Bio


Dr. Harminder (Harman) Singh is Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery at Stanford University School of Medicine, serves as Chief of Neurosurgery at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center in San Jose, California, and is the Director of Neurotrauma. He is board certified in neurosurgery by the American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS) and a fellow of the American College of Surgeons (ACS).

He received advanced training in minimally invasive cranial surgery from Cornell University and completed a complex cerebrovascular and skull base fellowship at the University of Washington.

Dr. Singh is passionate about resident education, having organized numerous cadaveric workshops and didactic symposiums for residents. He is editor of two books on pediatric endoscopic surgery and has published over 85 research papers and book chapters. He is a frequently sought-after speaker and has lectured nationally and internationally.

His clinical and research interests lie in applying the principles of minimally invasive surgery to tumors and vascular lesions of brain and spine. Dr. Singh is interested in developing new endoscopic technology and instrumentation to facilitate minimally invasive surgery of the central nervous system.

Dr. Singh is also interested in shaping public policy related to the delivery of health care in the US, both in the public and private sectors, thru improving efficiency, ensuring quality, and strengthening equitable access to healthcare.

Dr. Singh is the immediate Past-President of the American Association of South Asian Neurosurgeons.

https://www.karlstorz.com/doc/interactivebrochure/3464376/html5/index.html

https://www.thieme.com/books-main/neurosurgery/product/5078-pediatric-endoscopic-endonasal-skull-base-surgery

Academic Appointments


Administrative Appointments


  • Advising Associate for Neurosurgery, Academic Advising Dean's Office, Stanford University School of Medicine (2012 - Present)
  • Director, Stanford Neuroanatomy and Simulation Laboratory (2015 - 2020)
  • Board member, Value Analysis Committee, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center (2018 - 2019)
  • Chief of Neurosurgery, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA (2018 - Present)
  • Director, Neurotrauma, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA (2018 - Present)
  • Neurosurgery Liaison, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center (SCVMC) Operating Room Committee (ORC) (2018 - Present)
  • Quality Liaison, Pediatric Trauma Program Improvement and Patient Safety Committee, SCVMC (2018 - Present)
  • Quality Liaison, SCVMC Department of Surgery Quality Assurance Committee (DQAC) (2018 - Present)
  • Quality Liaison, Neurosurgery Professional Practice Evaluation Committee (PPEC), Stanford (2018 - Present)
  • Quality Liaison, Trauma Program Improvement and Patient Safety Committee (TPIPSC), SCVMC (2018 - Present)

Honors & Awards


  • Stanford Medicine Leadership Academy, Stanford (2020-2021)
  • Vanguard Leadership in Healthcare, Congress of Neurological Surgeons (2019)
  • Castle Connolly Top Doctor Award, Castle Connolly (2018-2020)
  • Patients’ Choice Award, Vitals.com (2012-2020)
  • Compassionate Doctor Recognition, American Registry (2012-2020)
  • First Place Trauma and Critical Care E-poster, American Association of Neurological Surgeons (2018)

Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations


  • PRESIDENT, American Association of South Asian Neurosurgeons (2018 - 2020)
  • Editorial Board Member, Neurosurgery and Spine research (NSR) (2016 - Present)
  • Secretary, American Association of South Asian Neurosurgeons (2014 - 2018)
  • Education Committee Member, Congress of Neurological Surgeons (2013 - Present)
  • Editorial Board, CNS University - Tumor Section (2012 - Present)
  • Member at Large, American Association of South Asian Neurosurgeons (2012 - 2014)
  • Member, North American Skull Base Society (2010 - Present)
  • Member, WW Keen Neurosurgical Society (2010 - Present)
  • Member, American Association of Neurological Surgeons (2004 - Present)
  • Member, Congress of Neurological Surgeons (2004 - Present)

Professional Education


  • Certification, Stanford Medicine Leadership Academy (SMLA), Ethical Influencing and Leadership (2021)
  • Certification, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Surgical Leadership (2019)
  • Fellowship, University of Washington - Harborview Medical Center, Complex Cerebrovascular and Skull base Surgery - Prof. Laligam N Sekhar (2016)
  • Fellowship, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Minimally Invasive Skull Base Surgery - Prof. Theodore H Schwartz (2015)
  • FACS, American College of Surgeons (ACS) - Fellow, Neurosurgery (2015)
  • FAANS, American Board of Neurological Surgery, Neurosurgery (2014)
  • Residency, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital - Philadelphia, Neurosurgery (2010)
  • Internship, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital - Philadelphia, General Surgery (2005)
  • MD, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Medicine (2004)

Current Research and Scholarly Interests


Minimally Invasive Cranial and Spinal Surgery, Endoscopic Keyhole Surgery

Clinical Trials


  • Electrical Stimulation for Continence After Spinal Cord Injury Recruiting

    This study aims to improve continence and voiding of patients with spinal cord injury using electrical stimulation. The Finetech Vocare Bladder System is an implantable sacral nerve stimulator for improving bladder and bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). It has been commercially available in Britain and other countries since 1982, and has been used in thousands of patients with SCI to improve bladder, bowel and sexual function. It received FDA approval in 1998 under Humanitarian Device Exemption H980005 and H980008 for providing urination on demand and to aid in bowel evacuation. Electrical stimulation to produce bladder contraction and improve bladder voiding after spinal cord injury has usually been combined with cutting of sensory nerves to reduce reflex contraction of the bladder, which improves continence. However, cutting these nerves has undesirable side effects. This study will not cut any sensory nerve. This study is testing the use of the stimulator for inhibiting bladder contraction by stimulating sensory nerves to improve continence after spinal cord injury, and for blocking sphincter contraction to improve voiding.

    View full details

  • Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage-II Not Recruiting

    The specific aims of this study are to: 1. Definitively determine the therapeutic benefit of the intensive treatment relative to the standard treatment in the proportion of patients with death and disability (mRS 4-6) at 3 months among subjects with ICH who are treated within 4.5 hours of symptom onset. 2. Evaluate the therapeutic benefit of the intensive treatment relative to the standard treatment in the subjects' quality of life as measured by EuroQol at 3 months. 3. Evaluate the therapeutic benefit of the intensive treatment relative to the standard treatment in the proportion of hematoma expansion (defined as increase from baseline hematoma volume of at least 33%) and in the change from baseline peri-hematoma volume at 24 hours on the serial computed tomographic (CT) scans. 4. Assess the safety of the intensive treatment relative to the standard treatment in the proportion of subjects with treatment-related serious adverse events (SAEs) within 72 hours.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Rosen Mann, (650) 721-2645.

    View full details

  • DuraSeal Exact Spine Sealant System Post-Approval Study Not Recruiting

    This is a non-randomized, post-approval study to further evaluate the rate of post-operative Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) leaks in subjects who undergo a spinal procedure and receive DuraSeal Exact Spine Sealant System.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial.

    View full details

All Publications


  • The presence of Candida parapsilosis with intrathecal baclofen pump in a person with high cervical spinal cord injury; infection or colonization? A Case Report. Spinal cord series and cases Chan, J., Singh, H., Shem, K. 2023; 9 (1): 55

    Abstract

    Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy is an effective method of treating spasticity in persons with spasticity due to spinal cord injury (SCI), but complications are not rare and can include spinal fluid leaks, infection, and catheter/pump malfunction.This study presents information related to an adult male patient with traumatic SCI and a history of two prior ITB pump pocket infections that required removal due to pump infection. The patient then developed skin erosion over the third pump, and the fluid around the pump grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, diphtheroids, and Candida parapsilosis. The patient was initially treated with antibiotics and anti-fungal medication without removal of the ITB pump. The ITB pump was eventually removed 27 months later, and the fourth pump was implanted 10 months later.ITB pumps can be an effective treatment modality for spasticity in people with SCI; however, complications, including infection, can occur and require pump removal. This case illustrates a case of possible Candida colonization of the ITB pump, which was eventually removed.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41394-023-00610-5

    View details for PubMedID 38036498

    View details for PubMedCentralID 5943769

  • Serum Methamphetamine Positivity in Trauma Patients Undergoing Surgery has No Negative Effect on Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality. Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock Zhou, J., Wu, A., Miao, J., Singh, H. 2023; 16 (3): 102-108

    Abstract

    The link between methamphetamine (METH) use and mortality or morbidity, particularly perioperative complications, associated with trauma surgery are not well characterized. This study aims to address this by performing a comparison of surgical outcomes between METH-negative (METH-) and METH-positive (METH+) trauma patients.An Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective chart review was performed on all trauma patients admitted to our Level 1 trauma center who underwent surgical operations between 2015 and 2020. Patients were categorized into METH- and METH+ groups. Patient characteristics such as age, sex, race, Injury Severity Score (ISS), presence of peri-operative complications, and mortality, amongst others, were used to perform univariate comparisons. Additional multi-variate comparisons were performed across both the whole cohort and with age, sex, and ISS-matched groups.Of 571 patients who met the final inclusion criteria, 421 were METH- and 150 METH+. The METH+ group also possessed a lower median ISS (P = 0.0478) and did not possess significantly different mortality or morbidity than their METH- counterparts in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis in whole-group and matched-group cohorts indicated that METH was not a positive predictor of mortality or morbidity. Instead, ISS predicted mortality (P = 0.048) and morbidity (P < 0.001).Our results suggest that METH use does not exert a positive effect on mortality or morbidity in the acute trauma surgery setting and that ISS may be a more significant contributor, suggesting severity, and etiology of injury are also important considerations for trauma surgery evaluation.

    View details for DOI 10.4103/jets.jets_39_23

    View details for PubMedID 38025508

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10661571

  • Early palliative care consultation offsets hospitalization duration and costs for elderly patients with traumatic brain injuries: Insights from a Level 1 trauma center. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia Wu, A., Zhou, J., Quinlan, N., Dirlikov, B., Singh, H. 2022; 108: 1-5

    Abstract

    We identified factors and outcomes associated with inpatient palliative care (PC) consultation, stratified into early and late timing, for patients over age 65 with traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Patients over age 65 presenting to a single institution with TBI and intracranial hemorrhage from January 2013-September 2020 were included. Patient demographics and various outcomes were analyzed. Inpatient PC consultation was uncommon (4% out of 576 patients). Characteristics associated with likelihood of consultation were severe TBI (OR=5.030, 95% CI 1.096-23.082, p=.038) and pre-existing dementia (OR=6.577, 95% CI 1.726-25.073, p=.006). Average consultation timing was 8.6 (standard deviation±7.0) days. Patients with PC consults had longer overall (p=.0031) and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stays (LOS) (p<.0001), more days intubated (p<.0001) and higher costs (p=.0006), although those with earlier-than-average PC consultation had shorter overall (p=.0062) and ICU (p=.011) LOS as well as fewer ventilator days (p=.030) and lower costs (p=.0003). Older patients with TBI are more likely to receive PC based on pre-existing dementia and severe TBI. Patients with PC consultations had worse LOS and higher costs. However, these effects were mitigated by earlier PC involvement. Our study emphasizes the need for timely PC consultation in a vulnerable patient population.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.12.013

    View details for PubMedID 36542995

  • Systemic sclerosis-associated compressive cervical calcinosis: intersection of degenerative spine instability, lesional spinal cord compression, and traumatic spinal cord injury. Illustrative case. Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons Pham, T. L., Miao, J., Singh, H., Lee, M. B., Cage, T. A. 2022; 4 (15)

    Abstract

    Tumoral calcinosis, mass-like calcium deposition into the soft tissues, is an uncommon manifestation of the systemic sclerosis subtype of scleroderma. When this process affects the spinal epidural space, it can cause canal narrowing and place the spinal cord at significant risk of injury.Here a 62-year-old female with systemic sclerosis and no previous evidence of spinal cord compromise who developed acute spinal cord injury and quadriparesis after a mechanical fall is described. She was found to have a large dorsal epidural calcified mass compressing her cervical spinal cord. She underwent medical management for acute spinal cord compression as well as surgical management for acute spinal cord injury and degenerative spine disease. Her case illustrates a rare etiology of simultaneous degenerative spine instability and lesional spinal cord compression with acute spinal cord injury.Tumor calcinosis leading to acute spinal cord injury in the setting of systemic sclerosis is an uncommon but critical entity to recognize in patients with scleroderma and may require the physician to use a combination of medical and surgical management strategies from each of these categories of spine pathology.

    View details for DOI 10.3171/CASE22302

    View details for PubMedID 36461834

  • Impact on neurosurgical management in a Level 1 trauma center post COVID-19 shelter-in-place restrictions. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia Zhang, M., Zhou, J., Dirlikov, B., Cage, T., Lee, M., Singh, H. 2022; 101: 131-136

    Abstract

    The stringent restrictions from shelter-in-place (SIP) policies placed on hospital operations during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a sharp decrease in planned surgical procedures. This study quantifies the surgical rebound experienced across a neurosurgical service post SIP restrictions in order to guide future hospital programs with resource management. We conducted a retrospective review of all neurosurgical procedures at a public Level 1 trauma center between February 15th to August 30th for the years spanning 2018-2020. We categorized patient procedures into four comparative one-month periods: pre-SIP; SIP; post-SIP; and late recovery. Patient procedures were designated as either cranial; spinal; and other; as well as Elective or Add-on (Urgent/Emergent). Categorical variables were analyzed using chi2 tests and Fisher's exact tests. A total of 347 cases were reviewed across the four comparative periods and three years studied; with 174 and 152 spinal and cranial procedures; respectively. There was a proportional increase; relative to historical controls; in total spinal procedures (p-value<0.001) and elective spinal procedures (p-value<0.001) in the 2020 SIP to Post-SIP. The doubling of elective spinal cases in the Post-SIP period returned to historical baseline levels in three months after SIP restrictions were lifted. Total cranial procedures were proportionally increased during the SIP period relative to historical controls (p-value=0.005). We provide a census on the post-pandemic neurosurgical operative demands at a major public Level 1 trauma hospital, which can potentially be applied for resource allocations in other disaster scenarios.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.04.033

    View details for PubMedID 35597060

  • Anterior cervical pseudomeningocele causing syncope after spinal surgery: A case report. International journal of surgery case reports Ehsanian, R., Ali, A., Singh, H., McKenna, S. L., Mian, M. N. 1800; 91: 106789

    Abstract

    INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Pseudomeningocele formation from incidental durotomy is a known risk in spine surgery. We present a case of incidental durotomy leading to anterior neck pseudomeningocele, compressing the carotid body (CB) resulting in syncopal episodes. To our knowledge, this is the first case report implicating syncopal episodes to CB compression via a pseudomeningocele.CASE PRESENTATION: A mid sixty-year-old patient with history of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes presented with gait impairment and hand weakness. Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) was diagnosed with computed tomography imaging (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Elective surgery was completed with an anterior and posterior approach for decompression and fusion. Hospital course (San Jose, CA, USA) was complicated by respiratory depression and incomplete tetraplegia. On post-operative day (POD) six, CT revealed anterolateral soft tissue neck swelling; subsequent CT and MRI showed fluid collection expansion, with associated syncopal episodes on POD thirty-nine. Despite interventional radiology drainage, the fluid collection and symptoms returned five days later. The patient ultimately underwent durotomy revision and repair with muscle patch.CLINICAL DISCUSSION: This case highlights the challenges in managing anterior cervical dural tears resulting in pseudomeningocele. Risk factors include anterior cervical corpectomy and decompression, as well as an underlying diagnosis of OPLL. Untreated dural tears may develop into pseudomeningoceles which can contribute to life-threatening outcomes.CONCLUSION: This case report presents the serious consequences of incidental durotomy, the unique post-surgical complication of syncope due to compression of the CB from a pseudomeningocele, and the challenges of managing a persistent pseudomeningocele.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.106789

    View details for PubMedID 35093704

  • Anatomy and Pathology of the Pterygopalatine Fossa: The Piccadilly Circus of the Head and Neck J Med Case Rep Case Series Hugdal, S., Ma, M., Caruso, P., Yousef, N., Singh, H., Patel, M. 2022; 3 (1)
  • Impact on neurosurgical management in Level 1 trauma centers during COVID-19 shelter-in-place restrictions: The Santa Clara County experience. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia Zhang, M., Zhou, J., Dirlikov, B., Cage, T., Lee, M., Singh, H. 2021; 88: 128-134

    Abstract

    Early COVID-19-targeted legislations reduced public activity and elective surgery such that local neurosurgical care greatly focused on emergent needs. This study examines neurosurgical trauma patients' dispositions through two neighboring trauma centers to inform resource allocation. We conducted a retrospective review of the trauma registries for two Level 1 Trauma Centers in Santa Clara County, one academic and one community center, between February 1st and April 15th, 2018-2020. Events before a quarantine, implemented on March 16th, 2020, and events from 2018 to 19 were used for reference. Encounters were characterized by injuries, services, procedures, and disposition. Categorical variables were analyzed by the chi2 test, proportions of variables by z-score test, and non-parametric variables by Fisher's exact test. A total of 1,336 traumas were identified, with 31% from the academic center and 69% from the community center. During the post-policy period, relative to matching periods in years prior, there was a decrease in number of TBI and spinal fractures (24% versus 41%, p<0.001) and neurosurgical consults (27% versus 39%, p<0.003), but not in number of neurosurgical admissions or procedures. There were no changes in frequency of neurosurgery consults among total traumas, patients triaged to critical care services, or patients discharged to temporary rehabilitation services. Neurosurgical services were similarly rendered between the academic and community hospitals. This study describes neurosurgical trauma management in a suburban healthcare network immediately following restrictive quarantine during a moderate COVID-19 outbreak. Our data shows that neurosurgery remains a resource-intensive subspeciality, even during restrictive periods when overall trauma volume is decreased.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.03.017

    View details for PubMedID 33992171

  • Fluoroscopic versus CT-guided cortical bone trajectory pedicle screw fixation: Comparing trajectory related complications. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia Kumar, K. K., Parikh, B., Jabarkheel, R., Dirlikov, B., Singh, H. 2021

    Abstract

    Cortical bone trajectory (CBT) pedicle screw fixation is an emerging technique for treatment of degenerative spine disease which requires either intraoperative fluoroscopy or intraoperative CT guidance (iCT). To date, there has been no direct comparison of these two navigation modalities; here we compare fluoroscopic versus iCT navigation for CBT pedicle screw fixation. We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent CBT screw fixation with either fluoroscopic or iCT guidance for lumbar degenerative disease by the senior author. Trajectory-related complications such as medial or lateral breach were compared on postoperative CT, in addition to the incidence of trajectory-related dural tear. We also compared general surgical complications such as postoperative infection and decompression related durotomies. Thirty-eight patients (19 fluoroscopic, 19 CT-guided) who underwent placement of 182 cortical screws (88 fluoroscopic, 94 CT-guided) were identified. In terms of trajectory-related complications, the iCT cohort had fewer medial breaches (1/94) compared to the fluoroscopic cohort (6/88) (p=0.05). Each group had one lateral breach (p=0.73). There was one case of CSF leak from screw placement in the fluoroscopic cohort, but none in the iCT cohort (p=0.48). Overall, there were eight trajectory-related complications in the fluoroscopic cohort versus two in the iCT cohort (p=0.04). Our data suggests statistically significant decreased trajectory-related complications with iCT-guided CBT screw fixation as compared to fluoroscopically guided. In terms of general surgical complications, while we observed increased postoperative infections in our fluoroscopic cohort, there was no statistically significant difference.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.05.048

    View details for PubMedID 34088578

  • Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Rathke Cleft Cyst with Xanthogranulomatous Change: Two-Dimensional Operative Video JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL SURGERY PART B-SKULL BASE Zhang, M., Mahavadi, A. K., Deftos, M. L., Ali, A., Singh, H. 2021
  • Large intramedullary bronchogenic cyst of the cervical spine: illustrative case. Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons Wu, A., Patel, M., Darbonne, D., Singh, H. 2021; 1 (13): CASE2115

    Abstract

    Spinal bronchogenic cysts are rare entities arising from errors in embryogenesis and consisting of respiratory epithelial cells. To date, there are three other published accounts of intramedullary cysts, which were partially resected and thereby warrant close follow-up and monitoring. The authors present an illustrative case of a patient presenting with Klippel-Feil anomaly and a large intramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the upper cervical spine.The authors noted fusion of the C5-6 laminae as they performed the C2-6 laminectomy. After dural opening, an intramedullary lesion with a smooth, fibrous component emerging from the dorsal spinal cord was immediately observed. The dorsal spinal columns were not involved with this cyst wall or the other smaller cysts, which all contained gray fluid. The cyst walls were partially resected and sent for pathological examination.Spinal developmental cysts are associated with other anatomical anomalies, such as Klippel-Feil anomaly, arising from errors in embryogenesis. For intramedullary lesions such as this patient's bronchogenic cyst, partial resection and decompression are the goals of surgery because aggressive debulking may lead to neurological compromise. Close imaging follow-up is warranted.

    View details for DOI 10.3171/CASE2115

    View details for PubMedID 35855212

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC9241354

  • Extraforaminal Vertebral Artery Anomalies and their Associated Surgical Implications: an epidemiological and anatomic report on 1000 patients. World neurosurgery Zhang, M., Dayani, F., Purger, D. A., Cage, T., Lee, M., Patel, M., Singh, H. 2020

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE: Extraforaminal vertebral anomalies involve entry at cervical transverse foramina other than at C6 and can appear with other anatomical variations along the V2 segment. Such unexpected vessel courses can have implications on surgical planning. We sought to evaluate the incidence of anomalous V2 segment entries, as well as their associations with vessel dominance, medialization, and C7 pedicle width.METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on 1000 consecutive computed tomography angiograms, documenting level and laterality of vessel of entry, as well as vertebral dominance patterns. Patients with rostral C4 anomalies were assessed for medialization. The pedicle widths ipsilateral to caudal C7 anomalies were compared to those of contralateral and matched controls.RESULTS: A total of 157 patients were identified with extraforaminal entries, with 25 having bilateral findings. The most common alternative entry was at C5 (70.3%), followed by C4 (17.6%) and C7 (11.5%). Among patients with unilateral anomalies, there was an increased representation of contralateral vertebral dominance, relative to ipsilateral dominance (79.6% vs 20.4%, p < 0.0001). Among anomalous C4 entries, vertebral medialization was seen along the right (35%) and left sides (23.1%) spanning C6-T1. Among C7 anomalous entries there was no statistical difference in pedicle width.CONCLUSIONS: Extraforaminal anomalies may be more frequent than previously reported and are important considerations during subaxial cervical spine surgery planning. Particular attention should be paid towards the contralateral dominance pattern within this subgroup. In patients with anomalous V2 segment entries, adherence to the standard, anatomical landmarks remains desirable.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.110

    View details for PubMedID 32585381

  • Supratentorial intraventricular rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors - Case report and review of treatment paradigms. Surgical neurology international Mahavadi, A. K., Temmins, C., Patel, M. R., Singh, H. 2020; 11: 138

    Abstract

    Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors (RGNT) are slow-growing WHO Grade I tumors that are characterized by mixed histology and rosette formation. Although typically located in the posterior fossa, these tumors can rarely originate elsewhere. Here, we describe the fourth case in literature where an RGNT was localized to the lateral ventricles and detail the treatment approach.A 41-year-old male presented with a 10 day history of gradually worsening headaches and mild gait difficulty. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified a heterogeneously enhancing 6.0 cm left lateral ventricular cystic mass with hydrocephalus. An interhemispheric transcallosal approach was performed for tumor debulking. The mass was emanating from the roof of the left lateral ventricle. Sub-total resection (STR) was achieved. Pathology showed a glioneuronal neoplasm with vague neurocytic rosettes and loose perivascular pseudorosettes. Tumor vessels were thickly hyalinized and contained eosinophilic granular bodies and Rosenthal fibers. Tumor stained positive for GFAP, S-100, OLIG2, and SOX10, and patchy positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), D2-40, CD99, and p16. Neurocytic rosettes and perivascular structures stained positive for synaptophysin. The patient was discharged home uneventfully and remained intact at his 6-month follow-up visit. Long-term care included MRI surveillance with repeat surgery being considered in case of progression.In this report, we describe the fourth case of an RGNT being isolated to the lateral ventricles and the first where it stained positive for EMA and D2-40. Our patient's uneventful recovery after STR indicates that surgery alone continues to be a viable initial treatment option.

    View details for DOI 10.25259/SNI_188_2019

    View details for PubMedID 32547825

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7294172

  • Predictors of Cervical Vertebral and Carotid Artery Dissection during Blunt Trauma: Experience in a Level 1 Trauma Center. World neurosurgery Ho, A. L., Deb, S. n., Kim, L. H., Haldipur, A. n., Lin, S. n., Patel, M. n., Singh, H. n. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.01.191

    View details for PubMedID 32028007

  • Fundamentals of Spine Surgery Benzel's Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance, and Management Stefanelli, A., Sabourin, V., Hines, K., Singh, H., Harrop, J. Elsevier. 2020; 5
  • Implantation of Sacral Nerve Stimulator Without Rhizotomy for Neurogenic Bladder in Patient With Spinal Cord Injury: 2-Dimensional Operative Video. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) Ehsanian, R. n., Creasey, G. n., Elliott, C. S., Abu-Eid, C. A., Ali, A. n., Prutton, M. n., Singh, H. n. 2020

    Abstract

    There are approximately 12 000 new individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) each year, and close to 200 000 individuals live with a SCI-related disability in the United States. The majority of patients with SCI have bladder dysfunction as a result of their injury, with over 75% unable to void volitionally following their injury. In patients with traumatic SCI, intermittent catheterization is commonly recommended, but a lack of adherence to clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) has been observed, with up to 50% discontinuing CIC within 5 yr of injury. The Finetech Brindley Bladder System (FBBS) is an implantable sacral nerve stimulator for improving bladder function in patients with SCI, avoiding the need for CIC. The FDA-approved implantation (Humanitarian Device Exemption H980008) of the FBBS is combined with a posterior rhizotomy to reduce reflex contraction of the bladder, improving continence. However, the posterior rhizotomy is irreversible and has unwanted effects; therefore, the current FDA-approved implantation is being studied without rhizotomy as part of a clinical trial (Investigational Device Exemption G150201) (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02978638). In this video, we present a case of a 66-yr-old female who presented 40-yr status post-T12 SCI, resulting in complete paraplegia and neurogenic bladder not satisfactorily controlled with CIC. We demonstrate the operative steps to complete the implantation of the device without rhizotomy in the first patient enrolled as part of the clinical trial Electrical Stimulation for Continence After SCI (NCT02978638). Appropriate IRB and patient consent were obtained.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/ons/opz429

    View details for PubMedID 31980830

  • Mortality prediction and long-term outcomes for civilian cerebral gunshot wounds: A decision-tree algorithm based on a single trauma center. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia Kim, L. H., Quon, J. L., Cage, T. A., Lee, M. B., Pham, L. n., Singh, H. n. 2020

    Abstract

    Gunshot wounds (GSW) are one of the most lethal forms of head trauma. The lack of clear guidelines for civilian GSW complicates surgical management. We aimed to develop a decision-tree algorithm for mortality prediction and report long-term outcomes on survivors based on 15-year data from our level 1 trauma center. We retrospectively reviewed 96 consecutive patients who presented with cerebral GSWs between 2003 and 2018. Clinical information from our trauma database, EMR, and relevant imaging scans was reviewed. A decision-tree model was constructed based on variables showing significant differences between survivors and non-survivors. After excluding patients who died at arrival, 54 patients with radiologically confirmed intracranial injury were included. Compared to survivors (51.9%), non-survivors (48.1%) were significantly more likely to have perforating (entry and exit wound), as opposed to penetrating (entry wound only), injuries. Bi-hemispheric and posterior fossa involvement, cerebral herniation, and intraventricular hemorrhage were more commonly present in non-survivors. Based on the decision-tree, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) > 8 and penetrating, uni-hemispheric injury predicted survival. Among patients with GCS ≤ 8 and normal pupillary response, lack of 1) posterior fossa involvement, 2) cerebral herniation, 3) bi-hemispheric injury, and 4) intraventricular hemorrhage, were associated with survival. Favorable long-term outcomes (mean follow-up 34.4 months) were possible for survivors who required neurosurgery and stable patients who were conservatively managed. We applied clinical and radiological characteristics that predicted survival to construct a decision-tree to facilitate surgical decision-making for GSW. Further validation of the algorithm in a large patient setting is recommended.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.03.027

    View details for PubMedID 32241644

  • Endoscopic technology and repair techniques. Handbook of clinical neurology Singh, H., Essayed, W. I., Schwartz, T. H. 2020; 170: 217–25

    Abstract

    In this chapter, we describe advances in endoscopic endonasal surgery that have impacted skull base meningioma surgery. After reviewing the technical innovations in endoscopy, we describe the advances as they relate to each surgical step. We discuss preoperative planning and approach and the utility of neuronavigation and neuromonitoring. We then discuss endoscopic instrumentation, technology for tumor debulking (ultrasonic aspirators, radiofrequency ablators, suction debriders), and hemostatic agents as they relate to tumor resection and hemostasis. In the end, we discuss techniques of skull base reconstruction and closure (nasoseptal flap, gasket seal and bilayer button).

    View details for DOI 10.1016/B978-0-12-822198-3.00042-2

    View details for PubMedID 32586493

  • Rathke's cleft cyst with xanthogranulomatous change: A case report and review of the literature. Surgical neurology international Sprau, A. n., Mahavadi, A. n., Zhang, M. n., Saste, M. n., Deftos, M. n., Singh, H. n. 2020; 11: 246

    Abstract

    Rathke's cleft cysts (RCCs) are benign, typically asymptomatic sellar lesions found incidentally in adults, with a dramatically lower incidence in pediatric patients (<18 years). We present a case of RCC with xanthogranulomatous change (XGC) - an even less common subtype of RCC - treated by endoscopic endonasal surgical resection. This is the second reported instance of an RCC with XGC occurring in a pediatric patient.The patient is a 17-year-old male with delayed puberty who presented with bitemporal hemianopsia and was found to have a 2.6 cm lesion, initially thought to be a craniopharyngioma. He subsequently underwent uncomplicated transsphenoidal endoscopic endonasal resection. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of RCC and demonstrated marked degenerative XGCs with squamous metaplasia. The patient tolerated the procedure well with improvement in visual symptoms.RCC with XGC is a very rare pathology, particularly in the pediatric population. These lesions, while benign, can manifest clinically with significant symptoms. While treatment paradigms are not fully established with a small cohort of cases, endoscopic endonasal approaches have made surgical resection of these lesions a safe and effective treatment strategy, even in the pediatric population.

    View details for DOI 10.25259/SNI_277_2020

    View details for PubMedID 32905293

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7468188

  • Elevated risk of venous thromboembolism among post-traumatic brain injury patients requiring pharmaceutical immobilization. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia Zhang, M. n., Parikh, B. n., Dirlikov, B. n., Cage, T. n., Lee, M. n., Singh, H. n. 2020

    Abstract

    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients are known to have a high rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and additional neuromuscular blockade or barbiturate coma therapy has the theoretical risk of exacerbating baseline hemostasis and elevating the incidence of thromboembolic events. We conducted a single-institution retrospective review of patients surviving severe TBI, as determined by need for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, who further required paralytics or barbiturate therapy to maintain ICP control. Patients were administered VTE prophylaxis as clinically appropriate. Predictors for VTE were subsequently determined with univariate and logistic multivariate regression analyses. The main cohort includes 144 patients, 34 of whom received pharmaceutical immobilization for ICP control. Mean ISS and GCS at intake were 31.9 and 5.2, respectively. Among those receiving vs not-receiving paralytics and/or barbiturate therapy, there was a statistical difference of 12/34 (35.3%) vs 18/110 (16.4%, p = 0.0280) in VTE events, at a mean time greater than two weeks from the time of trauma. Multivariate logistics regression indicated 3.2 times increased odds of developing a VTE (log odds = 1.17, p = 0.023). No pediatric patients were positive for an event (0/12 vs 7/22, p = 0.0356), and infections were only documented among those with VTE (0/22 vs 4/12, p = 0.0107). Overall, paralytics and barbiturate therapy were correlated with a higher incidence of VTE among TBI patients. Although the need for ICP control will outweigh an increase in thromboembolic risk, there is value for increased surveillance and screening during the prolonged inpatient stay of these patients.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.03.028

    View details for PubMedID 32245600

  • A Dual Approach for the Management of Complex Craniovertebral Junction Abnormalities: Endoscopic Endonasal Odontoidectomy and Posterior Decompression with Fusion. World neurosurgery: X Alalade, A. F., Ogando-Rivas, E., Forbes, J., Ottenhausen, M., Uribe-Cardenas, R., Hussain, I., Nair, P., Lehner, K., Singh, H., Kacker, A., Anand, V. K., Hartl, R., Baaj, A., Schwartz, T. H., Greenfield, J. P. 2019; 2: 100010

    Abstract

    Background: Ventral brainstem compression secondary to complex craniovertebral junction abnormality is an infrequent cause of neurologic deterioration in pediatric patients. However, in cases of symptomatic, irreducible ventral compression, 360° decompression of the brainstem supported by posterior stabilization may provide the best opportunity for improvement in symptoms. More recently, the endoscopic endonasal corridor has been proposed as an alternative method of odontoidectomy associated with less morbidity. We report the largest single case series of pediatric patients using this dual-intervention surgical technique. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of pediatric patients who underwent posterior occipitocervical decompression and instrumentation followed by endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy performed to relieve neurologic impingement involving the ventral brainstem and craniocervical junction.Methods: Between January 2011 and February 2017, 7 patients underwent posterior instrumented fusion followed by endonasal endoscopic odontoidectomy at our unit. Standardized clinical and radiological parameters were assessed before and after surgery. A univariate analysis was performed to assess clinical and radiologic improvement after surgery.Results: A total of 14 operations were performed on 7 pediatric patients. One patient had Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 1 patient had a Chiari 1 malformation, and the remaining 5 patients had Chiari 1.5 malformations. Average extubation day was postoperative day 0.9. Average day of initiation of postoperative feeds was postoperative day 1.0.Conclusions: The combined endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy and posterior decompression and fusion for complex craniovertebral compression is a safe and effective procedure that appears to be well tolerated in the pediatric population.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.wnsx.2019.100010

    View details for PubMedID 31218285

  • Patient Positioning and Operating Room Setup Pediatric Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery Dayani, F., Medress, Z., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H., Singh, H. Thieme. 2019; 1
  • Closure Techniques for the Pediatric Skull Base: Gasket Seal Pediatric Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery Singh, H., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H. Thieme. 2019; 1
  • Instrumentation Pediatric Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery. Essayed, W. I., Radhouane, K., Schwartz, T. H., Singh, H. Thieme. 2019; 1
  • Lumbar Puncture for the Injection of Intrathecal Fluorescein: Should It Be Avoided in a Subset of Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Sellar and Parasellar Lesions? Journal of neurological surgery. Part B, Skull base Zhang, M., Azad, T. D., Singh, H., Salam, S., Jain, S., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H. 2018; 79 (6): 554–58

    Abstract

    Objectives The use of intrathecal fluorescein (ITF) has become an increasingly adopted practice for the identification of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks during endoscopic skull base surgery for pituitary adenomas. Administration through lumbar puncture can result in postoperative positional headaches, increasing morbidity, cost, and length of stay. We sought to identify the incidence of and variables associated with postoperative headaches to determine if there was a subgroup of patients in whom this procedure should be avoided. Methods We conducted a retrospective single-institution review of 148 patients who underwent endoscopic resection with ITF for pituitary adenoma between December 2003 and February 2016. We excluded patients who had lumbar drains and with intraoperative CSF leak, as these patients may have other headache etiologies. Patient demographics, comorbidities, tumor features, surgical approach, surgical closure, and histology were recorded. Primary outcomes included the presence of postoperative and positional headaches. Results We identified 62 patients with postoperative headaches (41.9%) and 10 with positional headaches (6.8%), of whom 6 underwent blood patch with complete resolution. Following univariate analysis, there was a significant positive association with prolactin-secreting tumors ( p =0.008). There was a negative association with a history of hypertension ( p =0.0001) and age ( p =0.01). Following multivariate modeling, the significance for hypertension ( p =0.01) was preserved. Conclusions Positional headaches in patients who receive ITF are uncommon and should not limit its use in the preparations for endoscopic resection of pituitary adenomas. Avoiding ITF in younger patients without hypertension with prolactinomas might decrease the risk of post-ITF positional headaches.

    View details for DOI 10.1055/s-0038-1635257

    View details for PubMedID 30456024

  • Minimally Invasive Lumbar Pedicle Screw Fixation Using Cortical Bone Trajectory: Functional Outcomes. Cureus Chen, Y., Deb, S., Jabarkheel, R., Pham, L., Patel, M., Singh, H. 2018; 10 (10): e3462

    Abstract

    Background Pedicle screw fixation is currently the mainstay technique for lumbar spinal fusion; however, more minimally invasive techniques are available such as cortical screw fixation. Numerous studies have proven biomechanical equivalence or superiority for cortical screws but few studies have examined clinical outcomes in patients. Our study aims to examine functional outcomes, as well as fusion rates, in patients who underwent pedicle screw fixation using a cortical trajectory. Methods We retrospectively reviewed prospectively collected functional outcomes data on 10 patients with a degenerative lumbar disease who underwent cortical screw placement by the senior author. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Roland Morris (RM) scoring were calculated preoperatively, at six to 12 weeks and at six to eight months. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparison were used to analyze differences in scores over time. Results We found that over time, cortical screw fixation resulted in a mean decrease of 27 from the baseline ODI at six to eight months (p = 0.014). Additionally, six out of seven (86%) patients who had at least 12 months of radiographic follow-up showed fusion. Conclusions Cortical screw fixation showed a decrease of 27 from the baseline ODI at six to eight months, which is comparable to changes from the baseline ODI reported in three, recent, large clinical trials examining functional outcomes following traditional pedicle screw fixation.

    View details for DOI 10.7759/cureus.3462

    View details for PubMedID 30564541

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6298619

  • Landmarks to Identify Petrous Apex Through Endonasal Approach Without Transgression of Sinus. Journal of neurological surgery. Part B, Skull base Negm, H. M., Singh, H., Dhandapani, S., Cohen, S., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H. 2018; 79 (2): 156-160

    Abstract

    Objectives  The use of nasopharyngeal landmarks to localize the petrous apex has not been previously described. We describe a purely endoscopic endonasal corridor to localize the petrous apex without transgressing any of the paranasal sinuses. Methods  Anatomical dissections of four formalin preserved cadaveric heads (eight petrous apices) were performed to evaluate the feasibility of a nonsinus-based approach and illustrate the surgical landmarks and measurements that are useful for surgery in this area. Results  The Eustachian tubes, fossa of Rosenmüller (FR), and posterior end of the middle and inferior turbinates are constant landmarks, which can be identified without opening any nasal sinuses. The petrous apex is located on an extended straight line connecting the upper end of the torus tubarius (TT) and the roof of the FR. The distance from upper end of TT to the roof of FR measured 9.875 (±0.99) mm, and the distance from roof of the FR to the petrous apex measured 9.75 (±1) mm. Conclusion  With well-defined landmarks, the inferior, medial petrous apex can be reached using the endoscopic endonasal approach without crossing the sinus cavities.

    View details for DOI 10.1055/s-0037-1604388

    View details for PubMedID 29868320

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5978856

  • Basilar Artery Ectasia Causing Trigeminal Neuralgia: An Evolved Technique of Transpositional Suture-Pexy. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) Singh, H., da Silva, H. B., Zeinalizadeh, M., Elarjani, T., Straus, D., Sekhar, L. N. 2018; 14 (2): 194-199

    Abstract

    Microvascular decompression for patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TGN) is widely accepted as one of the modalities of treatment. The standard approach has been retrosigmoid suboccipital craniotomy with placement of a Teflon pledget to cushion the trigeminal nerve from the offending artery, or cauterize and divide the offending vein(s). However, in cases of severe compression caused by a large artery, the standard decompression technique may not be effective.To describe a unique technique of vasculopexy of the ectatic basilar artery to the tentorium in a patient with TGN attributed to a severely ectatic and tortuous basilar artery. A case series of patients who underwent this technique of vasculopexy for arterial compression is presented.The patient underwent a subtemporal transtentorial approach and the basilar artery was mobilized away from the trigeminal nerve. A suture was then passed through the wall of the basilar artery (tunica media) and secured to the tentorial edge, to keep the artery away from the nerve.The neuralgia was promptly relieved after the operation, with no complications. A postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan showed the basilar artery to be away from the trigeminal root. In a series of 7 patients who underwent this technique of vasculopexy, no arterial complications were noted at short- or long-term follow-up.Repositioning and vasculopexy of an ectatic basilar artery for the treatment of TGN is safe and effective. This technique can also be used for other neuropathies that result from direct arterial compression.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/ons/opx087

    View details for PubMedID 29351686

  • Cervical Stenosis in Adult Arthrogryposis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Journal of neurological surgery reports Ho, A. L., Mohole, J. n., Sussman, E. S., Pendharkar, A. V., Singh, H. n. 2018; 79 (1): e19–e22

    Abstract

    Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a rare, nonprogressive congenital disorder that describes a constellation of conditions characterized by multiple joint contractures. Spinal pathology and deformity are common; however, the majority of the literature on arthrogryposis is focused on pediatric management. There exist very few reports on long-term outcomes and management of adults with arthrogryposis. We present a case of cervical spinal stenosis in an adult female with arthrogryposis that underwent posterior cervical decompression and fusion. A review of spine-related sequelae seen in adults with arthrogryposis and considerations for spinal surgery for these patients is discussed.

    View details for PubMedID 29581933

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5860911

  • Minimally invasive lumbar pedicle screw fixation using cortical bone trajectory - Screw accuracy, complications, and learning curve in 100 screw placements. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia Dayani, F. n., Chen, Y. R., Johnson, E. n., Deb, S. n., Wu, Y. n., Pham, L. n., Singh, H. n. 2018

    Abstract

    Cortical bone trajectory (CBT) is a novel pedicle insertion technique with comparable or superior mechanical properties and reduced invasiveness compared to traditional methods. We describe the screw accuracy, complications, and learning curve associated with CBT use. A prospective cohort study was performed involving 22 patients who underwent lumbar fusion with CBT screw placement. A total of 100 cortical screws were placed. Post-operative CT scans were reviewed to assess the adequacy of screw placement and calculate the incidence of vertebral body and pedicle breaches from cortical screw placement. Technique-related complications were examined. The entire surgical cohort was divided into two groups: early experience (first 11 patients) and late experience (last 11 patients), to study the effect of learning curve on CBT screw placement. Medial pedicle breach was observed in 6/100 cases and lateral vertebral body breach was observed in 1/100 cases. The incidence of durotomy related to the technique was 4.5% (N = 1/22). Post-surgical wound infection was seen in 9.1% of patients (N = 2/22). 66.7% (N = 4/6) of medial pedicle breaches, 100% (N = 1/1) of lateral breaches, 100% (N = 1/1) of CBT technique-related CSF leaks, and 100% (N = 2/2) of wound infections occurred in the early experience phase of our study (p = 0.0945). A shift in surgical technique and greater efficiency over time decreased the incidence of overall complications in the late cohort. The difference, however, did not reach statistical significance. A lateralized starting point for the cortical screw on the pars interarticularis and use of smaller diameter screws resulted in fewer medial pedicle out-fractures and breaches.

    View details for PubMedID 30420203

  • Endocrine Silent Pituitary Tumors Surgical Neuro-Oncology Singh, H., Salam, S., Schwartz, T. H. Oxford University Press. 2018; 1
  • Factors influencing outcome in patients with colloid cysts who present with acute neurological deterioration. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia Singh, H. n., Burhan Janjua, M. n., Ahmed, M. n., Esquenazi, Y. n., Dhandapani, S. n., Mauer, E. n., Schwartz, T. H., Souweidane, M. S. 2018

    Abstract

    Colloid cysts have been associated with acute neurologic deterioration and sudden death. However, the low incidence of associated sudden deaths has meant that factors influencing outcome in patients who present with acute neurological deterioration have not been extensively published. A PubMed literature search was performed to identify reported patients who presented with acute neurological deterioration with radiographic or histopathologic diagnosis of a colloid cyst. Demographic data, presenting symptoms, physical exam, surgical interventions, and outcomes were recorded. Analysis included 140 patients. Mean cyst size was 2.12 cm in males and 1.59 cm in females (p = 0.155), and 1.64 cm in patients who survived and 2.05 cm in patients who died (p = 0.04). Minimum cyst size was 0.4 cm in females and 0.8 cm in males. All patients without surgical intervention died, versus 48% with surgical intervention (p < 0.0001). Patient age was not significantly associated with outcome. Patients with hydrocephalus who have symptomatic colloid cysts are at extremely high risk for acute neurological deterioration and sudden death. Larger cyst size was associated with higher mortality, regardless of intervention. Prompt surgical intervention in extremis can lead to survival in approximately half the patients. Females, even with smaller cyst sizes, may be more likely to die before any intervention and may therefore benefit from more aggressive treatment approaches.

    View details for PubMedID 29907387

  • Side-to-Side A3-A4 Bypass after Clip Ligation of Recurrent Coiled Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) Park, D. H., Singh, H., da Silva, H. B., Sekhar, L. N. 2018; 14 (1): 87

    View details for DOI 10.1093/ons/opx059

    View details for PubMedID 29253295

  • Microscopic Resection of Recurrent Giant Adenoma and Clip Ligation of Contralateral Internal Carotid Artery Terminus Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) Singh, H., da Silva, H. B., Zeinalizadeh, M., Sekhar, L. N. 2017; 13 (6): 758

    View details for DOI 10.1093/ons/opx063

    View details for PubMedID 29186610

  • Transpetrosal approach to petro-clival meningioma. Neurosurgical focus Elarjani, T., Shetty, R., Singh, H., da Silva, H. B., Sekhar, L. N. 2017; 43 (VideoSuppl2): V1

    Abstract

    A 38-year-old woman had a 3-week gradual onset of right-sided weakness in the upper and lower extremities. MRI showed a large left petro-clival meningioma encasing the basilar and left superior cerebellar artery and compressing the brainstem. A posterior transpetrosal approach, with a left temporal and retrosigmoid craniotomy and mastoidectomy, was performed. The tumor was removed in a gross-total resection with questionable remnants adherent to the brainstem. Intraoperative partial iatrogenic injury to the left oculomotor nerve was repaired with fibrin glue. Postoperatively, the hemiparesis improved, and the patient was discharged to the rehabilitation center with left oculomotor and abducens palsies. A postoperative MRI scan showed complete resection of tumor with no remnants on the brainstem. A 6-month follow-up examination showed complete resolution of motor symptoms and complete recovery of cranial nerve (CN) palsies affecting CN III and CN VI. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/vOu6YFA8uoo .

    View details for DOI 10.3171/2017.10.FocusVid.17214

    View details for PubMedID 28967311

  • Limitations of the endonasal endoscopic approach in treating olfactory groove meningiomas. A systematic review. Acta neurochirurgica Shetty, S. R., Ruiz-Treviño, A. S., Omay, S. B., Almeida, J. P., Liang, B., Chen, Y. N., Singh, H., Schwartz, T. H. 2017

    Abstract

    To review current management strategies for olfactory groove meningioma (OGM)s and the recent literature comparing endoscopic endonasal (EEA) with traditional transcranial (TCA) approaches.A PubMed search of the recent literature (2011-2016) was performed to examine outcomes following EEA and TCA for OGM. The extent of resection, visual outcome, postoperative complications and recurrence rates were analyzed using percentages and proportions, the Fischer exact test and the Student's t-test using Graphpad PRISM 7.0Aa (San Diego, CA) software.There were 444 patients in the TCA group with a mean diameter of 4.61 (±1.17) cm and 101 patients in the EEA group with a mean diameter of 3.55 (± 0.58) cm (p = 0.0589). GTR was achieved in 90.9% (404/444) in the TCA group and 70.2% (71/101) in the EEA group (p < 0.0001). Of the patients with preoperative visual disturbances, 80.7% (21/26) of patients in the EEA cohort had an improvement in vision compared to 12.83%(29/226) in the TCA group (p < 0.0001). Olfaction was lost in 61% of TCA and in 100% of EEA patients. CSF leaks and meningitis occurred in 25.7% and 4.95% of EEA patients and 6.3% and 1.12% of TCA patients, respectively (p < 0.0001; p = 0.023).Our updated literature review demonstrates that despite more experience with endoscopic resection and skull base reconstruction, the literature still supports TCA over EEA with respect to the extent of resection and complications. EEA may be an option in selected cases where visual improvement is the main goal of surgery and postoperative anosmia is acceptable to the patient or in medium-sized tumors with existing preoperative anosmia. Nevertheless, based on our results, it seems more prudent at this time to use TCA for the majority of OGMs.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s00701-017-3303-0

    View details for PubMedID 28831590

  • Microsurgical Management of Large, Fusiform, Partially Thrombosed Middle Cerebral Artery (M2) Aneurysm with End-to-End M2 Anastomosis: 3-Dimensional Operative Video. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) Singh, H., da Silva, H. B., Straus, D. C., Zeinalizadeh, M., Sekhar, L. N. 2017; 13 (4): 535

    View details for DOI 10.1093/ons/opx008

    View details for PubMedID 28838123

  • Endoscopic endonasal odontoid resection with real-time intraoperative image-guided computed tomography: report of 4 cases. Journal of neurosurgery Singh, H., Rote, S., Jada, A., Bander, E. D., Almodovar-Mercado, G. J., Essayed, W. I., Härtl, R., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H., Greenfield, J. P. 2017: 1-6

    Abstract

    The authors present 4 cases in which they used intraoperative CT (iCT) scanning to provide real-time image guidance during endonasal odontoid resection. While intraoperative CT has previously been used as a confirmatory test after resection, to the authors' knowledge this is the first time it has been used to provide real-time image guidance during endonasal odontoid resection. The operating room setup, as well as the advantages and pitfalls of this approach, are discussed. A mobile intraoperative CT scanner was used in conjunction with real-time craniospinal neuronavigation in 4 patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy for basilar invagination. All patients underwent a successful decompression. In 3 of the 4 patients, real-time intraoperative CT image guidance was instrumental in achieving a comprehensive decompression. In 3 (75%) cases in which the right nostril was the predominant working channel, there was a tendency for asymmetrical decompression toward the right side, meaning that residual bone was seen on the left, which was subsequently removed prior to completion of the surgery. Endoscopic endonasal odontoid resection with real-time intraoperative image-guided CT scanning is feasible and provides accurate intraoperative localization of pathology, thereby increasing the chance of a complete odontoidectomy. For right-handed surgeons operating predominantly through the right nostril, special attention should be paid to the contralateral side of the resection, where there is often a tendency for residual pathology.

    View details for DOI 10.3171/2017.1.JNS162601

    View details for PubMedID 28621629

  • Contralateral supraorbital keyhole approach to medial optic nerve lesions: an anatomoclinical study. Journal of neurosurgery Singh, H., Essayed, W. I., Jada, A., Moussazadeh, N., Dhandapani, S., Rote, S., Schwartz, T. H. 2017; 126 (3): 940-944

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE The authors describe the supraorbital keyhole approach to the contralateral medial optic nerve and tract, both in a series of cadaveric dissections and in 2 patients. They also discuss the indications and contraindications for this procedure. METHODS In 3 cadaver heads, bilateral supraorbital keyhole minicraniotomies were performed to expose the ipsilateral and contralateral optic nerves. The extent of exposure of the medial optic nerve was assessed. In 2 patients, a contralateral supraorbital keyhole approach was used to remove pathology of the contralateral medial optic nerve and tract. RESULTS The supraorbital keyhole craniotomy provided better exposure of the contralateral superomedial nerve than it did of the same portion of the ipsilateral nerve. In both patients gross-total resections of the pathology was achieved. CONCLUSIONS The authors demonstrate the suitability of the contralateral supraorbital keyhole approach for lesions involving the superomedial optic nerve.

    View details for DOI 10.3171/2016.3.JNS1634

    View details for PubMedID 27257841

  • Endonasal management of pediatric congenital transsphenoidal encephaloceles: nuances of a modified reconstruction technique. Technical note and report of 3 cases. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics Zeinalizadeh, M., Sadrehosseini, S. M., Habibi, Z., Nejat, F., Silva, H. B., Singh, H. 2017; 19 (3): 312-318

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE Congenital transsphenoidal encephaloceles are rare malformations, and their surgical treatment remains challenging. This paper reports 3 cases of transsphenoidal encephalocele in 8- to 24-month-old infants, who presented mainly with airway obstruction, respiratory distress, and failure to thrive. METHODS The authors discuss the surgical management of these lesions via a minimally invasive endoscopic endonasal approach, as compared with the traditional transcranial and transpalatal approaches. A unique endonasal management algorithm for these lesions is outlined. The lesions were repaired with no resection of the encephalocele sac, and the cranial base defects were reconstructed with titanium mesh plates and vascular nasoseptal flaps. RESULTS Reduction of the encephalocele and reconstruction of the skull base was successfully accomplished in all 3 cases, with favorable results. CONCLUSIONS The described endonasal management algorithm for congenital transsphenoidal encephaloceles is a safe, viable alternative to traditional transcranial and transpalatal approaches, and avoids much of the morbidity associated with these open techniques.

    View details for DOI 10.3171/2016.10.PEDS16270

    View details for PubMedID 28106514

  • Minimally Invasive Robotic Laser Corpus Callosotomy: A Proof of Concept. Cureus Singh, H., Essayed, W. I., Deb, S., Hoffman, C., Schwartz, T. H. 2017; 9 (2)

    Abstract

    We describe the feasibility of using minimally invasive robotic laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) for achieving an anterior two-thirds as well as a complete corpus callosotomy.Ten probe trajectories were plotted on normal magentic resonance imaging (MRI) scans using the Brainlab Stereotactic Planning Software (Brainlab, Munich, Germany). The NeuroBlate® System (Monteris Medical, MN, USA) was used to conform the thermal burn to the corpus callosum along the trajectory of the probe. The distance of the ideal entry site from either the coronal suture and the torcula or nasion and the midline was calculated. The distance of the probe tip from the dorsal and ventral limits of the callosotomy in the sagittal plane were also calculated.Anterior two-thirds callosotomy was possible in all patients using a posterior parieto-occipital paramedian trajectory through the non-dominant lobe. The average entry point was 3.64 cm from the midline, 10.6 cm behind the coronal suture, and 9.2 cm above the torcula. The probe tip was an average of 1.4 cm from the anterior commissure. For a total callosotomy, an additional contralaterally placed frontal probe was used to target the posterior one-third of the corpus callosum. The average entry site was 3.3 cm from the midline and 9.1 cm above the nasion. The average distance of the probe tip from the base of the splenium was 0.94 cm.The directional thermoablation capability of the NeuroBlate® system allows for targeted lesioning of the corpus callosum, to achieve a two-thirds or complete corpus callosotomy. A laser distance of < 2 cm is sufficient to reach the entire corpus callosum through one trajectory for an anterior two-thirds callosotomy and two trajectories for a complete callosotomy.

    View details for DOI 10.7759/cureus.1021

    View details for PubMedID 28348940

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5346016

  • Endoscopic endonasal versus microscopic transsphenoidal surgery for recurrent and/or residual pituitary adenomas. World neurosurgery Esquenazi, Y., Essayed, W. I., Singh, H., Mauer, E., Ahmed, M., Christos, P. J., Schwartz, T. H. 2017

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.01.110

    View details for PubMedID 28185971

  • Endonasal endoscopic reoperation for residual or recurrent craniopharyngiomas JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY Dhandapani, S., Singh, H., Negm, H. M., Cohen, S., Souweidane, M. M., Greenfield, J. P., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H. 2017; 126 (2): 418-430

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE Craniopharyngiomas can be difficult to remove completely based on their intimate relationship with surrounding visual and endocrine structures. Reoperations are not uncommon but have been associated with higher rates of complications and lower extents of resection. So radiation is often offered as an alternative to reoperation. The endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal approach has been used in recent years for craniopharyngiomas previously removed with craniotomy. The impact of this approach on reoperations has not been widely investigated. METHODS The authors reviewed a prospectively acquired database of endonasal endoscopic resections of craniopharyngiomas over 11 years at Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, performed by the senior authors. Reoperations were separated from first operations. Pre- and postoperative visual and endocrine function, tumor size, body mass index (BMI), quality of life (QOL), extent of resection (EOR), impact of prior radiation, and complications were compared between groups. EOR was divided into gross-total resection (GTR, 100%), near-total resection (NTR, > 95%), and subtotal resection (STR, < 95%). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Of the total 57 endonasal surgical procedures, 22 (39%) were reoperations. First-time operations and reoperations did not differ in tumor volume, radiological configuration, or patients' BMI. Hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus (DI) were more common before reoperations (82% and 55%, respectively) compared with first operations (60% and 8.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). For the 46 patients in whom GTR was intended, rates of GTR and GTR+NTR were not significantly different between first operations (90% and 97%, respectively) and reoperations (80% and 100%, respectively). For reoperations, prior radiation and larger tumor volume had lower rates of GTR. Vision improved equally in first operations (80%) compared with reoperations (73%). New anterior pituitary deficits were more common in first operations compared with reoperations (51% vs 23%, respectively; p = 0.08), while new DI was more common in reoperations compared with first-time operations (80% vs 47%, respectively; p = 0.08). Nonendocrine complications occurred in 2 (3.6%) first-time operations and no reoperations. Tumor regrowth occurred in 6 patients (11%) over a median follow-up of 46 months and was not different between first versus reoperations, but was associated with STR (33%) compared with GTR+NTR (4%; p = 0.02) and with not receiving radiation after STR (67% vs 22%; p = 0.08). The overall BMI increased significantly from 28.7 to 34.8 kg/m(2) over 10 years. Six months after surgery, there was a significant improvement in QOL, which was similar between first-time operations and reoperations, and negatively correlated with STR. CONCLUSIONS Endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal reoperation results in similar EOR, visual outcome, and improvement in QOL as first-time operations, with no significant increase in complications. EOR is more impacted by tumor volume and prior radiation. Reoperations should be offered to patients with recurrent craniopharyngiomas and may be preferable to radiation in patients in whom GTR or NTR can be achieved.

    View details for DOI 10.3171/2016.1.JNS152238

    View details for Web of Science ID 000393089100010

    View details for PubMedID 27153172

  • A Case of Gigantism. The Art of Neuroendocrinology: A Case-Based Approach to Medical Decision Making. Singh, H., Rote, S., Essayed, W., Schwartz, T. Nova Science Pub Inc.. 2017
  • Brain Stem Cavernous Malformations: Operative Nuances of a Less-Invasive Resection Technique. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) Singh, H. n., Elarjani, T. n., da Silva, H. B., Shetty, R. n., Kim, L. n., Sekhar, L. N. 2017

    Abstract

    Different operative techniques are reported for the resection of brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs). The senior author has previously reported on a less-invasive technique of entering the brain stem with piecemeal removal of BSCMs, especially the deep-seated ones.To present a larger series of these lesions, emphasizing the approach to the brain stem via case selection. We discuss the nuances of the less-invasive operative technique through case illustrations and intraoperative videos.A retrospective review of 46 consecutive cases of BSCMs, with their clinical and radiographic data, was performed. Nine cases were selected to illustrate 7 different operative approaches, and discuss surgical nuances of the less-invasive technique unique to each.Postoperative morbidity, defined as an increase in modified Rankin Scale, was observed in 5 patients (10.9%). A residual BSCM was present in 2 patients (4.3%); both underwent reoperation to remove the remainder. At follow-up of 31.1 ± 27.8 mo, 3 patients experienced recurrence (6.5%). Overall, 65% of our patients improved, 20% stayed the same, and 11% worsened postsurgery. Two patients died, yielding a mortality of 4.3%.Using the less-invasive resection technique for piecemeal BSCM removal, in appropriately selected patients, has yielded comparable to improved patient outcomes over existing large series. In our experience, lateral, anterolateral, and posterolateral approaches are favorable over direct midline (dorsal or ventral) approaches. A thorough understanding of brain-stem safe-entry zones, in conjunction with appropriate approach selection, is key to a good outcome in challenging cases.

    View details for PubMedID 29228395

  • Serum albumin level in spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage: More than a mere nutritional marker! British journal of neurosurgery Kapoor, A. n., Dhandapani, S. n., Gaudihalli, S. n., Dhandapani, M. n., Singh, H. n., Mukherjee, K. K. 2017: 1

    Abstract

    The role of nutritional markers on outcome following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has been scarcely described.This is a prospective study of 273 patients with SAH, in which haemoglobin, serum protein and albumin were measured within 24 hours and again at one week following ictus, and analysed with respect to other variables. New neurologic deficits (NND), infarct, mortality and Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) at 3 months were assessed.The values of haemoglobin, total protein and albumin showed significant (p < .001) decline over the first week of SAH. Patients who developed NND had significantly lower serum albumin levels at admission compared to others (median 3.6 vs 3.9 g/dL, p < .001). Patients having lower albumin (≤3.5 gm/dL) levels at admission had significantly higher rates of NND (52% vs 20%), infarct (35% vs 23%), mortality (28% vs 16%) and unfavourable GOS (38% vs 25%). Hunt & Hess (H&H) grade and Fisher grade also affected all the outcome parameters significantly. Percentage decrease in albumin levels at one week following ictus significantly affected mortality and unfavourable GOS. On multivariate analyses, Fisher grade and lower admission albumin levels had significant impact on NND, while percentage decrease in albumin levels had significant impact on mortality and unfavourable GOS, independent of other nutritional markers and known prognostic variables.Serum albumin levels following SAH can be useful to predict development of NND, while its further weekly decrease correlates independently with unfavourable outcome at 3 months. Albumin assessment being readily available may serve as more than a mere nutritional parameter in SAH.

    View details for PubMedID 28658989

  • Basilar Artery Ectasia Causing Trigeminal Neuralgia: An Evolved Technique of Transpositional Suture-Pexy Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) Singh, H., da Silva, H. B., Zeinalizadeh, M., Elarjani, T., Straus, D., Sekhar, L. N. 2017; opx087: 194–99

    Abstract

    Microvascular decompression for patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TGN) is widely accepted as one of the modalities of treatment. The standard approach has been retrosigmoid suboccipital craniotomy with placement of a Teflon pledget to cushion the trigeminal nerve from the offending artery, or cauterize and divide the offending vein(s). However, in cases of severe compression caused by a large artery, the standard decompression technique may not be effective.To describe a unique technique of vasculopexy of the ectatic basilar artery to the tentorium in a patient with TGN attributed to a severely ectatic and tortuous basilar artery. A case series of patients who underwent this technique of vasculopexy for arterial compression is presented.The patient underwent a subtemporal transtentorial approach and the basilar artery was mobilized away from the trigeminal nerve. A suture was then passed through the wall of the basilar artery (tunica media) and secured to the tentorial edge, to keep the artery away from the nerve.The neuralgia was promptly relieved after the operation, with no complications. A postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan showed the basilar artery to be away from the trigeminal root. In a series of 7 patients who underwent this technique of vasculopexy, no arterial complications were noted at short- or long-term follow-up.Repositioning and vasculopexy of an ectatic basilar artery for the treatment of TGN is safe and effective. This technique can also be used for other neuropathies that result from direct arterial compression.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/ons/opx087

  • Endoscopic endonasal versus transcranial approach to tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale meningiomas in a similar cohort of patients. Journal of neurosurgery Bander, E. D., Singh, H. n., Ogilvie, C. B., Cusic, R. C., Pisapia, D. J., Tsiouris, A. J., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H. 2017: 1–9

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE Planum sphenoidale (PS) and tuberculum sellae (TS) meningiomas cause visual symptoms due to compression of the optic chiasm. The treatment of choice is surgical removal with the goal of improving vision and achieving complete tumor removal. Two options exist to remove these tumors: the transcranial approach (TCA) and the endonasal endoscopic approach (EEA). Significant controversy exists regarding which approach provides the best results and whether there is a subset of patients for whom an EEA may be more suitable. Comparisons using a similar cohort of patients, namely, those suitable for gross-total resection with EEA, are lacking from the literature. METHODS The authors reviewed all cases of PS and TS meningiomas that were surgically removed at Weill Cornell Medical College between 2000 and 2015 (TCA) and 2008 and 2015 (EEA). All cases were shown to a panel of 3 neurosurgeons to find only those tumors that could be removed equally well either through an EEA or TCA to standardize both groups. Volumetric measurements of preoperative and postoperative tumor size, FLAIR images, and apparent diffusion coefficient maps were assessed by 2 independent reviewers and compared to assess extent of resection and trauma to the surrounding brain. Visual outcome and complications were also compared. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were identified who underwent either EEA (n = 17) or TCA (n = 15). The preoperative tumor size was comparable (mean 5.58 ± 3.42 vs 5.04 ± 3.38 cm(3) [± SD], p = 0.661). The average extent of resection achieved was not significantly different between the 2 groups (98.80% ± 3.32% vs 95.13% ± 11.69%, p = 0.206). Postoperatively, the TCA group demonstrated a significant increase in the FLAIR/edema signal compared with EEA patients (4.15 ± 7.10 vs -0.69 ± 2.73 cm(3), p = 0.014). In addition, the postoperative diffusion-weighted imaging signal of cytotoxic ischemic damage was significantly higher in the TCA group than in the EEA group (1.88 ± 1.96 vs 0.40 ± 0.55 cm(3), p =0.008). Overall, significantly more EEA patients experienced improved or stable visual outcomes compared with TCA patients (93% vs 56%, p = 0.049). Visual deterioration was greater after TCA than EEA (44% vs 0%, p = 0.012). While more patients experienced postoperative seizures after TCA than after EEA (27% vs 0%, p = 0.038), there was a trend toward more CSF leakage and anosmia after EEA than after TCA (11.8% vs 0%, p = 0.486 and 11.8% vs 0%, p = 0.118, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In this small single-institution study of similarly sized and located PS and TS meningiomas, EEA provided equivalent rates of resection with better visual results, less trauma to the brain, and fewer seizures. These preliminary results merit further investigation in a larger multiinstitutional study and may support EEA resection by experienced surgeons in a subset of carefully selected PS and TS meningiomas.

    View details for PubMedID 28128693

  • Endoscopic endonasal approach to the ventral brainstem: anatomical feasibility and surgical limitations. Journal of neurosurgery Essayed, W. I., Singh, H. n., Lapadula, G. n., Almodovar-Mercado, G. J., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H. 2017: 1–8

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE Sporadic cases of endonasal intraaxial brainstem surgery have been reported in the recent literature. The authors endeavored to assess the feasibility and limitations of endonasal endoscopic surgery for approaching lesions in the ventral portion of the brainstem. METHODS Five human cadaveric heads were used to assess the anatomy and to record various measurements. Extended transsphenoidal and transclival approaches were performed. After exposing the brainstem, white matter dissection was attempted through this endoscopic window, and additional key measurements were taken. RESULTS The rostral exposure of the brainstem was limited by the sella. The lateral limits of the exposure were the intracavernous carotid arteries at the level of the sellar floor, the intrapetrous carotid arteries at the level of the petrous apex, and the inferior petrosal sinuses toward the basion. Caudal extension necessitated partial resection of the anterior C-1 arch and the odontoid process. The midline pons and medulla were exposed in all specimens. Trigeminal nerves were barely visible without the use of angled endoscopes. Access to the peritrigeminal safe zone for gaining entry into the brainstem is medially limited by the pyramidal tract, with a mean lateral pyramidal distance (LPD) of 4.8 ± 0.8 mm. The mean interpyramidal distance was 3.6 ± 0.5 mm, and it progressively decreased toward the pontomedullary junction. The corticospinal tracts (CSTs) coursed from deep to superficial in a craniocaudal direction. The small caliber of the medulla with very superficial CSTs left no room for a safe ventral dissection. The mean pontobasilar midline index averaged at 0.44 ± 0.1. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic endonasal approaches are best suited for pontine intraaxial tumors when they are close to the midline and strictly anterior to the CST, or for exophytic lesions. Approaching the medulla is anatomically feasible, but the superficiality of the eloquent tracts and interposed nerves limit the safe entry zones. Pituitary transposition after sellar opening is necessary to access the mesencephalon.

    View details for PubMedID 28084906

  • Cavernous Sinus Invasion in Pituitary Adenomas: Systematic Review and Pooled Data Meta-Analysis of Radiologic Criteria and Comparison of Endoscopic and Microscopic Surgery WORLD NEUROSURGERY Dhandapani, S., Singh, H., Negm, H. M., Cohen, S., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H. 2016; 96: 36-46

    Abstract

    Despite the substantial impact of cavernous sinus invasion(CSI) in pituitary adenoma surgery, its radiological determination has been inconsistent and variable, with unclear role of endonasal endoscopic surgery. This is a systematic review and pooled data meta-analysis of literature to ascertain the best radiological criteria for CSI, and verify the efficacy and safety of endonasal endoscopic approach.We searched MEDLINE database(1993-2015) to identify studies on radiological criteria for CSI, and endonasal surgery. Using PRISMA guidelines, the included studies were reviewed for CSI criteria, gross total resection(GTR), endocrine remission(ER), cranial nerve(CN) deficits, carotid injury and other complications.The prevalence of CSI was 43% radiographically as compared with 18% intra-operatively(p<0.001). The radiological criteria of inferolateral venous compartment obliteration(ILVCO) and Knosp 3-4 had highest correlation with intra-operative CSI and lowest correlation with gross total resection(GTR). Microscopy had significantly overestimated intra-operative CSI compared with endoscopy(p<0.001) for each Knosp grade. Endoscopy had significantly higher GTR than microscopy particularly for Knosp 3-4(47% versus 21%;p=0.001). Carotid injury and cranial nerve deficits occurred in 0.9% and 5% respectively with endoscopy. Among endoscopic series with CSI, GTR% demonstrated significant correlation with number of patients in the series(p<0.01), but no correlation with complications, indicating the relative safety of endonasal endoscopy in experienced hands for removing tumors with CSI.Knosp 3-4 remains the best objective indicator of CSI. Microscopy tends to overestimate intra-operative CSI compared to endoscopy. Among pituitary adenomas with CSI, GTR in endoscopic series is higher than microscopy, and improves with experience without significant additional morbidity.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.08.088

    View details for Web of Science ID 000396442500007

    View details for PubMedID 27591098

  • Resection of pituitary tumors: endoscopic versus microscopic. Journal of neuro-oncology Singh, H., Essayed, W. I., Cohen-Gadol, A., Zada, G., Schwartz, T. H. 2016; 130 (2): 309-317

    Abstract

    Transsphenoidal microscopic pituitary surgery has long been considered the gold standard in surgical treatment of pituitary tumors. Endonasal endoscopic pituitary surgery has come into prominence over the last two decades as an alternative to microscopic surgery. In this review, we use recent literature to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Our review shows that for small intrasellar tumors, both approaches appear equally effective in experienced hands. For larger tumors with extrasellar extension, the endoscopic approach offers several advantages and may improve outcomes associated with the extent of resection and postoperative complications.

    View details for PubMedID 27161249

  • Required Reading: The Most Impactful Articles in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery. World neurosurgery Zhang, M., Singh, H., Almodovar-Mercado, G. J., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H. 2016; 92: 499-512 e2

    Abstract

    Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery has become a widely accepted field in neurosurgery and otolaryngology over the last 15 years. However, there has yet to be a formal curation of the most impactful articles for an introductory curriculum to its technical evolution.The Science Citation Index Expanded was used to generate a citation rank list (October 2015) on articles relevant to endoscopic skull base surgery. The top 35 cited articles overall, as well as the top 15 since 2009, were identified. Journal, year, author, study population, article format, and level of evidence were compiled. Additional surgeon-experts were polled and made recommendations for significant contributions to the literature.The top 35 publications ranged from 98 to 467 citations and were published in 10 different journals. Four articles had over 250 citations. A period of frequent contribution occurred between 2005-2009, when 21/35 reports were published. 18/35 articles were case series, and 13/35 were technical reports. There were 11/35 articles focused primarily on pituitary surgery, and 10/35 on extra-sellar lesions. The top 15 articles since 2009 had 8/15 articles focus on extra-sellar lesions. Polled surgeons consistently identified the most prominently cited articles, and their recommendations drew attention to CSF-leak as well as extra-sellar management.Identification of the most cited works within endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery demonstrates greater anatomical access and safety over the last two decades. These articles can serve as an educational tool for novices or mid-level practitioners wishing to obtain a greater understanding of the field.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.06.016

    View details for PubMedID 27312387

  • Nonrandom spatial clustering of spontaneous anterior fossa cerebrospinal fluid fistulas and predilection for the posterior cribriform plate. Journal of neurosurgery Murray, R. D., Friedlander, R., Hanz, S., Singh, H., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H. 2016: 1-5

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE The anterior skull base is a common site for the spontaneous development of meningoceles, encephaloceles, and meningoencephaloceles that can lead to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula formation, particularly in association with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. In some circumstances the lesions are difficult to localize. Whether all sites in the anterior skull base are equally prone to fistula formation or whether they are distributed randomly throughout the anterior skull base is unknown, although the anterior cribriform plate has been proposed as the most frequent location. The purpose of this study was to identify sites of predilection in order to provide assistance for clinicians in finding occult leaks and increase the understanding of the etiology of this pathology. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of a prospectively acquired surgical database of all endonasal endoscopic surgeries performed at Weill Cornell Medical College by the senior authors. Spontaneous CSF fistulas of the anterior skull base were identified. The anatomical sites of the defects were located on radiographic images and normalized to a theoretical 4 × 2 grid representing the anterior midline skull base. Data from the left and right skull base were combined to increase statistical power. This grid was then used to analyze the distribution of defects. Frequency analysis was performed by means of a chi-square test, with a subsequent Monte Carlo simulation to further strengthen the statistical support of the conclusions. RESULTS Nineteen cases of spontaneous CSF fistulas were identified. Frequency analysis using chi-square indicated a nonrandom distribution of sites (p = 0.035). Monte Carlo simulation supported this conclusion (p = 0.034). Seventy-four percent of cases occurred in the cribriform plate (p = 0.086). Moreover, 37% of all defects occurred in the posterior third of the cribriform plate. CONCLUSIONS Anterior skull base spontaneous CSF leaks are distributed in a nonrandom fashion. The most likely site of origin of the spontaneous CSF leaks of the anterior midline skull base is the cribriform plate, particularly the posterior third of the plate, likely because of the lack of significant thick bony buttressing. Clinicians searching for occult spontaneous leaks of the anterior skull base should examine the cribriform plate, especially the posterior third with particularly close scrutiny.

    View details for DOI 10.3171/2016.4.JNS152975

    View details for PubMedID 27367237

  • Impact of Early Leukocytosis and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein on Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Neurologic Outcome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. World neurosurgery Srinivasan, A., Aggarwal, A., Gaudihalli, S., Mohanty, M., Dhandapani, M., Singh, H., Mukherjee, K. K., Dhandapani, S. 2016; 90: 91-95

    Abstract

    The role of inflammatory response in the pathophysiology of SAH is being increasingly recognized. This is a study to analyze the impact of cellular and biochemical markers of early inflammatory response to ictus on outcome following SAH.SAH patients were prospectively studied for markers of early cellular, biochemical, and cytotoxic inflammatory response such as total leucocyte count (TLC), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The relationship of these markers on delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), new infarct and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 3 months was studied.A total of 246 patients were studied. Of these, 94 patients who developed DCI had significantly higher TLC (11.2 [+4.0] vs 9.4 [2.9]10(3)/mm(3), p=0.001) while 62 patients with new infarct had significantly higher TLC (11.0 [+3.6] vs 9.8 [+3.4]10(3)/mm(3), p=0.05).GOS had a significant inverse relationship to admission TLC. The mean TLC [+SD] was 12.7 [+4.2], 11.7 [+3.1], 10.2 [+3.4] & 9.3 [+2.8] among patients with GOS 1, 3, 4 & 5 respectively (p<0.001). hs-CRP showed trend of an inverse relationship to GOS in univariate analysis, while LDH had no relationship with any outcome parameter. In multivariate analysis, higher admission TLC had significant association with DCI (p=0.01) and poorer GOS (p<0.001), and higher hs-CRP had significant association with poorer GOS (p=0.05).Leukocytosis response to ictus seems to have significant independent association with both DCI and poor GOS, and hs-CRP levels had significant independent association with poor GOS, indicating preeminence of early cellular response in SAH pathophysiology.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.02.049

    View details for PubMedID 26898490

  • Scoliotic Cervical Deformity. Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance, and Management Singh, H., Ghobrial, G., Harrop, J. Saunders. 2016; 4th Ed.
  • Minimally Invasive Lumbar Pedicle Screw Fixation Using Cortical Bone Trajectory - A Prospective Cohort Study on Postoperative Pain Outcomes. Cure¯us Chen, Y., Deb, S., Pham, L., Singh, H. 2016; 8 (7)

    Abstract

    Our study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of cortical screws in regards to postoperative pain.Pedicle screw fixation is the current mainstay technique for posterior spinal fusion. Over the past decade, a new technique called cortical screw fixation has been developed, which allows for medialized screw placement through stronger cortical bone. There have been several studies that showed either biomechanical equivalence or superiority of cortical screws. However, there is currently only a single study in the literature looking at clinical outcomes of cortical screw fixation in patients who have had no prior spine surgery.We prospectively looked at the senior author's patients who underwent cortical versus pedicle lumbar screw fixation surgeries between 2013 and 2015 for lumbar degenerative disease. Eighteen patients underwent cortical screw fixation, and 15 patients underwent traditional pedicle screw fixation. We looked at immediate postoperative pain, changes in short-term pain (six to 12 weeks post-surgery), and changes in long-term pain (six to eight months). All pain outcomes were measured using a visual analog scale ranging from 1 to 10. Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to measure continuous data, and the Fisher Exact test was used to measure categorical data as appropriate.Our results showed that the cortical screw cohort showed a trend towards having less peak postoperative pain (p = 0.09). The average postoperative pain was similar between the two cohorts (p = 0.93). There was also no difference in pain six to 12 weeks after surgery (p = 0.8). However, at six to eight months, the cortical screw cohort had worse pain compared to the pedicle screw cohort (p = 0.02).The cortical screw patients showed a trend towards less peak pain in the short-term (one to three days post-surgery) and more pain in the long-term (six to eight months post-surgery) compared to pedicle screw patients. Both cohorts had a statistically significant reduction in pain levels compared to preoperative pain. More studies are needed to further evaluate postoperative pain, long-term functional outcomes, and fusion rates in patients who undergo cortical screw fixation.

    View details for DOI 10.7759/cureus.714

    View details for PubMedID 27610286

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5001953

  • Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring for Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Skull Base: A Technical Guide. Scientifica Singh, H., Vogel, R. W., Lober, R. M., Doan, A. T., Matsumoto, C. I., Kenning, T. J., Evans, J. J. 2016; 2016: 1751245-?

    Abstract

    Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during endoscopic, endonasal approaches to the skull base is both feasible and safe. Numerous reports have recently emerged from the literature evaluating the efficacy of different neuromonitoring tests during endonasal procedures, making them relatively well-studied. The authors report on a comprehensive, multimodality approach to monitoring the functional integrity of at risk nervous system structures, including the cerebral cortex, brainstem, cranial nerves, corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract, and the thalamocortical somatosensory system during endonasal surgery of the skull base. The modalities employed include electroencephalography, somatosensory evoked potentials, free-running and electrically triggered electromyography, transcranial electric motor evoked potentials, and auditory evoked potentials. Methodological considerations as well as benefits and limitations are discussed. The authors argue that, while individual modalities have their limitations, multimodality neuromonitoring provides a real-time, comprehensive assessment of nervous system function and allows for safer, more aggressive management of skull base tumors via the endonasal route.

    View details for DOI 10.1155/2016/1751245

    View details for PubMedID 27293965

  • Reoperative endoscopic endonasal surgery for residual or recurrent pituitary adenomas. Journal of neurosurgery Negm, H. M., Al-Mahfoudh, R. n., Pai, M. n., Singh, H. n., Cohen, S. n., Dhandapani, S. n., Anand, V. K., Schwartz, T. H. 2016: 1–12

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE Regrowth of the lesion after surgical removal of pituitary adenomas is uncommon unless subtotal resection was originally achieved in the first surgery. Treatment for recurrent tumor can involve surgery or radiotherapy. Locations of residual tumor may vary based on the original approach. The authors evaluated the specific sites of residual or recurrent tumor after different transsphenoidal approaches and describe the surgical outcome of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal reoperation. METHODS The authors analyzed a prospectively collected database of a consecutive series of patients who had undergone endoscopic endonasal surgeries for residual or recurrent pituitary adenomas after an original transsphenoidal microscopic or endoscopic surgery. The site of the recurrent tumor and outcome after reoperation were noted and correlated with the primary surgical approach. The chi-square or Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare continuous variables between surgical groups. RESULTS Forty-one patients underwent surgery for residual/recurrent pituitary adenoma from 2004 to 2015 at Weill Cornell Medical College. The previous treatment was a transsphenoidal microscopic (n = 22) and endoscopic endonasal (n = 19) surgery. In 83.3% patients (n = 30/36) there was postoperative residual tumor after the initial surgery. A residual tumor following endonasal endoscopic surgery was less common in the sphenoid sinus (10.5%; 2/19) than it was after microscopic transsphenoidal surgery (72.7%; n =16/22; p = 0.004). Gross-total resection (GTR) was achieved in 58.5%, and either GTR or near-total resection was achieved in 92.7%. Across all cases, the average extent of resection was 93.7%. The rate of GTR was lower in patients with Knosp-Steiner Grade 3-4 invasion (p < 0.0005). Postoperative CSF leak was seen in only one case (2.4%), which stopped with lumbar drainage. Visual fields improved in 52.9% (n = 9/17) of patients and were stable in 47% (n = 8/17). Endocrine remission was achieved in 77.8% (n = 14/18) of cases, 12 by surgery alone and 2 by adjuvant medical (n = 1) and radiation (n = 1) therapy. New diabetes insipidus occurred in 4.9% (n = 2/41) of patients-in one of whom an additional single anterior hormonal axis was compromised-and 9.7% (n = 4/41) of patients had a new anterior pituitary hormonal insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS Endonasal endoscopic reoperation is extremely effective at removing recurrent or residual pituitary adenomas that remain after a prior surgery, and it may be preferable to radiation therapy particularly in symptomatic patients. Achievement of GTR is less common when lateral cavernous sinus invasion is present. The locations of residual/recurrent tumor were more likely sphenoidal and parasellar following a prior microscopic transsphenoidal surgery and sellar following a prior endonasal endoscopic surgery.

    View details for PubMedID 27791524

  • Endonasal Access to the Upper Cervical Spine: Part 2-Cadaveric Analysis. Journal of neurological surgery. Part B, Skull base Singh, H., Lober, R. M., Virdi, G. S., Lopez, H., Rosen, M., Evans, J. 2015; 76 (4): 262-265

    Abstract

    Objectives The study aims to determine factors that augment endonasal exposure of the cervical spine. Setting We used fluoroscopy and endoscopy to study endonasal visualization of the upper cervical spine. Participants Ten cadavers with normal anatomy were studied. Main Outcome Measures Endoscopic visualization was simulated with projected lines from an endoscope to the cervical spine in multiple positions. Results Neck position alone did not affect the extent of endonasal exposure of the upper cervical spine, although there was a trend correlating the extended neck position with more caudal exposure. The greatest impact was with concurrent use of a 30-degree endoscope and neck extension, and more caudal access was achieved by tilting the endoscope against the piriform aperture, using the posterior tip of the hard palate as the fulcrum. Conclusions Concurrent use of a 30-degree endoscope and neck extension increased the degree of exposure down the cervical spine. Maximum endonasal exposure of the upper cervical spine was obtained by maneuvering instruments at the fulcrum of the posterior hard palate and the nares, rather than changing the position of the neck alone. These results complement radiographic morphometric data in Part 1 of this study for preoperative assessment and surgical planning.

    View details for DOI 10.1055/s-0034-1395490

    View details for PubMedID 26225313

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4516725

  • Endoscopic approaches to the cervical spine: analyzing the state of the evidence Minerva Ortopedica e Traumatologica Singh, H., Moraff, A., Evans, J. 2015; 66 (1): 63-70
  • Cervical Open Reduction Techniques - Anterior and Posterior Approach. Handbook of Spine Surgery Singh, H., Ghobrial, G., Harrop, J. Thieme. 2015; 2nd Ed.
  • History of simulation in medicine: from resusci annie to the ann myers medical center. Neurosurgery Singh, H., Kalani, M., Acosta-Torres, S., El Ahmadieh, T. Y., Loya, J., Ganju, A. 2013; 73: S9-S14

    Abstract

    Medical and surgical graduate medical education has historically used a halstedian approach of "see one, do one, teach one." Increased public demand for safety, quality, and accountability in the setting of regulated resident work hours and limited resources is driving the development of innovative educational tools. The use of simulation in nonmedical, medical, and neurosurgical disciplines is reviewed in this article. Simulation has been validated as an educational tool in nonmedical fields such as aviation and the military. Across most medical and surgical subspecialties, simulation is recognized as a valuable tool that will shape the next era of medical education, postgraduate training, and maintenance of certification.

    View details for DOI 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000093

    View details for PubMedID 24051890

  • Endonasal Access to the Upper Cervical Spine, Part One: Radiographic Morphometric Analysis JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL SURGERY PART B-SKULL BASE Singh, H., Grobelny, B. T., Harrop, J., Rosen, M., Lober, R. M., Evans, J. 2013; 74 (3): 176-184
  • Brain tuberculoma in a non-endemic area. Infectious disease reports Lober, R. M., Veeravagu, A., Singh, H. 2013; 5 (1)

    Abstract

    Brain tuberculoma has previously accounted for up to a third of new intracranial lesions in areas endemic with tuberculosis, but is unexpected in the United States and other Western countries with improved disease control. Here we show the importance of considering this diagnosis in at-risk patients, even with no definitive pulmonary involvement. We describe a young man who presented with partial seizures and underwent craniotomy for resection of a frontoparietal tuberculoma. He subsequently completed six months of antituberculosis therapy and was doing well without neurological sequelae or evidence of recurrence five months after completion of therapy. With resurgence of tuberculosis cases in the United States and other Western countries, intracerebral tuberculoma should remain a diagnostic consideration in at-risk patients with new space occupying lesions. Mass lesions causing neurological sequelae can be safely addressed surgically and followed with antituberculosis therapy.

    View details for DOI 10.4081/idr.2013.e1

    View details for PubMedID 24470952

  • Traumatic epistaxis: Skull base defects, intracranial complications and neurosurgical considerations. International journal of surgery case reports Veeravagu, A., Joseph, R., Jiang, B., Lober, R. M., Ludwig, C., Torres, R., Singh, H. 2013; 4 (8): 656-661

    Abstract

    Endonasal procedures may be necessary during management of craniofacial trauma. When a skull base fracture is present, these procedures carry a high risk of violating the cranial vault and causing brain injury or central nervous system infection.A 52-year-old bicyclist was hit by an automobile at high speed. He sustained extensive maxillofacial fractures, including frontal and sphenoid sinus fractures (Fig. 1). He presented to the emergency room with brisk nasopharyngeal hemorrhage, and was intubated for airway protection. He underwent emergent stabilization of his nasal epistaxis by placement of a Foley catheter in his left nare and tamponade with the Foley balloon. A six-vessel angiogram showed no evidence of arterial dissection or laceration. Imaging revealed inadvertent insertion of the Foley catheter and deployment of the balloon in the frontal lobe (Fig. 2). The balloon was subsequently deflated and the Foley catheter removed. The patient underwent bifrontal craniotomy for dural repair of CSF leak. He also had placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for development of post-traumatic hydrocephalus. Although the hospital course was a prolonged one, he did make a good neurological recovery.The authors review the literature involving violation of the intracranial compartment with medical devices in the settings of craniofacial trauma.Caution should be exercised while performing any endonasal procedure in the settings of trauma where disruption of the anterior cranial base is possible.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijscr.2013.04.033

    View details for PubMedID 23792475

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3710897

  • Extradural Spinal Meningiomas. Tumors of the central nervous system. Vol 10 Hanna, A., Nguyen, P., Singh, H., Harrop, J. Springer. 2013
  • Primary spinal germ cell tumors: a case analysis and review of treatment paradigms. Case reports in medicine Loya, J. J., Jung, H., Temmins, C., Cho, N., Singh, H. 2013; 2013: 798358-?

    Abstract

    Objective. Primary intramedullary spinal germ cell tumors are exceedingly rare. As such, there are no established treatment paradigms. We describe our management for spinal germ cell tumors and a review of the literature. Clinical Presentation. We describe the case of a 45-year-old man with progressive lower extremity weakness and sensory deficits. He was found to have enhancing intramedullary mass lesions in the thoracic spinal cord, and pathology was consistent with an intramedullary germ cell tumor. A video presentation of the case and surgical approach is provided. Conclusion. As spinal cord germinomas are highly sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy, a patient can be spared radical surgery. Diverse treatment approaches exist across institutions. We advocate biopsy followed by local radiation, with or without adjuvant chemotherapy, as the optimal treatment for these tumors. Histological findings have prognostic value if syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells (STGCs) are found, which are associated with a higher rate of recurrence. The recurrence rate in STGC-positive spinal germinomas is 33% (2/6), whereas it is only 8% in STGC-negative tumors (2/24). We advocate limited volume radiotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy in patients with high risk of recurrence. To reduce endocrine and neurocognitive side effects, cranio-spinal radiation should be used as a last resort in patients with recurrence.

    View details for DOI 10.1155/2013/798358

    View details for PubMedID 24312128

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3838823

  • Anterior Odontoid Resection: The Transoral Approach. Operative Techniques: Spine Surgery Ghobrial, G., Baron, E., Choi, D., Singh, H., Harrop, J., Vaccaro, A., Crockard, A. Saunders. 2012; 2nd Ed.
  • Fundamentals of Spine Surgery. Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance, and Management Singh, H., Harrop, J. Saunders. 2012; 3rd Ed.
  • Scoliotic Cervical Deformity. Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance, and Management Singh, H., Ghobrial, G., Harrop, J. Saunders. 2012; 3rd Ed.
  • Timing of decompression surgery for traumatic spinal cord injury in a patient with an incomplete myelopathy. Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance, and Management Teufack, S., Singh, H., Harrop, J. Saunders. 2012; 3rd Ed.
  • Thoracolumbar spine fractures: State of the Evidence. The Evidence for Neurosurgery Ghobrial, G., Singh, H., Harrop, J. Tfm Publishing Limited. 2012; 1st Ed.
  • High-resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis and intraoperative management of peripheral nerve lesions Clinical article JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY Lee, F. C., Singh, H., Nazarian, L. N., Ratliff, J. K. 2011; 114 (1): 206-211

    Abstract

    The diagnosis of peripheral nerve lesions relies on clinical history, physical examination, electrodiagnostic studies, and radiography. Magnetic resonance neurography offers high-resolution visualization of structural peripheral nerve lesions. The availability of MR neurography may be limited, and the costs can be significant. By comparison, ultrasonography is a portable, dynamic, and economic technology. The authors explored the clinical applicability of high-resolution ultrasonography in the preoperative and intraoperative management of peripheral nerve lesions.The authors completed a retrospective analysis of 13 patients undergoing ultrasonographic evaluation and surgical treatment of nerve lesions at their institution (nerve entrapment [5], trauma [6], and tumor [2]). Ultrasonography was used for diagnostic (12 of 13 cases) and intraoperative management (6 of 13 cases). The authors examine the initial impact of ultrasonography on clinical management.Ultrasonography was an effective imaging modality that augmented electrophysiological and other neuroimaging studies. The modality provided immediate visualization of a sutured peroneal nerve after a basal cell excision, prompting urgent surgical exploration. Ultrasonography was used intraoperatively in 2 cases to identify postoperative neuromas after mastectomy, facilitating focused excision. Ultrasonography correctly diagnosed an inflamed lymph node in a patient in whom MR imaging studies had detected a schwannoma, and the modality correctly diagnosed a tendinopathy in another patient referred for ulnar neuropathy. Ultrasonography was used in 6 patients to guide the surgical approach and to aid in intraoperative localization; it was invaluable in localizing the proximal segment of a radial nerve sectioned by a humerus fracture. In all cases, ultrasonography demonstrated the correct lesion diagnosis and location (100%); in 7 (58%) of 12 cases, ultrasonography provided the correct diagnosis when other imaging and electrophysiological studies were inconclusive or inadequate.High-resolution ultrasonography may provide an economical and accurate imaging modality with utility in diagnosis and management of peripheral nerve lesions. Further research is required to assess the role of ultrasonography in evaluation of peripheral nerve pathology.

    View details for DOI 10.3171/2010.2.JNS091324

    View details for Web of Science ID 000285669500041

    View details for PubMedID 20225925

  • Cervical Open Reduction Techniques - Anterior and Posterior Approach. Handbook of Spine Surgery Singh, H., Ghobrial, G., Harrop, J. Thieme. 2011; 1st Ed.
  • Dorsal Epidural Intervertebral Disk Herniation With Atypical Radiographic Findings: Case Report and Literature Review JOURNAL OF SPINAL CORD MEDICINE Teufack, S. G., Singh, H., Harrop, J., Ratliff, J. 2010; 33 (3): 268-271

    Abstract

    Intervertebral disk herniation is relatively common. Migration usually occurs in the ventral epidural space; rarely, disks migrate to the dorsal epidural space due to the natural anatomical barriers of the thecal sac.Case report.A 49-year-old man presented with 1 week of severe back pain with bilateral radiculopathy to the lateral aspect of his lower extremities and weakness of the ankle dorsiflexors and toe extensors. Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium revealed a peripheral enhancing dorsal epidural lesion with severe compression of the thecal sac. Initial differential diagnosis included spontaneous hematoma, synovial cyst, and epidural abscess. Posterior lumbar decompression was performed; intraoperatively, the lesion was identified as a large herniated disk fragment.Dorsal migration of a herniated intervertebral disk is rare and may be difficult to definitively diagnose preoperatively. Dorsal disk migration may present in a variety of clinical scenarios and, as in this case, may mimic other epidural lesions on magnetic resonance imaging.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000281007700011

    View details for PubMedID 20737802

  • Ventral surgical approaches to craniovertebral junction chordomas. Neurosurgery Singh, H., Harrop, J., Schiffmacher, P., Rosen, M., Evans, J. 2010; 66 (3): 96-103

    Abstract

    Chordomas are primarily malignant tumors encountered at either end of the neural axis; the craniovertebral junction and the sacrococcygeal junction. In this article, we discuss the surgical management of craniovertebral junction chordomas.In this paper, we discuss the surgical management of craniovertebral junction chordomas.The following approaches are illustrated: transoral-transpalatopharyngeal approach, high anterior cervical retropharyngeal approach, endoscopic transoral approach, and endoscopic transnasal approach. No single operative approach can be used for all craniovertebral chordomas. Therefore, the location of the tumor dictates which approach or approaches should be used.

    View details for DOI 10.1227/01.NEU.0000365855.12257.D1

    View details for PubMedID 20173533

  • Ventral Surgical Approaches to Craniovertebral Junction Chordomas. Neurosurgery Singh, H., Harrop, J., Schiffmacher, P., Rosen, M., Evans, J. 2010; 66 (suppl_3): A96-A103

    View details for DOI 10.1227/01.NEU.0000365855.12257.D1

    View details for PubMedID 28180882

  • Curvularia fungi presenting as a large cranial base meningioma: case report. Neurosurgery Singh, H., Irwin, S., Falowski, S., Rosen, M., Kenyon, L., Jungkind, D., Evans, J. 2008; 63 (1): E177-?

    Abstract

    Fungal infections are emerging as a growing threat to human health, especially in immunocompromised patients. Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus are a few of the commonly encountered organisms leading to brain abscesses. In this report, we describe Curvularia geniculata as the causative agent in central nervous system infection.Our review of the literature did not reveal a similar published case of central nervous system infection with this organism. A 35-year-old African-American man presented with obstructive hydrocephalus from a large cranial base lesion. Imaging characteristics on computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans were consistent with those of a cranial base meningioma.The patient underwent an endoscopic transnasal/transclival approach to the anterior middle cranial base for biopsy and decompression of this lesion. A spindle cell proliferation was observed on frozen section, which favored a diagnosis of meningioma. However, on permanent sections, we identified fungal hyphae with budding. Subsequent biopsies grew Curvularia in fungal cultures. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing was used to confirm the identification of the isolate as Curvularia geniculata.Limited data are available for in vitro susceptibility testing of Curvularia, and treatment modalities have not yet been standardized. The prognosis is usually poor. Despite being treated with voriconazole and intravenous amphotericin, this patient progressed to multiorgan failure and ultimately died. This is the first reported case of central nervous system infection by Curvularia geniculata.

    View details for DOI 10.1227/01.NEU.0000335086.77846.0A

    View details for PubMedID 18728558