Prashant Loyalka
Associate Professor of Education and Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
Graduate School of Education
Bio
Prashant Loyalka is an Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Education and a Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. His research focuses on examining/addressing inequalities in the education of children and youth and on understanding/improving the quality of education received by children and youth in multiple countries including China, India, Russia, and the United States. He also conducts large-scale evaluations of educational programs and policies that seek to improve student outcomes.
Academic Appointments
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Associate Professor, Graduate School of Education
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Senior Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
Professional Education
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Ph.D., Stanford University, International Comparative Education (2009)
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M.A., Stanford University, Economics (2008)
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B.A., Stanford University, Economics (1997)
Research Interests
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Assessment, Testing and Measurement
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Diversity and Identity
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Higher Education
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Immigrants and Immigration
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International and Comparative Education
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Poverty and Inequality
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Teachers and Teaching
Current Research and Scholarly Interests
Prashant's research focuses on examining/addressing inequalities in the education of youth and on understanding/improving the quality of education received by youth in a number of countries including China, India, Russia, and the United States. In the course of addressing educational inequalities, Prashant examines the consequences of tracking, financial and informational constraints, as well as social and psychological factors in highly competitive education systems. His work on understanding educational quality is built around research that assesses and compares student learning in higher education, high school and compulsory schooling. He furthermore conducts large-scale evaluations of educational programs and policies that seek to improve student outcomes.
2024-25 Courses
- Economics of Education in the Global Economy
EDUC 306A (Aut) - Introduction to International and Comparative Education
EDUC 202 (Aut) -
Independent Studies (6)
- Curricular Practical Training
EDUC 437 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Directed Reading
EDUC 480 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Directed Reading in Education
EDUC 180 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Directed Research
EDUC 490 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Directed Research in Education
EDUC 190 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Graduate Directed Reading
EASTASN 300 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Curricular Practical Training
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Prior Year Courses
2023-24 Courses
- Economics of Education in the Global Economy
EDUC 306A (Aut) - Introduction to International and Comparative Education
EDUC 202 (Aut) - Seminar in Organizations and Institutions
EDUC 456, SOC 210 (Aut, Win, Spr)
2022-23 Courses
- Economics of Education in the Global Economy
EDUC 306A (Aut) - Resource Allocation in Education
EDUC 222 (Spr) - Resource Allocation in Education
GSBGEN 326 (Spr)
2021-22 Courses
- Economics of Education in the Global Economy
EDUC 306A (Aut) - Research Workshop in International Education
EDUC 311 (Aut, Win) - Resource Allocation in Education
EDUC 222 (Spr) - Resource Allocation in Education
GSBGEN 326 (Spr)
- Economics of Education in the Global Economy
Stanford Advisees
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Master's Program Advisor
Dayeong Kim, William Kim, Sara Nasaif, Pariksha Onta -
Doctoral (Program)
Cody Abbey, Mridul Joshi, Gabriel Koraicho, Haley Lepp
All Publications
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Diminishing Marginal Returns to Computer-Assisted Learning
JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT
2022
View details for DOI 10.1002/pam.22442
View details for Web of Science ID 000889907200001
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Manufacturing Productivity with Worker Turnover
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
2022
View details for DOI 10.1287/mnsc.2022.4476
View details for Web of Science ID 000842456500001
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The Hidden Cost of Worker Turnover: Attributing Product Reliability to the Turnover of Factory Workers
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
2022; 68 (5): 3755-3767
View details for DOI 10.1287/mnsc.2022.4311
View details for Web of Science ID 000803841000008
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The Effect of Faculty Research on Student Learning in College
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCHER
2022
View details for DOI 10.3102/0013189X221090229
View details for Web of Science ID 000776656300001
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Skill levels and gains in university STEM education in China, India, Russia and the United States.
Nature human behaviour
2021
Abstract
Universities contribute to economic growth and national competitiveness by equipping students with higher-order thinking and academic skills. Despite large investments in university science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education, little is known about how the skills of STEM undergraduates compare across countries and by institutional selectivity. Here, we provide direct evidence on these issues by collecting and analysing longitudinal data on tens of thousands of computer science and electrical engineering students in China, India, Russia and the United States. We find stark differences in skill levels and gains among countries and by institutional selectivity. Compared with the United States, students in China, India and Russia do not gain critical thinking skills over four years. Furthermore, while students in India and Russia gain academic skills during the first two years, students in China do not. These gaps in skill levels and gains provide insights into the global competitiveness of STEM university students across nations and institutional types.
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41562-021-01062-3
View details for PubMedID 33649462
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Instructional interventions for improving COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, behaviors: Evidence from a large-scale RCT in India.
Social science & medicine (1982)
2021; 276: 113846
Abstract
Seeking ways to encourage broad compliance with health guidelines during the pandemic, especially among youth, we test two hypotheses pertaining to the optimal design of instructional interventions for improving COVID-19-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. We randomly assigned 8376 lower-middle income youth in urban India to three treatments: a concentrated and targeted fact-based, instructional intervention; a longer instructional intervention that provided the same facts along with underlying scientific concepts; and a control. Relative to existing efforts, we find that both instructional interventions increased COVID-19-related knowledge immediately after intervention. Relative to the shorter fact-based intervention, the longer intervention resulted in sustained improvements in knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported behavior. Instead of reducing attention and comprehension by youth, the longer scientific based treatment appears to have increased understanding and retention of the material. The findings are instrumental to understanding the design of instruction and communication in affecting compliance during this and future pandemics.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113846
View details for PubMedID 33773476
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Stuck in Place? A Field Experiment on the Effects of Reputational Information on Student Evaluations
SOCIAL FORCES
2020; 98 (4): 1578–1612
View details for DOI 10.1093/sf/soz097
View details for Web of Science ID 000593200200051
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Schooling and Covid-19: lessons from recent research on EdTech.
NPJ science of learning
2020; 5: 13
Abstract
The wide-scale global movement of school education to remote instruction due to Covid-19 is unprecedented. The use of educational technology (EdTech) offers an alternative to in-person learning and reinforces social distancing, but there is limited evidence on whether and how EdTech affects academic outcomes. Recently, we conducted two large-scale randomized experiments, involving ~10,000 primary school students in China and Russia, to evaluate the effectiveness of EdTech as a substitute for traditional schooling. In China, we examined whether EdTech improves academic outcomes relative to paper-and-pencil workbook exercises of identical content. We found that EdTech was a perfect substitute for traditional learning. In Russia, we further explored how much EdTech can substitute for traditional learning. We found that EdTech substitutes only to a limited extent. The findings from these large-scale trials indicate that we need to be careful about using EdTech as a full-scale substitute for the traditional instruction received by schoolchildren.
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41539-020-00072-6
View details for PubMedID 32821427
- Institutions, implementation, and program effectiveness: Evidence from a randomized evaluation of computer-assisted learning in rural China Journal of Development Economics 2020; 146
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Does Teacher Training Actually Work? Evidence from a Large-Scale Randomized Evaluation of a National Teacher Training Program
AMERICAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL-APPLIED ECONOMICS
2019; 11 (3): 128–54
View details for DOI 10.1257/app.20170226
View details for Web of Science ID 000473117200004
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Pay by Design: Teacher Performance Pay Design and the Distribution of Student Achievement
JOURNAL OF LABOR ECONOMICS
2019; 37 (3): 621–62
View details for DOI 10.1086/702625
View details for Web of Science ID 000471691100001
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Computer science skills across China, India, Russia, and the United States
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2019; 116 (14): 6732–36
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1814646116
View details for Web of Science ID 000463069900042
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Human Capital and China's Future Growth
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES
2017; 31 (1): 25-48
View details for DOI 10.1257/jep.31.1.25
View details for Web of Science ID 000393699100002
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Can Social-Emotional Learning Reduce School Dropout in Developing Countries?
JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT
2016; 35 (4): 818-?
View details for DOI 10.1002/pam.21915
View details for Web of Science ID 000383668300005
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Revisiting the Relationship Between International Assessment Outcomes and Educational Production: Evidence From a Longitudinal PISA-TIMSS Sample
AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
2016; 53 (4): 1054-1085
View details for DOI 10.3102/0002831216653180
View details for Web of Science ID 000383209100008
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China's Left-Behind Children: Impact Of Parental Migration On Health, Nutrition, And Educational Outcomes.
Health affairs
2015; 34 (11): 1964-1971
Abstract
China's rapid development and urbanization have induced large numbers of rural residents to migrate from their homes to urban areas in search of better job opportunities. Parents typically leave their children behind with a caregiver, creating a new, potentially vulnerable subpopulation of left-behind children in rural areas. A growing number of policies and nongovernmental organization efforts target these children. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether left-behind children are really the most vulnerable and in need of special programs. Pulling data from a comprehensive data set covering 141,000 children in ten provinces (from twenty-seven surveys conducted between 2009 and 2013), we analyzed nine indicators of health, nutrition, and education. We found that for all nine indicators, left-behind children performed as well as or better than children living with both parents. However, both groups of children performed poorly on most of these indicators. Based on these findings, we recommend that special programs designed to improve health, nutrition, and education among left-behind children be expanded to cover all children in rural China.
View details for DOI 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0150
View details for PubMedID 26526256
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Giving kids a head start: The impact and mechanisms of early commitment of financial aid on poor students in rural China
JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
2015; 113: 1-15
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.11.002
View details for Web of Science ID 000348885300001
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The Cost of Disability in China
DEMOGRAPHY
2014; 51 (1): 97-118
Abstract
We describe the degree to which household income is negatively associated with the prevalence of different types of disability (i.e., medical impairments) in China using data from the 2006 Second National Survey of Disabled Persons. We then calculate the extra costs of disability across different types of households and show how these costs differ by the type and severity of disability in both urban and rural areas. Finally, we use nationally representative panel data on persons with disabilities from 2007 to 2009 to examine the degree to which social security is reaching persons with different types and severity of disabilities in both urban and rural areas. We conclude that although the amount and coverage of social security for households with disabilities is increasing rapidly, it is still not enough to offset the income differential between households with and without disabled persons, especially when we account for the extra costs of disability.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s13524-013-0272-7
View details for Web of Science ID 000330990200006
- University Expansion in a Changing Global Economy: Triumph of the BRICs? Stanford University Press. 2013
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Education and EdTech during COVID-19: Evidence from a Large-Scale Survey during School Closures in China
COMPARATIVE EDUCATION REVIEW
2023
View details for DOI 10.1086/723027
View details for Web of Science ID 000911181200001
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Stuck in the middle school rut: can anything improve academic achievement in rural Chinese middle schools?
JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS
2022
View details for DOI 10.1080/19439342.2022.2067890
View details for Web of Science ID 000789833200001
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Off the COVID-19 Epicentre: The Impact of Quarantine Controls on Employment, Education and Health in China's Rural Communities
CHINA QUARTERLY
2022
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0305741021000989
View details for Web of Science ID 000767144400001
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Health, economic, and social implications of COVID-19 for China's rural population
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
2021
View details for DOI 10.1111/agec.12630
View details for Web of Science ID 000648889700001
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Health, economic, and social implications of COVID-19 for China's rural population.
Agricultural economics (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
2021; 52 (3): 495-504
Abstract
This study examines the effects of local and nationwide COVID-19 disease control measures on the health and economy of China's rural population. We conducted phone surveys with 726 randomly selected village informants across seven rural Chinese provinces in February 2020. Four villages (0.55%) reported infections, and none reported deaths. Disease control measures had been universally implemented in all sample villages. About 74% of informants reported that villagers with wage-earning jobs outside the village had stopped working due to workplace closures. A higher percentage of rural individuals could not work due to transportation, housing, and other constraints. Local governments had taken measures to reduce the impact of COVID-19. Although schools in all surveyed villages were closed, 71% of village informants reported that students were attending classes online. Overall, measures to control COVID-19 appear to have been successful in limiting disease transmission in rural communities outside the main epidemic area. Rural Chinese citizens, however, have experienced significant economic consequences from the disease control measures.
View details for DOI 10.1111/agec.12630
View details for PubMedID 34149132
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC8207079
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Tracking the effects of COVID-19 in rural China over time.
International journal for equity in health
2021; 20 (1): 35
Abstract
China issued strict nationwide guidelines to combat the COVID-19 outbreak in January 2020 and gradually loosened the restrictions on movement in early March. Little is known about how these disease control measures affected the 600 million people who live in rural China. The goal of this paper is to document the quarantine measures implemented in rural China outside the epicenter of Hubei Province and to assess the socioeconomic effect of the measures on rural communities over time.We conducted three rounds of interviews with informants from 726 villages in seven provinces, accounting for over 25% of China's overall rural population. The survey collected data on rural quarantine implementation; COVID-19 infections and deaths in the survey villages; and effects of the quarantine on employment, income, education, health care, and government policies to address any negative impacts. The empirical findings of the work established that strict quarantine measures were implemented in rural villages throughout China in February.There was little spread of COVID-19 in rural communities: an infection rate of 0.001% and zero deaths reported in our sample. However, there were negative social and economic outcomes, including high rates of unemployment, falling household income, rising prices, and disrupted student learning. Health care was generally accessible, but many delayed their non-COVID-19 health care due to the quarantine measures. Only 20% of villagers received any form of local government aid, and only 11% of villages received financial subsidies. There were no reports of national government aid programs that targeted rural villagers in the sample areas.By examining the economic and social effects of the COVID-19 restrictions in rural communities, this study will help to guide other middle- and low-income countries in their containment and restorative processes. Without consideration for economically vulnerable populations, economic hardships and poverty will likely continue to have a negative impact on the most susceptible communities.
View details for DOI 10.1186/s12939-020-01369-z
View details for PubMedID 33446205
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7807215
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The Impacts of Highly Resourced Vocational Schools on Student Outcomes in China
CHINA & WORLD ECONOMY
2020; 28 (6): 125–50
View details for DOI 10.1111/cwe.12358
View details for Web of Science ID 000596480800006
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Examining mode effects for an adapted Chinese critical thinking assessment
ASSESSMENT & EVALUATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION
2020
View details for DOI 10.1080/02602938.2020.1836121
View details for Web of Science ID 000584803900001
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Large-scale international assessments of learning outcomes: balancing the interests of multiple stakeholders
JOURNAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY AND MANAGEMENT
2020
View details for DOI 10.1080/1360080X.2020.1767327
View details for Web of Science ID 000540101800001
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The impact of pay-for-percentile incentive on low-achieving students in rural China
ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION REVIEW
2020; 75
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.econedurev.2020.101954
View details for Web of Science ID 000527962900006
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The prevalence of parent-teacher interaction in developing countries and its effect on student outcomes
TEACHING AND TEACHER EDUCATION
2019; 86
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.tate.2019.102878
View details for Web of Science ID 000491631500009
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Thinking critically about critical thinking: validating the Russian HEIghten? critical thinking assessment
STUDIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION
2019
View details for DOI 10.1080/03075079.2019.1672640
View details for Web of Science ID 000489959700001
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The impact of teacher professional development programs on student achievement in rural China: evidence from Shaanxi Province
JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS
2019
View details for DOI 10.1080/19439342.2019.1624594
View details for Web of Science ID 000472415100001
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The role of faculty in reducing academic dishonesty among engineering students
STUDIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION
2019
View details for DOI 10.1080/03075079.2019.1616169
View details for Web of Science ID 000470458400001
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Parental migration, educational achievement, and mental health of junior high school students in rural China
CHINA ECONOMIC REVIEW
2019; 54: 337–49
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chieco.2019.01.007
View details for Web of Science ID 000464630100022
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Catching the Big Fish in the Little Pond Effect: Evidence from 33 Countries and Regions
COMPARATIVE EDUCATION REVIEW
2018; 62 (4): 542–64
View details for DOI 10.1086/699672
View details for Web of Science ID 000447999700005
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Assessing the Quality of Upper-Secondary Vocational Education and Training: Evidence from China
COMPARATIVE EDUCATION REVIEW
2018; 62 (2): 199–230
View details for Web of Science ID 000430151000003
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Assessing college critical thinking: preliminary results from the Chinese HEIghten (R) Critical Thinking assessment
HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
2018; 37 (5): 999–1014
View details for DOI 10.1080/07294360.2018.1467381
View details for Web of Science ID 000437339800008
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Ability tracking and social trust in China's rural secondary school system
SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT
2018; 29 (4): 545–72
View details for DOI 10.1080/09243453.2018.1480498
View details for Web of Science ID 000449356000003
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Validating the Use of Translated and Adapted HEIghten (R) Quantitative Literacy Test in Russia
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING OUTCOMES IN HIGHER EDUCATION: CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISONS AND PERSPECTIVES
2018: 267–84
View details for DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-74338-7_13
View details for Web of Science ID 000441050900014
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The impact of conditional cash transfers on the matriculation of junior high school students into rural China's high schools
JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS
2017; 9 (1): 41-60
View details for DOI 10.1080/19439342.2016.1231701
View details for Web of Science ID 000392506400003
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Inequalities in the Pathway to College in China: When Do Students from Poor Areas Fall Behind?
CHINA QUARTERLY
2017; 229: 172-194
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0305741016001594
View details for Web of Science ID 000398534900009
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Sidestepping the Elephant in the Classroom: Using Culturally Localized Technology to Teach Around Taboos
ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2017: 2792–2804
View details for DOI 10.1145/3025453.3025958
View details for Web of Science ID 000426970502067
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China's Looming Human Capital Crisis: Upper Secondary Educational Attainment Rates and the Middle-income Trap
CHINA QUARTERLY
2016; 228: 905-926
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0305741016001119
View details for Web of Science ID 000393109200003
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Does shadow education help students prepare for college? Evidence from Russia
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
2016; 49: 22-30
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.01.008
View details for Web of Science ID 000379637200004
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The Impact of Vocational Teachers on Student Learning in Developing Countries: Does Enterprise Experience Matter?
COMPARATIVE EDUCATION REVIEW
2016; 60 (1): 131-150
View details for Web of Science ID 000369717700006
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Developing instruments to assess and compare the quality of engineering education: the case of China and Russia
ASSESSMENT & EVALUATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION
2016; 41 (5): 770-786
View details for DOI 10.1080/02602938.2016.1162278
View details for Web of Science ID 000377038800008
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The Impact of Vocational Schooling on Human Capital Development in Developing Countries: Evidence from China
WORLD BANK ECONOMIC REVIEW
2016; 30 (1): 143-170
View details for DOI 10.1093/wber/lhv050
View details for Web of Science ID 000378175600006
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Dropping Out of Rural China's Secondary Schools: A Mixed-methods Analysis
CHINA QUARTERLY
2015; 224: 1048-1069
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0305741015001277
View details for Web of Science ID 000366198200009
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The impact of teacher credentials on student achievement in China
CHINA ECONOMIC REVIEW
2015; 36: 14-24
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chieco.2015.08.006
View details for Web of Science ID 000366342500002
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Exploring the dropout rates and causes of dropout in upper-secondary technical and vocational education and training (TVET) schools in China
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
2015; 42: 115-123
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.04.009
View details for Web of Science ID 000357144500013
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Unequal Access to College in China: How Far Have Poor, Rural Students Been Left Behind?
CHINA QUARTERLY
2015; 221: 185-207
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0305741015000314
View details for Web of Science ID 000351629400009
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The Impacts of Building Elite High Schools for Students from Disadvantaged Areas
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL CHANGE
2015; 63 (2): 393-422
View details for DOI 10.1086/678992
View details for Web of Science ID 000346349600006
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Factors affecting the quality of engineering education in the four largest emerging economies
HIGHER EDUCATION
2014; 68 (6): 977-1004
View details for DOI 10.1007/s10734-014-9755-8
View details for Web of Science ID 000346963500012
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Response to the Commentary "Reassessing Disparity in Access to Higher Education in Contemporary China"
CHINA QUARTERLY
2014; 220: 1131-1135
View details for DOI 10.1017/S0305741014001179
View details for Web of Science ID 000346727400013
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The concept of public goods, the state, and higher education finance: a view from the BRICs
HIGHER EDUCATION
2014; 68 (3): 359-378
View details for DOI 10.1007/s10734-014-9717-1
View details for Web of Science ID 000340607500003
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Which teaching practices improve student performance on high-stakes exams? Evidence from Russia
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
2014; 36: 13-21
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2014.01.003
View details for Web of Science ID 000335612200003
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Can information and counseling help students from poor rural areas go to high school? Evidence from China
JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS
2013; 41 (4): 1012-1025
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jce.2013.06.004
View details for Web of Science ID 000327571000004
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Information, college decisions and financial aid: Evidence from a cluster-randomized controlled trial in China
ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION REVIEW
2013; 36: 26-40
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.05.001
View details for Web of Science ID 000325674200003
- University Expansion in the BRIC Countries and the Global Information Economy Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 2013: 36-43
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The distribution of financial aid in China: Is aid reaching poor students?
CHINA ECONOMIC REVIEW
2012; 23 (4): 898-917
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chieco.2012.04.010
View details for Web of Science ID 000311009500011
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The effects of attending selective college tiers in China
SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
2012; 41 (2): 287-305
Abstract
We estimate the effects of attending the first versus second-tier of higher education institutions on Chinese students' at-college and expected post-college outcomes using various quasi-experimental methods such as regression discontinuity, genetic matching, and regression discontinuity controlling for covariates. Overall we find that just attending the first versus second-tier makes little difference in terms of students' class ranking, net tuition, expected wages, or likelihood of applying for graduate school. The results do show, however, that just attending the first versus second tier makes it less likely that students will get their preferred major choice.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.11.015
View details for Web of Science ID 000300523400007
View details for PubMedID 23017752
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The effect of primary school mergers on academic performance of students in rural China
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
2010; 30 (6): 570-585
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.05.003
View details for Web of Science ID 000281173300005