James Fishkin
Janet M. Peck Professor of International Communication, Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and Professor, by courtesy, of Political Science
Bio
James S. Fishkin holds the Janet M. Peck Chair in International Communication at Stanford University where he is Professor of Communication, Professor of Political Science (by courtesy) and Director of the Deliberative Democracy Lab.
He received his B.A. from Yale in 1970 and holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Yale as well as a second Ph.D. in Philosophy from Cambridge.
He is the author of Democracy When the People Are Thinking (Oxford 2018), When the People Speak (Oxford 2009), Deliberation Day (Yale 2004 with Bruce Ackerman) and Democracy and Deliberation (Yale 1991).
He is best known for developing Deliberative Polling® – a practice of public consultation that employs random samples of the citizenry to explore how opinions would change if they were more informed. His work on deliberative democracy has stimulated more than 100 Deliberative Polls in 28 countries around the world. It has been used to help governments and policy makers make important decisions in Texas, China, Mongolia, Japan, Macau, South Korea, Bulgaria, Brazil, Uganda and other countries around the world.
He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Guggenheim Fellow, a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, and a Visiting Fellow Commoner at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Academic Appointments
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Professor, Communication
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Senior Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
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Professor (By courtesy), Political Science
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Faculty Affiliate, Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI)
Administrative Appointments
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Professor of Communication, Stanford University (2003 - Present)
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Professor of Political Science, Stanford University (2003 - Present)
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Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California (2001 - 2002)
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Professor of Government and Philosophy, University of Texas at Austin (1984 - 2003)
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Guggenheim Fellowship, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1984 - 1985)
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Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (1981 - 1981)
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Associate Professor of Political Science, Yale University (1979 - 1984)
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Mellon Fellow, Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies,, Aspen, Colorado (1979 - 1979)
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Junior Faculty Fellowship, Yale University (1978 - 1979)
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Assistant Professor of Political Science, Yale University (1975 - 1979)
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Lecturer in Political Science, Yale University (1974 - 1974)
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Graduate Fellowship, Yale University (1972 - 1974)
Honors & Awards
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Eyes of Texas Award, University of Texas at Austin (1996)
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Visiting Fellow Commoner, Trinity College, Cambridge, England (1992-1993)
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Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California (1987-1988)
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Erik H. Erikson Prize, International Society of Political Psychology (1985)
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Ehrman Studentship, Yale University (1970-1972)
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Jacob Cooper Philosophy Prize, Yale University (1968)
Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations
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Academic Advisor, What’s Next California
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Member, Editorial Board, Social Philosophy and Policy
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Academic Advisor, Northern Ireland Deliberative Poll in Omagh (2007 - 2007)
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Academic Advisor, National Bulgarian Deliberative Poll (2007 - 2007)
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Academic Advisor, MacNeil/Lehrer Productions National Online Deliberative Poll (2007 - 2007)
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Academic Advisor European Wide Deliberative Poll, European Wide Deliberative Poll (2007 - 2007)
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Academic Advisor, Italian Deliberative Poll for Regione Lazio (2006 - 2006)
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Chair, Dept of Communication, Stanford University (2005 - Present)
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Chair, Journalism Advisory Committee, Dept of Communication, Stanford University (2004 - 2005)
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Director, Center for Deliberative Democracy, Stanford University (2003 - Present)
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Janet M. Peck Chair, International Communication, Stanford University (2003 - Present)
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Graduate Advisor, Dept of Communication, Stanford University (2003 - 2009)
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Academic Advisor, MacNeil/Lehrer Productions (2001 - Present)
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Director, Special Project, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford (2001 - 2002)
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Patterson-Banister Chair in Government, Law and Philosophy, University of Texas at Austin (1999 - 2003)
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Fellow, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard Law School (1999 - 2002)
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Member, Editorial Board, American Journal of Political Science (1998 - 2001)
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Director, Center for Deliberative Polling, University of Texas at Austin (1996 - 2003)
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Member, Penn National Commission on Society, Culture and Community (1996 - 1999)
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Executive Director of the National Issues Convention broadcast, PBS (1996 - 1996)
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Academic Advisor, Britain’s Channel 4 "Power and the People" (1994 - 2000)
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Member, The Democracy Project, Public Broadcasting Service (1994 - 1998)
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Chair, Department of Government, University of Texas at Austin (1988 - 2001)
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Darrell K. Royal Regents Chair, Ethics and American Society and Professor of Government, Law and Philosophy, University of Texas at Austin (1988 - 1999)
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Member, Board of Directors, Social Philosophy and Policy Center, Bowling Green, Ohio (1987 - Present)
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Associate Editor of Ethics, An International Journal of Social, Political and Legal Philosophy (1979 - 1992)
Program Affiliations
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American Studies
Professional Education
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Ph.D., University of Cambridge, Philosophy (1976)
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Ph.D., Yale University, Political Science (1975)
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B.A., Magna Cum Laude, Yale College (1970)
2024-25 Courses
- Deliberative Democracy and its Critics
AMSTUD 135, COMM 135W, COMM 235, COMM 335, ETHICSOC 135F, POLISCI 234P, POLISCI 334P (Win) - The Dialogue of Democracy
AMSTUD 137, COMM 137W, COMM 237, POLISCI 232T, POLISCI 332T (Aut) - The Philosophy of Social Science
COMM 317 (Win) - The Spirit of Democracy
COLLEGE 110 (Spr) -
Independent Studies (9)
- Advanced Individual Work
COMM 399 (Aut, Win, Spr) - DDRL Independent Study-Work with Adviser
DDRL 191 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Honors Thesis
COMM 195 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Individual Work
COMM 199 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Individual Work
COMM 299 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Major Capstone Research
COMM 199C (Aut, Win, Spr) - Master's Degree Project
SYMSYS 290 (Win, Spr) - Media Studies M.A. Project
COMM 290 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Senior Honors Thesis
URBANST 199 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Advanced Individual Work
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Prior Year Courses
2023-24 Courses
- America in One Room: Research Practicum
COMM 138A, COMM 238A (Spr) - Deliberative Democracy and its Critics
AMSTUD 135, COMM 135W, COMM 235, COMM 335, ETHICSOC 135F, POLISCI 234P, POLISCI 334P (Win) - The Spirit of Democracy
COLLEGE 110 (Spr)
2022-23 Courses
- Deliberative Democracy and its Critics
AMSTUD 135, COMM 135W, COMM 235, COMM 335, ETHICSOC 135F, POLISCI 234P, POLISCI 334P (Win) - The Dialogue of Democracy
AMSTUD 137, COMM 137W, COMM 237, POLISCI 232T, POLISCI 332T (Aut) - The Philosophy of Social Science
COMM 317 (Win) - The Spirit of Democracy
COLLEGE 110 (Spr)
2021-22 Courses
- Deliberative Democracy and its Critics
AMSTUD 135, COMM 135, COMM 235, COMM 335, ETHICSOC 135F, POLISCI 234P, POLISCI 334P (Spr) - Deliberative Democracy in Theory and Practice: Deliberating the Issues that Divide Us and Beyond
COMM 11SC (Sum) - The Spirit of Democracy
THINK 51 (Aut)
- America in One Room: Research Practicum
Stanford Advisees
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Postdoctoral Faculty Sponsor
Lodewijk Gelauff -
Doctoral Dissertation Advisor (AC)
Young Jee Kim -
Master's Program Advisor
Gabriella Garcia -
Doctoral (Program)
Thay Graciano, Young Jee Kim
All Publications
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Can Deliberation Have Lasting Effects?
AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW
2024
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0003055423001363
View details for Web of Science ID 001156597400001
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Critical considerations for public engagement in stem cell-related research.
2023
Abstract
Public engagement is increasingly recognized as being integral to basic and translational research. Public engagement involves effective communication about research along with the mutual exchange of views and opinions among a wide variety of members in society. As such, public engagement can help to identify issues that must be addressed in order for research to be ethically sound and trustworthy. It is especially critical in research that potentially raises ethical concerns, for example research involving embryos, germline genome editing, stigmatized conditions, and marginalized communities. Therefore, it is not surprising that there have been prominent recent calls for public engagement in the emerging sciences. However, given that there is arguably little agreement about how this should be done and the best ways of doing so, those involved with planning and implementing public engagement can benefit from understanding a broad range of prior experiences on related issues.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.01.002
View details for PubMedID 36736324
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ACHIEVING PARITY WITH HUMAN MODERATORS A self-moderating platform for online deliberation
ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE FOR DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE
2023: 202-221
View details for DOI 10.4324/9781003215929-15
View details for Web of Science ID 001086105000015
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DEMOCRATIC DELIBERATION AND THE RESOURCE CURSE A Nationwide Experiment in Tanzania
WORLD POLITICS
2022
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0043887122000090
View details for Web of Science ID 000857610900001
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Deliberative Distortions? Homogenization, Polarization, and Domination in Small Group Discussions
BRITISH JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
2022
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0007123421000168
View details for Web of Science ID 000779197900001
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Is Deliberation an Antidote to Extreme Partisan Polarization? Reflections on "America in One Room"
AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW
2021; 115 (4): 1464-1481
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0003055421000642
View details for Web of Science ID 000784284600022
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Does Deliberation Increase Public-Spiritedness?
SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY
2020
View details for DOI 10.1111/ssqu.12863
View details for Web of Science ID 000570281000001
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The crisis of democracy and the science of deliberation.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
2019; 363 (6432): 1144–46
View details for PubMedID 30872504
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Intergroup Contact in Deliberative Contexts: Evidence From Deliberative Polls
JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION
2018; 68 (6): 1029–51
View details for DOI 10.1093/joc/jqy056
View details for Web of Science ID 000456043900009
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Community Perspective on Policy Options for Resettlement Management: A Case Study of Risk Reduction in Bududa, Eastern Uganda.
PLoS currents
2018; 10
Abstract
Despite existing policy actions on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), many community members in Bududa still continue to settle in high-risk areas re-zoned for nonsettlement. There seems to be an apparent information asymmetry on expectations between the community and Government. The challenge then is 'how to consult communities and seek their opinion in an adequately representative unbiased way'. This paper sets out to explore policy options on resettlement management as a DRR approach and how engaging with communities in a public discourse using the Deliberative Polling (DP) approach; to obtain their opinions and insights on these policy issues, revealed underlying challenges to policy implementation.A qualitative study was conducted in Bududa in eastern Uganda with fourteen group discussions; comprising 12-15 randomly assigned participants of mixed socio-economic variables. Trained research assistants and moderators collected data. All discussions were audio taped, transcribed verbatim before analysis. Data were analyzed using latent content analysis by identifying codes from which sub-themes were generated and grouped into main themes on policy options for resettlement management.We used Deliberative Polling, an innovative approach to public policy consultation and found that although the community is in agreement with most government policy options under resettlement management, they lacked an understanding of the rationale underlying these policy options leading to challenges in implementation. The community members seemed uncertain and had mistrust in government's ability to implement the policies especially on issues of compensation for land lost. Key Words: Policy, Deliberative Polling, Climate change, risk-reduction, landslides, Uganda.
View details for DOI 10.1371/currents.dis.49e8e547de25ca1c1f9edbbfc8b9efa5
View details for PubMedID 30191081
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6100022
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Deliberative polling for multistakeholder internet governance: considered judgments on access for the next billion
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION & SOCIETY
2018; 21 (11): 1541–54
View details for DOI 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1340497
View details for Web of Science ID 000436970900002
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Deliberative Agenda Setting: Piloting Reform of Direct Democracy in California
PERSPECTIVES ON POLITICS
2015; 13 (4): 1030-1042
View details for DOI 10.1017/S1537592715002297
View details for Web of Science ID 000367192900007
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Effectiveness of public deliberation methods for gathering input on issues in healthcare: Results from a randomized trial.
Social science & medicine
2015; 133: 11-20
Abstract
Public deliberation elicits informed perspectives on complex issues that are values-laden and lack technical solutions. This Deliberative Methods Demonstration examined the effectiveness of public deliberation for obtaining informed public input regarding the role of medical evidence in U.S. healthcare. We conducted a 5-arm randomized controlled trial, assigning participants to one of four deliberative methods or to a reading materials only (RMO) control group. The four deliberative methods reflected important differences in implementation, including length of the deliberative process and mode of interaction. The project convened 76 groups between August and November 2012 in four U.S.Chicago, IL; Sacramento, CA; Silver Spring, MD; and Durham, NC, capturing a sociodemographically diverse sample with specific attention to ensuring inclusion of Hispanic, African-American, and elderly participants. Of 1774 people recruited, 75% participated: 961 took part in a deliberative method and 377 participants comprised the RMO control group. To assess effectiveness of the deliberative methods overall and of individual methods, we evaluated whether mean pre-post changes on a knowledge and attitude survey were statistically different from the RMO control using ANCOVA. In addition, we calculated mean scores capturing participant views of the impact and value of deliberation. Participating in deliberation increased participants' knowledge of evidence and comparative effectiveness research and shifted participants' attitudes regarding the role of evidence in decision-making. When comparing each deliberative method to the RMO control group, all four deliberative methods resulted in statistically significant change on at least one knowledge or attitude measure. These findings were underscored by self-reports that the experience affected participants' opinions. Public deliberation offers unique potential for those seeking informed input on complex, values-laden topics affecting broad public constituencies.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.024
View details for PubMedID 25828260
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Effectiveness of public deliberation methods for gathering input on issues in healthcare: Results from a randomized trial
SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE
2015; 133: 11-20
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.024
View details for Web of Science ID 000354579800003
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The EuroPolis deliberative poll
EUROPEAN UNION POLITICS
2014; 15 (3): 311-327
View details for DOI 10.1177/1465116514531508
View details for Web of Science ID 000342386400001
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Europolis and the European public sphere: Empirical explorations of a counterfactual ideal
EUROPEAN UNION POLITICS
2014; 15 (3): 328-351
View details for DOI 10.1177/1465116514531507
View details for Web of Science ID 000342386400002
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Deliberating across Deep Divides
POLITICAL STUDIES
2014; 62 (1): 116-135
View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.01005.x
View details for Web of Science ID 000331387300008
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POLLING AND DEMOCRACY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE AAPOR TASK FORCE REPORT ON PUBLIC OPINION AND LEADERSHIP
PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY
2013; 77 (4): 853-860
View details for DOI 10.1093/poq/nft039
View details for Web of Science ID 000329135200001
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Deliberation, Single-Peakedness, and the Possibility of Meaningful Democracy: Evidence from Deliberative Polls
JOURNAL OF POLITICS
2013; 75 (1): 80-95
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0022381612000886
View details for Web of Science ID 000325770000012
- Deliberating Across Deep Divides Political Studies 2012
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WHY DELIBERATIVE POLLING? REPLY TO GLEASON
CRITICAL REVIEW
2011; 23 (3): 393-403
View details for DOI 10.1080/08913811.2011.635873
View details for Web of Science ID 000300165700008
- Making Deliberative Democracy Practical: Public Consultation and Dispute Resolution Ohio State Journal of Dispute Resolution 2011; 22 (4): 611-626
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DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY AND CONSTITUTIONS
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY & POLICY
2011; 28 (1): 242-260
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0265052510000129
View details for Web of Science ID 000285478300010
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Deliberative Democracy in an Unlikely Place: Deliberative Polling in China
BRITISH JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
2010; 40: 435-448
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0007123409990330
View details for Web of Science ID 000278320300010
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Disaggregating Deliberation's Effects: An Experiment within a Deliberative Poll
BRITISH JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
2010; 40: 333-347
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0007123409990433
View details for Web of Science ID 000278320300005
- The Deliberative Deficit and What to Do About It The Good Society 2010; 19 (1): 66-76
- Deliberative Democracy in an Unlikely Place: China’s First Deliberative Poll British Journal of Political Science 2010; 40 (2): 435-448
- Population and Political Theory (PPAS - Philosophy, Politics & Society) edited by Goodin, R. E. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010
- Hitobito wa hanasu toki: Jukugi minshu shugi to kōkai kyōgi o Chinese edition, in press. 2010
- When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010
- When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009
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Broadcasts of deliberative polls: Aspirations and effects
BRITISH JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
2006; 36: 184-188
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0007123406000
View details for Web of Science ID 000235074400010
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Beyond polling alone: The quest for an informed public
CRITICAL REVIEW
2006; 18 (1-3): 157-165
View details for Web of Science ID 000243114200006
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Experimenting with a democratic ideal: Deliberative Polling and public opinion
ACTA POLITICA
2005; 40 (3): 284-298
View details for DOI 10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500121
View details for Web of Science ID 000236933000002
- Deliberative Polling: From Experiment to Community Resource The Deliberative Democracy Handbook edited by Gastil, J., Levine, P. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. 2005
- Defending Deliberation: A Comment on Ian Shapiro's State of Democratic Theory Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 2005; 8 (1): 71-78
- Deliberation Day New Haven and London: Yale University Press,. 2004
- Debating Deliberative Democracy edited by Laslett, P. Oxford: Blackwell. 2003
- Informed Public Opnion about Foreign Policy: The Uses of Deliberative Polling Brookings Review 2003; 21 (3): 16-19
- Considered Opinions: Deliberative Polling in the UK British Journal of Political Science 2002: 455-487
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Deliberative polling and public consultation
PARLIAMENTARY AFFAIRS
2000; 53 (4): 657-666
View details for Web of Science ID 000089956000004
- Bringing Deliberation to the Democratic Dialogue A Poll With a Human Face: The National Issues Convention Experiment in Political Communication edited by McCombs, M. . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1999
- The Quest for Deliberative Democracy The Good Society 1999; 9 (1): 1-8
- Making Deliberative Democracy Work: A Reply to Elkin, Lustig and Sanders The Good Society 1999; 9 (1): 22-29
- The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1997
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The televised deliberative poll: An experiment in democracy
ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
1996; 546: 132-140
View details for Web of Science ID A1996UR82700012
- The Dialogue of Justice New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1996
- The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1995
- Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1993
- A Voice for 'We the People' in the Electoral Process The Chronicle of Higher Education 1992; XXXVIII (43): A40
- Bringing Deliberation to Democracy Contemporary Philosophy 1992; XIV (2): 4-7
- The Dialogue of Justice New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1992
- The Deliberative Opinion Poll: A Dialogue The Public Perspective 1992; 3 (4): 29-34
- Philosophy, Politics and Society, Sixth Series: Justice Between Age Groups and Generations edited by Laslett, P. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1992
- Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1991
- Justice Between Generations: Compensation, Identity and Group Membership NOMOS XXXIII Compensatory Justice edited by Chapman, J. W. New York University Press. 1991: 85–96
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TOWARDS A NEW SOCIAL-CONTRACT
NOUS
1990; 24 (2): 217-226
View details for Web of Science ID A1990CY15000002
- In Search of the Social Contract Individual Liberty and Democratic Order edited by Lomasky, L., Brennan, G. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1989
- Conflicting Ideals of Democracy: Reflections on Reform of the Democratic Process Hofstra Law Review 1989; 19 (2): 395-409
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THE COMPLEXITY OF SIMPLE JUSTICE
ETHICS
1988; 98 (3): 464-471
View details for Web of Science ID A1988N342500002
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BARGAINING, JUSTICE, AND JUSTIFICATION - TOWARDS RECONSTRUCTION
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY & POLICY
1988; 5 (2): 46-64
View details for Web of Science ID A1988P584200003
- The Case for a National Caucus: Taking Democracy Seriously The Atlantic 1988
- Do We Need a Systematic Theory of Equal Opportunity? Equality of Opportunity edited by Bowie, N. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1988
- Equal Opportunity versus Liberty Social Philosophy and Policy 1987; 5 (1): 32-48
- Ideals without an Ideal: Justice, Democracy and Liberty in Liberal Theory Individual Liberty and Democratic Decision-making edited by Koslowski, P. J.C.B. Mohr. 1987
- Beyond Subjective Morality: Ethical Reasoning and Political Philosophy New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1985
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UTILITARIANISM VERSUS HUMAN-RIGHTS - COMMENT ON GIBBARD
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY & POLICY
1984; 1 (2): 103-107
View details for Web of Science ID A1984SU40700008
- Justice, Equal Opportunity and the Family New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1984
- Beyond Subjective Morality: Ethical Reasoning and Political Philosophy New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1984
- Justice Versus Utility Columbia Law Review 1984; 84 (1): 263-270
- Defending Equality: The View from the Cave Michigan Law Review 1984; 82: 755-760
- The Boundaries of Justice Journal of Conflict Resolution 1983; 27 (2): 355-75
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CAN THERE BE A NEUTRAL THEORY OF JUSTICE
ETHICS
1983; 93 (2): 348-356
View details for Web of Science ID A1983QG47600011
- Justice Between Generations: The Dilemma of Future Interests Social Justice edited by Bradie, M., Braybrooke, D. Bowling Green: Philosophy Documentation Center,. 1983
- The Limits of Obligation New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1983
- Justice, Equal Opportunity and the Family New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1983
- More Democracy? The London Review of Books 1982; 4 (11)
- Tyranny and Legitimacy: A Critique of Political Theories Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1979
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MORAL PRINCIPLES AND PUBLIC-POLICY
DAEDALUS
1979; 108 (4): 55-67
View details for Web of Science ID A1979HS63100005
- Philosophy, Politics and Society, Fifth Series edited by Laslett, P. Oxford: Basil Balckwell/New Haven: Yale University Press. 1979
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JUSTICE AND RATIONALITY - SOME OBJECTIONS TO CENTRAL ARGUMENT IN RAWLS THEORY (Book Review)
AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW
1975; 69 (2): 615-629
View details for Web of Science ID A1975AG58000020