Rishi Parikh

All Publications

• CKD stage-specific utility of two equations for predicting 1-year risk of ESKD. PloS one Zheng, S., Parikh, R. V., Tan, T. C., Pravoverov, L., Patel, J. K., Horiuchi, K. M., Go, A. S. 2023; 18 (11): e0293293

  Abstract

  The Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) and Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) models have been proposed to predict progression to ESKD among adults with CKD within 2 and 5 years. We evaluated the utility of these equations to predict the 1-year risk of ESKD in a contemporary, ethnically diverse CKD population.We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) with CKD Stages 3-5 from January 2008-September 2015. We ascertained the onset of ESKD through September 2016, and calculated stage-specific estimates of model discrimination and calibration for the KFRE and KPNW equations.We identified 108,091 eligible adults with CKD (98,757 CKD Stage 3; 8,384 CKD Stage 4; and 950 CKD Stage 5 not yet receiving kidney replacement therapy), with mean age of 75 years, 55% women, and 37% being non-white. The overall 1-year risk of ESKD was 0.8% (95%CI: 0.8-0.9%). The KFRE displayed only moderate discrimination for CKD 3 and 5 (c = 0.76) but excellent discrimination for CKD 4 (c = 0.86), with good calibration for CKD 3-4 patients but suboptimal calibration for CKD 5. Calibration by CKD stage was similar to KFRE for the KPNW equation but displayed worse calibration across CKD stages for 1-year ESKD prediction.In a large, ethnically diverse, community-based CKD 3-5 population, both the KFRE and KPNW equation were suboptimal in accurately predicting the 1-year risk of ESKD within CKD stage 3 and 5, but more accurate for stage 4. Our findings suggest these equations can be used in1-year prediction for CKD 4 patients, but also highlight the need for more personalized, stage-specific equations that predicted various short- and long-term adverse outcomes to better inform overall decision-making.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0293293

  View details for PubMedID 37910454

• Developing Clinical Risk Prediction Models for Worsening Heart Failure Events and Death by Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American Heart Association Parikh, R. V., Go, A. S., Bhatt, A. S., Tan, T. C., Allen, A. R., Feng, K. Y., Hamilton, S. A., Tai, A. S., Fitzpatrick, J. K., Lee, K. K., Adatya, S., Avula, H. R., Sax, D. R., Shen, X., Cristino, J., Sandhu, A. T., Heidenreich, P. A., Ambrosy, A. P. 2023: e029736

  Abstract

  Background There is a need to develop electronic health record-based predictive models for worsening heart failure (WHF) events across clinical settings and across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Methods and Results We studied adults with heart failure (HF) from 2011 to 2019 within an integrated health care delivery system. WHF encounters were ascertained using natural language processing and structured data. We conducted boosted decision tree ensemble models to predict 1-year hospitalizations, emergency department visits/observation stays, and outpatient encounters for WHF and all-cause death within each LVEF category: HF with reduced ejection fraction (EF) (LVEF <40%), HF with mildly reduced EF (LVEF 40%-49%), and HF with preserved EF (LVEF ≥50%). Model discrimination was evaluated using area under the curve and calibration using mean squared error. We identified 338 426 adults with HF: 61 045 (18.0%) had HF with reduced EF, 49 618 (14.7%) had HF with mildly reduced EF, and 227 763 (67.3%) had HF with preserved EF. The 1-year risks of any WHF event and death were, respectively, 22.3% and 13.0% for HF with reduced EF, 17.0% and 10.1% for HF with mildly reduced EF, and 16.3% and 10.3% for HF with preserved EF. The WHF model displayed an area under the curve of 0.76 and mean squared error of 0.13, whereas the model for death displayed an area under the curve of 0.83 and mean squared error of 0.076. Performance and predictors were similar across WHF encounter types and LVEF categories. Conclusions We developed risk prediction models for 1-year WHF events and death across the LVEF spectrum using structured and unstructured electronic health record data and observed no substantial differences in model performance or predictors except for death, despite differences in underlying HF cause.

  View details for DOI 10.1161/JAHA.122.029736

  View details for PubMedID 37776209

• The association between changes in echocardiography and risk of heart failure hospitalizations and death in adults with chronic kidney disease. Scientific reports Fitzpatrick, J. K., Parikh, R. V., Hamilton, S. A., Ambrosy, A. P., Tan, T. C., Bansal, N., Go, A. S. 2023; 13 (1): 8863

  Abstract

  Adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for developing heart failure (HF). However, longitudinal cardiac remodeling in CKD has not been well-characterized and its association with HF outcomes remains unknown. We evaluated the association between change in echocardiographic parameters between baseline and year 4 with the subsequent risk of HF hospitalization and death using Cox proportional hazard models in a landmark analysis of a prospective multicenter CKD cohort. Among 2673 participants, mean ± SD age was 61 ± 11 years, with 45% women, and 56% non-white. A total of 472 hospitalizations for HF and 776 deaths occurred during a median (interquartile range) follow-up duration of 8.0 (6.3-9.1) years. Patients hospitalized for HF experienced larger preceding absolute increases in left ventricular (LV) volumes and decreases in LV ejection fraction. Adverse changes in LV ejection fraction, LV cavity volume, LV mass index, and LV geometry were independently associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalization and death. Among adults with CKD, deleterious cardiac remodeling occurs over a relatively short timeframe and adverse remodeling is associated with increased risk of HF-related morbidity and mortality.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-35440-w

  View details for PubMedID 37258540

  View details for PubMedCentralID 3109940

• Association Between Participation in a Heart Failure Telemonitoring Program and Healthcare Utilization and Death within an Integrated Health Care Delivery System. Journal of cardiac failure Parikh, R. V., Axelrod, A. W., Ambrosy, A. P., Tan, T. C., Bhatt, A. S., Fitzpatrick, J. K., Lee, K. K., Aditya, S., Vasadia, J. V., Dinh, H. H., Go, A. S. 2023

  Abstract

  The clinical utility of remote telemonitoring to reduce post-discharge healthcare utilization and death in adults with heart failure (HF) remains controversial.Within a large integrated health care delivery system, we matched patients enrolled in a post-discharge telemonitoring intervention from 2015-2019 to patients not receiving telemonitoring at up to a 1:4 ratio on age, sex, and calipers of a propensity score. Primary outcomes were readmissions for worsening heart failure (WHF) and all-cause death within 30, 90, and 365 days of index discharge; secondary outcomes were all-cause readmissions and any outpatient diuretic dose adjustments. We matched 726 patients receiving telemonitoring to 1985 controls not receiving telemonitoring, with a mean (SD) age of 75 (11) years and 45% female. Patients receiving telemonitoring did not have a significant reduction in WHF hospitalizations (adjusted rate ratio [aRR]: 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68, 1.33), all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.33, 1.08), or all-cause hospitalization (aRR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.05) at 30 days, but did have an increase in outpatient diuretic dose adjustments (aRR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.44, 2.36). All associations were similar at 90- and 365-days post-discharge.A post-discharge HF telemonitoring intervention was associated with more diuretic dose adjustments but was not significantly associated with HF-related morbidity and mortality.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cardfail.2023.04.013

  View details for PubMedID 37220825

• Effect of Medically Tailored Meals on Clinical Outcomes in Recently Hospitalized High-Risk Adults. Medical care Go, A. S., Tan, T. C., Horiuchi, K. M., Laws, D., Ambrosy, A. P., Lee, K. K., Maring, B. L., Joy, J., Couch, C., Hepfer, P., Lo, J. C., Parikh, R. V., KP NOURISH Study Investigators 2022

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Inability to adhere to nutritional recommendations is common and linked to worse outcomes in patients with nutrition-sensitive conditions.OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether medically tailored meals (MTMs) improve outcomes in recently discharged adults with nutrition-sensitive conditions compared with usual care.RESEARCH DESIGN: Remote pragmatic randomized trial.SUBJECTS: Adults with heart failure, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease being discharged home between April 27, 2020, and June 9, 2021, from 5 hospitals within an integrated health care delivery system.MEASURES: Participants were prerandomized to 10 weeks of MTMs (with or without virtual nutritional counseling) compared with usual care. The primary outcome was all-cause hospitalization within 90 days after discharge. Exploratory outcomes included all-cause and cause-specific health care utilization and all-cause death within 90 days after discharge.RESULTS: A total of 1977 participants (MTMs: n=993, with 497 assigned to also receive virtual nutritional counseling; usual care: n=984) were enrolled. Compared with usual care, MTMs did not reduce all-cause hospitalization at 90 days after discharge [adjusted hazard ratio, aHR: 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86-1.21]. In exploratory analyses, MTMs were associated with lower mortality (aHR: 0.65, 95% CI, 0.43-0.98) and fewer hospitalizations for heart failure (aHR: 0.53, 95% CI, 0.33-0.88), but not for any emergency department visits (aHR: 0.95, 95% CI, 0.78-1.15) or diabetes-related hospitalizations (aHR: 0.75, 95% CI, 0.31-1.82). No additional benefit was observed with virtual nutritional counseling.CONCLUSIONS: Provision of MTMs after discharge did not reduce risk of all-cause hospitalization in adults with nutrition-sensitive conditions. Additional large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to definitively determine the impact of MTMs on survival and cause-specific health care utilization in at-risk individuals.

  View details for DOI 10.1097/MLR.0000000000001759

  View details for PubMedID 35972131

• Analysis of Worsening Heart Failure Events in an Integrated Health Care System. Journal of the American College of Cardiology Ambrosy, A. P., Parikh, R. V., Sung, S. H., Tan, T. C., Narayanan, A., Masson, R., Lam, P. Q., Kheder, K., Iwahashi, A., Hardwick, A. B., Fitzpatrick, J. K., Avula, H. R., Selby, V. N., Ku, I. A., Shen, X., Sanghera, N., Cristino, J., Go, A. S. 2022; 80 (2): 111-122

  Abstract

  There is growing interest to disentangle worsening heart failure (WHF) from location of care and move away from hospitalization as a surrogate for acuity.The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence of WHF events across the care continuum from ambulatory encounters to hospitalizations.We studied calendar year cohorts of adults with diagnosed heart failure (HF) from 2010-2019 within a large, integrated health care delivery system. Electronic health record (EHR) data were accessed for outpatient encounters, emergency department (ED) visits/observation stays, and hospitalizations. WHF was defined as ≥1 symptom, ≥2 objective findings including ≥1 sign, and ≥1 change in HF-related therapy. Symptoms and signs were ascertained using natural language processing.We identified 103,138 eligible individuals with mean age 73.6 ± 13.7 years, 47.5% women, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 51.4% ± 13.7%. There were 1,136,750 unique encounters including 743,039 (65.4%) outpatient encounters, 224,670 (19.8%) ED visits/observation stays, and 169,041 (14.9%) hospitalizations. A total of 126,008 WHF episodes were identified, including 34,758 (27.6%) outpatient encounters, 28,301 (22.5%) ED visits/observation stays, and 62,949 (50.0%) hospitalizations. The annual incidence (events per 100 person-years) of WHF increased from 25 to 33 during the study period primarily caused by outpatient encounters (7 to 10) and ED visits/observation stays (4 to 7). The 30-day rate of hospitalizations for WHF ranged from 8.2% for outpatient encounters to 12.4% for hospitalizations.ED visits/observation stays and outpatient encounters account for approximately one-half of WHF events, are driving the underlying growth in HF morbidity, and portend a poor short-term prognosis.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.04.045

  View details for PubMedID 35798445

• Prognostic value of echocardiography for heart failure and death in adults with chronic kidney disease. American heart journal Fitzpatrick, J. K., Ambrosy, A. P., Parikh, R. V., Tan, T. C., Bansal, N., Go, A. S., CRIC Study Investigators 2022; 248: 84-96

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of heart failure (HF) morbidity and mortality. Despite well-characterized abnormalities in cardiac structure in CKD, it remains unclear how to optimally leverage echocardiography to risk stratify CKD patients.METHODS: We evaluated associations between echocardiographic parameters and risk of HF hospitalization and death using Cox proportional hazard models and forward selection with integrated discrimination improvement (IDI).RESULTS: The study included 3,505 participants enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study. Mean age was 59 ± 11 years, HF prevalence was 10%, and mean left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) was 54 ± 9%. During median 11 (interquartile range: 8-12) years of follow-up, event rates per 100-person years for HF hospitalizations and death, respectively, were 9.4 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 7.9-11.3) and 8.9 (95% CI: 7.6-10.5) for participants with LVEF <40%, 3.5 (95% CI: 3.0-4.2) and 4.6 (95% CI: 4.0-5.2) for patients with LVEF 40% to 49%, and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.7-2.1) and 3.1 (95% CI: 2.9-3.3) for patients with LVEF >50%. The rate of HF hospitalizations and deaths increased with lower eGFR across all LVEF categories. LV mass index, LVEF, and LV geometry had the strongest association with outcomes but provided modest incremental prognostic value to a baseline clinical model (IDI=0.14 and DeltaAUC=0.017 for HF hospitalization, IDI=0.12 and DeltaAUC=0.008 for death).CONCLUSIONS: Baseline echocardiographic parameters are independently associated with increased risk of subsequent HF morbidity and mortality but provide only marginal incremental prognostic utility beyond clinical characteristics in the setting of CKD.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ahj.2022.02.001

  View details for PubMedID 35278374

• A Natural Language Processing-Based Approach for Identifying Hospitalizations for Worsening Heart Failure Within an Integrated Health Care Delivery System. JAMA network open Ambrosy, A. P., Parikh, R. V., Sung, S. H., Narayanan, A., Masson, R., Lam, P., Kheder, K., Iwahashi, A., Hardwick, A. B., Fitzpatrick, J. K., Avula, H. R., Selby, V. N., Shen, X., Sanghera, N., Cristino, J., Go, A. S. 2021; 4 (11): e2135152

  Abstract

  Importance: The current understanding of epidemiological mechanisms and temporal trends in hospitalizations for worsening heart failure (WHF) is based on claims and national reporting databases. However, these data sources are inherently limited by the accuracy and completeness of diagnostic coding and/or voluntary reporting.Objective: To assess the overall burden of and temporal trends in the rate of hospitalizations for WHF.Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study, performed from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019, used electronic health record (EHR) data from a large integrated health care delivery system.Exposures: Calendar year trends.Main Outcomes and Measures: Hospitalizations for WHF (ie, excluding observation stays) were defined as 1 symptom or more, 2 objective findings or more including 1 sign or more, and 2 doses or more of intravenous loop diuretics and/or new hemodialysis or continuous kidney replacement therapy. Symptoms and signs were identified using natural language processing (NLP) algorithms applied to EHR data.Results: The study population was composed of 118 002 eligible patients experiencing 287 992 unique hospitalizations (mean [SD] age, 75.6 [13.1] years; 147 203 [51.1%] male; 1655 [0.6%] American Indian or Alaska Native, 28 451 [9.9%] Asian or Pacific Islander, 34 903 [12.1%] Black, 23 452 [8.1%] multiracial, 175 840 [61.1%] White, and 23 691 [8.2%] unknown), including 65 357 with a principal discharge diagnosis and 222 635 with a secondary discharge diagnosis of HF. The study population included 59 868 patients (20.8%) with HF with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (<40%), 33 361 (11.6%) with HF with a midrange EF (HFmrEF) (40%-49%), 142 347 (49.4%) with HF with a preserved EF (HFpEF) (≥50%), and 52 416 (18.2%) with unknown EF. A total of 58 042 admissions (88.8%) with a primary discharge diagnosis of HF and 62 764 admissions (28.2%) with a secondary discharge diagnosis of HF met the prespecified diagnostic criteria for WHF. Overall, hospitalizations for WHF identified on NLP-based algorithms increased from 5.2 to 7.6 per 100 hospitalizations per year during the study period. Subgroup analyses found an increase in hospitalizations for WHF based on NLP from 1.5 to 1.9 per 100 hospitalizations for HFrEF, from 0.6 to 1.0 per 100 hospitalizations for HFmrEF, and from 2.6 to 3.9 per 100 hospitalizations for HFpEF.Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cohort study suggest that the burden of hospitalizations for WHF may be more than double that previously estimated using only principal discharge diagnosis. There has been a gradual increase in the rate of hospitalizations for WHF with a more noticeable increase observed for HFpEF.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.35152

  View details for PubMedID 34807259

• Race, Genetic Ancestry, and Estimating Kidney Function in CKD. The New England journal of medicine Hsu, C., Yang, W., Parikh, R. V., Anderson, A. H., Chen, T. K., Cohen, D. L., He, J., Mohanty, M. J., Lash, J. P., Mills, K. T., Muiru, A. N., Parsa, A., Saunders, M. R., Shafi, T., Townsend, R. R., Waikar, S. S., Wang, J., Wolf, M., Tan, T. C., Feldman, H. I., Go, A. S., CRIC Study Investigators 2021

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The inclusion of race in equations to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has become controversial. Alternative equations that can be used to achieve similar accuracy without the use of race are needed.METHODS: In a large national study involving adults with chronic kidney disease, we conducted cross-sectional analyses of baseline data from 1248 participants for whom data, including the following, had been collected: race as reported by the participant, genetic ancestry markers, and the serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, and 24-hour urinary creatinine levels.RESULTS: Using current formulations of GFR estimating equations, we found that in participants who identified as Black, a model that omitted race resulted in more underestimation of the GFR (median difference between measured and estimated GFR, 3.99 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.17 to 5.62) and lower accuracy (percent of estimated GFR within 10% of measured GFR [P10], 31%; 95% CI, 24 to 39) than models that included race (median difference, 1.11 ml per minute per 1.73 m2; 95% CI, -0.29 to 2.54; P10, 42%; 95% CI, 34 to 50). The incorporation of genetic ancestry data instead of race resulted in similar estimates of the GFR (median difference, 1.33 ml per minute per 1.73 m2; 95% CI, -0.12 to 2.33; P10, 42%; 95% CI, 34 to 50). The inclusion of non-GFR determinants of the serum creatinine level (e.g., body-composition metrics and urinary excretion of creatinine) that differed according to race reported by the participants and genetic ancestry did not eliminate the misclassification introduced by removing race (or ancestry) from serum creatinine-based GFR estimating equations. In contrast, the incorporation of race or ancestry was not necessary to achieve similarly statistically unbiased (median difference, 0.33 ml per minute per 1.73 m2; 95% CI, -1.43 to 1.92) and accurate (P10, 41%; 95% CI, 34 to 49) estimates in Black participants when GFR was estimated with the use of cystatin C.CONCLUSIONS: The use of the serum creatinine level to estimate the GFR without race (or genetic ancestry) introduced systematic misclassification that could not be eliminated even when numerous non-GFR determinants of the serum creatinine level were accounted for. The estimation of GFR with the use of cystatin C generated similar results while eliminating the negative consequences of the current race-based approaches. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others.).

  View details for DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2103753

  View details for PubMedID 34554660

• Timing of AKI after urgent percutaneous coronary intervention and clinical outcomes: a high-dimensional propensity score analysis BMC NEPHROLOGY Go, A. S., Tan, T. C., Parikh, R. V., Ambrosy, A. P., Pravoverov, L. V., Zheng, S., Leong, T. K. 2021; 22 (1): 300

  Abstract

  Acute kidney injury is a common complication of percutaneous coronary intervention and has been associated with an increased risk of death and progressive chronic kidney disease. However, whether the timing of acute kidney injury after urgent percutaneous coronary intervention could be used to improve patient risk stratification is not known.We conducted a retrospective cohort study in adults surviving an urgent percutaneous coronary intervention between 2008 and 2013 within Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a large integrated healthcare delivery system, to evaluate the impact of acute kidney injury during hospitalization at 12 (±6), 24 (±6) and 48 (±6) hours after urgent percutaneous coronary intervention and subsequent risks of adverse outcomes within the first year after discharge. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for a high-dimensional propensity score for developing acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention to examine the associations between acute kidney injury timing and all-cause death and worsening chronic kidney disease.Among 7250 eligible adults undergoing urgent percutaneous coronary intervention, 306 (4.2%) had acute kidney injury at one or more of the examined time periods after percutaneous coronary intervention. After adjustment, acute kidney injury at 12 (±6) hours was independently associated with higher risks of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.19-5.75) and worsening kidney function (aHR 2.40, 95% CI:1.24-4.63). Similar results were observed for acute kidney injury at 24 (±6) hours and death (aHR 3.90, 95% CI:2.29-6.66) and worsening chronic kidney disease (aHR 4.77, 95% CI:2.46-9.23). Acute kidney injury at 48 (±6) hours was associated with excess mortality (aHR 1.97, 95% CI:1.19-3.26) but was not significantly associated with worsening kidney function (aHR 0.91, 95% CI:0.42-1.98).Timing of acute kidney injury after urgent percutaneous coronary intervention may be differentially associated with subsequent risk of worsening kidney function but not death.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s12882-021-02513-9

  View details for Web of Science ID 000693077200001

  View details for PubMedID 34482839

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC8418923

• Analysis of Estimated and Measured Glomerular Filtration Rates and the CKD-EPI Equation Race Coefficient in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. JAMA network open Hsu, C., Yang, W., Go, A. S., Parikh, R. V., Feldman, H. I. 2021; 4 (7): e2117080

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17080

  View details for PubMedID 34264332

• Primary Nephrotic Syndrome and Risks of ESKD, Cardiovascular Events, and Death: The Kaiser Permanente Nephrotic Syndrome Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN Go, A. S., Tan, T. C., Chertow, G. M., Ordonez, J. D., Fan, D., Law, D., Yankulin, L., Wojcicki, J. M., Zheng, S., Chen, K. K., Khoshniat-Rad, F., Yang, J., Parikh, R. V. 2021

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Little population-based data exist about adults with primary nephrotic syndrome.METHODS: To evaluate kidney, cardiovascular, and mortality outcomes in adults with primary nephrotic syndrome, we identified adults within an integrated health care delivery system (Kaiser Permanente Northern California) with nephrotic-range proteinuria or diagnosed nephrotic syndrome between 1996 and 2012. Nephrologists reviewed medical records for clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and biopsy results to confirm primary nephrotic syndrome and assigned etiology. We identified a 1:100 time-matched cohort of adults without diabetes, diagnosed nephrotic syndrome, or proteinuria as controls to compare rates of ESKD, cardiovascular outcomes, and death through 2014, using multivariable Cox regression.RESULTS: We confirmed 907 patients with primary nephrotic syndrome (655 definite and 252 presumed patients with FSGS [40%], membranous nephropathy [40%], and minimal change disease [20%]). Mean age was 49 years; 43% were women. Adults with primary nephrotic syndrome had higher adjusted rates of ESKD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 19.63; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 12.76 to 30.20), acute coronary syndrome (aHR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.89 to 3.52), heart failure (aHR, 3.01; 95% CI, 2.16 to 4.19), ischemic stroke (aHR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.06 to 3.05), venous thromboembolism (aHR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.35 to 4.85), and death (aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.64) versus controls. Excess ESKD risk was significantly higher for FSGS and membranous nephropathy than for presumed minimal change disease. The three etiologies of primary nephrotic syndrome did not differ significantly in terms of cardiovascular outcomes and death.CONCLUSIONS: Adults with primary nephrotic syndrome experience higher adjusted rates of ESKD, cardiovascular outcomes, and death, with significant variation by underlying etiology in the risk for developing ESKD.

  View details for DOI 10.1681/ASN.2020111583

  View details for PubMedID 34362836

• Rationale and Design of the Pragmatic Randomized Trial of Icosapent Ethyl for High Cardiovascular Risk Adults (MITIGATE). American heart journal Ambrosy, A. P., Malik, U. I., Thomas, R. C., Parikh, R. V., Tan, T. C., Goh, C. C., Selby, V. N., Solomon, M. D., Avula, H. R., Fitzpatrick, J. K., Skarbinski, J., Philip, S., Granowitz, C., Bhatt, D. L., Go, A. S. 2021

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVE: The MITIGATE study aims to evaluate the real-world clinical effectiveness of pre-treatment with icosapent ethyl (IPE), compared with usual care, on laboratory-confirmed viral upper respiratory infection (URI)-related morbidity and mortality in adults with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).BACKGROUND: IPE is a highly purified and stable omega-3 fatty acid prescription medication that is approved for cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk adults on statin therapy with elevated triglycerides. Preclinical data and clinical observations suggest that IPE may have pleiotropic effects including antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties that may prevent or reduce the downstream sequelae and cardiopulmonary consequences of viral URIs.METHODS: MITIGATE is a virtual, electronic health record (EHR)-based, open-label, randomized, pragmatic clinical trial enrolling 16,500 participants within Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) - a fully integrated and learning health care delivery system with 21 hospitals and >255 ambulatory clinics serving 4.5 million members. Adults ≥50 years with established ASCVD and no prior history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will be prospectively identified and pre-randomized in a 1:10 allocation ratio (1,500 IPE: 15,000 usual care) stratified by age and previous respiratory health status to the intervention (IPE two grams by mouth twice daily with meals) vs. the control group (usual care) for a minimum follow-up duration of 6 months. The co-primary endpoints are moderate-to-severe laboratory-confirmed viral URI and worst clinical status due to a viral URI at any point in time.CONCLUSION: The MITIGATE study will inform clinical practice by providing evidence on the real-world clinical effectiveness of pre-treatment with IPE to prevent and/or reduce the sequelae of laboratory-confirmed viral URIs in a high-risk cohort of patients with established ASCVD.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ahj.2021.01.018

  View details for PubMedID 33516752

• Population-based identification and temporal trend of children with primary nephrotic syndrome: The Kaiser Permanente nephrotic syndrome study. PloS one Parikh, R. V., Tan, T. C., Fan, D., Law, D., Salyer, A. S., Yankulin, L., Wojcicki, J. M., Zheng, S., Ordonez, J. D., Chertow, G. M., Khoshniat-Rad, F., Yang, J., Go, A. S. 2021; 16 (10): e0257674

  Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Limited population-based data exist about children with primary nephrotic syndrome (NS).METHODS: We identified a cohort of children with primary NS receiving care in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, an integrated healthcare delivery system caring for >750,000 children. We identified all children <18 years between 1996 and 2012 who had nephrotic range proteinuria (urine ACR>3500 mg/g, urine PCR>3.5 mg/mg, 24-hour urine protein>3500 mg or urine dipstick>300 mg/dL) in laboratory databases or a diagnosis of NS in electronic health records. Nephrologists reviewed health records for clinical presentation and laboratory and biopsy results to confirm primary NS.RESULTS: Among 365 cases of confirmed NS, 179 had confirmed primary NS attributed to presumed minimal change disease (MCD) (72%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (23%) or membranous nephropathy (MN) (5%). The overall incidence of primary NS was 1.47 (95% Confidence Interval:1.27-1.70) per 100,000 person-years. Biopsy data were available in 40% of cases. Median age for patients with primary NS was 6.9 (interquartile range:3.7 to 12.9) years, 43% were female and 26% were white, 13% black, 17% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 32% Hispanic.CONCLUSION: This population-based identification of children with primary NS leveraging electronic health records can provide a unique approach and platform for describing the natural history of NS and identifying determinants of outcomes in children with primary NS.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0257674

  View details for PubMedID 34648518

• Implication of Trends in Timing of Dialysis Initiation for Incidence of End-stage Kidney Disease JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE Hsu, C., Parikh, R. V., Pravoverov, L. N., Zheng, S., Glidden, D. V., Tan, T. C., Go, A. S. 2020; 180 (12): 1647-1654

  Abstract

  In the last 2 decades, there have been notable changes in the level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at which patients initiate long-term dialysis in the US and around the world. How changes over time in the likelihood of dialysis initiation at any given eGFR level in at-risk patients are associated with the population burden of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) has not been not well defined.To examine temporal trends in long-term dialysis initiation by level of eGFR and to quantify how these patterns are associated with the number of patients with ESKD.Retrospective cohort study analyzing data obtained from a large, integrated health care delivery system in Northern California from 2001 to 2018 in successive 3-year intervals. Included individuals, ranging in number from as few as 983 122 (2001-2003) to as many as 1 844 317 (2016-2018), were adult members with 1 or more outpatient serum creatinine levels determined in the prior year.One-year risk of initiating long-term dialysis stratified by eGFR levels. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess temporal trends in each 3-year cohort with adjustment for age, sex, race, and diabetes status. The potential change in dialysis initiation in the final cohort (2016-2018) was estimated using the relative difference between the standardized risks in the initial cohort (2001-2003) and the final cohort.In the initial 3-year cohort, the mean (SD) age was 55.4 (16.3) years, 55.0% were women, and the prevalence of diabetes was 14.9%. These characteristics, as well as the distribution of index eGFR, were stable across the study period. The likelihood of receiving dialysis at eGFR levels of 10 to 24 mL/min/1.73 m2 generally increased over time. For example, the 1-year odds of initiating dialysis increased for every 3-year interval by 5.2% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.052; 95% CI, 1.004-1.102) among adults with an index eGFR of 20 to 24 mL/min/1.73 m2, by 6.6% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.066; 95% CI, 1.007-1.130) among adults with an eGFR of 16 to 17 mL/min/1.73 m2, and by 5.3% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.053; 95% CI, 1.008-1.100) among adults with an eGFR of 10 to 13 mL/min/1.73 m2, adjusting for age, sex, race, and diabetes. The incidence of new cases of ESKD was estimated to have potentially been 16% (95% CI, 13%-18%) lower if there were no changes in system-level practice patterns or other factors besides timing of initiating long-term dialysis from the initial 3-year interval (2001-2003) to the final interval (2016-2018) assessed in this study.The present results underscore the importance the timing of initiating long-term dialysis has on the size of the population of individuals with ESKD.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5009

  View details for Web of Science ID 000581892500004

  View details for PubMedID 33044519

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7551228

• Kidney Function and Potassium Monitoring After Initiation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockade Therapy and Outcomes in 2 North American Populations CIRCULATION-CARDIOVASCULAR QUALITY AND OUTCOMES Parikh, R. V., Nash, D. M., Brimble, K., Markle-Reid, M., Tan, T. C., McArthur, E., Khoshniat-Rad, F., Sood, M. M., Zheng, S., Pravoverov, L., Nesrallah, G. E., Garg, A. X., Go, A. S. 2020; 13 (9): 611-623

  Abstract

  Clinical practice guidelines recommend routine kidney function and serum potassium testing within 30 days of initiating ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy. However, evidence is lacking about whether follow-up testing reduces therapy-related adverse outcomes.We conducted 2 population-based retrospective cohort studies in Kaiser Permanente Northern California and Ontario, Canada. Patients with outpatient serum creatinine and potassium tests in the 30 days after starting ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy were matched 1:1 to patients without follow-up tests. We evaluated the association of follow-up testing with 30-day all-cause mortality and hospitalization with acute kidney injury or hyperkalemia using Cox regression. We also developed and externally validated a risk score to identify patients at risk of having abnormally high serum creatinine and potassium values in follow-up. We identified 75 251 matched pairs initiating ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2017, in Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Follow-up testing was not significantly associated with 30-day all-cause mortality in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (hazard ratio, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.54-1.06]) and was associated with higher mortality in 84 905 matched pairs in Ontario (hazard ratio, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.07-1.62]). In Kaiser Permanente Northern California, follow-up testing was significantly associated with higher rates of hospitalization with acute kidney injury (hazard ratio, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.10-2.22]) and hyperkalemia (hazard ratio, 3.36 [95% CI, 1.08-10.41]), as was observed in Ontario. The risk score for abnormal potassium provided good discrimination (area under the curve [AUC], 0.75) and excellent calibration of predicted risks, while the risk score for abnormal serum creatinine provided moderate discrimination (AUC, 0.62) but excellent calibration.Routine laboratory monitoring after ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker initiation was not associated with a lower risk of 30-day mortality. We identified patient subgroups in which targeted testing may be effective in identifying therapy-related changes in serum potassium or kidney function.

  View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.006415

  View details for Web of Science ID 000574881300004

  View details for PubMedID 32873054

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7717925

• Community-Based Epidemiology of Hospitalized Acute Kidney Injury PEDIATRICS Parikh, R., Tan, T. C., Salyer, A. S., Auron, A., Kim, P. S., Ku, E., Go, A. S. 2020; 146 (3)

  Abstract

  Acute kidney injury (AKI) may lead to short- and long-term consequences in children, but its epidemiology has not been well described at a population level and outside of ICU settings.In a large, diverse pediatric population receiving care within an integrated health care delivery system between 2008 and 2016, we calculated age- and sex-adjusted incidences of hospitalized AKI using consensus serum creatinine (SCr)-based diagnostic criteria. We also investigated the proportion of AKI detected in non-ICU settings and the rates of follow-up outpatient SCr testing after AKI hospitalization.Among 1 500 546 children, the mean age was 9.8 years, 49.0% were female, and 33.1% were minorities. Age- and sex-adjusted incidence of hospitalized AKI among the entire pediatric population did not change significantly across the study period, averaging 0.70 (95% confidence interval: 0.68-0.73) cases per 1000 person-years. Among the subset of hospitalized children, the adjusted incidence of AKI increased from 6.0% of hospitalizations in 2008 to 8.8% in 2016. Approximately 66.7% of AKI episodes were not associated with an ICU stay, and 54.3% of confirmed, unresolved Stage 2 or 3 AKI episodes did not have outpatient follow-up SCr testing within 30 days postdischarge.Community-based pediatric AKI incidence was ∼1 per 1000 per year, with two-thirds of cases not associated with an ICU stay and more than one-half not receiving early outpatient follow-up kidney function testing. Further efforts are needed to increase the systematic recognition of AKI in all inpatient settings with appropriate, targeted postdischarge kidney function monitoring and associated management.

  View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2019-2821

  View details for Web of Science ID 000562996900006

  View details for PubMedID 32784225

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7461200

• Trends Associated With Large-scale Expansion of Peritoneal Dialysis Within an Integrated Care Delivery Model JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE Pravoverov, L. V., Zheng, S., Parikh, R., Tan, T. C., Bhalla, N., Reddy, C., Mroz, J., Jonelis, T. Y., Go, A. S. 2019; 179 (11): 1537-1542

  Abstract

  Despite favorable national trends in the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) from 2008 to 2011, ESRD incidence has been increasing recently, and less than 10% of patients with ESRD start renal replacement therapy with peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the United States. Given known and potential advantages of PD over hemodialysis, the Kaiser Permanente Northern California integrated health care delivery system implemented a program to expand use of PD.To describe the system-level approach to expansion of PD use and temporal trends in initiation and persistence of PD and its associated mortality.This retrospective cohort study included adult members of a large integrated health care delivery system in Northern California who initiated chronic dialysis therapy from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2018. Data were analyzed from March 1, 2018, through May 31, 2019.From 2008 to 2018, Kaiser Permanente Northern California implemented a multidisciplinary, system-wide approach to increase use of PD that included patient and caregiver education, education and support tools for health care professionals, streamlined system-level processes, monitoring, and continuous quality improvement.Temporal trends in the proportion of patients starting chronic dialysis with PD vs hemodialysis compared with national trends. Secondary outcomes included persistence of PD at 1 year in those initiating it and standardized 1-year mortality rates in those initiating PD or hemodialysis.Among 13 500 eligible health plan members in the study population (7840 men [58.1%] and 5660 women [41.9%]; mean [SD] age, 64.3 [14.4] years), initiation of PD increased from 165 of 1089 all new dialysis patients (15.2%) in 2008 to 486 of 1438 (33.8%) in 2018, which was substantially higher than national trends (6.1% in 2008 and 9.7% in 2016). Among the 2974 patients who initiated PD from 2008 to 2017, 2387 (80.3%) continued PD at 1 year after initiation, with a significant increase in age-, sex-, and race-standardized rates from 2008 (69.1%) to 2017 (84.2%). Age-, sex-, and race-standardized 1-year mortality for patients receiving PD and hemodialysis did not change significantly across this 10-year period (17.3% to 15.5% for hemodialysis, P = 0.89 for trend; and 5.5% to 7.3% for PD, P = 0.12 for trend).This study suggests that large-scale expansion of PD is feasible using a multidisciplinary, integrated, coordinated care approach; we believe these findings represent a national opportunity to improve outcomes for patients with advanced kidney disease.

  View details for DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.3155

  View details for Web of Science ID 000503214700015

  View details for PubMedID 31498398

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6735404

• Predicting Renal Recovery After Dialysis-Requiring Acute Kidney Injury KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL REPORTS Lee, B. J., Hsu, C., Parikh, R., McCulloch, C. E., Tan, T. C., Liu, K. D., Hsu, R. K., Pravoverov, L., Zheng, S., Go, A. S. 2019; 4 (4): 571-581

  Abstract

  After dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury (AKI-D), recovery of sufficient kidney function to discontinue dialysis is an important clinical and patient-oriented outcome. Predicting the probability of recovery in individual patients is a common dilemma.This cohort study examined all adult members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California who experienced AKI-D between January 2009 and September 2015 and had predicted inpatient mortality of <20%. Candidate predictors included demographic characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory values, and medication use. We used logistic regression and classification and regression tree (CART) approaches to develop and cross-validate prediction models for recovery.Among 2214 patients with AKI-D, mean age was 67.1 years, 40.8% were women, and 54.0% were white; 40.9% of patients recovered. Patients who recovered were younger, had higher baseline estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) and preadmission hemoglobin levels, and were less likely to have prior heart failure or chronic liver disease. Stepwise logistic regression applied to bootstrapped samples identified baseline eGFR, preadmission hemoglobin level, chronic liver disease, and age as the predictors most commonly associated with coming off dialysis within 90 days. Our final logistic regression model including these predictors had a correlation coefficient between observed and predicted probabilities of 0.97, with a c-index of 0.64. An alternate CART approach did not outperform the logistic regression model (c-index 0.61).We developed and cross-validated a parsimonious prediction model for recovery after AKI-D with excellent calibration using routinely available clinical data. However, the model's modest discrimination limits its clinical utility. Further research is needed to develop better prediction tools.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.01.015

  View details for Web of Science ID 000463051600011

  View details for PubMedID 30993232

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6451155

• Kidney function, proteinuria and breast arterial calcification in women without clinical cardiovascular disease: The MINERVA study PLOS ONE Parikh, R. V., Iribarren, C., Lee, C., Levine-Hall, T., Tan, T. C., Sanchez, G., Ding, H., Bidgoli, F., Molloi, S., Go, A. S. 2019; 14 (1): e0210973

  Abstract

  Breast arterial calcification (BAC) may be a predictor of cardiovascular events and is highly prevalent in persons with end-stage kidney disease. However, few studies to date have examined the association between mild-to-moderate kidney function and proteinuria with BAC.We prospectively enrolled women with no prior cardiovascular disease aged 60 to 79 years undergoing mammography screening at Kaiser Permanente Northern California between 10/24/2012 and 2/13/2015. Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR), along with specific laboratory, demographic, and medical data, were measured at the baseline visit. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), medication history, and other comorbidities were identified from self-report and/or electronic medical records. BAC presence and gradation (mass) was measured by digital quantification of full-field mammograms.Among 3,507 participants, 24.5% were aged ≥70 years, 63.5% were white, 7.5% had eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2, with 85.7% having uACR ≥30 mg/g and 3.3% having uACR ≥300 mg/g. The prevalence of any measured BAC (>0 mg) was 27.9%. Neither uACR ≥30 mg/g nor uACR ≥300 were significantly associated with BAC in crude or multivariable analyses. Reduced eGFR was associated with BAC in univariate analyses (odds ratio 1.53, 95% CI: 1.18-2.00), but the association was no longer significant after adjustment for potential confounders. Results were similar in various sensitivity analyses that used different BAC thresholds or analytic approaches.Among women without cardiovascular disease undergoing mammography screening, reduced eGFR and albuminuria were not significantly associated with BAC.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0210973

  View details for Web of Science ID 000456015500094

  View details for PubMedID 30653590

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6336275

• Non-recovery from dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury and short-term mortality and cardiovascular risk: a cohort study BMC NEPHROLOGY Lee, B. J., Hsu, C., Parikh, R. V., Leong, T. K., Tan, T. C., Walia, S., Liu, K. D., Hsu, R. K., Go, A. S. 2018; 19: 134

  Abstract

  The high mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is well-documented. Recent literature suggests that acute kidney injury is also associated with CVD. It is unknown whether patients with incident ESRD due to dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury (AKI-D) are at higher short-term risk for death and CVD events, compared with incident ESRD patients without preceding AKI-D. Few studies have examined the impact of recovery from AKI-D on subsequent CVD risk.In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated adult members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California who initiated dialysis from January 2009 to September 2015. Preceding AKI-D and subsequent outcomes of death and CVD events (acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack) were identified from electronic health records. We performed multivariable Cox regression models adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, medication use, and laboratory results.Compared to incident ESRD patients who experienced AKI-D (n = 1865), patients with ESRD not due to AKI-D (n = 3772) had significantly lower adjusted rates of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.56, 95% CI: 0.47-0.67) and heart failure hospitalization (aHR 0.45, 0.30-0.70). Compared to AKI-D patients who did not recover and progressed to ESRD, AKI-D patients who recovered (n = 1347) had a 30% lower adjusted relative rate of death (aHR 0.70, 0.55-0.88).Patients who transition to ESRD via AKI-D are a high-risk subgroup that may benefit from aggressive monitoring and medical management, particularly for heart failure. Recovery from AKI-D is independently associated with lower short-term mortality.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s12882-018-0924-3

  View details for Web of Science ID 000435010800001

  View details for PubMedID 29890946

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5996504

• Pre-admission proteinuria impacts risk of non-recovery after dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL Lee, B. J., Go, A. S., Parikh, R., Leong, T. K., Tan, T. C., Walia, S., Hsu, R. K., Liu, K. D., Hsu, C. 2018; 93 (4): 968-976

  Abstract

  Renal recovery after dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury (AKI-D) is an important clinical and patient-centered outcome. Here we examined whether the pre-admission proteinuria level independently influences risk for non-recovery after AKI-D in a community-based population. All adult members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California who experienced AKI-D between January 1, 2009 and September 30, 2015 were included. Pre-admission proteinuria levels were determined by dipstick up to four years before the AKI-D hospitalization and the outcome was renal recovery (survival and dialysis-independence four weeks and more) at 90 days after initiation of renal replacement therapy. We used multivariable logistic regression to adjust for baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), age, sex, ethnicity, short-term predicted risk of death, comorbidities, and medication use. Among 5,347 adults with AKI-D, the mean age was 66 years, 59% were men, and 50% were white. Compared with negative/trace proteinuria, the adjusted odds ratios for non-recovery (continued dialysis-dependence or death) were 1.47 (95% confidence interval 1.19-1.82) for 1+ proteinuria and 1.92 (1.54-2.38) for 2+ or more proteinuria. Among survivors, the crude probability of recovery ranged from 83% for negative/trace proteinuria with baseline eGFR over 60 mL/min/1.73m2 to 25% for 2+ or more proteinuria with eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2. Thus, the pre-AKI-D level of proteinuria is a graded, independent risk factor for non-recovery and helps to improve short-term risk stratification for patients with AKI-D.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.kint.2017.10.017

  View details for Web of Science ID 000428169200025

  View details for PubMedID 29352593

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5866747

• Is There Room for Prevention? Examining the Effect of Outpatient Facility Type on the Risk of Surgical Site Infection INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Parikh, R., Pollock, D., Sharma, J., Edwards, J. 2016; 37 (10): 1179-1185

  Abstract

  OBJECTIVE We compared risk for surgical site infection (SSI) following surgical breast procedures among 2 patient groups: those whose procedures were performed in ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) and those whose procedures were performed in hospital-based outpatient facilities. DESIGN Cohort study using National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) SSI data for breast procedures performed from 2010 to 2014. METHODS Unconditional multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between facility type and breast SSI, adjusting for American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification, patient age, and duration of procedure. Other potential adjustment factors examined were wound classification, anesthesia use, and gender. RESULTS Among 124,021 total outpatient breast procedures performed between 2010 and 2014, 110,987 procedure reports submitted to the NHSN provided complete covariate data and were included in the analysis. Breast procedures performed in ASCs carried a lower risk of SSI compared with those performed in hospital-based outpatient settings. For patients aged ≤51 years, the adjusted risk ratio was 0.36 (95% CI, 0.25-0.50) and for patients >51 years old, the adjusted risk ratio was 0.32 (95% CI, 0.21-0.49). CONCLUSIONS SSI risk following breast procedures was significantly lower among ASC patients than among hospital-based outpatients. These findings should be placed in the context of study limitations, including the possibility of incomplete ascertainment of SSIs and shortcomings in the data available to control for differences in patient case mix. Additional studies are needed to better understand the role of procedural settings in SSI risk following breast procedures and to identify prevention opportunities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1-7.

  View details for DOI 10.1017/ice.2016.146

  View details for Web of Science ID 000385057600008

  View details for PubMedID 27430647