S1291-S1292

  View details for DOI 10.14309/01.ajg.0001036508.84835.bb

  View details for Web of Science ID 001359467900024

• Redefining hemorrhoid therapy with endoscopic polidocanol foam sclerobanding. World journal of gastroenterology Rao, A. G., Nashwan, A. J. 2024; 30 (36): 4021-4024

  Abstract

  Hemorrhoids are a common and painful condition, with conventional treatments such as endoscopic rubber band ligation (ERBL) and injection sclerotherapy often falling short due to high recurrence rates and significant post-operative pain. A clinical trial by Qu et al introduces a novel approach called endoscopic poli-docanol foam sclerobanding (EFSB). This multicenter randomized trial involved 195 patients with grade II and III internal hemorrhoids and demonstrated that EFSB significantly reduced recurrence rates and post-procedural pain while improving symptom relief and patient satisfaction compared to ERBL. The study's strengths include its robust design, comprehensive outcome evaluation, and patient-centered approach. Despite limitations such as the single-blind design and relatively short follow-up period, the findings suggest that EFSB could enhance clinical practice by offering a more effective and patient-friendly treatment option. Further research is needed to validate these results and explore the long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness of EFSB.

  View details for DOI 10.3748/wjg.v30.i36.4021

  View details for PubMedID 39351248

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11439121

• Navigating a paradigm shift: Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors redefining the landscape of multiple sclerosis therapy. International immunopharmacology Rao, A. G. 2024; 135: 112265

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112265

  View details for PubMedID 38781611

• Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine and Artificial Intelligence for insomnia: A promising frontier Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative Nashwan, A. J., Rao, A. G. 2024

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100071

• Point Sheer Wave Elastography (pSWE) and Transient Elastography (TE) for Quantifying Iron Overload and Liver Fibrosis in Beta-Thalassemia Patients Journal of Medicine Surgery and Public Health Nashwan, A. J., Athikkal, S. A., Rao, A. G. 2024

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100121

• Trim the Fat, Trim the Risk: Can Bariatric Surgery Prevent Breast Cancer? Health Sciences Review Rao, A. G., Pervez, N. 2024: 12(1)

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.hsr.2024.100184

• Is Tirofiban the Silver Bullet for Early Neurological Deterioration in Stroke? Health Sciences Review Rao, A. G. 2024: 11(10):100180

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.hsr.2024.100180