Michael Bernstein

All Publications

• Socially situated artificial intelligence enables learning from human interaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Krishna, R., Lee, D., Fei-Fei, L., Bernstein, M. S. 2022; 119 (39): e2115730119

  Abstract

  Regardless of how much data artificial intelligence agents have available, agents will inevitably encounter previously unseen situations in real-world deployments. Reacting to novel situations by acquiring new information from other people-socially situated learning-is a core faculty of human development. Unfortunately, socially situated learning remains an open challenge for artificial intelligence agents because they must learn how to interact with people to seek out the information that they lack. In this article, we formalize the task of socially situated artificial intelligence-agents that seek out new information through social interactions with people-as a reinforcement learning problem where the agent learns to identify meaningful and informative questions via rewards observed through social interaction. We manifest our framework as an interactive agent that learns how to ask natural language questions about photos as it broadens its visual intelligence on a large photo-sharing social network. Unlike active-learning methods, which implicitly assume that humans are oracles willing to answer any question, our agent adapts its behavior based on observed norms of which questions people are or are not interested to answer. Through an 8-mo deployment where our agent interacted with 236,000 social media users, our agent improved its performance at recognizing new visual information by 112%. A controlled field experiment confirmed that our agent outperformed an active-learning baseline by 25.6%. This work advances opportunities for continuously improving artificial intelligence (AI) agents that better respect norms in open social environments.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.2115730119

  View details for PubMedID 36122244

• Ethics and society review: Ethics reflection as a precondition to research funding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Bernstein, M. S., Levi, M., Magnus, D., Rajala, B. A., Satz, D., Waeiss, C. 1800; 118 (52)

  Abstract

  Researchers in areas as diverse as computer science and political science must increasingly navigate the possible risks of their research to society. However, the history of medical experiments on vulnerable individuals influenced many research ethics reviews to focus exclusively on risks to human subjects rather than risks to human society. We describe an Ethics and Society Review board (ESR), which fills this moral gap by facilitating ethical and societal reflection as a requirement to access grant funding: Researchers cannot receive grant funding from participating programs until the researchers complete the ESR process for their proposal. Researchers author an initial statement describing their proposed research's risks to society, subgroups within society, and globally and commit to mitigation strategies for these risks. An interdisciplinary faculty panel iterates with the researchers to refine these risks and mitigation strategies. We describe a mixed-method evaluation of the ESR over 1 y, in partnership with a large artificial intelligence grant program at our university. Surveys and interviews of researchers who interacted with the ESR found 100% (95% CI: 87 to 100%) were willing to continue submitting future projects to the ESR, and 58% (95% CI: 37 to 77%) felt that it had influenced the design of their research project. The ESR panel most commonly identified issues of harms to minority groups, inclusion of diverse stakeholders in the research plan, dual use, and representation in datasets. These principles, paired with possible mitigation strategies, offer scaffolding for future research designs.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.2117261118

  View details for PubMedID 34934006

• Understanding the Representation and Representativeness of Age in AI Data Sets Park, J., Bernstein, M. S., Brewer, R. N., Kamar, E., Morris, M., ASSOC COMP MACHINERY ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2021: 834-842

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3461702.3462590

  View details for Web of Science ID 000767973400093

• Scene Graph Prediction with Limited Labels. Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Chen, V. S., Varma, P. n., Krishna, R. n., Bernstein, M. n., Ré, C. n., Fei-Fei, L. n. 2020; 2019: 2580–90

  Abstract

  Visual knowledge bases such as Visual Genome power numerous applications in computer vision, including visual question answering and captioning, but suffer from sparse, incomplete relationships. All scene graph models to date are limited to training on a small set of visual relationships that have thousands of training labels each. Hiring human annotators is expensive, and using textual knowledge base completion methods are incompatible with visual data. In this paper, we introduce a semi-supervised method that assigns probabilistic relationship labels to a large number of unlabeled images using few' labeled examples. We analyze visual relationships to suggest two types of image-agnostic features that are used to generate noisy heuristics, whose outputs are aggregated using a factor graph-based generative model. With as few as 10 labeled examples per relationship, the generative model creates enough training data to train any existing state-of-the-art scene graph model. We demonstrate that our method outperforms all baseline approaches on scene graph prediction by 5.16 recall@ 100 for PREDCLS. In our limited label setting, we define a complexity metric for relationships that serves as an indicator (R2 = 0.778) for conditions under which our method succeeds over transfer learning, the de-facto approach for training with limited labels.

  View details for DOI 10.1109/iccv.2019.00267

  View details for PubMedID 32218709

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7098690

• Street-Level Algorithms: A Theory at the Gaps Between Policy and Decisions Alkhatib, A., Bernstein, M., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2019

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3290605.3300760

  View details for Web of Science ID 000474467906066

• Eevee: Transforming Images by Bridging High-level Goals and Low-level Edit Operations Lam, M. S., Young, G. B., Xu, C. Y., Krishna, R., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2019

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3290607.3312929

  View details for Web of Science ID 000482042102024

• HYPE: A Benchmark for Human eYe Perceptual Evaluation of Generative Models Zhou, S., Gordon, M. L., Krishna, R., Narcomey, A., Li Fei-Fei, Bernstein, M. S., Wallach, H., Larochelle, H., Beygelzimer, A., d'Alche-Buc, F., Fox, E., Garnett, R. NEURAL INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS (NIPS). 2019

  View details for Web of Science ID 000534424303044

• Scene Graph Prediction with Limited Labels Chen, V. S., Varma, P., Krishna, R., Bernstein, M., Re, C., Fei-Fei, L., IEEE IEEE COMPUTER SOC. 2019: 1772–82

  View details for DOI 10.1109/ICCVW.2019.00220

  View details for Web of Science ID 000554591601101

• Visual Relationships as Functions: Enabling Few-Shot Scene Graph Prediction Dornadula, A., Narcomey, A., Krishna, R., Bernstein, M., Li Fei-Fei, IEEE IEEE COMPUTER SOC. 2019: 1730–39

  View details for DOI 10.1109/ICCVW.2019.00214

  View details for Web of Science ID 000554591601096

• Information Maximizing Visual Question Generation Krishna, R., Bernstein, M., Li Fei-Fei, IEEE Comp Soc IEEE COMPUTER SOC. 2019: 2008–18

  View details for DOI 10.1109/CVPR.2019.00211

  View details for Web of Science ID 000529484002018

• Conservation of Procrastination: Do Productivity Interventions Save Time or Just Redistribute It? Kovacs, G., Gregory, D., Ma, Z., Wu, Z., Emami, G., Ray, J., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2019

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3290605.3300560

  View details for Web of Science ID 000474467904022

• Ink: Increasing Worker Agency to Reduce Friction in Hiring Crowd Workers ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-HUMAN INTERACTION Salehi, N., Bernstein, M. S. 2018; 25 (2)

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3177882

  View details for Web of Science ID 000431849700003

• Mosaic: Designing Online Creative Communities for Sharing Works-in-Progress DESIGN THINKING RESEARCH: MAKING DISTINCTIONS: COLLABORATION VERSUS COOPERATION Kim, J., Agrawala, M., Bernstein, M. S., Plattner, H., Meinel, C., Leifer, L. 2018: 105–29

  View details for DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60967-6_6

  View details for Web of Science ID 000432741300007

• In Search of the Dream Team: Temporally Constrained Multi-Armed Bandits for Identifying Effective Team Structures Zhou, S., Valentine, M., Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2018

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3173574.3173682

  View details for Web of Science ID 000509673101033

• Iris: A Conversational Agent for Complex Tasks Fast, E., Chen, B., Mendelsohn, J., Bassen, J., Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2018

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3173574.3174047

  View details for Web of Science ID 000509673105074

• Referring Relationships Krishna, R., Chami, I., Bernstein, M., Li Fei-Fei, IEEE IEEE. 2018: 6867–76

  View details for DOI 10.1109/CVPR.2018.00718

  View details for Web of Science ID 000457843607003

• Shared Autonomy for an Interactive AI System Zhou, S., Mu, T., Goel, K., Bernstein, M., Brunskill, E., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2018: 20–22

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3266037.3266088

  View details for Web of Science ID 000494261200007

• Engagement Learning: Expanding Visual Knowledge by Engaging Online Participants Krishna, R., Lee, D., Li, F., Bernstein, M., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2018: 87–89

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3266037.3266110

  View details for Web of Science ID 000494261200029

• Mechanical Novel: Crowdsourcing Complex Work Through Reflection and Revision DESIGN THINKING RESEARCH: MAKING DISTINCTIONS: COLLABORATION VERSUS COOPERATION Kim, J., Sterman, S., Cohen, A., Bernstein, M. S., Plattner, H., Meinel, C., Leifer, L. 2018: 79–104

  View details for DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60967-6_5

  View details for Web of Science ID 000432741300006

• Anyone Can Become a Troll AMERICAN SCIENTIST Cheng, J., Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., Leskovec, J., Bernstein, M. 2017; 105 (3): 152–55

  View details for DOI 10.1511/2017.126.152

  View details for Web of Science ID 000399270400012

• Visual Genome: Connecting Language and Vision Using Crowdsourced Dense Image Annotations INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER VISION Krishna, R., Zhu, Y., Groth, O., Johnson, J., Hata, K., Kravitz, J., Chen, S., Kalantidis, Y., Li, L., Shamma, D. A., Bernstein, M. S., Li Fei-Fei, F. F. 2017; 123 (1): 32-73

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11263-016-0981-7

  View details for Web of Science ID 000400276400003

• MyriadHub: Efficiently Scaling Personalized Email Conversations with Valet Crowdsourcing Kokkalis, N., Fan, C., Roith, J., Bernstein, M. S., Klemmer, S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 73–84

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3025453.3025954

  View details for Web of Science ID 000426970500007

• Huddler: Convening Stable and Familiar Crowd Teams Despite Unpredictable Availability Salehi, N., McCabe, A., Valentine, M., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 1700-1713

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2998181.2998300

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455087800125

• The Daemo Crowdsourcing Marketplace Gaikwad, S. S., Whiting, M. E., Gamage, D., Mullings, C. A., Majeti, D., Goyal, S., Gilbee, A., Chhibber, N., Ginzberg, A., Richmond-Fuller, A., Matin, S., Sehgal, V., Sarma, T., Nasser, A., Ballav, A., Regino, J., Zhou, S., Mananova, K., Srinivas, P., Ziulkoski, K., Dhakal, D., Stolzoff, A., Niranga, S. S., Salih, M., Sinha, A., Vaish, R., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 1-4

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3022198.3023270

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455085000001

• Crowd Guilds: Worker-led Reputation and Feedback on Crowdsourcing Platforms Whiting, M. E., Gamage, D., Gaikwad, S. S., Gilbee, A., Goyal, S., Ballav, A., Majeti, D., Chhibber, N., Richmond-Fuller, A., Vargus, F., Sarma, T., Chandrakanthan, V., Moura, T., Salih, M., Kalejaiye, G., Ginzberg, A., Mullings, C. A., Dayan, Y., Milland, K., Orefice, H., Regino, J., Parsi, S., Mainali, K., Sehgal, V., Matin, S., Sinha, A., Vaish, R., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 1902-1913

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2998181.2998234

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455087800139

• Founder Center: Enabling Access to Collective Social Capital Kokkalis, N., Fan, C., Breier, T., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 2010-2022

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2998181.2998244

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455087800147

• Crowd Research: Open and Scalable University Laboratories Vaish, R., Gaikwad, S. S., Kovacs, G., Veit, A., Krishna, R., Ibarra, I., Simoiu, C., Wilber, M., Belongie, S., Goel, S., Davis, J., Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 829-843

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3126594.3126648

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455360100072

• Mechanical Novel: Crowdsourcing Complex Work through Reflection and Revision Kim, J., Sterman, S., Cohen, A., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 233–45

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2998181.2998196

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455087800018

• Mosaic: Designing Online Creative Communities for Sharing Works-in-Progress Kim, J., Agrawala, M., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 246–58

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2998181.2998195

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455087800019

• A Glimpse Far into the Future: Understanding Long-term Crowd Worker Quality Hata, K., Krishna, R., Fei-Fei, L., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 889–901

  View details for DOI 10.1145/299818.2998248

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455087800066

• Anyone Can Become a Troll: Causes of Trolling Behavior in Online Discussions Cheng, J., Bernstein, M., Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., Leskovec, J., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 1217–30

  Abstract

  In online communities, antisocial behavior such as trolling disrupts constructive discussion. While prior work suggests that trolling behavior is confined to a vocal and antisocial minority, we demonstrate that ordinary people can engage in such behavior as well. We propose two primary trigger mechanisms: the individual's mood, and the surrounding context of a discussion (e.g., exposure to prior trolling behavior). Through an experiment simulating an online discussion, we find that both negative mood and seeing troll posts by others significantly increases the probability of a user trolling, and together double this probability. To support and extend these results, we study how these same mechanisms play out in the wild via a data-driven, longitudinal analysis of a large online news discussion community. This analysis reveals temporal mood effects, and explores long range patterns of repeated exposure to trolling. A predictive model of trolling behavior shows that mood and discussion context together can explain trolling behavior better than an individual's history of trolling. These results combine to suggest that ordinary people can, under the right circumstances, behave like trolls.

  View details for PubMedID 29399664

• Examining Crowd Work and Gig Work Through The Historical Lens of Piecework Alkhatib, A., Bernstein, M. S., Levi, M., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 4599–4616

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3025453.3025974

  View details for Web of Science ID 000426970504043

• Visual7W: Grounded Question Answering in Images Zhu, Y., Groth, O., Bernstein, M., Li Fei-Fei, IEEE IEEE. 2016: 4995–5004

  View details for DOI 10.1109/CVPR.2016.540

  View details for Web of Science ID 000400012305008

• Talkabout: Making Distance Matter with Small Groups in Massive Classes DESIGN THINKING RESEARCH: MAKING DESIGN THINKING FOUNDATIONAL Kulkarni, C., Cambre, J., Kotturi, Y., Bernstein, M. S., Klemmer, S., Plattner, H., Meinel, C., Leifer, L. 2016: 67-92

  View details for DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-19641-1_6

  View details for Web of Science ID 000371623000007

• Meta: Enabling Programming Languages to Learn from the Crowd Fast, E., Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2016: 259-270

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2984511.2984532

  View details for Web of Science ID 000387605000025

• Boomerang: Rebounding the Consequences of Reputation Feedback on Crowdsourcing Platforms Gaikwad, S. S., Morina, D., Ginzberg, A., Mullings, C., Goyal, S., Gamage, D., Diemert, C., Burton, M., Zhou, S., Whiting, M., Ziulkoski, K., Ballav, A., Gilbee, A., Niranga, S. S., Sehgal, V., Lin, J., Kristianto, L., Richmond-Fuller, A., Regino, J., Chhibber, N., Majeti, D., Sharma, S., Mananova, K., Dhaka, D., Dai, W., Purynova, V., Sandeep, S., Chandrakanthan, V., Sarma, T., Matin, S., Nasser, A., Nistala, R., Stolzoff, A., Milland, K., Mathur, V., Vaish, R., Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2016: 625-637

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2984511.2984542

  View details for Web of Science ID 000387605000058

• Augur: Mining Human Behaviors from Fiction to Power Interactive Systems Fast, E., McGrath, W., Rajpurkar, P., Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2016: 237-247

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2858036.2858528

  View details for Web of Science ID 000380532900022

• Pay It Backward: Per-Task Payments on Crowdsourcing Platforms Reduce Productivity Ikeda, K., Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2016: 4111-4121

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2858036.2858327

  View details for Web of Science ID 000380532904010

• Empath: Understanding Topic Signals in Large-Scale Text Fast, E., Chen, B., Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2016: 4647-4657

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2858036.2858535

  View details for Web of Science ID 000380532904059

• Designing Scalable and Sustainable Peer Interactions Online DESIGN THINKING RESEARCH: TAKING BREAKTHROUGH INNOVATION HOME Kulkarni, C., Kotturi, Y., Bernstein, M. S., Klemmer, S., Plattner, H., Meinel, C., Leifer, L. 2016: 237-273

  View details for DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40382-3_14

  View details for Web of Science ID 000399244000015

• Atelier: Repurposing Expert Crowdsourcing Tasks as Micro-internships Suzuki, R., Salehi, N., Lam, M. S., Marroquin, J. C., Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2016: 2645–56

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2858036.2858121

  View details for Web of Science ID 000380532902062

• Visual Relationship Detection with Language Priors Lu, C., Krishna, R., Bernstein, M., Li Fei-Fei, Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG. 2016: 852-869

  View details for DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46448-0_51

  View details for Web of Science ID 000389382700051

• Embracing Error to Enable Rapid Crowdsourcing Krishna, R., Hata, K., Chen, S., Kravitz, J., Shamma, D. A., Li Fei-Fei, Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2016: 3167-3179

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2858036.2858115

  View details for Web of Science ID 000380532903017

• ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER VISION Russakovsky, O., Deng, J., Su, H., Krause, J., Satheesh, S., Ma, S., Huang, Z., Karpathy, A., Khosla, A., Bernstein, M., Berg, A. C., Fei-fei, L. 2015; 115 (3): 211-252

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y

  View details for Web of Science ID 000365089800001

• Soylent: A Word Processor with a Crowd Inside COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM Bernstein, M. S., Little, G., Miller, R. C., Hartmann, B., Ackerman, M. S., Karger, D. R., Crowell, D., Panovich, K. 2015; 58 (8): 85-94

  View details for DOI 10.1145/1866029.1866078

  View details for Web of Science ID 000358782600026

• Image Retrieval using Scene Graphs Johnson, J., Krishna, R., Stark, M., Li, L., Shamma, D. A., Bernstein, M. S., Li Fei-Fei, IEEE IEEE. 2015: 3668–78

  View details for Web of Science ID 000387959203075

• Human-Computer Interaction and Collective Intelligence HANDBOOK OF COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE Bigham, J. P., Bernstein, M. S., Adar, E., Malone, T. W., Bernstein, M. S. 2015: 57-83

  View details for Web of Science ID 000387903500007

• Flock: Hybrid Crowd-Machine Learning Classifiers Cheng, J., Bernstein, M. S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2015: 600-611

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2675133.2675214

  View details for Web of Science ID 000371990400048

• Talkabout: Making Distance Matter with Small Groups in Massive Classes Kulkarni, C., Cambre, J., Kotturi, Y., Bernstein, M. S., Klemmer, S., ACM ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2015: 1116-1128

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2675133.2675166

  View details for Web of Science ID 000371990400094

• Handbook of Collective Intelligence Introduction HANDBOOK OF COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE Malone, T. W., Bernstein, M. S., Malone, T. W., Bernstein, M. S. 2015: 1-13

  View details for Web of Science ID 000387903500001

• Measuring Crowdsourcing Effort with Error-Time Curves Cheng, J., Teevan, J., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2015: 1365-1374

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2702123.2702145

  View details for Web of Science ID 000412395501048

• We Are Dynamo: Overcoming Stalling and Friction in Collective Action for Crowd Workers Salehi, N., Irani, L. C., Bernstein, M. S., Alkhatib, A., Ogbe, E., Milland, K., Clickhappier, Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2015: 1621-1630

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2702123.2702508

  View details for Web of Science ID 000412395501080

• Break It Down: A Comparison of Macro- and Microtasks Cheng, J., Teevan, J., Iqbal, S. T., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2015: 4061-4064

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2702123.2702146

  View details for Web of Science ID 000412395504011

• Motif: Supporting Novice Creativity through Expert Patterns Kim, J., Dontcheva, M., Li, W., Bernstein, M. S., Steinsapir, D., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2015: 1211–20

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2702123.2702507

  View details for Web of Science ID 000412395501029

• Learning Perceptual Kernels for Visualization Design IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS Demiralp, C., Bernstein, M. S., Heer, J. 2014; 20 (12): 1933-1942

  Abstract

  Visualization design can benefit from careful consideration of perception, as different assignments of visual encoding variables such as color, shape and size affect how viewers interpret data. In this work, we introduce perceptual kernels: distance matrices derived from aggregate perceptual judgments. Perceptual kernels represent perceptual differences between and within visual variables in a reusable form that is directly applicable to visualization evaluation and automated design. We report results from crowd-sourced experiments to estimate kernels for color, shape, size and combinations thereof. We analyze kernels estimated using five different judgment types--including Likert ratings among pairs, ordinal triplet comparisons, and manual spatial arrangement--and compare them to existing perceptual models. We derive recommendations for collecting perceptual similarities, and then demonstrate how the resulting kernels can be applied to automate visualization design decisions.

  View details for DOI 10.1109/TVCG.2014.2346978

  View details for Web of Science ID 000344991700038

• Catalyst: Triggering Collective Action with Thresholds Cheng, J., Bernstein, M. 2014
• Designing and Deploying Online Field Experiments Bakshy, E., Eckles, D., Bernstein, M. S., Assoc Comp Machinery ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2014: 283-292

  View details for DOI 10.1145/2566486.2567967

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455945100028

• Ensemble: Exploring Complementary Strengths of Leaders and Crowds in Creative Collaboration Kim, J., Cheng, J., Bernstein, M. 2014
• Crowd-Powered Systems KUNSTLICHE INTELLIGENZ Bernstein, M. S. 2013; 27 (1): 69-73

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s13218-012-0233-0

  View details for Web of Science ID 000410094700011

• Crowd-scale Interactive Formal Reasoning and Analytics Fast, E., Lee, C., Aiken, A., Bernstein, M., Koller, D., Smith, E. 2013
• EmailValet: Managing Email Overload through Private, Accountable Crowdsourcing Kokkalis, N., Köhn, T., Pfeiffer, C., Chornyi, D., Bernstein, Michael, S., Klemmer, Scott, R. 2013
• The Future of Crowd Work Kittur, A., Nickerson, Jeffrey, V., Bernstein, Michael, S., Gerber, Elizabeth, M., Shaw, A., Zimmerman, J. 2013
• Quantifying the Invisible Audience in Social Networks Bernstein, Michael, S., Bakshy, E., Burke, M., Karrer, B. 2013
• Leveraging Online Populations for Crowdsourcing IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING Chi, E. H., Bernstein, M. S. 2012; 16 (5): 10-12

  View details for Web of Science ID 000308123100003

• Who Gives A Tweet? Evaluating Microblog Content Value Andre, P., Bernstein, M., Luther, K. 2012
• Direct Answers for Search Queries in the Long Tail Bernstein, M., Teevan, J., Dumais, S., Liebling, D., Horvitz, E. 2012
• Analytic Methods for Optimizing Realtime Crowdsourcing CI: Collective Intelligence 2012 Bernstein, M., Karger, D., Miller, R., Brandt, J. 2012
• The Trouble with Social Computing Systems Research Bernstein, M., Ackerman, M., Chi, Ed, H., Miller, R. 2011
• Crowds in Two Seconds: Enabling Realtime Crowd-Powered Interfaces Bernstein, M., Brandt, J., Miller, R., Karger, D. 2011
• PingPong++: Community Customization in Games and Entertainment Xiao, X., Bernstein, M., Yao, L., Lakatos, D., Gust, L., Acquah, K. 2011
• TwitInfo: Aggregating and Visualizing Microblogs for Event Exploration Marcus, A., Bernstein, M., Badar, O., Karger, D., Madden, S., Miller, R. 2011
• 4chan and /b/: An Analysis of Anonymity and Ephemerality in a Large Online Community Bernstein, M., Monroy-Hernandez, A., Harry, D., Andre, P., Panovich, K., Vargas, G. 2011
• Eddi: Interactive Topic-Based Browsing of Social Status Streams Bernstein, M., Suh, B., Hong, L., Chen, J., Kairam, S., Chi, Ed, H. 2010
• Short and Tweet: Experiments on Recommending Content from Information Streams Chen, J., Nairn, R., Nelson, L., Bernstein, M., Chi, E. 2010
• Personalization via Friendsourcing ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 2010 Bernstein, M., Tan, D., Smith, G., Czerwinski, M., Horvitz, E. 2010
• Who Am I? Two-Four-Six-Oh-One! Bernstein, M., Marcus, A., Karger, D., Miller, R. 2010
• Enhancing Directed Content Sharing on the Web Bernstein, M., Marcus, A., Karger, D., Miller, R. 2010
• A Torrent of Tweets: Managing Information Overload in Online Social Streams Bernstein, M., Kairam, S., Suh, B., Hong, L., Chi, Ed, H. 2010
• Soylent: A Word Processor with a Crowd Inside Bernstein, M., Little, G., Miller, R., Hartmann, B., Ackerman, M., Karger, D. 2010
• Collabio: A Game for Annotating People within Social Networks Bernstein, M., Tan, D., Smith, G., Czerwinski, M., Horvitz, E. 2009
• Note to Self: Examining Personal Information Keeping in a Lightweight Note-Taking Tool Van Kleek, M., Bernstein, M., Panovich, K., Vargas, G., Karger, D., schraefel, m. c. 2009
• CHIstory Bernstein, M., Andre, P., Luther, K., Poole, E. S., Solovey, E., Paul, S. 2009
• Taskpose: Exploring Fluid Boundaries in an Associative Window Visualization 21st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology Bernstein, M., Shrager, J., Winograd, T. ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2008: 231–234

  View details for Web of Science ID 000267537800026

• Simplifying Knowledge Creation and Access for End-Users on the Semantic Web Van Kleek, M., Bernstein, M., Andre, P., Pertunnen, M., Karger, D., schraefel, m. c. 2008
• Evolution and Evaluation of an Information Scrap Manager Bernstein, M., Van Kleek, M., schraefel, m. c., Karger, D. 2008
• Inky: A Sloppy Command Line for the Web with Rich Visual Feedback Miller, R., Chou, V., Bernstein, M., Little, G., Van Kleek, M., Karger, D. 2008
• Wicked Problems and Gnarly Results: Reflecting on Design and Evaluation Methods for Idiosyncratic Personal Information Management Tasks MIT-CSAIL-TR-2008-007 2008 Bernstein, M., Kleek, M. V., Khushraj, D., Nayak, R., Liu, C., Karger, D. 2008
• Information Scraps: How and Why Information Eludes our Personal Information Management Tools ACM Transactions on Information Systems 2008 Bernstein, M., Kleek, M. V., Karger, D., schraefel, m. 2008
• Management of Personal Information Scraps Bernstein, M., Van Kleek, M., schraefel, m. c., Karger, D. 2007
• GUI — Phooey!: The Case for Text Input Van Kleek, M., Bernstein, M., Karger, D., schraefel, m. c. 2007
• Personal Information Management, Personal Information Retrieval? Bernstein, M., Van Kleek, M., Karger, D., schraefel, m. c. 2007
• Diamond's Edge: From Notebook to Table and Back Again Ubicomp: Posters 2006 Bernstein, M., Robinson-Mosher, A., Yeh, R., Klemmer, S. 2006
• Reflective Physical Prototyping through Integrated Design, Test, and Analysis Hartmann, B., Klemmer, Scott, R., Bernstein, M., Abdulla, L., Burr, B., Robinson-Mosher, A. 2006
• D.tools: Integrated prototyping for physical interaction design IEEE PERVASIVE COMPUTING Hartmann, B., Klemmer, S. R., Bernstein, M. 2005; 4 (4): 79-79

  View details for Web of Science ID 000233117700013

• d.tools: Visually Prototyping Physical UIs through Statecharts UIST: Extended Abstracts 2005 Hartmann, B., Klemmer, S. R., Bernstein, M., Mehta, N. 2005
• Flash Organizations: Crowdsourcing Complex Work by Structuring Crowds As Organizations Valentine, M., Retelny, D., To, A., Rahmati, N., Doshi, T., Bernstein, M. 2017

  View details for DOI 10.1145/3025453.3025811