James Sweeney
Professor of Management Science & Engineering, Emeritus
Management Science and Engineering
Web page: http://web.stanford.edu/people/jsweeney
Bio
James L. Sweeney is Professor of Management Science and Engineering; Senior Fellow of the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research; Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; and senior fellow of the Precourt Institute for Energy. He served as chairman of the Stanford Department of Engineering-Economic Systems and chairman of the Department of Engineering-Economic Systems and Operations Research. Until recently he was director of the Precourt Energy Efficiency Center.
His professional activities focus on economic policy and analysis, particularly in energy, natural resources, and the environment. His research includes energy policy, depletable and renewable resource use, electricity market analysis, environmental economics, global climate change policy, gasoline market dynamics, energy demand, and energy price dynamics. Along with Alan Kneese, he was editor of the three volume Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics, part of the North Holland Handbooks in Economics series. He is the author of the book "The California Electricity Crisis", an analytical history of the economic and policy issues associated with California's electricity restructuring and the subsequent crisis. He authored the book, "Energy Efficiency: Building a Clean, Secure Economy," which shows how energy efficiency has led to US energy import security, a deep de-carbonization of the US economy, and economic benefits to the United States.
At Stanford he has served as Director of the Energy Modeling Forum, Chairman of the Stanford Institute for Energy Studies, and Director of the Center for Economic Policy Research (now the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research), and founding director of the Precourt Energy Efficiency Center.
He periodically serves as a consultant or advisor to corporations, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and law firms. He has served as expert witness in energy litigations in natural gas, oil, and electricity industries in the United States and in New Zealand.
He holds a B.S. degree from MIT in Electrical Engineering and a Ph.D. from Stanford University in Engineering Economic Systems. His articles have appeared in numerous books and journals, including Econometrica, Journal of Economic Theory, Resources and Energy, Management Science, Journal of Urban Economics, The Energy Journal, and International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences.
Academic Appointments
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Professor Emeritus, Management Science and Engineering
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Senior Fellow, Precourt Institute for Energy
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Director, Precourt Energy Efficiency Center
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Affiliate, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment
Administrative Appointments
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Director, Precourt Energy Efficiency Center (2006 - 2018)
Honors & Awards
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Distinguished Service Award, Federal Energy Administration (1975)
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Excellence in Teaching Award, Stanford Society of Black Scientists and Engineers (1989)
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Senior Fellow, U.S. Association for Energy Economics (1999)
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National Associate, National Academies (2004)
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Adelman-Frankel Award, United States Association for Energy Economics (2007)
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Outstanding Contribution Award, International Association for Energy Economics (2008)
Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations
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Member Founding member, International Association for Energy Economics (1977 - Present)
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Member, US Association for Energy Economics (1994 - Present)
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Member, National Research Council Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (1996 - 1999)
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President of the Board, Stanford Campus Residential Leaseholders, Inc (2002 - Present)
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Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, External Advisory Council (2003 - 2018)
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Member, Governor Schwarzenegger’s Council of Economic Advisors (2004 - 2011)
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Board of Directors, Hara Software (2011 - 2013)
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Advisory Board, American Efficient (2011 - 2014)
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Member, National Research Council Board on Environmental Change and Society (2011 - 2014)
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Advisory Board, Sun Synchrony (2012 - 2016)
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Advisory Board, Geothermic Solution (2013 - Present)
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Committee Member, State of California, Petroleum Market Advisory Committee (2015 - 2017)
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Chair of Council, California Council on Science and Technology (2018 - 2019)
Program Affiliations
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Public Policy
Professional Education
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PhD, Stanford University, Engineering Economic Systems (1971)
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BS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering (1966)
Current Research and Scholarly Interests
Determinants of energy efficiency opportunities, barriers, and policy options. Emphasis on behavioral issues, including personal, corporate, or organizational. Behavior may be motivated by economic incentives, social, or cultural factors, or more generally, by a combination of these factors. Systems analysis questions of energy use.
2024-25 Courses
- Economic Analysis
MS&E 141, MS&E 241 (Win) - Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis
MS&E 243 (Spr) - Senior Project
MS&E 108 (Win) -
Independent Studies (6)
- Directed Individual Study in Earth Systems
EARTHSYS 297 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Directed Reading and Research
MS&E 408 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Directed Reading in Environment and Resources
ENVRES 398 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Directed Research
EARTHSYS 250 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Directed Research in Environment and Resources
ENVRES 399 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Honors Program in Earth Systems
EARTHSYS 199 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum)
- Directed Individual Study in Earth Systems
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Prior Year Courses
2023-24 Courses
- Capstone Project Seminar in Environment and Resources
ENVRES 290 (Spr) - Economic Analysis
MS&E 141, MS&E 241 (Win) - Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis
MS&E 243 (Spr) - Senior Project
MS&E 108 (Win)
2022-23 Courses
- Economic Analysis
MS&E 141, MS&E 241 (Win) - Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis
MS&E 243 (Spr) - Senior Project
MS&E 108 (Win)
2021-22 Courses
- Economic Analysis
MS&E 241 (Win) - Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis
MS&E 243 (Spr) - Policy and Economics Research Roundtable (PERR)
MS&E 441 (Win) - Senior Project
MS&E 108 (Win)
- Capstone Project Seminar in Environment and Resources
Stanford Advisees
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Doctoral Dissertation Reader (AC)
Fernando Rodriguez Silva Santisteban -
Master's Program Advisor
SD Cadwallader, Lyna Kim, Aya ZAARI JABRI
All Publications
- Energy Efficiency: Building a Clean, Secure Economy Hoover Institution Press. 2016
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BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTING LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES
CLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICS
2012; 3 (4)
View details for DOI 10.1142/S2010007812500194
View details for Web of Science ID 000214032300003
- Market Failure and the Structure of Externalities Harnessing Renewable Energy in Electric Power Systems edited by Moselle, B., Padilla, J., Schmalensee, R. RFF Press. 2010: 1
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Market Failure and the Structure of Externalities
HARNESSING RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS: THEORY, PRACTICE, POLICY
2010: 69-91
View details for Web of Science ID 000366115000006
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Learning-by-doing and the optimal solar policy in California
ENERGY JOURNAL
2008; 29 (3): 131-151
View details for Web of Science ID 000257184600007
- The California Electricity Crisis. Hoover Institution Press. Stanford California.. 2002
- Environmentally Significant Consumption: Research Directions edited by Stern, Paul, C., Ruttan, Vernon, W., Socolow, Robert, H. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.. 1997
- Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics edited by Kneese, A., V., Sweeney, James, L. North Holland. 1993
- Economics of Depletable Resources: Market Forces and Intertemporal Bias Review of Economic Studies, Reprinted in The Economics of Exhaustible Resources edited by Heal, G. Edward Elgar Publishing, Ltd., London. 1993: 125–141
- Economic Theory of Depletable Resources: An Introduction Chapter 17 in Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics North Holland. 1993: 1
- Macroeconomic Impacts of Energy Shocks edited by Hickman, Bert, G., Huntington, H., Sweeney, J. North Holland. 1987
- New Car Efficiency Standards and the Demand for Gasoline in Advances in the Economics of Energy and Resources: The Structure of Energy Markets edited by Pindyck, R. JAI Press, Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut. 1979: 105–133
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ECONOMICS OF DEPLETABLE RESOURCES - MARKET FORCES AND INTERTEMPORAL BIAS
REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES
1977; 44 (1): 125-141
View details for Web of Science ID A1977CX36600009
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QUALITY, COMMODITY HIERARCHIES, AND HOUSING MARKETS
ECONOMETRICA
1974; 42 (1): 147-167
View details for Web of Science ID A1974U083800011
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Impact of real-time pricing and residential load automation on distribution systems
ENERGY POLICY
2024; 184
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113906
View details for Web of Science ID 001126137000001
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Transport and Energy Research A Behavioral Perspective Foreword by Prof. James L. Sweeney
TRANSPORT AND ENERGY RESEARCH: A BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
2020: XVII-XIX
View details for Web of Science ID 000613719600002
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Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low-cost grid power with 100% wind, water, and solar
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2017; 114 (26): 6722–27
Abstract
A number of analyses, meta-analyses, and assessments, including those performed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and the International Energy Agency, have concluded that deployment of a diverse portfolio of clean energy technologies makes a transition to a low-carbon-emission energy system both more feasible and less costly than other pathways. In contrast, Jacobson et al. [Jacobson MZ, Delucchi MA, Cameron MA, Frew BA (2015) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(49):15060-15065] argue that it is feasible to provide "low-cost solutions to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of WWS [wind, water and solar power] across all energy sectors in the continental United States between 2050 and 2055", with only electricity and hydrogen as energy carriers. In this paper, we evaluate that study and find significant shortcomings in the analysis. In particular, we point out that this work used invalid modeling tools, contained modeling errors, and made implausible and inadequately supported assumptions. Policy makers should treat with caution any visions of a rapid, reliable, and low-cost transition to entire energy systems that relies almost exclusively on wind, solar, and hydroelectric power.
View details for PubMedID 28630353
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Recent trends in power system reliability and implications for evaluating future investments in resiliency
ENERGY
2016; 117: 29-46
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.energy.2016.10.063
View details for Web of Science ID 000390719000004
- Barriers to Implementing Low Carbon Technologies Climate Change Economics World Scientific Publishing Company. 2012: 1
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Defining a Standard Metric for Electricity Savings
Conference on Physics of Sustainable Energy II - Using Energy Efficiently and Producing It Renewably
AMER INST PHYSICS. 2011
View details for DOI 10.1063/1.3653843
View details for Web of Science ID 000301975900002
- Climate Speculations Review of Climatopolis: How Our Cities Will Thrive in the Hotter Future, Stanford Social Innovation Review. 2011
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SOLAR ISSUES
TECHNOLOGY REVIEW
2010; 113 (5): 8-8
View details for Web of Science ID 000287011700004
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Defining a standard metric for electricity savings
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
2010; 5 (1)
View details for DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014017
View details for Web of Science ID 000276097900018
- Allocating Emissions Allowances Under a California Cap-and-Trade Program: Recommendations to the California Air Resources Board and California Environmental Protection Agency from the Economic and Allocation Advisory Committee California Air Resources Board. 2010
- Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impact.) America's Energy Future Panel on Alternative Liquid Transportation Fuels America's Energy Future Panel on Alternative Liquid Transportation Fuels; National Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Engineering; National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.. 2009: 1
- America’s Energy Future: Technology and Transformation. Committee on America’s Energy Future National Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Engineering; National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.. 2009: 1
- Low Carbon Growth: Our Ethical Responsibility Development Outreach 2008
- Deconstructing the Rosenfeld Curve Anant Sudarshan and James Sweeney 2008
- Analysis of Measures to Meet the Requirements of California’s Assembly Bill 32 Precourt Energy Efficiency Team 2008
- California Action Plan for Transportation Energy Security. California Strategic Transportation Energy Partnership. CalStart 2007
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Hydrogen for light-duty vehicles: opportunities and barriers in the United States
HUMAN-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT
2007: 198-215
View details for DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511619472.021
View details for Web of Science ID 000296905500021
- Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE (Phase Two.) Committee on Prospective Benefits of DOE’s Energy Efficiencey and Fossil Energy R&D Programs (Phase Two). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.. 2007: 1
- Hydrogen for Light Duty Vehicles: Opportunities and Barriers in the United States Chapter 17 in Human-Induced Climate Change: An Interdisciplinary Assessment edited by Schlesinger, M. Cambridge University Press. 2007: 1
- National Security Consequences of U.S. Oil Dependency. Independent Task Force Report Council on Foreign Relations. 2006: 1
- California Electricity Restructuring, the Crisis, and its Aftermath Chapter 10 in Electricity Market Reform: An International Perspective edited by Shioshansi, P., Pfaffenberger, W. Elsevier. 2006: 1
- An Energy Policy for the Twenty-first Century Hoover Digest 2005: 33-36
- Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE (Phase One): A First Look Forward. Committee on Prospective Benefits of DOE’s Energy Efficiencey and Fossil Energy R&D Programs (Phase One.) National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.. 2005: 1
- The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs Committee on Alternatives and Strategies for Future Hydrogen Production and Use. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.. 2004: 1
- Natural Resource Economics The Social Science Encyclopedia Routledge, London. 2004; 3: 1
- Regulating Fuel Economy: Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards Policy Brief, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research 2003
- The California Electricity Crisis: Lessons for the Future The Bridge 2002: 23-31
- Energy Research at DOE: Was It Worth It? Committee on Benefits of DOE R&D in Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.. 2001: 1
- Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards. Committee on Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.. 2001: 1
- Energy Economics International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences edited by Smelser, Neil, J., Baltes, Paul, B. Pergamon, Oxford. 2001: 4513–4520
- Tradable Fuel Economy Credits. Analysis and Text Extended from Chapter 5 of Impact and Effectiveness of Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards 2001
- California Public Interest Energy Research: Independent PIER Panel Final Report Independent PIER Panel. California Council on Science and Technology 2001
- California Public Interest Energy Research: Independent PIER Panel Report Independent PIER Panel. California Council on Science and Technology 2000
- Trade and Industry Impacts of the Kyoto Protocol. (White Paper) The Business Roundtable.. 1999
- Agricultural Damage of Common Crops and Externalities Associated with Bread Consumption EES&OR Department Working Paper. 1997
- Natural Resource Economics in The Social Science Encyclopedia Routledge, London. 1996: 1
- Evaluation of the EPA's Proposal for Renewable Oxygenates Prepared for The American Petroleum Institute 1994
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY - LESSONS FROM THE PAST AND STRATEGIES FOR THE FUTURE - COMMENT
WORLD BANK ECONOMIC REVIEW
1993: 429-439
View details for Web of Science ID A1993NF35500042
- Potential Costs and Regulatory Burdens of the Energy Policy Act of 1992: Provisions for Alternative Fuel Vehicles. (Monograph) DRI/McGraw-Hill and Charles River Associates. 1993
- Gasoline Taxes: An Economic Assessment Prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress 1993
- Review of Transportation Fuels Analysis and Policy Recommendations in California Energy Commission: California Energy Plan 1992
- The National Energy Modeling System Committee on the National Energy Modeling System, National Research Council National Academy Press. 1992: 1
- Mandating a Transition to Alternative Transportation Fuels: Economic Environmental and Energy Security Implications 1992
- Mandates for Alternative Fuels: A Policy Analysis Charles River Associates 1991
- Oil Import Fees With Exemptions: An Empirical Examination Resources and Energy 1990; 11 (3): 215-239
- Fuels to Drive our Future Committee on Production Technologies for Liquid Transportation Fuels,Principal Author, Chapter 3 and Appendix D. National Academy Press. 1990: 1
- Production Costs for Alternative Liquid Transportation Fuels Methanol As An Alternative Fuel Choice: An Assessment edited by Kohl, W. The Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute, Washington D.C.. 1990: 1
- Price Oscillations in Oligopoly Center for Economic Policy Research Publication ,Stanford California 1990
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OIL IMPORT FEES WITH EXEMPTIONS - AN EMPIRICAL-EXAMINATION
RESOURCES AND ENERGY
1989; 11 (3): 215-239
View details for Web of Science ID A1989CZ86900001
- On Economic Policy Responses to Disruptions: A Reply to Harry Saunders The Energy Journal 1989; 10 (4): 189-198
- Optimal Control and Time Consistent Equilibria in Dominant Firm/Competitive Fringe Dynamic Games 1989
- Time Inconsistency and the Advantage of Not Committing: The Importer of an Exhaustible Resource Center for Economic Policy Research Working Paper, Stanford California 1988
- Price Asymmetry in the Demand for Energy Energy Demand Prospects & Trends edited by Stevens, P. Camelot Press Ltd. Southhampton, Great Britain. 1987: 48–70
- Changing World Oil Markets: What Should We Expect? Zeitschrift fur Energie Wirtschaft 1986: 73-74
- Analyzing Impacts of Potential Tax Policy Changes on U.S. Oil Security The Energy Journal 1985; 6: 89-108
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THE RESPONSE OF ENERGY DEMAND TO HIGHER PRICES - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED
AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW
1984; 74 (2): 31-37
View details for Web of Science ID A1984SQ68400006
- Energy Model Comparison: An Overview in Large-Scale Energy Models -- Prospects and Potential Westview Press, Inc., Boulder, CO. 1983: 191–217
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MODELING FOR INSIGHTS, NOT NUMBERS - THE EXPERIENCES OF THE ENERGY MODELING FORUM
OMEGA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
1982; 10 (5): 449-462
View details for Web of Science ID A1982PL09400002
- Modeling For Insights, Not Numbers: The Experiences of the Energy Modeling Forum Omega 1982; 10 (5): 449-462
- World Oil Energy Modeling Forum Working Group 6, Energy Modeling Forum Stanford University, Stanford, California. 1982: 1
- The Relationship Between Energy Use and the Economy in Energy Independence for the United States,The Newport Foundation, 1981. Also published in U.S. Options for Energy Independence Nake M. Kamrany, D. C. Heath & Co.. 1982: 1
- Aggregate Elasticity of Energy Demand principal author with EMF 4 Working Group members, The Energy Journal 1981; 2 (2): 37-75
- Energy Modeling Forum 5: U.S. Oil and Gas Supply in Energy Modeling III: Dealing with Energy Uncertainty 1981: 283–303
- The U. S. Oil and Gas Supply Energy Modeling Forum Working Group 5. Energy Modeling Forum, Stanford University 1981
- World Oil: Preliminary Results from the Energy Modeling Forum Study Kvartals Skrift 1981: 161-179
- Energy Policies and Automobile Use of Gasoline in Selected Studies on Energy/Background Papers for Energy: The Next Twenty Years Spring. 1980: 93–125
- Energy Problems and Policies in The Economy in the 1980's: A Program for Growth and Stability Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, Spring. 1980: 353–392
- The Energy Modeling Forum, an Overview in Validation and Assessment Issues of Energy Models edited by Gass, S. U.S. Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards Special Publication. 1980: 65–96
- U.S. Oil and Gas Supply Study 1980
- The Energy Modeling Forum: Past, Present, and Future in Energy Policy - The Global Challenge, Fall 1979, also in Energiemodelle für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland edited by Nemetz, P., N., Voss, A., Schmitz, K. Institute for Research on Public Policy, Verlag TUV Rheinland Koln, Spring. 1980: 149–167
- Overview in Electric Load Forecasting: Probing the Issues with Models EMF Report 3. 1980: 5–15
- Electric Load Forecasting: Probing the Issues with Models Energy Modeling Forum Working Group 3 Energy Modeling Forum, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 1980: 1
- The Energy Modeling Forum: Past, Present, and Future Journal of Business Administration 1979; 2 (1): 295-320
- Effects of Federal Policies on Gasoline Consumption Resources and Energy 1979; 2: 3-26
- Methodologies for Petroleum Product Price Forecasting: A Review Topics in Energy, Data Resources, Inc. 1978: 1-45
- Structural/Econometric Modeling of Gasoline Consumption 1978
- The Demand for Gasoline: A Vintage Capital Model in Select Papers from Workshops on World Energy Supply and Demand International Energy Agency, Paris. 1978: 240–277
- Energy Policy Models in the National Energy Outlook Management Science 1978; 10: 37-62
- Effects of Federal Policies on Gasoline Consumption Foresight: The Economic Impact of Energy Conservation Library of Congress. 1978: 241–225
- Optimal Growth with Depletable Resources Resources and Energy 1978; 1 (1): 43-56
- The Impact of the President's Proposed Gasoline Tax and Gas-Guzzler Tax on Gasoline Consumption DRI Energy Bulletin 1977: 6-11
- Energy Regulation: Solution or Problem? in Options for U.S. Energy Policy Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco. 1977: 179–209
- National Energy Outlook major contributor, directed development of supply/ demand/price forecasts, Federal Energy Administration 1976: 1
- The Capital Stock Adjustment Process and the Demand for Gasoline; A Market Share Approach in Economic Dimensions and Energy Supply and Demand edited by Kraft, J., Askin, B. Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts. 1976: 1
- Demand for Gasoline: Application of Commodity Hierarchy Theory 1975
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MODELING HOUSING MARKETS - COMMODITY HIERARCHIES IN A SPATIAL SETTING
STANFORD JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
1974; 9: 167-197
View details for Web of Science ID A1974U443700016
- Toward Housing Market Dynamics 1974
- Housing Unit Maintenance and the Mode of Tenure Journal of Economic Theory 1974; 8 (2): 111-138
- Modeling Housing Markets: Commodity Hierarchies in a Spatial Setting Stanford Journal of International Studies 1974; 10: 167-197
- A Mathematical Model of Housing Markets 1974
- Project Independence Report Federal Energy Administration 1974
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HOUSING UNIT MAINTENANCE AND MODE OF TENURE
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC THEORY
1974; 8 (2): 111-138
View details for Web of Science ID A1974T068000002
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COMMODITY HIERARCHY MODEL OF RENTAL HOUSING MARKET
JOURNAL OF URBAN ECONOMICS
1974; 1 (3): 288-323
View details for Web of Science ID A1974U920800003
- A Commodity Hierarchy Model of the Rental Housing Market Journal of Urban Economics 1974; 1 (3): 288-323
- The Response of Energy Demand to Higher Prices: What Have We Learned? American Economic Review, also published in Global Energy Interactions edited by Pachauri, R., K. Allied Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi, India. 1984, 1987: 31–37,573–584
- Model Comparison for Energy Policy and Planning in Energy Policy Planning : 1
- Energy and Economic Growth: A Conceptual Framework edited by Kursunoglu, B., Permutter, A. 1978, 1979, 1979, 1980
- Price and Quantity Change Decomposition for Aggregated Commodities in Aggregate Elasticity of Energy Demand Energy Modeling Forum.. : 1
- The Theory and Practice of Energy Aggregation in Aggregate Elasticity of Energy Demand : 1
- Principles of Geographic Market Definition Manual on Antitrust Economics, Economics Committee Antitrust Division American Bar Association.. : 1
- Resource Depletion, Research and Development and the Social Rate of Discount: A Commentary and Extension in The Rate of Return for Energy Investment edited by Lind, R. : 1
- Energy Modeling Forum 4: Aggregate Elasticity of Energy Demand