Ted Jardetzky

All Publications

• Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in allergy: Targeting IgE, cytokine, and alarmin pathways. Immunological reviews Eggel, A., Pennington, L. F., Jardetzky, T. S. 2024

  Abstract

  The etiology of allergy is closely linked to type 2 inflammatory responses ultimately leading to the production of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), a key driver of many allergic conditions. At a high level, initial allergen exposure disrupts epithelial integrity, triggering local inflammation via alarmins including IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, which activate type 2 innate lymphoid cells as well as other immune cells to secrete type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, promoting Th2 cell development and eosinophil recruitment. Th2 cell dependent B cell activation promotes the production of allergen-specific IgE, which stably binds to basophils and mast cells. Rapid degranulation of these cells upon allergen re-exposure leads to allergic symptoms. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying allergic pathophysiology have significantly shaped the development of therapeutic intervention strategies. In this review, we highlight key therapeutic targets within the allergic cascade with a particular focus on past, current and future treatment approaches using monoclonal antibodies. Specific targeting of alarmins, type 2 cytokines and IgE has shown varying degrees of clinical benefit in different allergic indications including asthma, chronic spontaneous urticaria, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, food allergies and eosinophilic esophagitis. While multiple therapeutic antibodies have been approved for clinical use, scientists are still working on ways to improve on current treatment approaches. Here, we provide context to understand therapeutic targeting strategies and their limitations, discussing both knowledge gaps and promising future directions to enhancing clinical efficacy in allergic disease management.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/imr.13380

  View details for PubMedID 39158477

• Functional and structural basis of human parainfluenza virus type 3 neutralization with human monoclonal antibodies. Nature microbiology Suryadevara, N., Otrelo-Cardoso, A. R., Kose, N., Hu, Y., Binshtein, E., Wolters, R. M., Greninger, A. L., Handal, L. S., Carnahan, R. H., Moscona, A., Jardetzky, T. S., Crowe, J. E. 2024

  Abstract

  Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV3) is a respiratory pathogen that can cause severe disease in older people and infants. Currently, vaccines against hPIV3 are in clinical trials but none have been approved yet. The haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) surface glycoproteins of hPIV3 are major antigenic determinants. Here we describe naturally occurring potently neutralizing human antibodies directed against both surface glycoproteins of hPIV3. We isolated seven neutralizing HN-reactive antibodies and a pre-fusion conformation F-reactive antibody from human memory B cells. One HN-binding monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated PIV3-23, exhibited functional attributes including haemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition. We also delineated the structural basis of neutralization for two HN and one F mAbs. MAbs that neutralized hPIV3 in vitro protected against infection and disease in vivo in a cotton rat model of hPIV3 infection, suggesting correlates of protection for hPIV3 and the potential clinical utility of these mAbs.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41564-024-01722-w

  View details for PubMedID 38858594

• The Disruptive Anti-IgE Molecule KIH_E07_79 Rapidly Desensitizes Allergic Effector Cells and Suppresses IgE Production in B-cells Guntern, P., Pennington, L., Brigger, D., Jardetzky, T., Eggel, A. MOSBY-ELSEVIER. 2024: AB63

  View details for Web of Science ID 001267526000194

• Potent cross-neutralization of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus through a structurally conserved antibody recognition mode. Cell host & microbe Wen, X., Suryadevara, N., Kose, N., Liu, J., Zhan, X., Handal, L. S., Williamson, L. E., Trivette, A., Carnahan, R. H., Jardetzky, T. S., Crowe, J. E. 2023

  Abstract

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections pose a significant health burden. Using pre-fusion conformation fusion (F)proteins, we isolated a panel of anti-F antibodies from a human donor. One antibody (RSV-199) potently cross-neutralized 8 RSV and hMPV strains by recognizing antigenic site III, which is partially conserved in RSV and hMPV F. Next, we determined the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of RSV-199 bound to RSV F trimers, hMPV F monomers, and an unexpected dimeric form of hMPV F. These structures revealed how RSV-199 engages both RSV and hMPV F proteins through conserved interactions of the antibody heavy-chain variable region and how variability within heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) can be accommodated at the F protein interface in site-III-directed antibodies. Furthermore, RSV-199 offered enhanced protection against RSV A and B strains and hMPV in cotton rats. These findings highlight the mechanisms of broad neutralization and therapeutic potential of RSV-199.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chom.2023.07.002

  View details for PubMedID 37516111

• Suppression of IgE production in primary human B-cells using a novel anti- IgE molecule Guntern, P., Pennington, L., Nyffeler, S., Jardetzky, T., Eggel, A. WILEY. 2023: 8

  View details for Web of Science ID 001114664600010

• Sex-specific differences in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination vanish with age. Allergy Brigger, D., Guntern, P., Jonsdottir, H. R., Pennington, L. F., Weber, B., Taddeo, A., Zimmer, G., Leborgne, N. G., Benarafa, C., Jardetzky, T. S., Eggel, A. 2023

  View details for DOI 10.1111/all.15652

  View details for PubMedID 36680391

• Identification of functionally important domains of human cytomegalovirus gO that act after trimer binding to receptors. PLoS pathogens Chin, A., Liu, J., Jardetzky, T., Johnson, D. C., Vanarsdall, A. 2022; 18 (4): e1010452

  Abstract

  Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) entry involves trimer (gH/gL/gO) that interacts with PDGFRalpha in fibroblasts. Entry into epithelial and endothelial cells requires trimer, which binds unidentified receptors, and pentamer (gH/gL/UL128-131), which binds neuropilin-2. To identify functionally important domains in trimer, we screened an overlapping 20-mer gO peptide library and identified two sets of peptides: 19/20 (a.a. 235-267) and 32/33 (a.a. 404-436) that could block virus entry. Soluble trimer containing wild type gO blocked HCMV entry, whereas soluble trimers with the 19/20 or 32/33 sequences mutated did not block entry. Interestingly, the mutant trimers retained the capacity to bind to cellular receptors including PDGFRalpha. Peptide 19/20 and 32/33 sequences formed a lobe extending from the surface of gO and an adjacent concave structure, respectively. Neither of these sets of sequences contacted PDGFRalpha. Instead, our data support a model in which the 19/20 and 32/33 trimer sequences function downstream of receptor binding, e.g. trafficking of HCMV into endosomes or binding to gB for entry fusion. We also screened for peptides that bound antibodies (Abs) in human sera, observing that peptides 20 and 26 bound Abs. These peptides engendered neutralizing Abs (NAbs) after immunization of rabbits and could pull out NAbs from human sera. Peptides 20 and 26 sequences represent the first NAb epitopes identified in trimer. These studies describe two important surfaces on gO defined by: i) peptides 19/20 and 32/33, which apparently act downstream of receptor binding and ii) peptide 26 that interacts with PDGFRalpha. Both these surfaces are targets of NAbs.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010452

  View details for PubMedID 35452493

• Directed evolution of and structural insights into antibody-mediated disruption of a stable receptor-ligand complex. Nature communications Pennington, L. F., Gasser, P., Kleinboelting, S., Zhang, C., Skiniotis, G., Eggel, A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2021; 12 (1): 7069

  Abstract

  Antibody drugs exert therapeutic effects via a range of mechanisms, including competitive inhibition, allosteric modulation, and immune effector mechanisms. Facilitated dissociation is an additional mechanism where antibody-mediated "disruption" of stable high-affinity macromolecular complexes can potentially enhance therapeutic efficacy. However, this mechanism is not well understood or utilized therapeutically. Here, we investigate and engineer the weak disruptive activity of an existing therapeutic antibody, omalizumab, which targets IgE antibodies to block the allergic response. We develop a yeast display approach to select for and engineer antibody disruptive efficiency and generate potent omalizumab variants that dissociate receptor-bound IgE. We determine a low resolution cryo-EM structure of a transient disruption intermediate containing the IgE-Fc, its partially dissociated receptor and an antibody inhibitor. Our results provide a conceptual framework for engineering disruptive inhibitors for other targets, insights into the failure in clinical trials of the previous high affinity omalizumab HAE variant and anti-IgE antibodies that safely and rapidly disarm allergic effector cells.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-021-27397-z

  View details for PubMedID 34862384

• Direct comparison of antibody responses to four SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in Mongolia. Cell host & microbe Dashdorj, N. J., Wirz, O. F., Roltgen, K., Haraguchi, E., Buzzanco, A. S., Sibai, M., Wang, H., Miller, J. A., Solis, D., Sahoo, M. K., Arunachalam, P. S., Lee, A. S., Shah, M. M., Liu, J., Byambabaatar, S., Bat-Ulzii, P., Enkhbat, A., Batbold, E., Zulkhuu, D., Ochirsum, B., Khurelsukh, T., Dalantai, G., Burged, N., Baatarsuren, U., Ariungerel, N., Oidovsambuu, O., Bungert, A. S., Genden, Z., Yagaanbuyant, D., Mordorj, A., Pulendran, B., Chinthrajah, S., Nadeau, K. C., Jardetzky, T., Wilbur, J. L., Wohlstadter, J. N., Sigal, G. B., Pinsky, B. A., Boyd, S. D., Dashdorj, N. D. 2021

  Abstract

  Different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are approved in various countries, but few direct comparisons of the antibody responses they stimulate have been reported. We collected plasma specimens in July 2021 from 196 Mongolian participants fully vaccinated with one of four COVID-19 vaccines: Pfizer/BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, and Sinopharm. Functional antibody testing with a panel of nine SARS-CoV-2 viral variant receptor binding domain (RBD) proteins revealed marked differences in vaccine responses, with low antibody levels and RBD-ACE2 blocking activity stimulated by the Sinopharm and Sputnik V vaccines in comparison to the AstraZeneca or Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines. The Alpha variant caused 97% of infections in Mongolia in June and early July 2021. Individuals who recover from SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination achieve high antibody titers in most cases. These data suggest that public health interventions such as vaccine boosting, potentially with more potent vaccine types, may be needed to control COVID-19 in Mongolia and worldwide.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chom.2021.11.004

  View details for PubMedID 34861167

• Fast acting disruptive IgE inhibitors rapidly desensitize allergic effector cells and resolve IgE-mediated anaphylaxis Pennington, L. F., Gasser, P., Brigger, D., Guntern, P., Eggel, A., Jardetzky, T. S. WILEY. 2021: 21

  View details for Web of Science ID 000718612200034

• Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure and Interactions of the Human Cytomegalovirus gHgLgO Trimer with Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha. mBio Liu, J., Vanarsdall, A., Chen, D., Chin, A., Johnson, D., Jardetzky, T. S. 2021; 12 (5): e0262521

  Abstract

  Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that produces disease in transplant patients and newborn children. Entry of HCMV into cells relies on gH/gL trimer (gHgLgO) and pentamer (gHgLUL128-131) complexes that bind cellular receptors. Here, we studied the structure and interactions of the HCMV trimer, formed by AD169 strain gH and gL and TR strain gO proteins, with the human platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha). Three trimer surfaces make extensive contacts with three PDGFRalpha N-terminal domains, causing PDGFRalpha to wrap around gO in a structure similar to a human hand, explaining the high-affinity interaction. gO is among the least conserved HCMV proteins, with 8 distinct genotypes. We observed high conservation of residues mediating gO-gL interactions but more extensive gO variability in the PDGFRalpha interface. Comparisons between our trimer structure and a previously determined structure composed of different subunit genotypes indicate that gO variability is accommodated by adjustments in the gO-PDGFRalpha interface. We identified two loops within gO that were disordered and apparently glycosylated, which could be deleted without disrupting PDGFRalpha binding. We also identified four gO residues that contact PDGFRalpha, which when mutated produced markedly reduced receptor binding. These residues fall within conserved contact sites of gO with PDGFRalpha and may represent key targets for anti-trimer neutralizing antibodies and HCMV vaccines. Finally, we observe that gO mutations distant from the gL interaction site impact trimer expression, suggesting that the intrinsic folding or stability of gO can impact the efficiency of trimer assembly. IMPORTANCE HCMV is a herpesvirus that infects a large percentage of the adult population and causes significant levels of disease in immunocompromised individuals and birth defects in the developing fetus. The virus encodes a complex protein machinery that coordinates infection of different cell types in the body, including a trimer formed of gH, gL, and gO subunits. Here, we studied the interactions of the HCMV trimer with its receptor on cells, the platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha), to better understand how HCMV coordinates virus entry into cells. Our results add to our understanding of HCMV strain-specific differences and identify sites on the trimer that represent potential targets for therapeutic antibodies or vaccine development.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/mBio.02625-21

  View details for PubMedID 34700375

• Invited review: The role of allergen-specific IgE, IgG and IgA in allergic disease. Allergy Shamji, M. H., Valenta, R., Jardetzky, T., Verhasselt, V., Durham, S. R., Wurtzen, P. A., van Neerven, R. J. 2021

  Abstract

  Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy is the most common hypersensitivity disease affecting more than 30% of the population. Exposure toeven minute quantities of allergens can lead to the production of IgE antibodies in atopic individuals. This is termed allergic sensitization, which occurs mainly in early childhood.Allergen-specific IgE then binds to the high (FcepsilonRI) and low affinity receptors (FcepsilonRII, also called CD23) for IgE on effector cells and antigen-presenting cells. Subsequent and repeated allergen exposure increases allergen-specific IgE levels and, by receptor cross-linking, triggers immediate release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils whereas IgE-facilitated allergen presentation perpetuates T cell-mediated allergic inflammation. Due to engagement of receptors which are highly selective for IgE even tiny amounts of allergens can induce massive inflammation. Naturally occurring allergen-specific IgG and IgA antibodies usually recognize different epitopes on allergenscompared toIgE, and do not efficientlyinterfere with allergen-induced inflammation. HoweverIgG and IgA antibodies to these important IgEepitopescan be induced by allergen-specific immunotherapy or by passive immunization. Thesewill lead to competition with IgE for binding with the allergen and preventallergic responses. Similarly, anti-IgE treatment does the same by preventing IgE from binding to its receptor on mastcells and basophils. Here we review the complex interplay of allergen-specific IgE, IgG and IgA and the corresponding cell receptors in allergic diseases and its relevance for diagnosis,treatment and prevention of allergy.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/all.14908

  View details for PubMedID 33999439

• Structure-guided design of ultrapotent disruptive IgE inhibitors to rapidly terminate acute allergic reactions. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology Pennington, L. F., Gasser, P., Brigger, D., Guntern, P., Eggel, A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2021

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis represents one of the most severe and fatal forms of allergic reactions. Like most other allergies, it is caused upon activation of basophils and mast cells by allergen-mediated cross-linking of immunoglobulin E (IgE) bound to its high affinity receptor FcepsilonRI on the cell surface. The systemic release of soluble mediators induces an inflammatory cascade rapidly causing symptoms with peak severity in minutes to hours after allergen exposure. Primary treatment for anaphylaxis consists of immediate intramuscular administration of adrenaline.OBJECTIVE: While adrenaline alleviates life-threatening symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction, there are currently no disease-modifying interventions available. Here, we sought to develop potent and fast acting IgE inhibitors with the potential to rapidly terminate acute allergic reactions.METHODS: Using affinity maturation by yeast display and structure-guided molecular engineering, we generated three optimized disruptive IgE inhibitors based on designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) and assessed their ability to actively remove IgE from allergic effector cells in vitro as well as in in vivo in mice.RESULTS: We report that the engineered IgE inhibitors rapidly dissociate preformed IgE:FcepsilonRI complexes, terminate IgE-mediated signaling in pre-activated human blood basophils in vitro and shut down pre-initiated allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in mice in vivo.CONCLUSIONS: Fast acting disruptive IgE inhibitors demonstrate the feasibility of developing kinetically optimized inhibitors for the treatment of anaphylaxis and the rapid desensitization of allergic individuals.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.050

  View details for PubMedID 33991582

• Bottom-up de novo design of functional proteins with complex structural features. Nature chemical biology Yang, C., Sesterhenn, F., Bonet, J., van Aalen, E. A., Scheller, L., Abriata, L. A., Cramer, J. T., Wen, X., Rosset, S., Georgeon, S., Jardetzky, T., Krey, T., Fussenegger, M., Merkx, M., Correia, B. E. 2021

  Abstract

  De novo protein design has enabled the creation of new protein structures. However, the design of functional proteins has proved challenging, in part due to the difficulty of transplanting structurally complex functional sites to available protein structures. Here, we used a bottom-up approach to build de novo proteins tailored to accommodate structurally complex functional motifs. We applied the bottom-up strategy to successfully design five folds for four distinct binding motifs, including a bifunctionalized protein with two motifs. Crystal structures confirmed the atomic-level accuracy of the computational designs. These de novo proteins were functional as components of biosensors to monitor antibody responses and as orthogonal ligands to modulate synthetic signaling receptors in engineered mammalian cells. Our work demonstrates the potential of bottom-up approaches to accommodate complex structural motifs, which will be essential to endow de novo proteins with elaborate biochemical functions, such as molecular recognition or catalysis.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41589-020-00699-x

  View details for PubMedID 33398169

• EphrinB2 clustering by Nipah virus G is required to activate and trap F intermediates at supported lipid bilayer-cell interfaces. Science advances Wong, J. J., Chen, Z. n., Chung, J. K., Groves, J. T., Jardetzky, T. S. 2021; 7 (5)

  Abstract

  Paramyxovirus membrane fusion requires an attachment protein that binds to a host cell receptor and a fusion protein that merges the viral and host membranes. For Nipah virus (NiV), the G attachment protein binds ephrinB2/B3 receptors and activates F-mediated fusion. To visualize dynamic events of these proteins at the membrane interface, we reconstituted NiV fusion activation by overlaying F- and G-expressing cells onto ephrinB2-functionalized supported lipid bilayers and used TIRF microscopy to follow F, G, and ephrinB2. We found that G and ephrinB2 form clusters and that oligomerization of ephrinB2 is necessary for F activation. Single-molecule tracking of F particles revealed accumulation of an immobilized intermediate upon activation. We found no evidence for stable F-G protein complexes before or after activation. These observations lead to a revised model for NiV fusion activation and provide a foundation for investigating other multicomponent viral fusion systems.

  View details for DOI 10.1126/sciadv.abe1235

  View details for PubMedID 33571127

• IPSE, a urogenital parasite-derived immunomodulatory molecule, suppresses bladder pathogenesis and anti-microbial peptide gene expression in bacterial urinary tract infection. Parasites & vectors Mbanefo, E. C., Le, L., Pennington, L. F., Hsieh, Y. J., Odegaard, J. I., Lapira, K., Jardetzky, T. S., Falcone, F. H., Hsieh, M. H. 2020; 13 (1): 615

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Parasitic infections can increase susceptibility to bacterial co-infections. This may be true for urogenital schistosomiasis and bacterial urinary tract co-infections (UTI). We previously reported that this co-infection is facilitated by S. haematobium eggs triggering interleukin-4 (IL-4) production and sought to dissect the underlying mechanisms. The interleukin-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE) is one of the most abundant schistosome egg-secreted proteins and binds to IgE on the surface of basophils and mast cells to trigger IL-4 release. IPSE can also translocate into host nuclei using a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) to modulate host transcription. We hypothesized that IPSE is the factor responsible for the ability of S. haematobium eggs to worsen UTI pathogenesis.METHODS: Mice were intravenously administered a single 25mug dose of recombinant S. haematobium-derived IPSE, an NLS mutant of IPSE or PBS. Following IPSE exposure, mice were serially weighed and organs analyzed by histology to assess for toxicity. Twenty-four hours after IPSE administration, mice were challenged with the uropathogenic E. coli strain UTI89 by urethral catheterization. Bacterial CFU were measured using urine. Bladders were examined histologically for UTI-triggered pathogenesis and by PCR for antimicrobial peptide and pattern recognition receptor expression.RESULTS: Unexpectedly, IPSE administration did not result in significant differences in urine bacterial CFU. However, IPSE administration did lead to a significant reduction in UTI-induced bladder pathogenesis and the expression of anti-microbial peptides in the bladder. Despite the profound effect of IPSE on UTI-triggered bladder pathogenesis and anti-microbial peptide production, mice did not demonstrate systemic ill effects from IPSE exposure.CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that IPSE may play a major role in S. haematobium-associated urinary tract co-infection, albeit in an unexpected fashion. These findings also indicate that IPSE either works in concert with other IL-4-inducing factors to increase susceptibility of S. haematobium-infected hosts to bacterial co-infection or does not contribute to enhancing vulnerability to this co-infection.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s13071-020-04490-8

  View details for PubMedID 33298153

• Epstein-Barr Virus gH/gL and Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus gH/gL Bind to Different Sites on EphA2 To Trigger Fusion JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Chen, J., Schaller, S., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2020; 94 (21)

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.01454

  View details for Web of Science ID 000579834200004

• The structural basis of herpesvirus entry. Nature reviews. Microbiology Connolly, S. A., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2020

  Abstract

  Herpesviruses are ubiquitous, double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that establish lifelong infections and cause a range of diseases. Entry into host cells requires binding of the virus to specific receptors, followed by the coordinated action of multiple viral entry glycoproteins to trigger membrane fusion. Although the core fusion machinery is conserved for all herpesviruses, each species uses distinct receptors and receptor-binding glycoproteins. Structural studies of the prototypical herpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry glycoproteins have defined the interaction sites for glycoprotein complexes and receptors, and have revealed conformational changes that occur on receptor binding. Recent crystallography and electron microscopy studies have refined our model of herpesvirus entry into cells, clarifying both the conserved features and the unique features. Inthis Review, we discuss recent insights into herpesvirus entry by analysing the structures of entry glycoproteins, including the diverse receptor-binding glycoproteins (HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD), EBV glycoprotein 42 (gp42) and HCMV gH-gL-gO trimer and gH-gL-UL128-UL130-UL131A pentamer), as well gH-gL and the fusion protein gB, which are conserved in all herpesviruses.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41579-020-00448-w

  View details for PubMedID 33087881

• Accuracy of serological testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: first results of a large mixed-method evaluation study. Allergy Brigger, D., Horn, M. P., Pennington, L. F., Powell, A. E., Siegrist, D., Weber, B., Engler, O., Piezzi, V., Damonti, L., Iseli, P., Hauser, C., Froehlich, T. K., Villiger, P. M., Bachmann, M. F., Leib, S. L., Bittel, P., Fiedler, M., Largiader, C., Marschall, J., Stalder, H., Kim, P. S., Jardetzky, T. S., Eggel, A., Nagler, M. 2020

  Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Serological immunoassays that can identify protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 are needed to adapt quarantine measures, assess vaccination responses, and evaluate donor plasma. To date, however, the utility of such immunoassays remains unclear. In a mixed-design evaluation study, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of serological immunoassays that are based on various SARS-CoV-2 proteins and assessed the neutralizing activity of antibodies in patient sera.METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were prospectively followed alongside medical staff and biobank samples from winter 2018/2019. An in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was developed and compared to three commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) targeting the nucleoprotein (N), the S1 domain of the spike protein (S1) and a lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) based on full-length spike protein. Neutralization assays with live SARS-CoV-2 were performed.RESULTS: One-thousand four-hundred and seventy-seven individuals were included comprising 112 SARS-CoV-2 positives (defined as a positive real-time PCR result; prevalence 7.6%). IgG seroconversion occurred between day 0 and day 21. While the ELISAs showed sensitivities of 88.4% for RBD, 89.3% for S1, and 72.9% for N protein, the specificity was above 94% for all tests. Out of 54 SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals, 96.3% showed full neutralization of live SARS-CoV-2 at serum dilutions ≥1:16, while none of the 6 SARS-CoV-2 negative sera revealed neutralizing activity.CONCLUSIONS: ELISAs targeting RBD and S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 are promising immunoassays which shall be further evaluated in studies verifying diagnostic accuracy and protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/all.14608

  View details for PubMedID 32997812

• EBV gH/gL and KSHV gH/gL bind to different sites on EphA2 to trigger fusion. Journal of virology Chen, J., Schaller, S., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2020

  Abstract

  Both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are human gamma-herpesviruses and are important in a variety of malignancies. Eph family receptor tyrosine kinase A2 (EphA2) is a cellular receptor for KSHV and EBV. Previous studies identified 5 conserved residues (ELEFN50-54) in the N-terminal domain of KSHV gH that are critical for Eph-binding and KSHV infection. However, the specific domains of EBV gH/gL important for EphA2 binding are not well described. We found that the KSHV gH (ELEFN50-54) motif is important for higher KSHV fusion and that EBV gH/gL does not utilize a similar motif for fusion activity. We previously identified that an EBV gL N-glycosylation mutant (gL-N69L/S71V) was hyperfusogenic in epithelial cells but not in B cells. To determine if this glycosylation site may be the binding region for EphA2, we compared the EphA2 binding activity of EBV gH/gL and the EBV gH/gL-N69L/S71V mutant. We found that EBV gH/gL-N69L/S71V had higher binding affinity for EphA2 indicating that the EBV gL N-glycosylation site might be responsible for inhibiting the binding of gH/gL to EphA2. Loss of N-glycosylation at this site may remove steric hindrance that reduces EBV gH/gL binding to EphA2. Additionally, the mutations located in the large groove of EBV gH/gL (R152A and G49C) also have decreased binding with EphA2. Taken together, our data indicates that the binding site of EphA2 on EBV gH/gL is at least in part proximal to the EBV gL glycosylation site, which in part accounts for differences in EphA2 binding affinity by KSHV.Importance Virus entry into target cells is the first step for virus infection. Understanding the overall entry mechanism including the binding mechanism of specific virus glycoproteins with cellular receptors can be useful for the design of small molecular inhibitors and vaccine development. Recently, EphA2 was identified as an important entry receptor for both KSHV and EBV. In our current study, we investigated the required binding sites within EphA2 and EBV gH/gL that mediate the interaction of these two proteins allowing entry into epithelial cells and found it differed in when compared to the interaction of KSHV gH/gL with EphA2. Our discoveries may uncover new potential interventional strategies that block EBV and KSHV infection of target epithelial cells.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.01454-20

  View details for PubMedID 32847853

• SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses Correlate with Resolution of RNAemia But Are Short-Lived in Patients with Mild Illness. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences Röltgen, K., Wirz, O. F., Stevens, B. A., Powell, A. E., Hogan, C. A., Najeeb, J., Hunter, M., Sahoo, M. K., Huang, C., Yamamoto, F., Manalac, J., Otrelo-Cardoso, A. R., Pham, T. D., Rustagi, A., Rogers, A. J., Shah, N. H., Blish, C. A., Cochran, J. R., Nadeau, K. C., Jardetzky, T. S., Zehnder, J. L., Wang, T. T., Kim, P. S., Gombar, S., Tibshirani, R., Pinsky, B. A., Boyd, S. D. 2020

  Abstract

  SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, particularly those preventing viral spike receptor binding domain (RBD) interaction with host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, could offer protective immunity, and may affect clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. We analyzed 625 serial plasma samples from 40 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 170 SARS-CoV-2-infected outpatients and asymptomatic individuals. Severely ill patients developed significantly higher SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses than outpatients and asymptomatic individuals. The development of plasma antibodies was correlated with decreases in viral RNAemia, consistent with potential humoral immune clearance of virus. Using a novel competition ELISA, we detected antibodies blocking RBD-ACE2 interactions in 68% of inpatients and 40% of outpatients tested. Cross-reactive antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV RBD were found almost exclusively in hospitalized patients. Outpatient and asymptomatic individuals' serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 decreased within 2 months, suggesting that humoral protection may be short-lived.

  View details for DOI 10.1101/2020.08.15.20175794

  View details for PubMedID 32839786

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7444305

• The role of IgE glycosylation patterns on its biological activity Guntern, P., Gasser, P., Ruppli, R., Pennington, L., Brigger, D., Zbaren, N., Jardetzky, T., Eggel, A. WILEY. 2020: 65–66

  View details for Web of Science ID 000566847300111

• Defining the features and duration of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with disease severity and outcome. Science immunology Röltgen, K. n., Powell, A. E., Wirz, O. F., Stevens, B. A., Hogan, C. A., Najeeb, J. n., Hunter, M. n., Wang, H. n., Sahoo, M. K., Huang, C. n., Yamamoto, F. n., Manohar, M. n., Manalac, J. n., Otrelo-Cardoso, A. R., Pham, T. D., Rustagi, A. n., Rogers, A. J., Shah, N. H., Blish, C. A., Cochran, J. R., Jardetzky, T. S., Zehnder, J. L., Wang, T. T., Narasimhan, B. n., Gombar, S. n., Tibshirani, R. n., Nadeau, K. C., Kim, P. S., Pinsky, B. A., Boyd, S. D. 2020; 5 (54)

  Abstract

  SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, particularly those preventing viral spike receptor binding domain (RBD) interaction with host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, can neutralize the virus. It is, however, unknown which features of the serological response may affect clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. We analyzed 983 longitudinal plasma samples from 79 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 175 SARS-CoV-2-infected outpatients and asymptomatic individuals. Within this cohort, 25 patients died of their illness. Higher ratios of IgG antibodies targeting S1 or RBD domains of spike compared to nucleocapsid antigen were seen in outpatients who had mild illness versus severely ill patients. Plasma antibody increases correlated with decreases in viral RNAemia, but antibody responses in acute illness were insufficient to predict inpatient outcomes. Pseudovirus neutralization assays and a scalable ELISA measuring antibodies blocking RBD-ACE2 interaction were well correlated with patient IgG titers to RBD. Outpatient and asymptomatic individuals' SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, including IgG, progressively decreased during observation up to five months post-infection.

  View details for DOI 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0240

  View details for PubMedID 33288645

• The mechanistic and functional profile of the therapeutic anti-IgE antibody ligelizumab differs from omalizumab. Nature communications Gasser, P. n., Tarchevskaya, S. S., Guntern, P. n., Brigger, D. n., Ruppli, R. n., Zbären, N. n., Kleinboelting, S. n., Heusser, C. n., Jardetzky, T. S., Eggel, A. n. 2020; 11 (1): 165

  Abstract

  Targeting of immunoglobulin E (IgE) represents an interesting approach for the treatment of allergic disorders. A high-affinity monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, ligelizumab, has recently been developed to overcome some of the limitations associated with the clinical use of the therapeutic anti-IgE antibody, omalizumab. Here, we determine the molecular binding profile and functional modes-of-action of ligelizumab. We solve the crystal structure of ligelizumab bound to IgE, and report epitope differences between ligelizumab and omalizumab that contribute to their qualitatively distinct IgE-receptor inhibition profiles. While ligelizumab shows superior inhibition of IgE binding to FcεRI, basophil activation, IgE production by B cells and passive systemic anaphylaxis in an in vivo mouse model, ligelizumab is less potent in inhibiting IgE:CD23 interactions than omalizumab. Our data thus provide a structural and mechanistic foundation for understanding the efficient suppression of FcεRI-dependent allergic reactions by ligelizumab in vitro as well as in vivo.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-13815-w

  View details for PubMedID 31913280

• De novo protein design enables the precise induction of RSV-neutralizing antibodies. Science (New York, N.Y.) Sesterhenn, F. n., Yang, C. n., Bonet, J. n., Cramer, J. T., Wen, X. n., Wang, Y. n., Chiang, C. I., Abriata, L. A., Kucharska, I. n., Castoro, G. n., Vollers, S. S., Galloux, M. n., Dheilly, E. n., Rosset, S. n., Corthésy, P. n., Georgeon, S. n., Villard, M. n., Richard, C. A., Descamps, D. n., Delgado, T. n., Oricchio, E. n., Rameix-Welti, M. A., Más, V. n., Ervin, S. n., Eléouët, J. F., Riffault, S. n., Bates, J. T., Julien, J. P., Li, Y. n., Jardetzky, T. n., Krey, T. n., Correia, B. E. 2020; 368 (6492)

  Abstract

  De novo protein design has been successful in expanding the natural protein repertoire. However, most de novo proteins lack biological function, presenting a major methodological challenge. In vaccinology, the induction of precise antibody responses remains a cornerstone for next-generation vaccines. Here, we present a protein design algorithm called TopoBuilder, with which we engineered epitope-focused immunogens displaying complex structural motifs. In both mice and nonhuman primates, cocktails of three de novo-designed immunogens induced robust neutralizing responses against the respiratory syncytial virus. Furthermore, the immunogens refocused preexisting antibody responses toward defined neutralization epitopes. Overall, our design approach opens the possibility of targeting specific epitopes for the development of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies and, more generally, will be applicable to the design of de novo proteins displaying complex functional motifs.

  View details for DOI 10.1126/science.aay5051

  View details for PubMedID 32409444

• IPSE, an abundant egg-secreted protein of the carcinogenic helminth Schistosoma haematobium, promotes proliferation of bladder cancer cells and angiogenesis. Infectious agents and cancer Mbanefo, E. C., Agbo, C. T., Zhao, Y., Lamanna, O. K., Thai, K. H., Karinshak, S. E., Khan, M. A., Fu, C., Odegaard, J. I., Saltikova, I. V., Smout, M. J., Pennington, L. F., Nicolls, M. R., Jardetzky, T. S., Loukas, A., Brindley, P. J., Falcone, F. H., Hsieh, M. H. 2020; 15: 63

  Abstract

  Background: Schistosoma haematobium, the helminth causing urogenital schistosomiasis, is a known bladder carcinogen. Despite the causal link between S. haematobium and bladder cancer, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. S. haematobium oviposition in the bladder is associated with angiogenesis and urothelial hyperplasia. These changes may be pre-carcinogenic events in the bladder. We hypothesized that the Interleukin-4-inducing principle of Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE), an S. haematobium egg-secreted "infiltrin" protein that enters host cell nuclei to alter cellular activity, is sufficient to induce angiogenesis and urothelial hyperplasia. Methods: Mouse bladders injected with S. haematobium eggs were analyzed via microscopy for angiogenesis and urothelial hyperplasia. Endothelial and urothelial cell lines were incubated with recombinant IPSE protein or an IPSE mutant protein that lacks the native nuclear localization sequence (NLS-) and proliferation measured using CFSE staining and real-time monitoring of cell growth. IPSE's effects on urothelial cell cycle status was assayed through propidium iodide staining. Endothelial and urothelial cell uptake of fluorophore-labeled IPSE was measured. Findings: Injection of S. haematobium eggs into the bladder triggers angiogenesis, enhances leakiness of bladder blood vessels, and drives urothelial hyperplasia. Wild type IPSE, but not NLS-, increases proliferation of endothelial and urothelial cells and skews urothelial cells towards S phase. Finally, IPSE is internalized by both endothelial and urothelial cells. Interpretation: IPSE drives endothelial and urothelial proliferation, which may depend on internalization of the molecule. The urothelial effects of IPSE depend upon its NLS. Thus, IPSE is a candidate pro-carcinogenic molecule of S. haematobium.Summary: Schistosoma haematobium acts as a bladder carcinogen through unclear mechanisms. The S. haematobium homolog of IPSE, a secreted schistosome egg immunomodulatory molecule, enhances angiogenesis and urothelial proliferation, hallmarks of pre-carcinogenesis, suggesting IPSE is a key pro-oncogenic molecule of S. haematobium.

  View details for DOI 10.1186/s13027-020-00331-6

  View details for PubMedID 33101456

• IPSE, a parasite-derived, host immunomodulatory infiltrin protein, alleviates resiniferatoxin-induced bladder pain. Molecular pain Ishida, K., Mbanefo, E. C., Le, L., Lamanna, O., Pennington, L. F., Finkel, J. C., Jardetzky, T. S., Falcone, F. H., Hsieh, M. H. 2020; 16: 1744806920970099

  Abstract

  The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) receptor is an important mediator of nociception and its expression is enriched in nociceptive neurons. TRPV1 signaling has been implicated in bladder pain and is a potential analgesic target. Resiniferatoxin is the most potent known agonist of TRPV1. Acute exposure of the rat bladder to resiniferatoxin has been demonstrated to result in pain-related freezing and licking behaviors that are alleviated by virally encoded IL-4. The interleukin-4-inducing principle of Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE) is a powerful inducer of IL-4 secretion, and is also known to alter host cell transcription through a nuclear localization sequence-based mechanism. We previously reported that IPSE ameliorates ifosfamide-induced bladder pain in an IL-4- and nuclear localization sequence-dependent manner. We hypothesized that pre-administration of IPSE to resiniferatoxin-challenged mice would dampen pain-related behaviors. IPSE indeed lessened resiniferatoxin-triggered freezing behaviors in mice. This was a nuclear localization sequence-dependent phenomenon, since administration of a nuclear localization sequence mutant version of IPSE abrogated IPSE's analgesic effect. In contrast, IPSE's analgesic effect did not seem IL-4-dependent, since use of anti-IL-4 antibody in mice given both IPSE and resiniferatoxin did not significantly affect freezing behaviors. RNA-Seq analysis of resiniferatoxin- and IPSE-exposed bladders revealed differential expression of TNF/NF-kappab-related signaling pathway genes. In vitro testing of IPSE uptake by urothelial cells and TRPV1-expressing neuronal cells showed uptake by both cell types. Thus, IPSE's nuclear localization sequence-dependent therapeutic effects on TRPV1-mediated bladder pain may act on TRPV1-expressing neurons and/or may rely upon urothelial mechanisms.

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1744806920970099

  View details for PubMedID 33342372

• Human B Cell Clonal Expansion and Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell host & microbe Nielsen, S. C., Yang, F. n., Jackson, K. J., Hoh, R. A., Röltgen, K. n., Jean, G. H., Stevens, B. A., Lee, J. Y., Rustagi, A. n., Rogers, A. J., Powell, A. E., Hunter, M. n., Najeeb, J. n., Otrelo-Cardoso, A. R., Yost, K. E., Daniel, B. n., Nadeau, K. C., Chang, H. Y., Satpathy, A. T., Jardetzky, T. S., Kim, P. S., Wang, T. T., Pinsky, B. A., Blish, C. A., Boyd, S. D. 2020

  Abstract

  B cells are critical for the production of antibodies and protective immunity to viruses. Here we show that patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) display early recruitment of B cells expressing a limited subset of IGHV genes, progressing to a highly polyclonal response of B cells with broader IGHV gene usage and extensive class switching to IgG and IgA subclasses with limited somatic hypermutation in the initial weeks of infection. We identify convergence of antibody sequences across SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, highlighting stereotyped naive responses to this virus. Notably, sequence-based detection in COVID-19 patients of convergent B cell clonotypes previously reported in SARS-CoV infection predicts the presence of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibody titers specific for the receptor-binding domain. These findings offer molecular insights into shared features of human B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chom.2020.09.002

  View details for PubMedID 32941787

• Human B cell clonal expansion and convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology Nielsen, S. C., Yang, F. n., Jackson, K. J., Hoh, R. A., Röltgen, K. n., Stevens, B. n., Lee, J. Y., Rustagi, A. n., Rogers, A. J., Powell, A. E., Najeeb, J. n., Otrelo-Cardoso, A. R., Yost, K. E., Daniel, B. n., Chang, H. Y., Satpathy, A. T., Jardetzky, T. S., Kim, P. S., Wang, T. T., Pinsky, B. A., Blish, C. A., Boyd, S. D. 2020

  Abstract

  During virus infection B cells are critical for the production of antibodies and protective immunity. Here we show that the human B cell compartment in patients with diagnostically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and clinical COVID-19 is rapidly altered with the early recruitment of B cells expressing a limited subset of IGHV genes, progressing to a highly polyclonal response of B cells with broader IGHV gene usage and extensive class switching to IgG and IgA subclasses with limited somatic hypermutation in the initial weeks of infection. We identify extensive convergence of antibody sequences across SARS-CoV-2 patients, highlighting stereotyped naïve responses to this virus. Notably, sequence-based detection in COVID-19 patients of convergent B cell clonotypes previously reported in SARS-CoV infection predicts the presence of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibody titers specific for the receptor-binding domain. These findings offer molecular insights into shared features of human B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and other zoonotic spillover coronaviruses.

  View details for DOI 10.1101/2020.07.08.194456

  View details for PubMedID 32676593

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7359515

• Molecular, structural and mechanistic insight into ligelizumab mediated suppression of IgE dependent allergic responses Gasser, P., Tarchevskaya, S. S., Guntern, P., Brigger, D., Zbaren, N., Kleinboelting, S., Heusser, C., Jardetzky, T. S., Eggel, A. WILEY. 2019: 115

  View details for Web of Science ID 000480254000198

• IPSE, a parasite-derived host immunomodulatory protein, is a potential therapeutic for hemorrhagic cystitis AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-RENAL PHYSIOLOGY Zee, R. S., Mbanefo, E. C., Le, L. H., Pennington, L. F., Odegaard, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Alouffi, A., Akinwale, J., Falcone, F. H., Hsieh, M. H. 2019; 316 (6): F1133–F1140

  View details for DOI 10.1152/ajprenal.00468.2018

  View details for Web of Science ID 000470807500006

• HCMV trimer- and pentamer-specific antibodies synergize for virus neutralization but do not correlate with congenital transmission PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Vanarsdall, A. L., Chin, A. L., Liu, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Mudd, J. O., Orloff, S. L., Streblow, D., Mussi-Pinhata, M. M., Yamamoto, A. Y., Duarte, G., Britt, W. J., Johnson, D. C. 2019; 116 (9): 3728-3733

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1814835116

  View details for Web of Science ID 000459694400060

• IPSE, a parasite-derived host immunomodulatory protein, is a potential therapeutic for hemorrhagic cystitis. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology Zee, R. S., Mbanefo, E. C., Le, L. H., Pennington, L. F., Odegaard, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Alouffi, A., Akinwale, J., Falcone, F. H., Hsieh, M. H. 2019

  Abstract

  Chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis is characterized by bladder pain and voiding dysfunction caused by hemorrhage and inflammation. Novel therapeutic options to treat hemorrhagic cystitis are needed. We previously reported that systemic administration of the Schistosomiasis haematobium-derived protein H-IPSEH06 (IL-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs), is superior to 3 doses of MESNA in alleviating hemorrhagic cystitis. Based on prior reports by others on S. mansoni IPSE (M-IPSE) and additional work by our group, we reasoned that H-IPSE mediates its effects on hemorrhagic cystitis by binding IgE on basophils and inducing IL-4 expression, promoting urothelial proliferation, and translocating to the nucleus to modulate expression of genes implicated in relieving bladder dysfunction. We speculated that local bladder injection of the S. haematobium IPSE ortholog IPSEH03, hereafter called H-IPSEH03, might be more efficacious in preventing hemorrhagic cystitis compared to systemic administration of IPSEH06. We report that H-IPSEH03, like M-IPSE and H-IPSEH06, activates IgE-bearing basophils in an NFAT reporter assay, indicating activation of the cytokine pathway. Further, H-IPSEH03 attenuates ifosfamide-induced increases in bladder wet weight in an IL-4-dependent fashion. H-IPSEH03 relieves hemorrhagic cystitis-associated allodynia and modulates voiding patterns in mice. Finally, H-IPSEH03 drives increased urothelial cell proliferation suggesting that IPSE induces bladder repair mechanisms. Taken together, H-IPSEH03 may be a potential novel therapeutic to treat hemorrhagic cystitis by basophil activation, attenuation of allodynia and promotion of urothelial cell proliferation.

  View details for PubMedID 30785353

• Ephrin Receptor A4 is a New Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Virus Entry Receptor. mBio Chen, J., Zhang, X., Schaller, S., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2019; 10 (1)

  Abstract

  Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human gammaherpesvirus associated with the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). KSHV target cells include endothelial cells, B cells, monocytes, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. KSHV entry into target cells is a complex multistep process and is initiated by the binding and interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins with the cellular receptors. In the current studies, we have found that EphA4 promotes KSHV glycoprotein H/glycoprotein L (gH/gL)-mediated fusion and infection better than does ephrin A2 (EphA2) in HEK293T cells, indicating that EphA4 is a new KSHV entry receptor. To confirm that epithelial cells express EphA2 and EphA4, we analyzed the expression of EphA2 and EphA4 in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, B cells, monocytes, fibroblasts using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis of existing data sets. We found that these cell types broadly express both EphA2 and EphA4, with the exception of monocytes and B cells. To confirm EphA4 is important for KSHV fusion and infection, we generated EphA2 and EphA4 single- and double-knockout cells. We found that both EphA2 and EphA4 play a role in KSHV fusion and infection, since EphA2-EphA4 double-knockout cells had the greatest decrease in fusion activity and infection compared to single-knockout cells. Fusion and infection of KSHV were rescued in the EphA2-EphA4 double-knockout cells upon overexpression of EphA2 and/or EphA4. EphA2 binds to both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and KSHV gH/gL; however, EphA4 binds only to KSHV gH/gL. Taken together, our results identify EphA4 as a new entry receptor for KSHV.IMPORTANCE The overall entry mechanism for herpesviruses is not completely known, including those for the human gammaherpesviruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). To fully understand the herpesvirus entry process, functional receptors need to be identified. In the current study, we found that EphA4 can also function for a KSHV entry receptor along with EphA2. Interestingly, we found that EphA4 does not function as an entry receptor for EBV, whereas EphA2 does. The discovery of EphA4 as a KSHV entry receptor has important implications for KSHV pathogenesis in humans, may prove useful in understanding the unique pathogenesis of KSHV infection in humans, and may uncover new potential targets that can be used for the development of novel interventional strategies.

  View details for PubMedID 30782663

• IPSE, a urogenital parasite-derived immunomodulatory protein, ameliorates ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis through downregulation of proinflammatory pathways SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Mbanefo, E. C., Le, L., Zee, R., Banskota, N., Ishida, K., Pennington, L. F., Odegaard, J. I., Jardetzky, T., Alouffi, A., Falcone, F. H., Hsieh, M. H. 2019; 9

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-38274-z

  View details for Web of Science ID 000458017800054

• IPSE, a urogenital parasite-derived immunomodulatory protein, ameliorates ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis through downregulation of pro-inflammatory pathways. Scientific reports Mbanefo, E. C., Le, L., Zee, R., Banskota, N., Ishida, K., Pennington, L. F., Odegaard, J. I., Jardetzky, T. S., Alouffi, A., Falcone, F. H., Hsieh, M. H. 2019; 9 (1): 1586

  Abstract

  Ifosfamide and other oxazaphosphorines can result in hemorrhagic cystitis, a constellation of complications caused by acrolein metabolites. We previously showed that a single dose of IPSE (Interleukin-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma eggs), a schistosome-derived host modulatory protein, can ameliorate ifosfamide-related cystitis; however, the mechanisms underlying this urotoxicity and its prevention are not fully understood. To provide insights into IPSE's protective mechanism, we undertook transcriptional profiling of bladders from ifosfamide-treated mice, with or without pretreatment with IPSE or IPSE-NLS (a mutant of IPSE lacking nuclear localization sequence). Ifosfamide treatment upregulated a range of proinflammatory genes. The IL-1beta-TNFalpha-IL-6 proinflammatory cascade via NFkappaB and STAT3 pathways was identified as the key driver of inflammation. The NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway, which regulates heme homoeostasis and expression of antioxidant enzymes, was highly activated. Anti-inflammatory cascades, namely Wnt, Hedgehog and PPAR pathways, were downregulated. IPSE drove significant downregulation of major proinflammatory pathways including the IL-1beta-TNFalpha-IL-6 pathways, interferon signaling, and reduction in oxidative stress. IPSE-NLS reduced inflammation but not oxidative stress. Taken together, we have identified signatures of acute-phase inflammation and oxidative stress in ifosfamide-injured bladder, which are reversed by pretreatment with IPSE. This work revealed several pathways that could be therapeutically targeted to prevent ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

  View details for PubMedID 30733505

• HCMV trimer- and pentamer-specific antibodies synergize for virus neutralization but do not correlate with congenital transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vanarsdall, A. L., Chin, A. L., Liu, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Mudd, J. O., Orloff, S. L., Streblow, D., Mussi-Pinhata, M. M., Yamamoto, A. Y., Duarte, G., Britt, W. J., Johnson, D. C. 2019

  Abstract

  Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes substantial disease in transplant patients and harms the development of the nervous system in babies infected in utero. Thus, there is a major focus on developing safe and effective HCMV vaccines. Evidence has been presented that a major target of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is the HCMV pentamer glycoprotein gH/gL/UL128-131. In some studies, most of the NAbs in animal or human sera were found to recognize the pentamer, which mediates HCMV entry into endothelial and epithelial cells. It was also reported that pentamer-specific antibodies correlate with protection against transmission from mothers to babies. One problem with the studies on pentamer-specific NAbs to date has been that the studies did not compare the pentamer to the other major form of gH/gL, the gH/gL/gO trimer, which is essential for entry into all cell types. Here, we demonstrate that both trimer and pentamer NAbs are frequently found in human transplant patients' and pregnant mothers' sera. Depletion of human sera with trimer caused reductions in NAbs similar to that observed following depletion with the pentamer. The trimer- and pentamer-specific antibodies acted in a synergistic fashion to neutralize HCMV and also to prevent virus cell-to-cell spread. Importantly, there was no correlation between the titers of trimer- and pentamer-specific NAbs and transmission of HCMV from mothers to babies. Therefore, both the trimer and pentamer are important targets of NAbs. Nevertheless, these antibodies do not protect against transmission of HCMV from mothers to babies.

  View details for PubMedID 30733288

• The soluble isoform of human Fc epsilon RI is an endogenous inhibitor of IgE-mediated mast cell responses ALLERGY Monino-Romero, S., Erkert, L., Schmidthaler, K., Diesner, S. C., Sallis, B. F., Pennington, L., Jardetzky, T., Oettgen, H. C., Bohle, B., Fiebiger, E., Szepfalusi, Z. 2019; 74 (2): 236–45

  Abstract

  The soluble isoform of FcɛRI, the high-affinity IgE receptor (sFcεRI), is a protein of the IgE network with poorly defined functions.To define cellular sources and signals that result in the production of human sFcεRI and study its in vivo functions.FcεRI-transfected human cell lines (MelJuso), human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), and murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (MC) were stimulated by FcεRI cross-linking and release of sFcεRI was analyzed (ELISA, Western Blot). Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 degranulation assays and human basophil activation tests (BATs) were used to study IgE-dependent activation. Recombinant sFcεRI (rsFcεRI) was used to assess its role in murine models of anaphylaxis with WT (wild-type) and IgE-/- (IgE-deficient) mice.Antigen-specific cross-linking of IgE-loaded FcɛRI on MelJuso cells that express the trimeric or tetrameric receptor isoform induced the production of sFcεRI. Using MCs and moDCs, we confirmed that IgE/FcɛRI activation induces sFcɛRI release. We demonstrated that generation of sFcɛRI requires Src phosphorylation and endo/lysosomal acidification. In experimental mouse models, sFcɛRI diminishes the severity of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. BATs confirmed that, comparable to the anti-IgE monoclonal antibody omalizumab, sFcɛRI is an inhibitor of the human innate IgE effector axis, implying that sFcɛRI and omalizumab potentially inhibit each other in vivo.sFcɛRI is produced after antigen-specific IgE/FcɛRI-mediated activation signals and functions as an endogenous inhibitor of IgE loading to FcɛRI and IgE-mediated activation. Our results imply, therefore, that sFcɛRI contributes to a negative regulatory feedback loop that aims at preventing overshooting responses after IgE-mediated immune activation.

  View details for PubMedID 30030936

• H-IPSE, A PATHOGEN-SECRETED HOST NUCLEUS-INFILTRATING PROTEIN (INFILTRIN), HAS A LIMITED RANGE OF TARGET CELLS Lamanna, O., Mbanefo, E., Ishida, K., Pennington, L., Jardetzky, T., Falcone, F., Hsieh, M. AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE. 2019: 23

  View details for Web of Science ID 000507364502073

• Ephrin Receptor A4 is a New Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Virus Entry Receptor MBIO Chen, J., Zhang, X., Schaller, S., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2019; 10 (1)

  View details for DOI 10.1128/mBio.02892-18

  View details for Web of Science ID 000460314300094

• Driving Immune Responses with Synthetic Proteins - Development of De Novo Designed Immunogens to Elicit Respiratory Syncytial Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Sesterhenn, F., Yang, C., Bonet, J., Galloux, M., Wen, X., Cramer, J., Henrioud, P., Rosset, S., Eleouet, J., Jardetzky, T., Krey, T., Riffault, S., Correia, B. WILEY. 2018: 49–50

  View details for Web of Science ID 000450682700072

• The human cytomegalovirus trimer and pentamer promote sequential steps in entry into epithelial and endothelial cells at cell surfaces and endosomes. Journal of virology Liu, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Chin, A. L., Johnson, D. C., Vanarsdall, A. L. 2018

  Abstract

  Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects a wide variety of human cell types by different entry pathways that involve distinct envelope glycoprotein complexes that include gH/gL, a trimer complex consisting of gHgL/gO, and a pentamer complex consisting of gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131. We characterized the effects of soluble forms of these proteins on HCMV entry. Soluble trimer and pentamer blocked entry of HCMV into epithelial and endothelial cells, whereas soluble gH/gL did not. Trimer inhibited HCMV entry into fibroblast cells but pentamer and gH/gL did not. Both trimer and pentamer bound to the surfaces of fibroblasts and epithelial cells, whereas gH/gL did not bind to either cell type. Cell surface binding of trimer and pentamer did not involve heparin sulfate moieties. The ability of soluble trimer to block entry of HCMV into epithelial cells did not involve platelet-derived growth factor PDGFRalpha, which has been reported as a trimer receptor for fibroblasts. Soluble trimer reduced the amount of virus particles that could be adsorbed onto the surface of epithelial cells, whereas soluble pentamer had no effect on virus adsorption. However, soluble pentamer reduced the ability of virus particles to exit from early endosomes into the cytoplasm and then travel to the nucleus. These studies support a model in which both the trimer and pentamer are required for HCMV entry into epithelial and endothelial cells, with trimer interacting with cell surface receptors other than PDGFR and pentamer acting later in the entry pathway to promote egress from endosomes.IMPORTANCE HCMV infects nearly 80 percent of the world's population and causes significant morbidity and mortality. The current anti-viral agents used to treat HCMV infections are prone to resistance and can be toxic to patients and there is no current vaccine against HCMV available. The data in this report will lead to a better understanding of how essential HCMV envelope glycoproteins function during infection of biologically important cell types and will have significant implications for understanding HCMV pathogenesis for developing new therapeutics.

  View details for PubMedID 30111564

• Therapeutic exploitation of IPSE, a urogenital parasite-derived host modulatory protein, for chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis FASEB JOURNAL Mbanefo, E. C., Le, L., Pennington, L. F., Odegaard, J. I., Jardetzky, T. S., Alouffi, A., Falcone, F. H., Hsieh, M. H. 2018; 32 (8): 4408–19

  Abstract

  Chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (CHC) can be difficult to manage. Prior work suggests that IL-4 alleviates ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (IHC), but systemically administered IL-4 causes significant side effects. We hypothesized that the Schistosoma hematobium homolog of IL-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs (H-IPSE), would reduce IHC and associated bladder pathology. IPSE binds IgE on basophils and mast cells, triggering IL-4 secretion by these cells. IPSE is also an "infiltrin," translocating into the host nucleus to modulate gene transcription. Mice were administered IL-4, H-IPSE protein or its nuclear localization sequence (NLS) mutant, with or without neutralizing anti-IL-4 antibody, or 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate sodium (MESNA; a drug used to prevent IHC), followed by ifosfamide. Bladder tissue damage and hemoglobin content were measured. Spontaneous and evoked pain, urinary frequency, and bladdergene expression analysis were assessed. Pain behaviors were interpreted in a blinded fashion. One dose of H-IPSE was superior to MESNA and IL-4 in suppressing bladder hemorrhage in an IL-4-dependent fashion and comparable with MESNA in dampening ifosfamide-triggered pain behaviors in an NLS-dependent manner. H-IPSE also accelerated urothelial repair following IHC. Our work represents the first therapeutic exploitation of a uropathogen-derived host modulatory molecule in a clinically relevant bladder disease model and indicates that IPSE may be an alternative to MESNA for mitigating CHC.-Mbanefo, E. C., Le, L., Pennington, L. F., Odegaard, J. I., Jardetzky, T. S., Alouffi, A., Falcone, F. H., Hsieh, M. H. Therapeutic exploitation of IPSE, a urogenital parasite-derived host modulatory protein, for chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

  View details for PubMedID 29613835

• An engineered IgE-Fc variant inhibits basophil degranulation ex vivo Gasser, P., Brigger, D., Zbaren, N., Jardetzky, T., Pennington, L., Eggel, A. WILEY. 2018: 610

  View details for Web of Science ID 000441690404075

• Ephrin receptor A2 is a functional entry receptor for Epstein-Barr virus. Nature microbiology Chen, J. n., Sathiyamoorthy, K. n., Zhang, X. n., Schaller, S. n., Perez White, B. E., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. n. 2018

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that infects more than 90% of the world's population 1 . EBV predominantly infects human B cells and epithelial cells, which is initiated by fusion of the viral envelope with a host cellular membrane 2 . The mechanism of EBV entry into B cells has been well characterized 3 . However, the mechanism for epithelial cell entry remains elusive. Here, we show that the integrins αvβ5, αvβ6 and αvβ8 do not function as entry and fusion receptors for epithelial cells, whereas Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase A2 (EphA2) functions well for both. EphA2 overexpression significantly increased EBV infection of HEK293 cells. Using a virus-free cell-cell fusion assay, we found that EphA2 dramatically promoted EBV but not herpes simplex virus (HSV) fusion with HEK293 cells. EphA2 silencing using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or knockout by CRISPR-Cas9 blocked fusion with epithelial cells. This inhibitory effect was rescued by the expression of EphA2. Antibody against EphA2 blocked epithelial cell infection. Using label-free surface plasmon resonance binding studies, we confirmed that EphA2 but not EphA4 specifically bound to EBV gHgL and this interaction is through the EphA2 extracellular domain (ECD). The discovery of EphA2 as an EBV epithelial cell receptor has important implications for EBV pathogenesis and may uncover new potential targets that can be used for the development of novel intervention strategies.

  View details for PubMedID 29292384

• THE INTERLEUKIN-4 INDUCING PRINCIPLE FROM <it>SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI</it> EGGS (IPSE) EXACERBATES UTI-INDUCED PAIN AND SUPPRESSES ANTI-MICROBIAL PEPTIDE PRODUCTION Mbanefo, E., Pennington, L., Lapira, K., Jardetzky, T., Falcone, F., Hsieh, M. AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE. 2018: 7

  View details for Web of Science ID 000461386602021

• CD147 Promotes Entry of Pentamer-Expressing Human Cytomegalovirus into Epithelial and Endothelial Cells. mBio Vanarsdall, A. L., Pritchard, S. R., Wisner, T. W., Liu, J. n., Jardetzky, T. S., Johnson, D. C. 2018; 9 (3)

  Abstract

  Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replicates in many diverse cell types in vivo, and entry into different cells involves distinct entry mechanisms and different envelope glycoproteins. HCMV glycoprotein gB is thought to act as the virus fusogen, apparently after being triggered by different gH/gL proteins that bind distinct cellular receptors or entry mediators. A trimer of gH/gL/gO is required for entry into all cell types, and entry into fibroblasts involves trimer binding to platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα). HCMV entry into biologically relevant epithelial and endothelial cells and monocyte-macrophages also requires a pentamer, gH/gL complexed with UL128, UL130, and UL131, and there is evidence that the pentamer binds unidentified receptors. We screened an epithelial cell cDNA library and identified the cell surface protein CD147, which increased entry of pentamer-expressing HCMV into HeLa cells but not entry of HCMV that lacked the pentamer. A panel of CD147-specific monoclonal antibodies inhibited HCMV entry into epithelial and endothelial cells, but not entry into fibroblasts. shRNA silencing of CD147 in endothelial cells inhibited HCMV entry but not entry into fibroblasts. CD147 colocalized with HCMV particles on cell surfaces and in endosomes. CD147 also promoted cell-cell fusion induced by expression of pentamer and gB in epithelial cells. However, soluble CD147 did not block HCMV entry and trimer and pentamer did not bind directly to CD147, supporting the hypothesis that CD147 acts indirectly through other proteins. CD147 represents the first HCMV entry mediator that specifically functions to promote entry of pentamer-expressing HCMV into epithelial and endothelial cells.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus infects nearly 80% of the world's population and causes significant morbidity and mortality. The current method of treatment involves the use of antiviral agents that are prone to resistance and can be highly toxic to patients; currently, there is no vaccine against HCMV available. HCMV infections involve virus dissemination throughout the body, infecting a wide variety of tissues; however, the mechanism of spread is not well understood, particularly with regard to which cellular proteins are utilized by HCMV to establish infection. This report describes the characterization of a newly identified cellular molecule that affects HCMV entry into epithelial and endothelial cells. These results will lead to a better understanding of HCMV pathogenesis and have implications for the development of future therapeutics.

  View details for PubMedID 29739904

• Epstein-Barr Virus Fusion with Epithelial Cells Triggered by gB Is Restricted by a gL Glycosylation Site JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Mohl, B. S., Chen, J., Park, S., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2017; 91 (23)

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry into epithelial cells is mediated by the conserved core fusion machinery, composed of the fusogen gB and the receptor-binding complex gH/gL. The heterodimeric gH/gL complex binds to the EBV epithelial cell receptor or gp42, which binds to the B-cell receptor, triggering gB-mediated fusion of the virion envelope with cellular membranes. Our previous study found that the gL glycosylation mutant N69L/S71V had an epithelial cell-specific hyperfusogenic phenotype. To study the influence of this gL mutant on the initiation and kinetics of gB-driven epithelial cell fusion, we established a virus-free split-green fluorescent protein cell-cell fusion assay that enables real-time measurements of membrane fusion using live cells. The gL_N69L/S71V mutant had a large increase in epithelial cell fusion activity of up to 300% greater than that of wild-type gL starting at early time points. The hyperfusogenicity of the gL mutant was not a result of alterations in complex formation with gH or alterations in cellular localization. Moreover, the hyperfusogenic phenotype of the gL mutant correlated with the formation of enlarged syncytia. In summary, our present findings highlight an important role of gL in the kinetics of gB-mediated epithelial cell fusion, adding to previous findings indicating a direct interaction between gL and gB in EBV membrane fusion.IMPORTANCE EBV predominantly infects epithelial cells and B lymphocytes, which are the cells of origin for the EBV-associated malignancies Hodgkin and Burkitt lymphoma as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Contrary to the other key players of the core fusion machinery, gL has the most elusive role during EBV-induced membrane fusion. We found that the glycosylation site N69/S71 of gL is involved in restricting epithelial cell fusion activity, strongly correlating with syncytium size. Interestingly, our data showed that the gL glycosylation mutant increases the fusion activity of the hyperfusogenic gB mutants, indicating that this gL mutant and the gB mutants target different steps during fusion. Our studies on how gL and gB work together to modulate epithelial cell fusion kinetics are essential to understand the highly tuned tropism of EBV for epithelial cells and B lymphocytes and may result in novel strategies for therapies preventing viral entry into target host cells. Finally, making our results of particular interest is the absence of gL syncytial mutants in other herpesviruses.

  View details for PubMedID 28956769

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5686762

• THERAPEUTIC EXPLOITATION OF IPSE, A UROGENITAL PARASITE-DERIVED HOST MODULATORY PROTEIN, FOR CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS Mbanefo, E. C., Pennington, L., Jardetzky, T., Hsieh, M. AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE. 2017: 180

  View details for Web of Science ID 000412851502098

• SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM IPSE, A CANDIDATE PRO-ONCOGENIC FACTOR Mbanefo, E., Saltykova, I., Pennington, L., Jardetzky, T., Brindley, P., Hsieh, M. AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE. 2017: 180

  View details for Web of Science ID 000412851502099

• Inhibition of EBV-mediated membrane fusion by anti-gHgL antibodies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Sathiyamoorthy, K., Jiang, J., Möhl, B. S., Chen, J., Zhou, Z. H., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2017

  Abstract

  Herpesvirus entry into cells requires the coordinated action of multiple virus envelope glycoproteins, including gH, gL, and gB. For EBV, the gp42 protein assembles into complexes with gHgL heterodimers and binds HLA class II to activate gB-mediated membrane fusion with B cells. EBV tropism is dictated by gp42 levels in the virion, as it inhibits entry into epithelial cells while promoting entry into B cells. The gHgL and gB proteins are targets of neutralizing antibodies and potential candidates for subunit vaccine development, but our understanding of their neutralizing epitopes and the mechanisms of inhibition remain relatively unexplored. Here we studied the structures and mechanisms of two anti-gHgL antibodies, CL40 and CL59, that block membrane fusion with both B cells and epithelial cells. We determined the structures of the CL40 and CL59 complexes with gHgL using X-ray crystallography and EM to identify their epitope locations. CL59 binds to the C-terminal domain IV of gH, while CL40 binds to a site occupied by the gp42 receptor binding domain. CL40 binding to gHgL/gp42 complexes is not blocked by gp42 and does not interfere with gp42 binding to HLA class II, indicating that its ability to block membrane fusion with B cells represents a defect in gB activation. These data indicate that anti-gHgL neutralizing antibodies can block gHgL-mediated activation of gB through different surface epitopes and mechanisms.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1704661114

  View details for PubMedID 28939750

• The COMPLEXity in herpesvirus entry. Current opinion in virology Sathiyamoorthy, K., Chen, J., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2017; 24: 97-104

  Abstract

  Enveloped viruses have evolved diverse transmembrane proteins and protein complexes to enable host cell entry by regulating and activating membrane fusion in a target cell-specific manner. In general terms, the entry process requires a receptor binding step, an activation step and a membrane fusion step, which can be encoded within a single viral protein or distributed among multiple viral proteins. HIV and influenza virus, for example, encode all of these functions in a single trimeric glycoprotein, HIV env or influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). In contrast, herpesviruses have the host receptor binding, activation and fusogenic roles distributed among multiple envelope glycoproteins (ranging from three to six), which must coordinate their functions at the site of fusion. Despite the apparent complexity in the number of viral entry proteins, herpesvirus entry is fundamentally built around two core glycoprotein entities: the gHgL complex, which appears to act as an 'activator' of entry, and the gB protein, which is thought to act as the membrane 'fusogen'. Both are required for all herpesvirus fusion and entry. In many herpesviruses, gHgL either binds host receptors directly or assembles into larger complexes with additional viral proteins that bind host receptors, conferring specificity to the cells that are targeted for infection. These gHgL entry complexes (ECs) are centrally important to activating gB-mediated membrane fusion and establishing viral tropism, forming membrane bridging intermediates before gB triggering. Here we review recent structural and functional studies of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) gHgL complexes that provide a framework for understanding the role of gHgL in herpesvirus entry. Furthermore, a recently determined EM model of Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) gB embedded in exosomes highlights how gB conformational changes may promote viral and cellular membrane fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.04.006

  View details for PubMedID 28538165

• Structural basis for antibody cross-neutralization of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus. Nature microbiology Wen, X., Mousa, J. J., Bates, J. T., Lamb, R. A., Crowe, J. E., Jardetzky, T. S. 2017; 2: 16272-?

  Abstract

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are two closely related viruses that cause bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and the elderly(1), with a significant health burden(2-6). There are no licensed vaccines or small-molecule antiviral treatments specific to these two viruses at present. A humanized murine monoclonal antibody (palivizumab) is approved to treat high-risk infants for RSV infection(7,8), but other treatments, as well as vaccines, for both viruses are still in development. Recent epidemiological modelling suggests that cross-immunity between RSV, HMPV and human parainfluenzaviruses may contribute to their periodic outbreaks(9), suggesting that a deeper understanding of host immunity to these viruses may lead to enhanced strategies for their control. Cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies to the RSV and HMPV fusion (F) proteins have been identified(10,11). Here, we examine the structural basis for cross-reactive antibody binding to RSV and HMPV F protein by two related, independently isolated antibodies, MPE8 and 25P13. We solved the structure of the MPE8 antibody bound to RSV F protein and identified the 25P13 antibody from an independent blood donor. Our results indicate that both antibodies use germline residues to interact with a conserved surface on F protein that could guide the emergence of cross-reactivity. The induction of similar cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies using structural vaccinology approaches could enhance intrinsic cross-immunity to these paramyxoviruses and approaches to controlling recurring outbreaks.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.272

  View details for PubMedID 28134915

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5308794

• H-IPSE is a pathogen-secreted host nucleus infiltrating protein (infiltrin) expressed exclusively by the Schistosoma haematobium egg stage. Infection and immunity Pennington, L. F., Alouffi, A. n., Mbanefo, E. C., Ray, D. n., Heery, D. M., Jardetzky, T. S., Hsieh, M. H., Falcone, F. H. 2017

  Abstract

  Urogenital schistosomiasis, caused by the parasitic trematode Schistosoma haematobium, affects over 112 million people worldwide. As with S. mansoni infections, the pathology in urogenital schistosomiasis is mainly related to the egg stage, which induces granulomatous inflammation of affected tissues. Schistosoma eggs and their secretions have been studied extensively for the related S. mansoni organism which is more amenable to laboratory studies. Indeed, we have shown that IPSE/alpha-1 (M-IPSE herein), a major protein secreted from S .mansoni eggs, can infiltrate host cells. Although M-IPSE function is unknown, its ability to translocate to their nucleus and bind DNA suggests a possible role in immune modulation of host cell tissues. Whether IPSE homologs are expressed in other Schistosome species has not been investigated.Here, we describe the cloning of two paralog genes H03-IPSE and H06-IPSE which are the ortholog of M-IPSE, from the egg-cDNA of S. haematobium Using PCR and immunodetection, we confirmed that expression of these genes is restricted to the egg stage and female adult worms, while H-IPSE protein is only detectable in mature eggs but not adults. We show that both H03-IPSE and H06-IPSE proteins can infiltrate HTB-9 bladder cells when added exogenously to culture medium. Monopartite C-terminal NLS motifs conserved in H03-IPSE 'SKRRRKY' and H06-IPSE 'SKRGRKY' NLS motifs, are responsible for targeting the proteins to the nucleus of HTB-9 cells, as demonstrated by site directed mutagenesis and GFP tagging. Thus, S. haematobium eggs express IPSE homologs that appear to perform similar functions in infiltrating host cells.

  View details for PubMedID 28923894

• Inhibition of EBV-mediated membrane fusion by anti-gHgL antibodies Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Sathiyamoorthy, K., Jiang, J., Möhl, B. S., Chen, J., Zhou, Z. H., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2017

  Abstract

  Herpesvirus entry into cells requires the coordinated action of multiple virus envelope glycoproteins, including gH, gL, and gB. For EBV, the gp42 protein assembles into complexes with gHgL heterodimers and binds HLA class II to activate gB-mediated membrane fusion with B cells. EBV tropism is dictated by gp42 levels in the virion, as it inhibits entry into epithelial cells while promoting entry into B cells. The gHgL and gB proteins are targets of neutralizing antibodies and potential candidates for subunit vaccine development, but our understanding of their neutralizing epitopes and the mechanisms of inhibition remain relatively unexplored. Here we studied the structures and mechanisms of two anti-gHgL antibodies, CL40 and CL59, that block membrane fusion with both B cells and epithelial cells. We determined the structures of the CL40 and CL59 complexes with gHgL using X-ray crystallography and EM to identify their epitope locations. CL59 binds to the C-terminal domain IV of gH, while CL40 binds to a site occupied by the gp42 receptor binding domain. CL40 binding to gHgL/gp42 complexes is not blocked by gp42 and does not interfere with gp42 binding to HLA class II, indicating that its ability to block membrane fusion with B cells represents a defect in gB activation. These data indicate that anti-gHgL neutralizing antibodies can block gHgL-mediated activation of gB through different surface epitopes and mechanisms.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1704661114

• Monomeric ephrinB2 binding induces allosteric changes in Nipah virus G that precede its full activation. Nature communications Wong, J. J., Young, T. A., Zhang, J. n., Liu, S. n., Leser, G. P., Komives, E. A., Lamb, R. A., Zhou, Z. H., Salafsky, J. n., Jardetzky, T. S. 2017; 8 (1): 781

  Abstract

  Nipah virus is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes deadly encephalitis and respiratory infections in humans. Two glycoproteins coordinate the infection of host cells, an attachment protein (G), which binds to cell surface receptors, and a fusion (F) protein, which carries out the process of virus-cell membrane fusion. The G protein binds to ephrin B2/3 receptors, inducing G conformational changes that trigger F protein refolding. Using an optical approach based on second harmonic generation, we show that monomeric and dimeric receptors activate distinct conformational changes in G. The monomeric receptor-induced changes are not detected by conformation-sensitive monoclonal antibodies or through electron microscopy analysis of G:ephrinB2 complexes. However, hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments confirm the second harmonic generation observations and reveal allosteric changes in the G receptor binding and F-activating stalk domains, providing insights into the pathway of receptor-activated virus entry.Nipah virus causes encephalitis in humans. Here the authors use a multidisciplinary approach to study the binding of the viral attachment protein G to its host receptor ephrinB2 and show that monomeric and dimeric receptors activate distinct conformational changes in G and discuss implications for receptor-activated virus entry.

  View details for PubMedID 28974687

• Editorial overview: Virus structure and functions. Current opinion in virology Jardetzky, T. n., Kuhn, R. n., Lamb, R. n. 2017; 24: ix

  View details for PubMedID 28743434

• SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM IPSE INDUCES CELLULAR PROLIFERATION, CELL CYCLE ALTERATIONS, ANGIOGENESIS, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES CONSISTENT WITH PRO-CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS Mbanefo, E., Saltykova, I. V., Pennington, L., Jardetzky, T., Ayoglu, B., Utz, P. J., Alouffi, A., Falcone, F. H., Brindley, P. J., Hsieh, M. AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE. 2017: 203

  View details for Web of Science ID 000423215203020

• INFILTRINS AS A NEW CLASS OF PATHOGEN-SECRETED, HOST NUCLEUS INFILTRATING PROTEINS IN TREMATODES Alouffi, A., Pennington, L. F., Mongan, N., Flynn, R. J., Heery, D. M., Jardetzky, T., Mbanefo, E. C., Hsieh, M. H., Falcone, F. H. AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE. 2017: 203

  View details for Web of Science ID 000423215203021

• Structural basis for Epstein-Barr virus host cell tropism mediated by gp42 and gHgL entry glycoproteins NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Sathiyamoorthy, K., Hu, Y. X., Mohl, B. S., Chen, J., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2016; 7

  Abstract

  Herpesvirus entry into host cells is mediated by multiple virally encoded receptor binding and membrane fusion glycoproteins. Despite their importance in host cell tropism and associated disease pathology, the underlying and essential interactions between these viral glycoproteins remain poorly understood. For Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), gHgL/gp42 complexes bind HLA class II to activate membrane fusion with B cells, but gp42 inhibits fusion and entry into epithelial cells. To clarify the mechanism by which gp42 controls the cell specificity of EBV infection, here we determined the structure of gHgL/gp42 complex bound to an anti-gHgL antibody (E1D1). The critical regulator of EBV tropism is the gp42 N-terminal domain, which tethers the HLA-binding domain to gHgL by wrapping around the exterior of three gH domains. Both the gp42 N-terminal domain and E1D1 selectively inhibit epithelial-cell fusion; however, they engage distinct surfaces of gHgL. These observations clarify key determinants of EBV host cell tropism.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/ncomms13557

  View details for Web of Science ID 000389492600001

  View details for PubMedID 27929061

• Structural basis for nonneutralizing antibody competition at antigenic site II of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Mousa, J. J., Sauer, M. F., Sevy, A. M., Finn, J. A., Bates, J. T., Alvarado, G., King, H. G., Loerinc, L. B., Fong, R. H., Doranz, B. J., Correia, B. E., Kalyuzhniy, O., Wen, X., Jardetzky, T. S., Schief, W. R., Ohi, M. D., Meiler, J., Crowe, J. E. 2016; 113 (44): E6849-E6858

  Abstract

  Palivizumab was the first antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) approved for therapeutic use in humans, and remains a prophylactic treatment for infants at risk for severe disease because of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Palivizumab is an engineered humanized version of a murine mAb targeting antigenic site II of the RSV fusion (F) protein, a key target in vaccine development. There are limited reported naturally occurring human mAbs to site II; therefore, the structural basis for human antibody recognition of this major antigenic site is poorly understood. Here, we describe a nonneutralizing class of site II-specific mAbs that competed for binding with palivizumab to postfusion RSV F protein. We also describe two classes of site II-specific neutralizing mAbs, one of which escaped competition with nonneutralizing mAbs. An X-ray crystal structure of the neutralizing mAb 14N4 in complex with F protein showed that the binding angle at which human neutralizing mAbs interact with antigenic site II determines whether or not nonneutralizing antibodies compete with their binding. Fine-mapping studies determined that nonneutralizing mAbs that interfere with binding of neutralizing mAbs recognize site II with a pose that facilitates binding to an epitope containing F surface residues on a neighboring protomer. Neutralizing antibodies, like motavizumab and a new mAb designated 3J20 that escape interference by the inhibiting mAbs, avoid such contact by binding at an angle that is shifted away from the nonneutralizing site. Furthermore, binding to rationally and computationally designed site II helix-loop-helix epitope-scaffold vaccines distinguished neutralizing from nonneutralizing site II antibodies.

  View details for PubMedID 27791117

• The Cytoplasmic Tail Domain of Epstein-Barr Virus gH Regulates Membrane Fusion Activity through Altering gH Binding to gp42 and Epithelial Cell Attachment MBIO Chen, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2016; 7 (6)

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with infectious mononucleosis and a variety of cancers as well as lymphoproliferative disorders in immunocompromised patients. EBV mediates viral entry into epithelial and B cells using fusion machinery composed of four glycoproteins: gB, the gH/gL complex, and gp42. gB and gH/gL are required for both epithelial and B cell fusion. The specific role of gH/gL in fusion has been the most elusive among the required herpesvirus entry glycoproteins. Previous mutational studies have focused on the ectodomain of EBV gH and not on the gH cytoplasmic tail domain (CTD). In this study, we chose to examine the function of the gH CTD by making serial gH truncation mutants as well as amino acid substitution mutants to determine the importance of the gH CTD in epithelial and B cell fusion. Truncation of 8 amino acids (aa 698 to 706) of the gH CTD resulted in diminished fusion activity using a virus-free syncytium formation assay and fusion assay. The importance of the amino acid composition of the gH CTD was also investigated by amino acid substitutions that altered the hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of the CTD. These mutations also resulted in diminished fusion activity. Interestingly, some of the gH CTD truncation mutants and hydrophilic tail substitution mutants lost the ability to bind to gp42 and epithelial cells. In summary, our studies indicate that the gH CTD is an important functional domain.Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes diseases ranging from the fairly benign infectious mononucleosis to life-threatening cancer. Entry into target cells is the first step for viral infection and is important for EBV to cause disease. Understanding the EBV entry mechanism is useful for the development of infection inhibitors and developing EBV vaccine approaches. Epithelial and B cells are the main target cells for EBV infection. The essential glycoproteins for EBV entry include gB, gH/gL, and gp42. We characterized the function of the EBV gH C-terminal cytoplasmic tail domain (CTD) in fusion using a panel of gH CTD truncation or substitution mutants. We found that the gH CTD regulates fusion by altering gp42 and epithelial cell attachment. Our studies may lead to a better understanding of EBV fusion and entry, which may result in novel therapies that target the EBV entry step.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/mBio.01871-16

  View details for PubMedID 27935841

• Flexibility of the Head-Stalk Linker Domain of Paramyxovirus HN Glycoprotein Is Essential for Triggering Virus Fusion JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Adu-Gyamfi, E., Kim, L. S., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2016; 90 (20): 9172-9181

  Abstract

  The Paramyxoviridae comprise a large family of enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with significant economic and public health implications. For nearly all paramyxoviruses, infection is initiated by fusion of the viral and host cell plasma membranes in a pH-independent fashion. Fusion is orchestrated by the receptor binding protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN; also called H or G depending on the virus type) protein and a fusion (F) protein, the latter undergoing a major refolding process to merge the two membranes. Mechanistic details regarding the coupling of receptor binding to F activation are not fully understood. Here, we have identified the flexible loop region connecting the bulky enzymatically active head and the four-helix bundle stalk to be essential for fusion promotion. Proline substitution in this region of HN of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) and Newcastle disease virus HN abolishes cell-cell fusion, whereas HN retains receptor binding and neuraminidase activity. By using reverse genetics, we engineered recombinant PIV5-EGFP viruses with mutations in the head-stalk linker region of HN. Mutations in this region abolished virus recovery and infectivity. In sum, our data suggest that the loop region acts as a "hinge" around which the bulky head of HN swings to-and-fro to facilitate timely HN-mediate F-triggering, a notion consistent with the stalk-mediated activation model of paramyxovirus fusion.Paramyxovirus fusion with the host cell plasma membrane is essential for virus infection. Membrane fusion is orchestrated via interaction of the receptor binding protein (HN, H, or G) with the viral fusion glycoprotein (F). Two distinct models have been suggested to describe the mechanism of fusion: these include "the clamp" and the "provocateur" model of activation. By using biochemical and reverse genetics tools, we have obtained strong evidence in favor of the HN stalk-mediated activation of paramyxovirus fusion. Specifically, our data strongly support the notion that the short linker between the head and stalk plays a role in "conformational switching" of the head group to facilitate F-HN interaction and triggering.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.01187-16

  View details for Web of Science ID 000384574900001

  View details for PubMedID 27489276

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5044854

• Mutagenesis of Paramyxovirus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Membrane-Proximal Stalk Region Influences Stability, Receptor Binding, and Neuraminidase Activity JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Adu-Gyamfi, E., Kim, L. S., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2016; 90 (17): 7778-7788

  Abstract

  Paramyxoviridae consist of a large family of enveloped, negative-sense, nonsegmented single-stranded RNA viruses that account for a significant number of human and animal diseases. The fusion process for nearly all paramyxoviruses involves the mixing of the host cell plasma membrane and the virus envelope in a pH-independent fashion. Fusion is orchestrated via the concerted action of two surface glycoproteins: an attachment protein called hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN [also called H or G depending on virus type and substrate]), which acts as a receptor binding protein, and a fusion (F) protein, which undergoes a major irreversible refolding process to merge the two membranes. Recent biochemical evidence suggests that receptor binding by HN is dispensable for cell-cell fusion. However, factors that influence the stability and/or conformation of the HN 4-helix bundle (4HB) stalk have not been studied. Here, we used oxidative cross-linking as well as functional assays to investigate the role of the structurally unresolved membrane-proximal stalk region (MPSR) (residues 37 to 58) of HN in the context of headless and full-length HN membrane fusion promotion. Our data suggest that the receptor binding head serves to stabilize the stalk to regulate fusion. Moreover, we found that the MPSR of HN modulates receptor binding and neuraminidase activity without a corresponding regulation of F triggering.Paramyxoviruses require two viral membrane glycoproteins, the attachment protein variously called HN, H, or G and the fusion protein (F), to couple host receptor recognition to virus-cell fusion. The HN protein has a globular head that is attached to a membrane-anchored flexible stalk of ∼80 residues and has three activities: receptor binding, neuraminidase, and fusion activation. In this report, we have identified the functional significance of the membrane-proximal stalk region (MPSR) (HN, residues 37 to 56) of the paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus (PIV5), a region of the HN stalk that has not had its structure determined by X-ray crystallography. Our data suggest that the MPSR influences receptor binding and neuraminidase activity via an indirect mechanism. Moreover, the receptor binding head group stabilizes the 4HB stalk as part of the general mechanism to fine-tune F-activation.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.00896-16

  View details for Web of Science ID 000382306800017

  View details for PubMedID 27334593

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4988141

• Immobilization of the N-terminal helix stabilizes prefusion paramyxovirus fusion proteins PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Song, A. S., Poor, T. A., Abriata, L. A., Jardetzky, T. S., Dal Peraro, M., Lamb, R. A. 2016; 113 (27): E3844-E3851

  Abstract

  Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family. PIV5 fusion and entry are mediated by the coordinated action of the receptor-binding protein, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), and the fusion protein (F). Upon triggering by HN, F undergoes an irreversible ATP- and pH-independent conformational change, going down an energy gradient from a metastable prefusion state to a highly stable postfusion state. Previous studies have highlighted key conformational changes in the F-protein refolding pathway, but a detailed understanding of prefusion F-protein metastability remains elusive. Here, using two previously described F-protein mutations (S443D or P22L), we examine the capacity to modulate PIV5 F stability and the mechanisms by which these point mutants act. The S443D mutation destabilizes prefusion F proteins by disrupting a hydrogen bond network at the base of the F-protein globular head. The introduction of a P22L mutation robustly rescues destabilized F proteins through a local hydrophobic interaction between the N-terminal helix and a hydrophobic pocket. Prefusion stabilization conferred by a P22L-homologous mutation is demonstrated in the F protein of Newcastle disease virus, a paramyxovirus of a different genus, suggesting a conserved stabilizing structural element within the paramyxovirus family. Taken together, the available data suggest that movement of the N-terminal helix is a necessary early step for paramyxovirus F-protein refolding and presents a novel target for structure-based drug design.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1608349113

  View details for Web of Science ID 000379021700008

  View details for PubMedID 27335462

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4941503

• A Chimeric Pneumovirus Fusion Protein Carrying Neutralizing Epitopes of Both MPV and RSV PLOS ONE Wen, X., Pickens, J., Mousa, J. J., Leser, G. P., Lamb, R. A., Crowe, J. E., Jardetzky, T. S. 2016; 11 (5)

  Abstract

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are paramyxoviruses that are responsible for substantial human health burden, particularly in children and the elderly. The fusion (F) glycoproteins are major targets of the neutralizing antibody response and studies have mapped dominant antigenic sites in F. Here we grafted a major neutralizing site of RSV F, recognized by the prophylactic monoclonal antibody palivizumab, onto HMPV F, generating a chimeric protein displaying epitopes of both viruses. We demonstrate that the resulting chimeric protein (RPM-1) is recognized by both anti-RSV and anti-HMPV F neutralizing antibodies indicating that it can be used to map the epitope specificity of antibodies raised against both viruses. Mice immunized with the RPM-1 chimeric antigen generate robust neutralizing antibody responses to MPV but weak or no cross-reactive recognition of RSV F, suggesting that grafting of the single palivizumab epitope stimulates a comparatively limited antibody response. The RPM-1 protein provides a new tool for characterizing the immune responses resulting from RSV and HMPV infections and provides insights into the requirements for developing a chimeric subunit vaccine that could induce robust and balanced immunity to both virus infections.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0155917

  View details for Web of Science ID 000376881700040

  View details for PubMedID 27224013

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4880302

• Structural basis of omalizumab therapy and omalizumab-mediated IgE exchange NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Pennington, L. F., Tarchevskaya, S., Brigger, D., Sathiyamoorthy, K., Graham, M. T., Nadeau, K. C., Eggel, A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2016; 7

  Abstract

  Omalizumab is a widely used therapeutic anti-IgE antibody. Here we report the crystal structure of the omalizumab-Fab in complex with an IgE-Fc fragment. This structure reveals the mechanism of omalizumab-mediated inhibition of IgE interactions with both high- and low-affinity IgE receptors, and explains why omalizumab selectively binds free IgE. The structure of the complex also provides mechanistic insight into a class of disruptive IgE inhibitors that accelerate the dissociation of the high-affinity IgE receptor from IgE. We use this structural data to generate a mutant IgE-Fc fragment that is resistant to omalizumab binding. Treatment with this omalizumab-resistant IgE-Fc fragment, in combination with omalizumab, promotes the exchange of cell-bound full-length IgE with omalizumab-resistant IgE-Fc fragments on human basophils. This combination treatment also blocks basophil activation more efficiently than either agent alone, providing a novel approach to probe regulatory mechanisms underlying IgE hypersensitivity with implications for therapeutic interventions.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/ncomms11610

  View details for Web of Science ID 000376111500001

  View details for PubMedID 27194387

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4873975

• Structural and Mechanistic Insights into the Tropism of Epstein-Barr Virus MOLECULES AND CELLS Moehl, B. S., Chen, J., Sathiyamoorthy, K., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2016; 39 (4): 286-291

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the prototypical γ-herpesvirus and an obligate human pathogen that infects mainly epithelial cells and B cells, which can result in malignancies. EBV infects these target cells by fusing with the viral and cellular lipid bilayer membranes using multiple viral factors and host receptor(s) thus exhibiting a unique complexity in its entry machinery. To enter epithelial cells, EBV requires minimally the conserved core fusion machinery comprised of the glycoproteins gH/gL acting as the receptor-binding complex and gB as the fusogen. EBV can enter B cells using gp42, which binds tightly to gH/gL and interacts with host HLA class II, activating fusion. Previously, we published the individual crystal structures of EBV entry factors, such as gH/gL and gp42, the EBV/host receptor complex, gp42/HLA-DR1, and the fusion protein EBV gB in a postfusion conformation, which allowed us to identify structural determinants and regions critical for receptor-binding and membrane fusion. Recently, we reported different low resolution models of the EBV B cell entry triggering complex (gHgL/gp42/HLA class II) in "open" and "closed" states based on negative-stain single particle electron microscopy, which provide further mechanistic insights. This review summarizes the current knowledge of these key players in EBV entry and how their structures impact receptor-binding and the triggering of gB-mediated fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.14348/molcells.2016.0066

  View details for PubMedID 27094060

• Comparative Mutagenesis of Pseudorabies Virus and Epstein-Barr Virus gH Identifies a Structural Determinant within Domain III of gH Required for Surface Expression and Entry Function JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Moehl, B. S., Schroeter, C., Klupp, B. G., Fuchs, W., Mettenleiter, T. C., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2016; 90 (5): 2285-2293

  Abstract

  Herpesviruses infect cells using the conserved core fusion machinery composed of glycoprotein B (gB) and gH/gL. The gH/gL complex plays an essential but still poorly characterized role in membrane fusion and cell tropism. Our previous studies demonstrated that the conserved disulfide bond (DB) C278/C335 in domain II (D-II) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gH has an epithelial cell-specific function, whereas the interface of D-II/D-III is involved in formation of the B cell entry complex by binding to gp42. To extend these studies, we compared gH of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV) with gH of the gammaherpesvirus EBV to identify functionally equivalent regions critical for gH function during entry. We identified several conserved amino acids surrounding the conserved DB that connects three central helices of D-III of PrV and EBV gH. The present study verified that the conserved DB and several contacting amino acids in D-III modulate cell surface expression and thereby contribute to gH function. In line with this finding, we found that DB C404/C439 and T401 are important for cell-to-cell spread and efficient entry of PrV. This parallel comparison between PrV and EBV gH function brings new insights into how gH structure impacts fusion function during herpesvirus entry.The alphaherpesvirus PrV is known for its neuroinvasion, whereas the gammaherpesvirus EBV is associated with cancer of epithelial and B cell origin. Despite low amino acid conservation, PrV gH and EBV gH show strikingly similar structures. Interestingly, both PrV gH and EBV gH contain a structural motif composed of a DB and supporting amino acids which is highly conserved within the Herpesviridae. Our study verified that PrV gH uses a minimal motif with the DB as the core, whereas the DB of EBV gH forms extensive connections through hydrogen bonds to surrounding amino acids, ensuring the cell surface expression of gH/gL. Our study verifies that the comparative analysis of distantly related herpesviruses, such as PrV and EBV, allows the identification of common gH functions. In addition, we provide an understanding of how functional domains can evolve over time, resulting in subtle differences in domain structure and function.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.03032-15

  View details for Web of Science ID 000370005400012

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4810733

• Structure and stabilization of the Hendra virus F glycoprotein in its prefusion form PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Wong, J. J., Paterson, R. G., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2016; 113 (4): 1056-1061

  Abstract

  Hendra virus (HeV) is one of the two prototypical members of the Henipavirus genus of paramyxoviruses, which are designated biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) organisms due to the high mortality rate of Nipah virus (NiV) and HeV in humans. Paramyxovirus cell entry is mediated by the fusion protein, F, in response to binding of a host receptor by the attachment protein. During posttranslational processing, the fusion peptide of F is released and, upon receptor-induced triggering, inserts into the host cell membrane. As F undergoes a dramatic refolding from its prefusion to postfusion conformation, the fusion peptide brings the host and viral membranes together, allowing entry of the viral RNA. Here, we present the crystal structure of the prefusion form of the HeV F ectodomain. The structure shows very high similarity to the structure of prefusion parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) F, with the main structural differences in the membrane distal apical loops and the fusion peptide cleavage loop. Functional assays of mutants show that the apical loop can tolerate perturbation in length and surface residues without loss of function, except for residues involved in the stability and conservation of the F protein fold. Structure-based disulfide mutants were designed to anchor the fusion peptide to conformationally invariant residues of the F head. Two mutants were identified that inhibit F-mediated fusion by stabilizing F in its prefusion conformation.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1523303113

  View details for Web of Science ID 000368617900060

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4743799

• Structure and stabilization of the Hendra virus F glycoprotein in its prefusion form. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Wong, J. J., Paterson, R. G., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2016; 113 (4): 1056-61

  Abstract

  Hendra virus (HeV) is one of the two prototypical members of the Henipavirus genus of paramyxoviruses, which are designated biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) organisms due to the high mortality rate of Nipah virus (NiV) and HeV in humans. Paramyxovirus cell entry is mediated by the fusion protein, F, in response to binding of a host receptor by the attachment protein. During posttranslational processing, the fusion peptide of F is released and, upon receptor-induced triggering, inserts into the host cell membrane. As F undergoes a dramatic refolding from its prefusion to postfusion conformation, the fusion peptide brings the host and viral membranes together, allowing entry of the viral RNA. Here, we present the crystal structure of the prefusion form of the HeV F ectodomain. The structure shows very high similarity to the structure of prefusion parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) F, with the main structural differences in the membrane distal apical loops and the fusion peptide cleavage loop. Functional assays of mutants show that the apical loop can tolerate perturbation in length and surface residues without loss of function, except for residues involved in the stability and conservation of the F protein fold. Structure-based disulfide mutants were designed to anchor the fusion peptide to conformationally invariant residues of the F head. Two mutants were identified that inhibit F-mediated fusion by stabilizing F in its prefusion conformation.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1523303113

  View details for PubMedID 26712026

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4743799

• Comparative Mutagenesis of Pseudorabies Virus and Epstein-Barr Virus gH Identifies a Structural Determinant within Domain III of gH Required for Surface Expression and Entry Function. Journal of virology Möhl, B. S., Schröter, C., Klupp, B. G., Fuchs, W., Mettenleiter, T. C., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2015; 90 (5): 2285-2293

  Abstract

  Herpesviruses infect cells using the conserved core fusion machinery composed of glycoprotein B (gB) and gH/gL. The gH/gL complex plays an essential but still poorly characterized role in membrane fusion and cell tropism. Our previous studies demonstrated that the conserved disulfide bond (DB) C278/C335 in domain II (D-II) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gH has an epithelial cell-specific function, whereas the interface of D-II/D-III is involved in formation of the B cell entry complex by binding to gp42. To extend these studies, we compared gH of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV) with gH of the gammaherpesvirus EBV to identify functionally equivalent regions critical for gH function during entry. We identified several conserved amino acids surrounding the conserved DB that connects three central helices of D-III of PrV and EBV gH. The present study verified that the conserved DB and several contacting amino acids in D-III modulate cell surface expression and thereby contribute to gH function. In line with this finding, we found that DB C404/C439 and T401 are important for cell-to-cell spread and efficient entry of PrV. This parallel comparison between PrV and EBV gH function brings new insights into how gH structure impacts fusion function during herpesvirus entry.The alphaherpesvirus PrV is known for its neuroinvasion, whereas the gammaherpesvirus EBV is associated with cancer of epithelial and B cell origin. Despite low amino acid conservation, PrV gH and EBV gH show strikingly similar structures. Interestingly, both PrV gH and EBV gH contain a structural motif composed of a DB and supporting amino acids which is highly conserved within the Herpesviridae. Our study verified that PrV gH uses a minimal motif with the DB as the core, whereas the DB of EBV gH forms extensive connections through hydrogen bonds to surrounding amino acids, ensuring the cell surface expression of gH/gL. Our study verifies that the comparative analysis of distantly related herpesviruses, such as PrV and EBV, allows the identification of common gH functions. In addition, we provide an understanding of how functional domains can evolve over time, resulting in subtle differences in domain structure and function.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.03032-15

  View details for PubMedID 26656711

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4810733

• Timing is everything: Fine-tuned molecular machines orchestrate paramyxovirus entry VIROLOGY Bose, S., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2015; 479: 518-531

  Abstract

  The Paramyxoviridae include some of the great and ubiquitous disease-causing viruses of humans and animals. In most paramyxoviruses, two viral membrane glycoproteins, fusion protein (F) and receptor binding protein (HN, H or G) mediate a concerted process of recognition of host cell surface molecules followed by fusion of viral and cellular membranes, resulting in viral nucleocapsid entry into the cytoplasm. The interactions between the F and HN, H or G viral glycoproteins and host molecules are critical in determining host range, virulence and spread of these viruses. Recently, atomic structures, together with biochemical and biophysical studies, have provided major insights into how these two viral glycoproteins successfully interact with host receptors on cellular membranes and initiate the membrane fusion process to gain entry into cells. These studies highlight the conserved core mechanisms of paramyxovirus entry that provide the fundamental basis for rational anti-viral drug design and vaccine development.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.037

  View details for Web of Science ID 000354909500046

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4424121

• Timing is everything: Fine-tuned molecular machines orchestrate paramyxovirus entry. Virology Bose, S., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2015; 479-480: 518-31

  Abstract

  The Paramyxoviridae include some of the great and ubiquitous disease-causing viruses of humans and animals. In most paramyxoviruses, two viral membrane glycoproteins, fusion protein (F) and receptor binding protein (HN, H or G) mediate a concerted process of recognition of host cell surface molecules followed by fusion of viral and cellular membranes, resulting in viral nucleocapsid entry into the cytoplasm. The interactions between the F and HN, H or G viral glycoproteins and host molecules are critical in determining host range, virulence and spread of these viruses. Recently, atomic structures, together with biochemical and biophysical studies, have provided major insights into how these two viral glycoproteins successfully interact with host receptors on cellular membranes and initiate the membrane fusion process to gain entry into cells. These studies highlight the conserved core mechanisms of paramyxovirus entry that provide the fundamental basis for rational anti-viral drug design and vaccine development.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.037

  View details for PubMedID 25771804

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4424121

• On the stability of parainfluenza virus 5 f proteins. Journal of virology Poor, T. A., Song, A. S., Welch, B. D., Kors, C. A., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2015; 89 (6): 3438-3441

  Abstract

  The crystal structure of the F protein (prefusion form) of the paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) WR isolate was determined. We investigated the basis by which point mutations affect fusion in PIV5 isolates W3A and WR, which differ by two residues in the F ectodomain. The P22 stabilizing site acts through a local conformational change and a hydrophobic pocket interaction, whereas the S443 destabilizing site appears sensitive to both conformational effects and amino acid charge/polarity changes.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.03221-14

  View details for PubMedID 25589638

• Membrane Anchoring of Epstein-Barr Virus gp42 Inhibits Fusion with B Cells Even with Increased Flexibility Allowed by Engineered Spacers. mBio Rowe, C. L., Chen, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2015; 6 (1)

  Abstract

  We recently described the architecture of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) fusion-triggering complex consisting of the EBV B cell receptor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II and the EBV-encoded proteins gp42 and gH/gL. The architecture of this structure positioned the main body of gp42, comprising the C-type lectin domain (CTLD), away from the membrane and distant from where the membrane-bound form of gp42 might be tethered. gp42 is a type II membrane glycoprotein, with functional gp42 formed by cleavage near the gp42 amino-terminal transmembrane domain. This cleavage results in an approximately 50-amino-acid unstructured region that is responsible for binding gH/gL with nanomolar affinity. Our previous studies had shown that membrane-bound gp42 is not functional in B cell fusion. To investigate whether we could restore gp42 function by extending it from the membrane, we introduced one, two, and four structured immunoglobulin-like domains from muscle protein titin into a membrane-bound form of gp42 and tested function in binding to gHgL and HLA class II and function in fusion. We hypothesized that cleavage of gp42 generates a soluble functional form that relieves steric hindrance imposed on gHgL by membrane-bound gp42. All of the linker mutants had a dominant-negative effect on gp42 function, indicating that gp42 fusion function could not be restored simply by the addition of one to four titin domains.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with numerous diseases from benign mononucleosis to Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma, and lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with immune dysfunction resulting from immune suppression. Among the glycoproteins important for fusion, gp42, along with gH/gL, determines EBV tropism between epithelial and B cells. The function of gp42 is dependent on N-terminal cleavage, since membrane-bound gp42 cannot mediate fusion. We further investigated whether insertion of a linker into membrane-bound gp42 would relieve steric hindrance imposed on membrane-bound gp42 and restore fusion function. However, adding one, two, or four structured immunoglobulin-like domains to membrane gp42 did not restore fusion activity, indicating that the architecture and membrane orientation of the B cell fusion-triggering complex of EBV may be easily perturbed and that gp42 cleavage is essential for B cell fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/mBio.02285-14

  View details for PubMedID 25564465

• Three-dimensional structure of the human class II histocompatibility antigen HLA-DR1 JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Brown, J. H., Jardetzky, T. S., Gorga, J. C., Stern, L. J., Urban, R. G., Strominger, J. L., Wiley, D. C. 2015; 194 (1): 5-11

  View details for Web of Science ID 000346700500002

• Pillars Article: Three-Dimensional Structure of the Human Class II Histocompatibility Antigen HLA-DR1. Nature. 1993. 364: 33-39. Journal of immunology Brown, J. H., Jardetzky, T. S., Gorga, J. C., Stern, L. J., Urban, R. G., Strominger, J. L., Wiley, D. C. 2015; 194 (1): 5-11

  View details for PubMedID 25527791

• The Conserved Disulfide Bond within Domain II of Epstein-Barr Virus gH Has Divergent Roles in Membrane Fusion with Epithelial Cells and B Cells JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Moehl, B. S., Sathiyamoorthy, K., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2014; 88 (23): 13570-13579

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects target cells via fusion with cellular membranes. For entry into epithelial cells, EBV requires the herpesvirus conserved core fusion machinery composed of glycoprotein B (gB) and gH/gL. In contrast, for B cell fusion it requires gB and gH/gL with gp42 serving as a cell tropism switch. The available crystal structures for gH/gL allow the targeted analysis of structural determinants of gH to identify functional regions critical for membrane fusion. Domain II of EBV gH contains two disulfide bonds (DB), the first is unique for EBV and closely related γ-herpesviruses. The second is conserved across the β- and γ-herpesviruses and is positioned to stabilize a putative syntaxin-like bundle motif. To analyze the role of these DBs in membrane fusion, gH was mutated by amino acid substitution of the DB cysteines. Mutation of the EBV-specific DB resulted in diminished gH/gL cell surface expression that correlated with diminished B cell and epithelial cell fusion. In contrast, mutation of the conserved DB resulted in wild-type-like B cell fusion whereas epithelial cell fusion was greatly reduced. The gH mutants bound well to gp42 but had diminished binding to epithelial cells. Tyrosine 336, located adjacent to cysteine 335 of the conserved DB, was also found to be important for DB stabilization and gH/gL function. We conclude that the conserved DB has a cell type specific function, since it is important for the binding of gH to epithelial cells initiating epithelial cell fusion but not for fusion with B cells and gp42 binding.EBV predominantly infects epithelial and B cells in humans, which can result in EBV-associated cancers such as Burkitt and Hodgkin lymphoma as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBV is also associated with a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders, typically of B cell origin, observed in immunosuppressed individuals such as post-transplant or HIV/AIDS patients. The gH/gL complex plays an essential but still poorly characterized role as an important determinant for EBV cell tropism. In our current studies, we found that mutants in the DB C278/C335 and a neighboring tyrosine 336 have cell type specific functional deficits with selective decreases in epithelial cell, but not B cell, binding and fusion. The present study brings new insights into the gH function as determinant for epithelial cell tropism during herpesvirus induced membrane fusion and highlights a specific gH motif required for epithelial cell fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.02272-14

  View details for Web of Science ID 000344812800004

• The conserved disulfide bond within domain II of Epstein-Barr virus gH has divergent roles in membrane fusion with epithelial cells and B cells. Journal of virology Möhl, B. S., Sathiyamoorthy, K., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2014; 88 (23): 13570-13579

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects target cells via fusion with cellular membranes. For entry into epithelial cells, EBV requires the herpesvirus conserved core fusion machinery composed of glycoprotein B (gB) and gH/gL. In contrast, for B cell fusion it requires gB and gH/gL with gp42 serving as a cell tropism switch. The available crystal structures for gH/gL allow the targeted analysis of structural determinants of gH to identify functional regions critical for membrane fusion. Domain II of EBV gH contains two disulfide bonds (DB), the first is unique for EBV and closely related γ-herpesviruses. The second is conserved across the β- and γ-herpesviruses and is positioned to stabilize a putative syntaxin-like bundle motif. To analyze the role of these DBs in membrane fusion, gH was mutated by amino acid substitution of the DB cysteines. Mutation of the EBV-specific DB resulted in diminished gH/gL cell surface expression that correlated with diminished B cell and epithelial cell fusion. In contrast, mutation of the conserved DB resulted in wild-type-like B cell fusion whereas epithelial cell fusion was greatly reduced. The gH mutants bound well to gp42 but had diminished binding to epithelial cells. Tyrosine 336, located adjacent to cysteine 335 of the conserved DB, was also found to be important for DB stabilization and gH/gL function. We conclude that the conserved DB has a cell type specific function, since it is important for the binding of gH to epithelial cells initiating epithelial cell fusion but not for fusion with B cells and gp42 binding.EBV predominantly infects epithelial and B cells in humans, which can result in EBV-associated cancers such as Burkitt and Hodgkin lymphoma as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBV is also associated with a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders, typically of B cell origin, observed in immunosuppressed individuals such as post-transplant or HIV/AIDS patients. The gH/gL complex plays an essential but still poorly characterized role as an important determinant for EBV cell tropism. In our current studies, we found that mutants in the DB C278/C335 and a neighboring tyrosine 336 have cell type specific functional deficits with selective decreases in epithelial cell, but not B cell, binding and fusion. The present study brings new insights into the gH function as determinant for epithelial cell tropism during herpesvirus induced membrane fusion and highlights a specific gH motif required for epithelial cell fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.02272-14

  View details for PubMedID 25231307

• Probing the Functions of the Paramyxovirus Glycoproteins F and HN with a Panel of Synthetic Antibodies JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Welch, B. D., Paduch, M., Leser, G. P., Bergman, Z., Kors, C. A., Paterson, R. G., Jardetzky, T. S., Kossiakoff, A. A., Lamb, R. A. 2014; 88 (20): 11713-11725

  Abstract

  Paramyxoviruses are enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses that are significant human and animal pathogens. Most paramyxoviruses infect host cells via the concerted action of a tetrameric attachment protein (variously called HN, H, or G) that binds either sialic acid or protein receptors on target cells and a trimeric fusion protein (F) that merges the viral envelope with the plasma membrane at neutral pH. F initially folds to a metastable prefusion conformation that becomes activated via a cleavage event during cellular trafficking. Upon receptor binding, the attachment protein, which consists of a globular head anchored to the membrane via a helical tetrameric stalk, triggers a major conformation change in F which results in fusion of virus and host cell membranes. We recently proposed a model for F activation in which the attachment protein head domains move following receptor binding to expose HN stalk residues critical for triggering F. To test the model in the context of wild-type viral glycoproteins, we used a restricted-diversity combinatorial Fab library and phage display to rapidly generate synthetic antibodies (sAbs) against multiple domains of the paramyxovirus parainfluenza 5 (PIV5) pre- and postfusion F and HN. As predicted by the model, sAbs that bind to the critical F-triggering region of the HN stalk do not disrupt receptor binding or neuraminidase (NA) activity but are potent inhibitors of fusion. An inhibitory prefusion F-specific sAb recognized a quaternary antigenic site and may inhibit fusion by preventing F refolding or by blocking the F-HN interaction. Importance: The paramyxovirus family of negative-strand RNA viruses cause significant disease in humans and animals. The viruses bind to cells via their receptor binding protein and then enter cells by fusion of their envelope with the host cell plasma membrane, a process mediated by a metastable viral fusion (F) protein. To understand the steps in viral membrane fusion, a library of synthetic antibodies to F protein and the receptor binding protein was generated in bacteriophage. These antibodies bound to different regions of the F protein and the receptor binding protein, and the location of antibody binding affected different processes in viral entry into cells.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.01707-14

  View details for Web of Science ID 000342688000008

  View details for PubMedID 25122782

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4178754

• The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Glycoprotein B Cytoplasmic C-Terminal Tail Domain Regulates the Energy Requirement for EBV-Induced Membrane Fusion JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Chen, J., Zhang, X., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2014; 88 (20): 11686-11695

  Abstract

  The entry of enveloped viruses into host cells is preceded by membrane fusion, which in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is thought to be mediated by the refolding of glycoprotein B (gB) from a prefusion to a postfusion state. In our current studies, we characterized a gB C-terminal tail domain (CTD) mutant truncated at amino acid 843 (gB843). This truncation mutant is hyperfusogenic as monitored by syncytium formation and in a quantitative fusion assay and is dependent on gH/gL for fusion activity. gB843 can rescue the fusion function of other glycoprotein mutants that have null or decreased fusion activity in epithelial and B cells. In addition, gB843 requires less gp42 and gH/gL for fusion, and can function in fusion at a lower temperature than wild-type gB, indicating a lower energy requirement for fusion activation. Since a key step in fusion is the conversion of gB from a prefusion to an active postfusion state by gH/gL, gB843 may access this activated gB state more readily. Our studies indicate that the gB CTD may participate in the fusion function by maintaining gB in an inactive prefusion form prior to activation by receptor binding. Importance: Diseases resulting from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in humans range from the fairly benign disease infectious mononucleosis to life-threatening cancer. As an enveloped virus, EBV must fuse with a host cell membrane for entry and infection by using glycoproteins gH/gL, gB, and gp42. Among these glycoproteins, gB is thought to be the protein that executes fusion. To further characterize the function of the EBV gB cytoplasmic C-terminal tail domain (CTD) in fusion, we used a previously constructed CTD truncation mutant and studied its fusion activity in the context of other EBV glycoprotein mutants. From these studies, we find that the gB CTD regulates fusion by altering the energy requirements for the triggering of fusion mediated by gH/gL or gp42. Overall, our studies may lead to a better understanding of EBV fusion and entry, which may result in novel therapies that target the EBV entry step.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.01349-14

  View details for PubMedID 25100836

• Active desensitisation of allergic effector cells by disruptive IgE inhibitors Eggel, A., Baravalle, G., Hobi, G., Kim, B., Buschor, P., Forrer, P., Shin, J., Vogel, M., Stadler, B. M., Dahinden, C. A., Jardetzky, T. S. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2014: 533-534

  View details for Web of Science ID 000341139401581

• Assembly and architecture of the EBV B cell entry triggering complex. PLoS pathogens Sathiyamoorthy, K., Jiang, J., Hu, Y. X., Rowe, C. L., Möhl, B. S., Chen, J., Jiang, W., Mellins, E. D., Longnecker, R., Zhou, Z. H., Jardetzky, T. S. 2014; 10 (8)

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the gammaherpesvirinae sub-family that predominantly infects humans through epithelial cells and B cells. Three EBV glycoproteins, gH, gL and gp42, form a complex that targets EBV infection of B cells. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules expressed on B cells serve as the receptor for gp42, triggering membrane fusion and virus entry. The mechanistic role of gHgL in herpesvirus entry has been largely unresolved, but it is thought to regulate the activation of the virally-encoded gB protein, which acts as the primary fusogen. Here we study the assembly and function of the reconstituted B cell entry complex comprised of gHgL, gp42 and HLA class II. The structure from negative-stain electron microscopy provides a detailed snapshot of an intermediate state in EBV entry and highlights the potential for the triggering complex to bring the two membrane bilayers into proximity. Furthermore, gHgL interacts with a previously identified, functionally important hydrophobic pocket on gp42, defining the overall architecture of the complex and playing a critical role in membrane fusion activation. We propose a macroscopic model of the initiating events in EBV B cell fusion centered on the formation of the triggering complex in the context of both viral and host membranes. This model suggests how the triggering complex may bridge the two membrane bilayers, orienting critical regions of the N- and C- terminal ends of gHgL to promote the activation of gB and efficient membrane fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004309

  View details for PubMedID 25144748

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4140853

• Assembly and Architecture of the EBV B Cell Entry Triggering Complex. PLoS pathogens Sathiyamoorthy, K., Jiang, J., Hu, Y. X., Rowe, C. L., Möhl, B. S., Chen, J., Jiang, W., Mellins, E. D., Longnecker, R., Zhou, Z. H., Jardetzky, T. S. 2014; 10 (8): e1004309

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the gammaherpesvirinae sub-family that predominantly infects humans through epithelial cells and B cells. Three EBV glycoproteins, gH, gL and gp42, form a complex that targets EBV infection of B cells. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules expressed on B cells serve as the receptor for gp42, triggering membrane fusion and virus entry. The mechanistic role of gHgL in herpesvirus entry has been largely unresolved, but it is thought to regulate the activation of the virally-encoded gB protein, which acts as the primary fusogen. Here we study the assembly and function of the reconstituted B cell entry complex comprised of gHgL, gp42 and HLA class II. The structure from negative-stain electron microscopy provides a detailed snapshot of an intermediate state in EBV entry and highlights the potential for the triggering complex to bring the two membrane bilayers into proximity. Furthermore, gHgL interacts with a previously identified, functionally important hydrophobic pocket on gp42, defining the overall architecture of the complex and playing a critical role in membrane fusion activation. We propose a macroscopic model of the initiating events in EBV B cell fusion centered on the formation of the triggering complex in the context of both viral and host membranes. This model suggests how the triggering complex may bridge the two membrane bilayers, orienting critical regions of the N- and C- terminal ends of gHgL to promote the activation of gB and efficient membrane fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004309

  View details for PubMedID 25144748

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4140853

• Probing the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein-refolding event from pre- to postfusion by oxidative footprinting PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Poor, T. A., Jones, L. M., Sood, A., Leser, G. P., Plasencia, M. D., Rempel, D. L., Jardetzky, T. S., Woods, R. J., Gross, M. L., Lamb, R. A. 2014; 111 (25): E2596-E2605

  Abstract

  To infect a cell, the Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped viruses relies on the coordinated action of a receptor-binding protein (variably HN, H, or G) and a more conserved metastable fusion protein (F) to effect membrane fusion and allow genomic transfer. Upon receptor binding, HN (H or G) triggers F to undergo an extensive refolding event to form a stable postfusion state. Little is known about the intermediate states of the F refolding process. Here, a soluble form of parainfluenza virus 5 F was triggered to refold using temperature and was footprinted along the refolding pathway using fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP). Localization of the oxidative label to solvent-exposed side chains was determined by high-resolution MS/MS. Globally, metastable prefusion F is oxidized more extensively than postfusion F, indicating that the prefusion state is more exposed to solvent and is more flexible. Among the first peptides to be oxidatively labeled after temperature-induced triggering is the hydrophobic fusion peptide. A comparison of peptide oxidation levels with the values of solvent-accessible surface area calculated from molecular dynamics simulations of available structural data reveals regions of the F protein that lie at the heart of its prefusion metastability. The strong correlation between the regions of F that experience greater-than-expected oxidative labeling and epitopes for neutralizing antibodies suggests that FPOP has a role in guiding the development of targeted therapeutics. Analysis of the residue levels of labeled F intermediates provides detailed insights into the mechanics of this critical refolding event.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1408983111

  View details for Web of Science ID 000337760600013

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4078851

• Probing the paramyxovirus fusion (F) protein-refolding event from pre- to postfusion by oxidative footprinting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Poor, T. A., Jones, L. M., Sood, A., Leser, G. P., Plasencia, M. D., Rempel, D. L., Jardetzky, T. S., Woods, R. J., Gross, M. L., Lamb, R. A. 2014; 111 (25): E2596-605

  Abstract

  To infect a cell, the Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped viruses relies on the coordinated action of a receptor-binding protein (variably HN, H, or G) and a more conserved metastable fusion protein (F) to effect membrane fusion and allow genomic transfer. Upon receptor binding, HN (H or G) triggers F to undergo an extensive refolding event to form a stable postfusion state. Little is known about the intermediate states of the F refolding process. Here, a soluble form of parainfluenza virus 5 F was triggered to refold using temperature and was footprinted along the refolding pathway using fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP). Localization of the oxidative label to solvent-exposed side chains was determined by high-resolution MS/MS. Globally, metastable prefusion F is oxidized more extensively than postfusion F, indicating that the prefusion state is more exposed to solvent and is more flexible. Among the first peptides to be oxidatively labeled after temperature-induced triggering is the hydrophobic fusion peptide. A comparison of peptide oxidation levels with the values of solvent-accessible surface area calculated from molecular dynamics simulations of available structural data reveals regions of the F protein that lie at the heart of its prefusion metastability. The strong correlation between the regions of F that experience greater-than-expected oxidative labeling and epitopes for neutralizing antibodies suggests that FPOP has a role in guiding the development of targeted therapeutics. Analysis of the residue levels of labeled F intermediates provides detailed insights into the mechanics of this critical refolding event.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1408983111

  View details for PubMedID 24927585

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4078851

• Accelerated dissociation of IgE-Fc epsilon RI complexes by disruptive inhibitors actively desensitizes allergic effector cells JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY Eggel, A., Baravalle, G., Hobi, G., Kim, B., Buschor, P., Forrer, P., Shin, J., Vogel, M., Stadler, B. M., Dahinden, C. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2014; 133 (6): 1709-?

  Abstract

  The remarkably stable interaction of IgE with its high-affinity receptor FcεRI on basophils and mast cells is critical for the induction of allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Because of the exceptionally slow dissociation rate of IgE-FcεRI complexes, such allergic effector cells permanently display allergen-specific IgE on their surface and immediately respond to allergen challenge by releasing inflammatory mediators. We have recently described a novel macromolecular inhibitor that actively promotes the dissociation of IgE from FcεRI through a molecular mechanism termed facilitated dissociation.Here we assessed the therapeutic potential of this non-immunoglobulin-based IgE inhibitor E2_79, a designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin), as well as a novel engineered biparatopic DARPin bi53_79, and directly compared them with the established anti-IgE antibody omalizumab.IgE-FcεRI complex dissociation was analyzed in vitro by using recombinant proteins in ELISA and surface plasmon resonance, ex vivo by using human primary basophils with flow cytometry, and in vivo by using human FcεRI α-chain transgenic mice in a functional passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test.We show that E2_79-mediated removal of IgE from primary human basophils fully abrogates IgE-dependent cell activation and release of proinflammatory mediators ex vivo. Furthermore, we report that omalizumab also accelerates the dissociation of IgE from FcεRI, although much less efficiently than E2_79. Using the biparatopic IgE targeting approach, we further improved the disruptive potency of E2_79 by approximately 100-fold and show that disruptive IgE inhibitors efficiently prevent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice expressing the human FcεRI α-chain.Our findings highlight the potential of such novel IgE inhibitors as important diagnostic and therapeutic tools for management of allergic diseases.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000336672500025

  View details for PubMedID 24642143

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4083100

• Activation of paramyxovirus membrane fusion and virus entry CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2014; 5: 24-33

  Abstract

  The paramyxoviruses represent a diverse virus family responsible for a wide range of human and animal diseases. In contrast to other viruses, such as HIV and influenza virus, which use a single glycoprotein to mediate host receptor binding and virus entry, the paramyxoviruses require two distinct proteins. One of these is an attachment glycoprotein that binds receptor, while the second is a fusion glycoprotein, which undergoes conformational changes that drive virus-cell membrane fusion and virus entry. The details of how receptor binding by one protein activates the second to undergo conformational changes have been poorly understood until recently. Over the past couple of years, structural and functional data have accumulated on representative members of this family, including parainfluenza virus 5, Newcastle disease virus, measles virus, Nipah virus and others, which suggest a mechanistic convergence of activation models. Here we review the data indicating that paramyxovirus attachment glycoproteins shield activating residues within their N-terminal stalk domains, which are then exposed upon receptor binding, leading to the activation of the fusion protein by a 'provocateur' mechanism.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.01.005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000336826600006

  View details for PubMedID 24530984

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4028362

• Fusion Activation through Attachment Protein Stalk Domains Indicates a Conserved Core Mechanism of Paramyxovirus Entry into Cells JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Bose, S., Song, A. S., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2014; 88 (8): 3925-3941

  Abstract

  Paramyxoviruses are a large family of membrane-enveloped negative-stranded RNA viruses causing important diseases in humans and animals. Two viral integral membrane glycoproteins (fusion [F] and attachment [HN, H, or G]) mediate a concerted process of host receptor recognition, followed by the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, resulting in viral nucleocapsid entry into the cytoplasm. However, the sequence of events that closely links the timing of receptor recognition by HN, H, or G and the "triggering" interaction of the attachment protein with F is unclear. F activation results in F undergoing a series of irreversible conformational rearrangements to bring about membrane merger and virus entry. By extensive study of properties of multiple paramyxovirus HN proteins, we show that key features of F activation, including the F-activating regions of HN proteins, flexibility within this F-activating region, and changes in globular head-stalk interactions are highly conserved. These results, together with functionally active "headless" mumps and Newcastle disease virus HN proteins, provide insights into the F-triggering process. Based on these data and very recently published data for morbillivirus H and henipavirus G proteins, we extend our recently proposed "stalk exposure model" to other paramyxoviruses and propose an "induced fit" hypothesis for F-HN/H/G interactions as conserved core mechanisms of paramyxovirus-mediated membrane fusion.Paramyxoviruses are a large family of membrane-enveloped negative-stranded RNA viruses causing important diseases in humans and animals. Two viral integral membrane glycoproteins (fusion [F] and attachment [HN, H, or G]) mediate a concerted process of host receptor recognition, followed by the fusion of viral and cellular membranes. We describe here the molecular mechanism by which HN activates the F protein such that virus-cell fusion is controlled and occurs at the right time and the right place. We extend our recently proposed "stalk exposure model" first proposed for parainfluenza virus 5 to other paramyxoviruses and propose an "induced fit" hypothesis for F-HN/H/G interactions as conserved core mechanisms of paramyxovirus-mediated membrane fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.03741-13

  View details for Web of Science ID 000333676400002

  View details for PubMedID 24453369

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3993720

• Mutations in the Parainfluenza Virus 5 Fusion Protein Reveal Domains Important for Fusion Triggering and Metastability JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Bose, S., Heath, C. M., Shah, P. A., Alayyoubi, M., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2013; 87 (24): 13520-13531

  Abstract

  Paramyxovirus membrane glycoproteins F (fusion protein) and HN, H, or G (attachment protein) are critical for virus entry, which occurs through fusion of viral and cellular envelopes. The F protein folds into a homotrimeric, metastable prefusion form that can be triggered by the attachment protein to undergo a series of structural rearrangements, ultimately folding into a stable postfusion form. In paramyxovirus-infected cells, the F protein is activated in the Golgi apparatus by cleavage adjacent to a hydrophobic fusion peptide that inserts into the target membrane, eventually bringing the membranes together by F refolding. However, it is not clear how the attachment protein, known as HN in parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), interacts with F and triggers F to initiate fusion. To understand the roles of various F protein domains in fusion triggering and metastability, single point mutations were introduced into the PIV5 F protein. By extensive study of F protein cleavage activation, surface expression, and energetics of fusion triggering, we found a role for an immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domain, where multiple hydrophobic residues on the PIV5 F protein may mediate F-HN interactions. Additionally, destabilizing mutations of PIV5 F that resulted in HN trigger-independent mutant F proteins were identified in a region along the border of F trimer subunits. The positions of the potential HN-interacting region and the region important for F stability in the lower part of the PIV5 F prefusion structure provide clues to the receptor-binding initiated, HN-mediated F trigger.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.02123-13

  View details for Web of Science ID 000327443300041

  View details for PubMedID 24089572

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3838234

• Novel disruptive IgE inhibitors desensitise allergic effector cells and prevent immediate hypersensitivity reactions Eggel, A., Baravalle, G., Kim, B., Hobi, G., Vogel, M., Jardetzky, T. S., Dahinden, C. A. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2013: 113

  View details for Web of Science ID 000325142900231

• Structure of the Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5) Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) Ectodomain PLOS PATHOGENS Welch, B. D., Yuan, P., Bose, S., Kors, C. A., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2013; 9 (8)

  Abstract

  Paramyxoviruses cause a wide variety of human and animal diseases. They infect host cells using the coordinated action of two surface glycoproteins, the receptor binding protein (HN, H, or G) and the fusion protein (F). HN binds sialic acid on host cells (hemagglutinin activity) and hydrolyzes these receptors during viral egress (neuraminidase activity, NA). Additionally, receptor binding is thought to induce a conformational change in HN that subsequently triggers major refolding in homotypic F, resulting in fusion of virus and target cell membranes. HN is an oligomeric type II transmembrane protein with a short cytoplasmic domain and a large ectodomain comprising a long helical stalk and large globular head domain containing the enzymatic functions (NA domain). Extensive biochemical characterization has revealed that HN-stalk residues determine F specificity and activation. However, the F/HN interaction and the mechanisms whereby receptor binding regulates F activation are poorly defined. Recently, a structure of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) HN ectodomain revealed the heads (NA domains) in a "4-heads-down" conformation whereby two of the heads form a symmetrical interaction with two sides of the stalk. The interface includes stalk residues implicated in triggering F, and the heads sterically shield these residues from interaction with F (at least on two sides). Here we report the x-ray crystal structure of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) HN ectodomain in a "2-heads-up/2-heads-down" conformation where two heads (covalent dimers) are in the "down position," forming a similar interface as observed in the NDV HN ectodomain structure, and two heads are in an "up position." The structure supports a model in which the heads of HN transition from down to up upon receptor binding thereby releasing steric constraints and facilitating the interaction between critical HN-stalk residues and F.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003534

  View details for Web of Science ID 000323888200033

  View details for PubMedID 23950713

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3738495

• The Large Groove Found in the gH/gL Structure Is an Important Functional Domain for Epstein-Barr Virus Fusion JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Chen, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2013; 87 (7): 3620-3627

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) mediates viral entry into cells using four glycoproteins-gB, the gH/gL complex, and gp42-and fusion is cell type specific. gB and gH/gL are required for epithelial cell fusion; B cell fusion also requires gp42. To investigate functional domains within the gH/gL structure, we constructed site-directed EBV gH/gL mutants with alterations of residues located in a large groove that separates domain I (D-I) from domain II (D-II) within the gH/gL structure. We found that substitution of alanine for leucine 207 reduces both epithelial and B cell fusion and is accompanied by reduced gp42 binding. We also observed that substitution of alanine for arginine 152, histidine 154, or threonine 174 reduces fusion with epithelial cells but not with B cells. To test whether flexibility of the region between D-I and D-II of gH/gL could be important for membrane fusion activity and to allow potential interactions across the D-I/D-II groove, we mutated D-I amino acids V47, P48, and G49 to cysteine, allowing novel intersubunit disulfide bonds to form with the free C153 located in D-II. We found that the G49C mutant, predicted to bridge D-I and D-II with C153 of gH/gL, had normal B cell fusion activity but reduced epithelial cell fusion activity, which was partially restored by treatment with dithiothreitol. We conclude that structural rearrangements and/or interactions across the D-I/D-II groove of gH/gL are required for fusion with epithelial cells but not for fusion with B cells.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.03245-12

  View details for Web of Science ID 000315957100001

  View details for PubMedID 23325693

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3624213

• A Readily Applicable Strategy to Convert Peptides to Peptoid-based Therapeutics PLOS ONE Park, M., Wetzler, M., Jardetzky, T. S., Barron, A. E. 2013; 8 (3)

  Abstract

  Incorporation of unnatural amino acids and peptidomimetic residues into therapeutic peptides is highly efficacious and commonly employed, but generally requires laborious trial-and-error approaches. Previously, we demonstrated that C20 peptide has the potential to be a potential antiviral agent. Herein we report our attempt to improve the biological properties of this peptide by introducing peptidomimetics. Through combined alanine, proline, and sarcosine scans coupled with a competitive fluorescence polarization assay developed for identifying antiviral peptides, we enabled to pinpoint peptoid-tolerant peptide residues within C20 peptide. The synergistic benefits of combining these (and other) commonly employed methods could lead to a easily applicable strategy for designing and refining therapeutically-attractive peptidomimetics.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0058874

  View details for Web of Science ID 000316546400014

  View details for PubMedID 23555603

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3605428

• A soluble form of Epstein-Barr virus gH/gL inhibits EBV-induced membrane fusion and does not function in fusion VIROLOGY Rowe, C. L., Connolly, S. A., Chen, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2013; 436 (1): 118-126

  Abstract

  We investigated whether soluble EBV gH/gL (sgH/gL) functions in fusion and made a series of truncations of gH/gL domains based on the gH/gL crystal structure. We found sgH/gL failed to mediate cell-cell fusion both when co-expressed with the other entry glycoproteins and when added exogenously to fusion assays. Interestingly, sgH/gL inhibited cell-cell fusion in a dose dependent manner when co-expressed. sgH/gL from HSV was unable to inhibit EBV fusion, suggesting the inhibition was specific to EBV gH/gL. sgH/gL stably binds gp42, but not gB nor gH/gL. The domain mutants, DI/gL, DI-II/gL and DI-II-III/gL were unable to bind gp42. Instead, DI-II/gL, DI-II-III/gL and sgH/gL but not DI/gL decreased the expression of gp42, resulting in decreased overall fusion. Overall, our results suggest that domain IV may be required for proper folding and the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of EBV gH/gL are required for the most efficient fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.039

  View details for Web of Science ID 000314003800014

  View details for PubMedID 23200314

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3545092

• A time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay suitable for high-throughput screening for inhibitors of immunoglobulin E-receptor interactions ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Kim, B., Tarchevskaya, S. S., Eggel, A., Vogel, M., Jardetzky, T. S. 2012; 431 (2): 84-89

  Abstract

  The interaction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies with the high-affinity receptor, FcεRI, plays a central role in initiating most allergic reactions. The IgE-receptor interaction has been targeted for treatment of allergic diseases, and many high-affinity macromolecular inhibitors have been identified. Small molecule inhibitors would offer significant advantages over current anti-IgE treatment, but no candidate compounds have been identified and fully validated. Here, we report the development of a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay for monitoring the IgE-receptor interaction. The TR-FRET assay measures an increase in fluorescence intensity as a donor lanthanide fluorophore is recruited into complexes of site-specific Alexa Fluor 488-labeled IgE-Fc and His-tagged FcεRIα proteins. The assay can readily monitor classic competitive inhibitors that bind either IgE-Fc or FcεRIα in equilibrium competition binding experiments. Furthermore, the TR-FRET assay can also be used to follow the kinetics of IgE-Fc-FcεRIα dissociation and identify inhibitory ligands that accelerate the dissociation of preformed complexes, as demonstrated for an engineered DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat protein) inhibitor. The TR-FRET assay is suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS), as shown by performing a pilot screen of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Collection Library in a 384-well plate format.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.010

  View details for Web of Science ID 000311065500002

  View details for PubMedID 22995065

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3583350

• Accelerated disassembly of IgE-receptor complexes by a disruptive macromolecular inhibitor NATURE Kim, B., Eggel, A., Tarchevskaya, S. S., Vogel, M., Prinz, H., Jardetzky, T. S. 2012; 491 (7425): 613-?

  Abstract

  IgE antibodies bind the high-affinity IgE Fc receptor (FcεRI), found primarily on mast cells and basophils, and trigger inflammatory cascades of the allergic response. Inhibitors of IgE-FcεRI binding have been identified and an anti-IgE therapeutic antibody (omalizumab) is used to treat severe allergic asthma. However, preformed IgE-FcεRI complexes that prime cells before allergen exposure dissociate extremely slowly and cannot be disrupted by strictly competitive inhibitors. IgE-Fc conformational flexibility indicated that inhibition could be mediated by allosteric or other non-classical mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that an engineered protein inhibitor, DARPin E2_79 (refs 9, 10, 11), acts through a non-classical inhibition mechanism, not only blocking IgE-FcεRI interactions, but actively stimulating the dissociation of preformed ligand-receptor complexes. The structure of the E2_79-IgE-Fc(3-4) complex predicts the presence of two non-equivalent E2_79 sites in the asymmetric IgE-FcεRI complex, with site 1 distant from the receptor and site 2 exhibiting partial steric overlap. Although the structure is indicative of an allosteric inhibition mechanism, mutational studies and quantitative kinetic modelling indicate that E2_79 acts through a facilitated dissociation mechanism at site 2 alone. These results demonstrate that high-affinity IgE-FcεRI complexes can be actively dissociated to block the allergic response and suggest that protein-protein complexes may be more generally amenable to active disruption by macromolecular inhibitors.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nature11546

  View details for Web of Science ID 000311339800056

  View details for PubMedID 23103871

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3504642

• Reversible Inhibition of Fusion Activity of a Paramyxovirus Fusion Protein by an Engineered Disulfide Bond in the Membrane-Proximal External Region JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Zokarkar, A., Connolly, S. A., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2012; 86 (22): 12397-12401

  Abstract

  Cysteines were introduced into the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the paramyxovirus F protein. A disulfide bond formed, and the mutant protein was expressed at the cell surface but was fusion inactive. Reduction of the disulfide bond restored fusion activity. The data indicate that in addition to dissociation of the three-helix bundle stalk domain of prefusion F, the MPER region also needs to separate for F to be able to refold and cause fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.02006-12

  View details for Web of Science ID 000310356400040

  View details for PubMedID 22951841

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3486459

• An Engineered Disulfide Bond Reversibly Traps the IgE-Fc(3-4) in a Closed, Nonreceptor Binding Conformation JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Wurzburg, B. A., Kim, B., Tarchevskaya, S. S., Eggel, A., Vogel, M., Jardetzky, T. S. 2012; 287 (43): 36251-36257

  Abstract

  IgE antibodies interact with the high affinity IgE Fc receptor, FcεRI, and activate inflammatory pathways associated with the allergic response. The IgE-Fc region, comprising the C-terminal domains of the IgE heavy chain, binds FcεRI and can adopt different conformations ranging from a closed form incompatible with receptor binding to an open, receptor-bound state. A number of intermediate states are also observed in different IgE-Fc crystal forms. To further explore this apparent IgE-Fc conformational flexibility and to potentially trap a closed, inactive state, we generated a series of disulfide bond mutants. Here we describe the structure and biochemical properties of an IgE-Fc mutant that is trapped in the closed, non-receptor binding state via an engineered disulfide at residue 335 (Cys-335). Reduction of the disulfide at Cys-335 restores the ability of IgE-Fc to bind to its high affinity receptor, FcεRIα. The structure of the Cys-335 mutant shows that its conformation is within the range of previously observed, closed form IgE-Fc structures and that it retains the hydrophobic pocket found in the hinge region of the closed conformation. Locking the IgE-Fc into the closed state with the Cys-335 mutation does not affect binding of two other IgE-Fc ligands, omalizumab and DARPin E2_79, demonstrating selective blocking of the high affinity receptor binding.

  View details for DOI 10.1074/jbc.M112.407502

  View details for Web of Science ID 000310364000046

  View details for PubMedID 22948141

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3476292

• Structure of the cleavage-activated prefusion form of the parainfluenza virus 5 fusion protein PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Welch, B. D., Liu, Y., Kors, C. A., Leser, G. P., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2012; 109 (41): 16672-16677

  Abstract

  The paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) enters cells by fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane through the concerted action of the fusion (F) protein and the receptor binding protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. The F protein folds initially to form a trimeric metastable prefusion form that is triggered to undergo large-scale irreversible conformational changes to form the trimeric postfusion conformation. It is thought that F refolding couples the energy released with membrane fusion. The F protein is synthesized as a precursor (F0) that must be cleaved by a host protease to form a biologically active molecule, F1,F2. Cleavage of F protein is a prerequisite for fusion and virus infectivity. Cleavage creates a new N terminus on F1 that contains a hydrophobic region, known as the FP, which intercalates target membranes during F protein refolding. The crystal structure of the soluble ectodomain of the uncleaved form of PIV5 F is known; here we report the crystal structure of the cleavage-activated prefusion form of PIV5 F. The structure shows minimal movement of the residues adjacent to the protease cleavage site. Most of the hydrophobic FP residues are buried in the uncleaved F protein, and only F103 at the newly created N terminus becomes more solvent-accessible after cleavage. The conformational freedom of the charged arginine residues that compose the protease recognition site increases on cleavage of F protein.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1213802109

  View details for Web of Science ID 000310280300060

  View details for PubMedID 23012473

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3478641

• Fusion activation by a headless parainfluenza virus 5 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase stalk suggests a modular mechanism for triggering PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Bose, S., Zokarkar, A., Welch, B. D., Leser, G. P., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2012; 109 (39): E2625-E2634

  Abstract

  The Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped viruses enters cells through the concerted action of two viral glycoproteins. The receptor-binding protein, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), H, or G, binds its cellular receptor and activates the fusion protein, F, which, through an extensive refolding event, brings viral and cellular membranes together, mediating virus-cell fusion. However, the underlying mechanism of F activation on receptor engagement remains unclear. Current hypotheses propose conformational changes in HN, H, or G propagating from the receptor-binding site in the HN, H, or G globular head to the F-interacting stalk region. We provide evidence that the receptor-binding globular head domain of the paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5 HN protein is entirely dispensable for F activation. Considering together the crystal structures of HN from different paramyxoviruses, varying energy requirements for fusion activation, F activation involving the parainfluenza virus 5 HN stalk domain, and properties of a chimeric paramyxovirus HN protein, we propose a simple model for the activation of paramyxovirus fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1213813109

  View details for Web of Science ID 000309604500008

  View details for PubMedID 22949640

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3465404

• Structure of the Ulster Strain Newcastle Disease Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Reveals Auto-Inhibitory Interactions Associated with Low Virulence PLOS PATHOGENS Yuan, P., Paterson, R. G., Leser, G. P., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2012; 8 (8)

  Abstract

  Paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) plays roles in viral entry and maturation, including binding to sialic acid receptors, activation of the F protein to drive membrane fusion, and enabling virion release during virus budding. HN can thereby directly influence virulence and in a subset of avirulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains, such as NDV Ulster, HN must be proteolytically activated to remove a C-terminal extension not found in other NDV HN proteins. Ulster HN is 616 amino acids long and the 45 amino acid C-terminal extension present in its precursor (HN₀) form has to be cleaved to render HN biologically active. Here we show that Ulster HN contains an inter-subunit disulfide bond within the C-terminal extension at residue 596, which regulates HN activities and neuraminidase (NA) domain dimerization. We determined the crystal structure of the dimerized NA domain containing the C-terminal extension, which extends along the outside of the sialidase β-propeller domain and inserts C-terminal residues into the NA domain active site. The C-terminal extension also engages a secondary sialic acid binding site present in NDV HN proteins, which is located at the NA domain dimer interface, that most likely blocks its attachment function. These results clarify how the Ulster HN C-terminal residues lead to an auto-inhibited state of HN, the requirement for proteolytic activation of HN₀ and associated reduced virulence.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002855

  View details for Web of Science ID 000308558000032

  View details for PubMedID 22912577

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3415446

• Structure of the human metapneumovirus fusion protein with neutralizing antibody identifies a pneumovirus antigenic site NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Wen, X., Krause, J. C., Leser, G. P., Cox, R. G., Lamb, R. A., Williams, J. V., Crowe, J. E., Jardetzky, T. S. 2012; 19 (4): 461-463

  Abstract

  Human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus cause lower respiratory tract infections. The virus fusion (F) glycoprotein promotes membrane fusion by refolding from a metastable pre-fusion to a stable post-fusion conformation. F is also a major target of the neutralizing antibody response. Here we show that a potently neutralizing anti-human metapneumovirus antibody (DS7) binds a structurally invariant domain of F, revealing a new epitope that could be targeted in vaccine development.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nsmb.2250

  View details for Web of Science ID 000302514400017

  View details for PubMedID 22388735

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3546531

• Inhibin alpha-Subunit N Terminus Interacts with Activin Type IB Receptor to Disrupt Activin Signaling JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Zhu, J., Lin, S. J., Zou, C., Makanji, Y., Jardetzky, T. S., Woodruff, T. K. 2012; 287 (11): 8060-8070

  Abstract

  Inhibin is a heterodimeric peptide hormone produced in the ovary that antagonizes activin signaling and FSH synthesis in the pituitary. The inhibin β-subunit interacts with the activin type II receptor (ActRII) to functionally antagonize activin. The inhibin α-subunit mature domain (N terminus) arose relatively early during the evolution of the hormone, and inhibin function is decreased by an antibody directed against the α-subunit N-terminal extension region or by deletion of the N-terminal region. We hypothesized that the α-subunit N-terminal extension region interacts with the activin type I receptor (ALK4) to antagonize activin signaling in the pituitary. Human or chicken free α-subunit inhibited activin signaling in a pituitary gonadotrope-derived cell line (LβT2) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas an N-terminal extension deletion mutant did not. An α-subunit N-terminal peptide, but not a control peptide, was able to inhibit activin A signaling and decrease activin-stimulated FSH synthesis. Biotinylated inhibin A, but not activin A, bound ALK4. Soluble ALK4-ECD bioneutralized human free α-subunit in LβT2 cells, but did not affect activin A function. Competitive binding ELISAs with N-terminal mutants and an N-terminal region peptide confirmed that this region is critical for direct interaction of the α-subunit with ALK4. These data expand our understanding of how endocrine inhibin achieves potent antagonism of local, constitutive activin action in the pituitary, through a combined mechanism of competitive binding of both ActRII and ALK4 by each subunit of the inhibin heterodimer, in conjunction with the co-receptor betaglycan, to block activin receptor-ligand binding, complex assembly, and downstream signaling.

  View details for DOI 10.1074/jbc.M111.293381

  View details for Web of Science ID 000301349400022

  View details for PubMedID 22267736

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3318740

• The KGD Motif of Epstein-Barr Virus gH/gL Is Bifunctional, Orchestrating Infection of B Cells and Epithelial Cells MBIO Chen, J., Rowe, C. L., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2012; 3 (1)

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpesvirus family, is the causative agent of common human infections and specific malignancies. EBV entry into target cells, including B cells and epithelial cells, requires the interaction of multiple virus-encoded glycoproteins. Glycoproteins H and L (gH/gL) cooperate with glycoprotein B (gB) to mediate fusion of the viral envelope with target cell membranes. Both the gH/gL complex and gB are required for fusion, whereas glycoprotein 42 (gp42) acts as a tropism switch and is required for B cell infection and inhibits epithelial cell infection. Our previous studies identified a prominent KGD motif located on the surface of gH/gL. In the current study, we found that this motif serves as a bifunctional domain on the surface of gH/gL that directs EBV fusion of B cells and epithelial cells. Mutation of the KGD motif to AAA decreased fusion with both epithelial and B cells and reduced the binding of gH/gL to epithelial cells and to gp42. We also demonstrate that deletion of amino acids 62 to 66 of gp42 selectively reduces binding to wild-type gH/gL, but not the KGD mutant, suggesting that the KGD motif of gH/gL interacts with the N-terminal amino acids 62 to 66 of gp42.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/mBio.00290-11

  View details for Web of Science ID 000303331400009

  View details for PubMedID 22215569

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3251506

• Structure and Mutagenesis of the Parainfluenza Virus 5 Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Stalk Domain Reveals a Four-Helix Bundle and the Role of the Stalk in Fusion Promotion JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Bose, S., Welch, B. D., Kors, C. A., Yuan, P., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2011; 85 (24): 12855-12866

  Abstract

  Paramyxovirus entry into cells requires the fusion protein (F) and a receptor binding protein (hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [HN], H, or G). The multifunctional HN protein of some paramyxoviruses, besides functioning as the receptor (sialic acid) binding protein (hemagglutinin activity) and the receptor-destroying protein (neuraminidase activity), enhances F activity, presumably by lowering the activation energy required for F to mediate fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Before or upon receptor binding by the HN globular head, F is believed to interact with the HN stalk. Unfortunately, until recently none of the receptor binding protein crystal structures have shown electron density for the stalk domain. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) HN exists as a noncovalent dimer-of-dimers on the surface of cells, linked by a single disulfide bond in the stalk. Here we present the crystal structure of the PIV5-HN stalk domain at a resolution of 2.65 Å, revealing a four-helix bundle (4HB) with an upper (N-terminal) straight region and a lower (C-terminal) supercoiled part. The hydrophobic core residues are a mix of an 11-mer repeat and a 3- to 4-heptad repeat. To functionally characterize the role of the HN stalk in F interactions and fusion, we designed mutants along the PIV5-HN stalk that are N-glycosylated to physically disrupt F-HN interactions. By extensive study of receptor binding, neuraminidase activity, oligomerization, and fusion-promoting functions of the mutant proteins, we found a correlation between the position of the N-glycosylation mutants on the stalk structure and their neuraminidase activities as well as their abilities to promote fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.06350-11

  View details for Web of Science ID 000297642000004

  View details for PubMedID 21994464

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3233124

• Structure of the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) ectodomain reveals a four-helix bundle stalk PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Yuan, P., Swanson, K. A., Leser, G. P., Paterson, R. G., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2011; 108 (36): 14920-14925

  Abstract

  The paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein plays multiple roles in viral entry and egress, including binding to sialic acid receptors, activating the fusion (F) protein to activate membrane fusion and viral entry, and cleaving sialic acid from carbohydrate chains. HN is an oligomeric integral membrane protein consisting of an N-terminal transmembrane domain, a stalk region, and an enzymatically active neuraminidase (NA) domain. Structures of the HN NA domains have been solved previously; however, the structure of the stalk region has remained elusive. The stalk region contains specificity determinants for F interactions and activation, underlying the requirement for homotypic F and HN interactions in viral entry. Mutations of the Newcastle disease virus HN stalk region have been shown to affect both F activation and NA activities, but a structural basis for understanding these dual affects on HN functions has been lacking. Here, we report the structure of the Newcastle disease virus HN ectodomain, revealing dimers of NA domain dimers flanking the N-terminal stalk domain. The stalk forms a parallel tetrameric coiled-coil bundle (4HB) that allows classification of extensive mutational data, providing insight into the functional roles of the stalk region. Mutations that affect both F activation and NA activities map predominantly to the 4HB hydrophobic core, whereas mutations that affect only F-protein activation map primarily to the 4HB surface. Two of four NA domains interact with the 4HB stalk, and residues at this interface in both the stalk and NA domain have been implicated in HN function.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1111691108

  View details for Web of Science ID 000294543400044

  View details for PubMedID 21873198

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3169104

• Investigation of the function of the putative self-association site of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 42 (gp42) VIROLOGY Rowe, C. L., Matsuura, H., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2011; 415 (2): 122-131

  Abstract

  The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 42 (gp42) is a type II membrane protein essential for entry into B cells but inhibits entry into epithelial cells. X-ray crystallography suggests that gp42 may form dimers when bound to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II receptor (Mullen et al., 2002) or multimerize when not bound to HLA class II (Kirschner et al., 2009). We investigated this self-association of gp42 using several different approaches. We generated soluble mutants of gp42 containing mutations within the self-association site and found that these mutants have a defect in fusion. The gp42 mutants bound to gH/gL and HLA class II, but were unable to bind wild-type gp42 or a cleavage mutant of gp42. Using purified gp42, gH/gL, and HLA, we found these proteins associate 1:1:1 by gel filtration suggesting that gp42 dimerization or multimerization does not occur or is a transient event undetectable by our methods.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.003

  View details for Web of Science ID 000291713500006

  View details for PubMedID 21550622

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3107886

• Fusing structure and function: a structural view of the herpesvirus entry machinery NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY Connolly, S. A., Jackson, J. O., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2011; 9 (5): 369-381

  Abstract

  Herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that infect host cells through fusion with either the host cell plasma membrane or endocytic vesicle membranes. Efficient infection of host cells by herpesviruses is remarkably more complex than infection by other viruses, as it requires the concerted effort of multiple glycoproteins and involves multiple host receptors. The structures of the major viral glycoproteins and a number of host receptors involved in the entry of the prototypical herpesviruses, the herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are now known. These structural studies have accelerated our understanding of HSV and EBV binding and fusion by revealing the conformational changes that occur on virus-receptor binding, depicting potential sites of functional protein and lipid interactions, and identifying the probable viral fusogen.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nrmicro2548

  View details for Web of Science ID 000289548800018

  View details for PubMedID 21478902

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3242325

• Mapping regions of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein B (gB) important for fusion function with gH/gL VIROLOGY Plate, A. E., Reimer, J. J., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2011; 413 (1): 26-38

  Abstract

  Glycoproteins gB and gH/gL are required for entry of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) into cells, but the role of each glycoprotein and how they function together to mediate fusion is unclear. Analysis of the functional homology of gB from the closely related primate gammaherpesvirus, rhesus lymphocryptovirus (Rh-LCV), showed that EBV gB could not complement Rh gB due to a species-specific dependence between gB and gL. To map domains of gB required for this interaction, we constructed a panel of EBV/Rh gB chimeric proteins. Analysis showed that insertion of Rh gB from residues 456 to 807 restored fusion function of EBV gB with Rh gH/gL, suggesting this region of gB is important for interaction with gH/gL. Split YFP bimolecular complementation (BiFC) provided evidence of an interaction between EBV gB and gH/gL. Together, our results suggest the importance of a gB-gH/gL interaction in EBV-mediated fusion with B cells requiring the region of EBV gB from 456 to 807.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.006

  View details for Web of Science ID 000289334500004

  View details for PubMedID 21376360

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3075949

• Structure of betaglycan zona pellucida (ZP)-C domain provides insights into ZP-mediated protein polymerization and TGF-beta binding PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Lin, S. J., Hu, Y., Zhu, J., Woodruff, T. K., Jardetzky, T. S. 2011; 108 (13): 5232-5236

  Abstract

  The zona pellucida (ZP) domain is a bipartite protein structural element comprised of ZP-N and ZP-C regions. Most notable for its ability to mediate protein polymerization, many ZP proteins polymerize and assemble into long fibrils that form specialized extracellular matrices. Other ZP proteins (namely, betaglycan and endoglin) do not polymerize but serve as important membrane coreceptors for ligands in the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. Here, we present the 2.0-Å resolution crystal structure of the betaglycan ZP-C region in combination with a downstream region known as the external hydrophobic patch (EHP). Similar to the ZP-N region, the ZP-C region also adopts an immunoglobulin-like fold, despite sharing no sequence homology and possessing different disulfide linkages. The EHP region, which was previously thought to be external to the ZP region, is integral to the ZP-C domain and corresponds to the ZP-C G strand. Our structure also indicates that the critical maturation cleavage of ZP proteins, a process that activates nascent ZP proteins for polymerization, occurs within the immunoglobulin domain at the FG loop. Nonpolymerizing ZP proteins such as betaglycan and endoglin do not contain this cleavage site. Finally, our structure suggests that the AB loop and the convex surface pocket are regions important for TGF-β ligand binding.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1010689108

  View details for Web of Science ID 000288894800023

  View details for PubMedID 21402931

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3069177

• A fluorescence polarization assay using an engineered human respiratory syncytial virus F protein as a direct screening platform ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Park, M., Matsuura, H., Lamb, R. A., Barron, A. E., Jardetzky, T. S. 2011; 409 (2): 195-201

  Abstract

  Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) typically affects newborns and young children. Even though it can cause severe and, in some cases, lifelong respiratory infections, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutics that control this virus. The hRSV F protein facilitates viral fusion, a critical extracellular event that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention by disrupting the assembly of a postfusion 6-helix bundle (6HB) within the hRSV F protein. Here we report the development of a fluorescence polarization (FP) assay using an engineered hRSV F protein 5-helix bundle (5HB). We generated the 5HB and validated its ability to form a 6HB in an FP assay. To test the potential of 5HB as a screening tool, we then investigated a series of truncated peptides derived from the "missing" sixth helix. Using this FP-based 5HB system, we have successfully demonstrated that short peptides can prevent 6HB formation and serve as potential hRSV fusion inhibitors. We anticipate that this new 5HB system will provide an effective tool to identify and study potential antivirals to control hRSV infection.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ab.2010.10.020

  View details for Web of Science ID 000287176600005

  View details for PubMedID 20971054

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3462168

• NMEGylation: A Novel Modification to Enhance the Bioavailability of Therapeutic Peptides BIOPOLYMERS Park, M., Jardetzky, T. S., Barron, A. E. 2011; 96 (5): 688-693

  Abstract

  We have evaluated "NMEGylation"--the covalent attachment of an oligo-N-methoxyethylglycine (NMEG) chain--as a new form of peptide/protein modification to enhance the bioavailability of short peptides. OligoNMEGs are hydrophilic polyethylene glycol-like molecules made by solid-phase synthesis, typically up to 40 monomers in length. They have been studied as nonfouling surface coatings and as monodisperse mobility modifiers for free-solution conjugate capillary electrophoresis. However, polyNMEGs have not been demonstrated before this work as modifiers of therapeutic proteins. In prior published work, we identified a short peptide, "C20," as a potential extracellular inhibitor of the fusion of human respiratory syncytial virus with mammalian cells. The present study was aimed at improving the C20 peptide's stability and solubility. To this end, we synthesized and studied a series of NMEGylated C20 peptide-peptoid bioconjugates comprising different numbers of NMEGs at either the N- or C-terminus of C20. NMEGylation was found to greatly improve this peptide's solubility and serum stability; however, longer polyNMEGs (n > 3) deleteriously affected peptide binding to the target protein. By incorporating just one NMEG monomer, along with a glycine monomer as a flexible spacer, at C20's N-terminus (NMEG-Gly-C20), we increased both solubility and serum stability greatly, while recovering a binding affinity comparable to that of unmodified C20 peptide. Our results suggest that NMEGylation with an optimized number of NMEG monomers and a proper linker could be useful, more broadly, as a novel modification to enhance bioavailability and efficacy of therapeutic peptides.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/bip.21607

  View details for Web of Science ID 000295385400016

  View details for PubMedID 22180913

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3243944

• Class III Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins CELL FUSION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE II: CELL FUSION IN DISEASE Backovic, M., Jardetzky, T. S. 2011; 714: 91-101

  Abstract

  Members of class III of viral fusion proteins share common structural features and molecular architecture, although they belong to evolutionary distant viruses and carry no sequence homology. Based of the experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of their ectodomains, glycoprotein B (gB) of herpesviruses, G protein of rhabdoviruses and glycoprotein 64 (gp64) of baculoviruses have been identified as class III fusion proteins. The structures are proposed to represent post-fusion conformations, and they reveal trimeric, elongated, rod-like molecules, with each protomer being composed of five domains. Sequences which interact with target membranes and form the fusion peptides are located in two loops found at one end of the molecule. Class III fusion proteins are embedded in viral envelope with the principal function of catalyzing fusion of viral and cellular membranes, an event that is essential for infection to occur. In addition, they have been implicated in processes such as attachment to target cells and viral maturation. G protein is the only class III fusion protein for which structures of both pre- and post-fusion states have been determined, shedding light on the mechanism involved in the conformational change and membrane fusion. Whether similar structural organization of class III fusion proteins translates into a common mechanism involved in carrying out membrane fusion remains to be investigated.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0782-5_3

  View details for Web of Science ID 000290775400003

  View details for PubMedID 21506008

• Crystal structure of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein H/glycoprotein L (gH/gL) complex PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Matsuura, H., Kirschner, A. N., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2010; 107 (52): 22641-22646

  Abstract

  The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a γ-herpesvirus that infects B cells and epithelial cells and that has been linked to malignancies in both cell types in vivo. EBV, like other herpesviruses, has three glycoproteins, glycoprotein B (gB), gH, and gL, that form the core membrane fusion machinery mediating viral penetration into the cell. The gH and gL proteins associate to form a heterodimeric complex, which is necessary for efficient membrane fusion and also implicated in direct binding to epithelial cell receptors required for viral entry. To gain insight into the mechanistic role of gH/gL, we determined the crystal structure of the EBV gH/gL complex. The structure is comprised of four domains organized along the longest axis of the molecule. Comparisons with homologous HSV-2 gH/gL and partial pseudorabies virus gH structures support the domain boundaries determined for the EBV gH/gL structure and illustrate significant differences in interdomain packing angles. The gL subunit and N-terminal residues of gH form a globular domain at one end of the structure, implicated in interactions with gB and activation of membrane fusion. The C-terminal domain of gH, proximal to the viral membrane, is also implicated in membrane fusion. The gH/gL structure locates an integrin binding motif, implicated in epithelial cell entry, on a prominent loop in the central region of the structure. Multiple regions of gH/gL, including its two extreme ends, are functionally important, consistent with the multiple roles of gH/gL in EBV entry.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1011806108

  View details for Web of Science ID 000285684200055

  View details for PubMedID 21149717

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3012493

• Mapping the N-Terminal Residues of Epstein-Barr Virus gp42 That Bind gH/gL by Using Fluorescence Polarization and Cell-Based Fusion Assays JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Liu, F., Marquardt, G., Kirschner, A. N., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2010; 84 (19): 10375-10385

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) requires at a minimum membrane-associated glycoproteins gB, gH, and gL for entry into host cells. B-cell entry additionally requires gp42, which binds to gH/gL and triggers viral entry into B cells. The presence of soluble gp42 inhibits membrane fusion with epithelial cells by forming a stable heterotrimer of gH/gL/gp42. The interaction of gp42 with gH/gL has been previously mapped to residues 36 to 81 at the N-terminal region of gp42. In this study, we further mapped this region to identify essential features for binding to gH/gL by use of synthetic peptides. Data from fluorescence polarization, cell-cell fusion, and viral infection assays demonstrated that 33 residues corresponding to 44 to 61 and 67 to 81 of gp42 were indispensable for maintaining low-nanomolar-concentration gH/gL binding affinity and inhibiting B-cell fusion and epithelial cell fusion as well as viral infection. Overall, specific, large hydrophobic side chain residues of gp42 appeared to provide critical interactions, determining the binding strength. Mutations of these residues also diminished the inhibition of B-cell and epithelial cell fusions as well as EBV infection. A linker region (residues 62 to 66) between two gH/gL binding regions served as an important spacer, but individual amino acids were not critical for gH/gL binding. Probing the binding site of gH/gL and gp42 with gp42 peptides is critical for a better understanding of the interaction of gH/gL with gp42 as well as for the design of novel entry inhibitors of EBV and related human herpesviruses.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.00381-10

  View details for Web of Science ID 000282641800067

  View details for PubMedID 20668073

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2937788

• Structure of the Newcastle disease virus F protein in the post-fusion conformation VIROLOGY Swanson, K., Wen, X., Leser, G. P., Paterson, R. G., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2010; 402 (2): 372-379

  Abstract

  The paramyxovirus F protein is a class I viral membrane fusion protein which undergoes a significant refolding transition during virus entry. Previous studies of the Newcastle disease virus, human parainfluenza virus 3 and parainfluenza virus 5 F proteins revealed differences in the pre- and post-fusion structures. The NDV Queensland (Q) F structure lacked structural elements observed in the other two structures, which are key to the refolding and fusogenic activity of F. Here we present the NDV Australia-Victoria (AV) F protein post-fusion structure and provide EM evidence for its folding to a pre-fusion form. The NDV AV F structure contains heptad repeat elements missing in the previous NDV Q F structure, forming a post-fusion six-helix bundle (6HB) similar to the post-fusion hPIV3 F structure. Electrostatic and temperature factor analysis of the F structures points to regions of these proteins that may be functionally important in their membrane fusion activity.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.050

  View details for Web of Science ID 000278203800017

  View details for PubMedID 20439109

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2877518

• Characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus envelope protein gp42 VIRUS GENES Shaw, P. L., Kirschner, A. N., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2010; 40 (3): 307-319

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 42 (gp42) is a membrane protein essential for fusion and entry of EBV into host B-lymphocytes. Gp42 is a member of the protein-fold family C-type lectin or lectin-like domains (CLECT or CTLD) and specifically is classified as a natural-killer receptor (NKR)-like CLECT. Literature review and phylogenetic comparison show that EBV gp42 shares a common structure with other NKR-like CLECTs and possibly with many viral CTLDs, but does not appear to exhibit some common binding characteristics of many CTLDs, such as features required for calcium binding. The flexible N-terminal region adjacent to the CTLD fold is important for binding to other EBV glycoproteins and for a cleavage site that is necessary for infection of host cells. From structural studies of gp42 unbound and bound to receptor and extensive mutational analysis, a general model of how gp42 triggers membrane fusion utilizing both the flexible N-terminal region and the CTLD domain has emerged.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11262-010-0455-x

  View details for Web of Science ID 000276675000001

  View details for PubMedID 20162447

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2854865

• Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal the Evolutionary Origin of the Inhibin alpha-Subunit, a Unique TGF beta Superfamily Antagonist PLOS ONE Zhu, J., Braun, E. L., Kohno, S., Antenos, M., Xu, E. Y., Cook, R. W., Lin, S. J., Moore, B. C., Guillette, L. J., Jardetzky, T. S., Woodruff, T. K. 2010; 5 (3)

  Abstract

  Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) homologues form a diverse superfamily that arose early in animal evolution and control cellular function through membrane-spanning, conserved serine-threonine kinases (RII and RI receptors). Activin and inhibin are related dimers within the TGFbeta superfamily that share a common beta-subunit. The evolution of the inhibin alpha-subunit created the only antagonist within the TGFbeta superfamily and the only member known to act as an endocrine hormone. This hormone introduced a new level of complexity and control to vertebrate reproductive function. The novel functions of the inhibin alpha-subunit appear to reflect specific insertion-deletion changes within the inhibin beta-subunit that occurred during evolution. Using phylogenomic analysis, we correlated specific insertions with the acquisition of distinct functions that underlie the phenotypic complexity of vertebrate reproductive processes. This phylogenomic approach presents a new way of understanding the structure-function relationships between inhibin, activin, and the larger TGFbeta superfamily.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0009457

  View details for Web of Science ID 000275197100003

  View details for PubMedID 20209104

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2832003

• Inhibin alpha-subunit N-terminal Extension Interacts with ALK4 and Disrupts the Activin/ActRIIB/ALK4 Complex 43rd Annual Meeting of the Society-for-the-Study-of-Reproduction Zhu, J., Lin, J., Jardetzky, T., Woodruff, T. SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION. 2010: 94–94

  View details for Web of Science ID 000284381300185

• Structure of the Newcastle Disease Virus F Protein in the Post-Fusion Conformation Wen, X., Swanson, K., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. CELL PRESS. 2010: 249A

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.1352

  View details for Web of Science ID 000208762002248

• Bimolecular Complementation of Paramyxovirus Fusion and Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Proteins Enhances Fusion: Implications for the Mechanism of Fusion Triggering JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Connolly, S. A., Leser, G. P., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2009; 83 (21): 10857-10868

  Abstract

  For paramyxoviruses, entry requires a receptor-binding protein (hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [HN], H, or G) and a fusion protein (F). Like other class I viral fusion proteins, F is expressed as a prefusion metastable protein that undergoes a refolding event to induce fusion. HN binding to its receptor triggers F refolding by an unknown mechanism. HN may serve as a clamp that stabilizes F in its prefusion state until HN binds the target cell (the "clamp model"). Alternatively, HN itself may undergo a conformational change after receptor binding that destabilizes F and causes F to trigger (the "provocateur model"). To examine F-HN interactions by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), the cytoplasmic tails of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) F and HN were fused to complementary fragments of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Coexpression of the BiFC constructs resulted in fluorescence; however, coexpression with unrelated BiFC constructs also produced fluorescence. The affinity of the two halves of YFP presumably superseded the F-HN interaction. Unexpectedly, coexpression of the BiFC F and HN constructs greatly enhanced fusion in multiple cell types. We hypothesize that the increase in fusion occurs because the BiFC tags bring F and HN together more frequently than occurs in a wild-type (wt) scenario. This implies that normally much of wt F is not associated with wt HN, in conflict with the clamp model for activation. Correspondingly, we show that wt PIV5 fusion occurs in an HN concentration-dependent manner. Also inconsistent with the clamp model are the findings that BiFC F does not adopt a postfusion conformation when expressed in the absence of HN and that HN coexpression does not provide resistance to the heat-induced triggering of F. In support of a provocateur model of F activation, we demonstrate by analysis of the morphology of soluble F trimers that the hyperfusogenic mutation S443P has a destabilizing effect on F.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.01191-09

  View details for Web of Science ID 000270602300002

  View details for PubMedID 19710150

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2772755

• Conformational Flexibility in Immunoglobulin E-Fc(3-4) Revealed in Multiple Crystal Forms JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Wurzburg, B. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2009; 393 (1): 176-190

  Abstract

  The structure of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-Fc(3-4) has been solved in three new crystal forms, providing 13 snapshots of the Fc conformation and revealing a diverse range of open-closed motions among subunit chains and dimers. A more detailed analysis of the open-to-closed motion of IgE-Fc(3-4) was possible with so many structures, and the new structures allow a more thorough examination of the flexibility of IgE-Fc and its implications for receptor binding. The existence of a hydrophobic pocket at the elbow region of the Fc appears to be conformation dependent and suggests a means of regulating the IgE-Fc conformation (and potentially receptor binding) with small molecules.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.08.012

  View details for Web of Science ID 000271341400013

  View details for PubMedID 19682998

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2827403

• Functional Analysis of Glycoprotein L (gL) from Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus in Epstein-Barr Virus-Mediated Cell Fusion Indicates a Direct Role of gL in gB-Induced Membrane Fusion JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Plate, A. E., Smajlovic, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2009; 83 (15): 7678-7689

  Abstract

  Glycoprotein L (gL), which complexes with gH, is a conserved herpesvirus protein that is essential for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry into host cells. The gH/gL complex has a conserved role in entry among herpesviruses, yet the mechanism is not clear. To gain a better understanding of the role of gL in EBV-mediated fusion, chimeric proteins were made using rhesus lymphocryptovirus (Rh-LCV) gL (Rh gL), which shares a high sequence homology with EBV gL but does not complement EBV gL in mediating fusion with B cells. A reduction in fusion activity was observed with chimeric gL proteins that contained the amino terminus of Rh gL, although they retained their ability to process and transport gH/gL to the cell surface. Amino acids not conserved within this region in EBV gL when compared to Rh gL were further analyzed, with the results mapping residues 54 and 94 as being functionally important for EBV-mediated fusion. All chimeras and mutants displayed levels of cell surface expression similar to that of wild-type gL and interacted with gH and gp42. Our data also suggest that the role of gL involves the activation or recruitment of gB with the gH/gL complex, as we found that reduced fusion of Rh gL, EBV/Rh-LCV chimeras, and gL point mutants could be restored by replacing EBV gB with Rh gB. These observations demonstrate a distinction between the role of gL in the processing and trafficking of gH to the cell surface and a posttrafficking role in cell-cell fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.00457-09

  View details for Web of Science ID 000267747400033

  View details for PubMedID 19457993

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2708620

• Cleavage and Secretion of Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein 42 Promote Membrane Fusion with B Lymphocytes JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Sorem, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2009; 83 (13): 6664-6672

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) membrane glycoprotein 42 (gp42) is required for viral entry into B lymphocytes through binding to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II on the B-cell surface. EBV gp42 plays multiple roles during infection, including acting as a coreceptor for viral entry into B cells, binding to EBV glycoprotein H (gH) and gL during the process of membrane fusion, and blocking T-cell recognition of HLA class II-peptide complexes through steric hindrance. EBV gp42 occurs in two forms in infected cells, a full-length membrane-bound form and a soluble form generated by proteolytic cleavage that is secreted from infected cells due to loss of the N-terminal transmembrane domain. Both the full-length and the secreted gp42 forms bind to gH/gL and HLA class II, and the functional significance of gp42 cleavage is currently unclear. We found that in a virus-free cell-cell fusion assay, enhanced secretion of gp42 promoted fusion with B lymphocytes, and mutation of the site of gp42 cleavage inhibited membrane fusion activity. The site of gp42 cleavage was found to be physically distinct from the residues of gp42 necessary for binding to gH/gL. These results suggest that cleavage and secretion of gp42 are necessary for the process of membrane fusion with B lymphocytes, providing the first indicated functional difference between full-length and cleaved, secreted gp42.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.00195-09

  View details for Web of Science ID 000267354100033

  View details for PubMedID 19369343

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2698568

• Class III viral membrane fusion proteins CURRENT OPINION IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY Backovic, M., Jardetzky, T. S. 2009; 19 (2): 189-196

  Abstract

  Accumulating structural studies of viral fusion glycoproteins have revealed unanticipated structural relationships between unrelated virus families and allowed the grouping of these membrane fusogens into three distinct classes. Here we review the newly identified group of class III viral fusion proteins, whose members include fusion proteins from rhabdoviruses, herpesviruses, and baculoviruses. While clearly related in structure, the class III viral fusion proteins exhibit distinct structural features in their architectures as well as in their membrane interacting fusion loops, which are likely related to their virus-specific differences in cellular entry. Further study of the similarities and differences in the class III viral fusion glycoproteins may provide greater insights into protein:membrane interactions that are key to promoting efficient bilayer fusion during virus entry.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.sbi.2009.02.012

  View details for Web of Science ID 000266114000011

  View details for PubMedID 19356922

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3076093

• Selectivity in the Post-Translational, Transglutaminase-Dependent Acylation of Lysine Residues BIOCHEMISTRY Murthy, S. N., Lukas, T. J., Jardetzky, T. S., Lorand, L. 2009; 48 (12): 2654-2660

  Abstract

  Transglutaminases (TGs) are known to exhibit remarkable specificities not only for the Q (or Gln) sites but also for the K (or Lys) sites of proteins with which they react. To gain further insight into K-site specificity, we examined the reactions of dansyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl-GlnGlnIleVal with three chemically and structurally well-characterized proteins (bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and chicken egg white lysozyme), as catalyzed by TG2, a biologically important post-translational enzyme. The substrates represent a total of 20 potential surface sites for acylation by the fluorescent Gln probe, yet only two of the lysine side chains reacted with TG2. While the K1 site of ribonuclease and the K15 site of the trypsin inhibitor could be readily acylated by the enzyme, none of the lysines in lysozyme were modified. The findings lead us to suggest that the selection of lysine residues by TG2 is not encoded in the primary amino acid sequence surrounding the target side chain but depends primarily on its being positioned in an accessible segment of the protein structure.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/bi802323z

  View details for Web of Science ID 000264536500009

  View details for PubMedID 19222223

• Structure of a trimeric variant of the Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein B PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Backovic, M., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2009; 106 (8): 2880-2885

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that is associated with development of malignancies of lymphoid tissue. EBV infections are life-long and occur in >90% of the population. Herpesviruses enter host cells in a process that involves fusion of viral and cellular membranes. The fusion apparatus is comprised of envelope glycoprotein B (gB) and a heterodimeric complex made of glycoproteins H and L. Glycoprotein B is the most conserved envelope glycoprotein in human herpesviruses, and the structure of gB from Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is available. Here, we report the crystal structure of the secreted EBV gB ectodomain, which forms 16-nm long spike-like trimers, structurally homologous to the postfusion trimers of the fusion protein G of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Comparative structural analyses of EBV gB and VSV G, which has been solved in its pre and postfusion states, shed light on gB residues that may be involved in conformational changes and membrane fusion. Also, the EBV gB structure reveals that, despite the high sequence conservation of gB in herpesviruses, the relative orientations of individual domains, the surface charge distributions, and the structural details of EBV gB differ from the HSV-1 protein, indicating regions and residues that may have important roles in virus-specific entry.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0810530106

  View details for Web of Science ID 000263652900074

  View details for PubMedID 19196955

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2650359

• Structure of Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein 42 Suggests a Mechanism for Triggering Receptor-Activated Virus Entry STRUCTURE Kirschner, A. N., Sorem, J., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2009; 17 (2): 223-233

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus requires glycoproteins gH/gL, gB, and gp42 to fuse its lipid envelope with B cells. Gp42 is a type II membrane protein consisting of a flexible N-terminal region, which binds gH/gL, and a C-terminal lectin-like domain that binds to the B-cell entry receptor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II. Gp42 triggers membrane fusion after HLA binding, a process that requires simultaneous binding to gH/gL and a functional hydrophobic pocket in the lectin domain adjacent to the HLA binding site. Here we present the structure of gp42 in its unbound form. Comparisons to the previously determined structure of a gp42:HLA complex reveals additional N-terminal residues forming part of the gH/gL binding site and structural changes in the receptor binding domain. Although the core of the lectin domain remains similar, significant shifts in two loops and an alpha helix bordering the essential hydrophobic pocket suggest a structural mechanism for triggering fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.str.2008.12.010

  View details for Web of Science ID 000263384800010

  View details for PubMedID 19217393

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3085316

• Functional Analysis of the Transmembrane Domain in Paramyxovirus F Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Bissonnette, M. L., Donald, J. E., DeGrado, W. F., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2009; 386 (1): 14-36

  Abstract

  To enter cells, enveloped viruses use fusion-mediating glycoproteins to facilitate the merger of the viral and host cell membranes. These glycoproteins undergo large-scale irreversible refolding during membrane fusion. The paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5 mediates membrane merger through its fusion protein (F). The transmembrane (TM) domains of viral fusion proteins are typically required for fusion. The TM domain of F is particularly interesting in that it is potentially unusually long; multiple calculations suggest a TM helix length between 25 and 48 residues. Oxidative cross-linking of single-cysteine substitutions indicates the F TM trimer forms a helical bundle within the membrane. To assess the functional role of the paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5 F protein TM domain, alanine scanning mutagenesis was performed. Two residues located in the outer leaflet of the bilayer are critical for fusion. Multiple amino acid substitutions at these positions indicate the physical properties of the side chain play a critical role in supporting or blocking fusion. Analysis of intermediate steps in F protein refolding indicated that the mutants were not trapped at the open stalk intermediate or the prehairpin intermediate. Incorporation of a known F protein destabilizing mutation that causes a hyperfusogenic phenotype restored fusion activity to the mutants. Further, altering the curvature of the lipid bilayer by addition of oleic acid promoted fusion of the F protein mutants. In aggregate, these data indicate that the TM domain plays a functional role in fusion beyond merely anchoring the protein in the viral envelope and that it can affect the structures and steady-state concentrations of the various conformational intermediates en route to the final postfusion state. We suggest that the unusual length of this TM helix might allow it to serve as a template for formation of or specifically stabilize the lipid stalk intermediate in fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.12.029

  View details for Web of Science ID 000263574300002

  View details for PubMedID 19121325

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2750892

• Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein B Functional Domains via Linker Insertion Mutagenesis JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Reimer, J. J., Backovic, M., Deshpande, C. G., Jardetzky, T., Longnecker, R. 2009; 83 (2): 734-747

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) glycoprotein B (gB) is essential for viral fusion events with epithelial and B cells. This glycoprotein has been studied extensively in other herpesvirus family members, but functional domains outside of the cytoplasmic tail have not been characterized in EBV gB. In this study, a total of 28 linker insertion mutations were generated throughout the length of gB. In general, the linker insertions did not disrupt intracellular expression and variably altered cell surface expression. Oligomerization was disrupted by insertions located between residues 561 and 620, indicating the location of a potential site of oligomer contacts between EBV gB monomers. In addition, a novel N-glycosylated form of wild-type gB was identified under nonreducing Western blot conditions that likely represents a mature form of the protein. Fusion activity was abolished in all but three variants containing mutations in the N-terminal region (gB30), within the ectodomain (gB421), and in the intracellular C-terminal domain (gB832) of the protein. Fusion activity with variants gB421 and gB832 was comparable to that of the wild type with epithelial and B cells, and only these two mutants, but not gB30, were able to complement gB-null virus and subsequently function in virus entry. The mutant gB30 exhibited a low level of fusion activity with B cells and was unable to complement gB-null virus. The mutations generated here indicate important structural domains, as well as regions important for function in fusion, within EBV gB.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.01817-08

  View details for Web of Science ID 000262045000022

  View details for PubMedID 18987135

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2612382

• Domain architecture and oligomerization properties of the paramyxovirus PIV 5 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein VIROLOGY Yuan, P., Leser, G. P., Demeler, B., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2008; 378 (2): 282-291

  Abstract

  The mechanism by which the paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein couples receptor binding to activation of virus entry remains to be fully understood, but the HN stalk is thought to play an important role in the process. We have characterized ectodomain constructs of the parainfluenza virus 5 HN to understand better the underlying architecture and oligomerization properties that may influence HN functions. The PIV 5 neuraminidase (NA) domain is monomeric whereas the ectodomain forms a well-defined tetramer. The HN stalk also forms tetramers and higher order oligomers with high alpha-helical content. Together, the data indicate that the globular NA domains form weak intersubunit interactions at the end of the HN stalk tetramer, while stabilizing the stalk and overall oligomeric state of the ectodomain. Electron microscopy of the HN ectodomain reveals flexible arrangements of the NA and stalk domains, which may be important for understanding how these two HN domains impact virus entry.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2008.05.023

  View details for Web of Science ID 000258631600010

  View details for PubMedID 18597807

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2603141

• Functional studies indicate amantadine binds to the pore of the influenza A virus M2 proton-selective ion channel PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Jing, X., Ma, C., Ohigashi, Y., Oliveira, F. A., Jardetzky, T. S., Pinto, L. H., Lamb, R. A. 2008; 105 (31): 10967-10972

  Abstract

  Influenza A and B viruses contain proton-selective ion channels, A/M2 and BM2, respectively, and the A/M2 channel activity is inhibited by the drugs amantadine and its methyl derivative rimantadine. The structure of the pore-transmembrane domain has been determined by both x-ray crystallography [Stouffer et al. (2008) Nature 451:596-599] and by NMR methods [Schnell and Chou (2008) Nature 451:591-595]. Whereas the crystal structure indicates a single amantadine molecule in the pore of the channel, the NMR data show four rimantadine molecules bound on the outside of the helices toward the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Drug binding includes interactions with residues 40-45 with a polar hydrogen bond between rimantadine and aspartic acid residue 44 (D44) that appears to be important. These two distinct drug-binding sites led to two incompatible drug inhibition mechanisms. We mutagenized D44 and R45 to alanine as these mutations are likely to interfere with rimantadine binding and lead to a drug insensitive channel. However, the D44A channel was found to be sensitive to amantadine when measured by electrophysiological recordings in oocytes of Xenopus laevis and in mammalian cells, and when the D44 and R45 mutations were introduced into the influenza virus genome. Furthermore, transplanting A/M2 pore residues 24-36 into BM2, yielded a pH-activated chimeric ion channel that was partially inhibited by amantadine. Thus, taken together our functional data suggest that amantadine/rimantadine binding outside of the channel pore is not the primary site associated with the pharmacological inhibition of the A/M2 ion channel.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0804958105

  View details for Web of Science ID 000258308500062

  View details for PubMedID 18669647

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2492755

• Challenges and opportunities for training the next generation of biophysicists: Perspectives of the directors of the molecular biophysics training program at Northwestern University BIOPOLYMERS Neuhaus, F., Widom, J., Macdonald, R., Jardetzky, T., Radhakrishnan, I. 2008; 89 (4): 253-255

  Abstract

  Molecular biophysics is a broad, diverse, and dynamic field that has presented a variety of unique challenges and opportunities for training future generations of investigators. Having been or currently being intimately associated with the Molecular Biophysics Training Program at Northwestern, we present our perspectives on various issues that we have encountered over the years. We propose no cookie-cutter solutions, as there is no consensus on what constitutes the "ideal" program. However, there is uniformity in opinion on some key issues that might be useful to those interested in establishing a biophysics training program.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/bip.20929

  View details for Web of Science ID 000253667100007

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2744201

• Program review. Challenges and opportunities for training the next generation of biophysicists: perspectives of the directors of the Molecular Biophysics Training Program at Northwestern University. Biopolymers Neuhaus, F., Widom, J., Macdonald, R., Jardetzky, T., Radhakrishnan, I. 2008; 89 (4): 253-255

  Abstract

  Molecular biophysics is a broad, diverse, and dynamic field that has presented a variety of unique challenges and opportunities for training future generations of investigators. Having been or currently being intimately associated with the Molecular Biophysics Training Program at Northwestern, we present our perspectives on various issues that we have encountered over the years. We propose no cookie-cutter solutions, as there is no consensus on what constitutes the "ideal" program. However, there is uniformity in opinion on some key issues that might be useful to those interested in establishing a biophysics training program.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/bip.20929

  View details for PubMedID 18293401

• Characterization of EBV gB indicates properties of both class I and class II viral fusion proteins VIROLOGY Backovic, M., Leser, G. P., Lamb, R. A., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2007; 368 (1): 102-113

  Abstract

  To gain insight into Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein B (gB), recombinant, secreted variants were generated. The role of putative transmembrane regions, the proteolytic processing and the oligomerization state of the gB variants were investigated. Constructs containing 2 of 3 C-terminal hydrophobic regions were secreted, indicating that these do not act as transmembrane anchors. The efficiency of cleavage of the gB furin site was found to depend on the nature of C-terminus. All of the gB constructs formed rosette structures reminiscent of the postfusion aggregates formed by other viral fusion proteins. However, substitution of putative fusion loop residues, WY(112-113) and WLIY(193-196), with less hydrophobic amino acids from HSV-1 gB, produced trimeric protein and abrogated the ability of the EBV gB ectodomains to form rosettes. These data demonstrate biochemical features of EBV gB that are characteristic of other class I and class II viral fusion proteins, but not of HSV-1 gB.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.031

  View details for Web of Science ID 000250679100012

  View details for PubMedID 17655906

• Hydrophobic residues that form putative fusion loops of Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein B are critical for fusion activity JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Backovic, M., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2007; 81 (17): 9596-9600

  Abstract

  To test the importance of the hydrophobic residues within the putative Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein B (gB) fusion loops in membrane fusion, WY(112-113) and WLIW(193-196) were mutated into alanine, glutamic acid, or the analogous residues from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gB (HR and RVEA). All gB variants exhibited cell surface expression, demonstrating that the substitutions did not perturb gB trafficking. None of six gB variants was, however, capable of mediating fusion with either epithelial or B cells. These data demonstrate that the bulky and hydrophobic EBV loop residues, which differ from the more hydrophilic HSV-1 residues and appear more compatible with membrane insertion, are essential for EBV gB-dependent fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.00758-07

  View details for Web of Science ID 000248923700077

  View details for PubMedID 17553877

• Binding-site interactions between Epstein-Barr virus fusion proteins gp42 and gH/gL reveal a peptide that inhibits both epithelial and B-Cell membrane fusion JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Kirschner, A. N., Lowrey, A. S., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2007; 81 (17): 9216-9229

  Abstract

  Herpesviruses require membrane-associated glycoproteins gB, gH, and gL for entry into host cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gp42 is a unique protein also required for viral entry into B cells. Key interactions between EBV gp42 and the EBV gH/gL complex were investigated to further elucidate their roles in membrane fusion. Deletion and point mutants within the N-terminal region of gp42 revealed residues important for gH/gL binding and membrane fusion. Many five-residue deletion mutants in the N-terminal region of gp42 that exhibit reduced membrane fusion activity retain binding with gH/gL but map out two functional stretches between residues 36 and 96. Synthetic peptides derived from the gp42 N-terminal region were studied in in vitro binding experiments with purified gH/gL and in cell-cell fusion assays. A peptide spanning gp42 residues 36 to 81 (peptide 36-81) binds gH/gL with nanomolar affinity, comparable to full-length gp42. Peptide 36-81 efficiently inhibits epithelial cell membrane fusion and competes with soluble gp42 to inhibit B-cell fusion. Additionally, this peptide at low nanomolar concentrations inhibits epithelial cell infection by intact virus. Shorter gp42 peptides spanning the two functional regions identified by deletion mutagenesis had little or no binding to soluble gH/gL and were also unable to inhibit epithelial cell fusion, nor could they complement gp42 deletion mutants in B-cell fusion. These studies identify key residues of gp42 that are essential for gH/gL binding and membrane fusion activation, providing a nanomolar inhibitor of EBV-mediated membrane fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.00575-07

  View details for Web of Science ID 000248923700034

  View details for PubMedID 17581996

• Structural basis of viral invasion: lessons from paramyxovirus F CURRENT OPINION IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2007; 17 (4): 427-436

  Abstract

  The structures of glycoproteins that mediate enveloped virus entry into cells have revealed dramatic structural changes that accompany membrane fusion and provided mechanistic insights into this process. The group of class I viral fusion proteins includes the influenza hemagglutinin, paramyxovirus F, HIV env, and other mechanistically related fusogens, but these proteins are unrelated in sequence and exhibit clearly distinct structural features. Recently determined crystal structures of the paramyxovirus F protein in two conformations, representing pre-fusion and post-fusion states, reveal a novel protein architecture that undergoes large-scale, irreversible refolding during membrane fusion, extending our understanding of this diverse group of membrane fusion machines.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.sbi.2007.08.016

  View details for Web of Science ID 000250423800007

  View details for PubMedID 17870467

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2086805

• Structural and biophysical coupling of heparin and activin binding to follistatin isoform functions JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Lerch, T. F., Shimasaki, S., Woodruff, T. K., Jardetzky, T. S. 2007; 282 (21): 15930-15939

  Abstract

  Follistatin (FS) regulates transforming growth factor-beta superfamily ligands and is necessary for normal embryonic and ovarian follicle development. Follistatin is expressed as two splice variants (FS288 and FS315). Previous studies indicated differences in heparin binding between FS288 and FS315, potentially influencing the physiological functions and locations of these isoforms. We have determined the structure of the FS315-activin A complex and quantitatively compared heparin binding by the two isoforms. The FS315 complex structure shows that both isoforms inhibit activin similarly, but FS315 exhibits movements within follistatin domain 3 (FSD3) apparently linked to binding of the C-terminal extension. Surprisingly, the binding affinities of FS288 and FS315 for heparin are similar at lower ionic strengths with FS315 binding decreasing more sharply as a function of salt concentration. When bound to activin, FS315 binds heparin similarly to the FS288 isoform, consistent with the structure of the complex, in which the acidic residues of the C-terminal extension cannot interact with the heparin-binding site. Activin-induced binding of heparin is unique to the FS315 isoform and may stimulate clearance of FS315 complexes.

  View details for DOI 10.1074/jbc.M700737200

  View details for Web of Science ID 000246589600068

  View details for PubMedID 17409095

• The structures that underlie normal reproductive function MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY Lerch, T. F., Xu, M., Jardetzky, T. S., Mayo, K. E., Radhakrishnan, I., Kazer, R., Shea, L. D., Woodruff, T. K. 2007; 267 (1-2): 1-5

  Abstract

  The mechanisms and physiology of reproductive function have fascinated scientists throughout time. Recent cellular and molecular level structural studies have provided unprecedented insights into reproductive systems and signaling networks. This 'cutting edge' editorial provides a recent example in each of these areas, namely, the anatomical integrity of the follicle, the molecular structure of activin with its binding partners and the molecular regulation of inhibin. These three examples of structure informing function help explain reproductive health and may provide solutions to reproductive disease.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mce.2006.10.018

  View details for Web of Science ID 000245429200001

  View details for PubMedID 17140726

• Refolding of a paramyxovirus F protein from prefusion to postfusion conformations observed by liposome binding and electron microscopy PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Connolly, S. A., Leser, G. P., Yin, H., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2006; 103 (47): 17903-17908

  Abstract

  For paramyxoviruses, two viral glycoproteins are key to the entry process: an attachment protein (HN, H, or G) and the fusion protein (F). The F protein folds to a metastable state that can be triggered to undergo large conformational rearrangements to a fusogenic intermediate and a more stable postfusion state. The triggering mechanism that controls paramyxovirus fusion has not been elucidated. To correlate the molecular structure of a soluble form of the prefusion F (PIV5 F-GCNt) with the biological function of F, soluble F protein was triggered to refold. In the absence of HN, heat was found to function as a surrogate F trigger, and F associated with liposomes and aggregated on sucrose density gradients. Electron microscopy data showed that triggered F formed rosettes. Taken together these data suggest that release and membrane insertion of the hydrophobic fusion peptide require both cleavage of F and heat. Heating of cleaved F causes conversion to a postfusion form as judged by its "golf tee" morphology in the electron microscope. Heating of uncleaved F also causes conversion of F to a morphologically similar form. The reactivity of the F protein with conformation-specific mAbs and peptide binding suggest that soluble F-GCNt and membrane-bound F proteins refold through a comparable pathway.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0608678103

  View details for Web of Science ID 000242464900059

  View details for PubMedID 17093041

• Soluble Epstein-Barr virus glycoproteins gH, gL, and gp42 form a 1 : 1 : 1 stable complex that acts like soluble gp42 in B-Cell fusion but not in epithelial cell fusion JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Kirschner, A. N., Omerovic, J., Popov, B., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2006; 80 (19): 9444-9454

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that infects cells by fusing its lipid envelope with the target cell membrane. The fusion process requires the actions of viral glycoproteins gH, gL, and gB for entry into epithelial cells and additionally requires gp42 for entry into B cells. To further study the roles of these membrane-associated glycoproteins, purified soluble forms of gp42, gH, and gL were expressed that lack the membrane-spanning regions. The soluble gH/gL protein complex binds to soluble gp42 with high affinity, forming a stable heterotrimer with 1:1:1 stoichiometry, and this complex is not formed by an N-terminally truncated variant of gp42. The effects of adding soluble gp42, gH/gL, and gH/gL/gp42 were examined with a virus-free cell-cell fusion assay. The results demonstrate that, in contrast to gp42, membrane fusion does not proceed with secreted gH/gL. The addition of soluble gH/gL does not inhibit or enhance B-cell or epithelial cell fusion when membrane-bound gH/gL, gB, and gp42 are present. However, the soluble gH/gL/gp42 complex does activate membrane fusion with B cells, similarly to soluble gp42, but it does not inhibit fusion with epithelial cells, as observed for gp42 alone. A gp42 peptide, derived from an N-terminal segment involved in gH/gL interactions, binds to soluble gH/gL and inhibits EBV-mediated epithelial cell fusion, mimicking gp42. These observations reveal distinct functional requirements for gH/gL and gp42 complexes in EBV-mediated membrane fusion.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.00572-06

  View details for Web of Science ID 000240647200010

  View details for PubMedID 16973550

• The structural basis of TGF-beta, bone morphogenetic protein, and activin ligand binding REPRODUCTION Lin, S. J., Lerch, T. F., Cook, R. W., Jardetzky, T. S., Woodruff, T. K. 2006; 132 (2): 179-190

  Abstract

  The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily is a large group of structurally related growth factors that play prominent roles in a variety of cellular processes. The importance and prevalence of TGF-beta signaling are also reflected by the complex network of check points that exist along the signaling pathway, including a number of extracellular antagonists and membrane-level signaling modulators. Recently, a number of important TGF-beta crystal structures have emerged and given us an unprecedented clarity on several aspects of the signal transduction process. This review will highlight these latest advances and present our current understanding on the mechanisms of specificity and regulation on TGF-beta signaling outside the cell.

  View details for DOI 10.1530/rep.1.01072

  View details for Web of Science ID 000239925700002

  View details for PubMedID 16885528

• Structural changes in the lectin domain of CD23, the low-affinity IgE receptor, upon calcium binding STRUCTURE Wurzburg, B. A., Tarchevskaya, S. S., Jardetzky, T. S. 2006; 14 (6): 1049-1058

  Abstract

  CD23, the low-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilonRII), regulates IgE synthesis and also mediates IgE-dependent antigen transport and processing. CD23 is a unique Fc receptor belonging to the C-type lectin-like domain superfamily and binds IgE in an unusual, non-lectin-like manner, requiring calcium but not carbohydrate. We have solved the high-resolution crystal structures of the human CD23 lectin domain in the presence and absence of Ca2+. The crystal structures differ significantly from a previously determined NMR structure and show that calcium binding occurs at the principal binding site, but not at an auxiliary site that appears to be absent in human CD23. Conformational differences between the apo and Ca2+ bound structures suggest how IgE-Fc binding can be both calcium-dependent and carbohydrate-independent.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.str.2006.03.017

  View details for Web of Science ID 000238730300013

  View details for PubMedID 16765898

• Paramyxovirus membrane fusion: Lessons from the F and HN atomic structures VIROLOGY Lamb, R. A., Paterson, R. G., Jardetzky, T. S. 2006; 344 (1): 30-37

  Abstract

  Paramyxoviruses enter cells by fusion of their lipid envelope with the target cell plasma membrane. Fusion of the viral membrane with the plasma membrane allows entry of the viral genome into the cytoplasm. For paramyxoviruses, membrane fusion occurs at neutral pH, but the trigger mechanism that controls the viral entry machinery such that it occurs at the right time and in the right place remains to be elucidated. Two viral glycoproteins are key to the infection process-an attachment protein that varies among different paramyxoviruses and the fusion (F) protein, which is found in all paramyxoviruses. For many of the paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza viruses 1-5, mumps virus, Newcastle disease virus and others), the attachment protein is the hemagglutinin/neuraminidase (HN) protein. In the last 5 years, atomic structures of paramyxovirus F and HN proteins have been reported. The knowledge gained from these structures towards understanding the mechanism of viral membrane fusion is described.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.007

  View details for Web of Science ID 000234611000005

  View details for PubMedID 16364733

• Structure of the parainfluenza virus 5 F protein in its metastable, prefusion conformation NATURE YIN, H. S., Wen, X. L., Paterson, R. G., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2006; 439 (7072): 38-44

  Abstract

  Enveloped viruses have evolved complex glycoprotein machinery that drives the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, permitting entry of the viral genome into the cell. For the paramyxoviruses, the fusion (F) protein catalyses this membrane merger and entry step, and it has been postulated that the F protein undergoes complex refolding during this process. Here we report the crystal structure of the parainfluenza virus 5 F protein in its prefusion conformation, stabilized by the addition of a carboxy-terminal trimerization domain. The structure of the F protein shows that there are profound conformational differences between the pre- and postfusion states, involving transformations in secondary and tertiary structure. The positions and structural transitions of key parts of the fusion machinery, including the hydrophobic fusion peptide and two helical heptad repeat regions, clarify the mechanism of membrane fusion mediated by the F protein.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nature04322

  View details for Web of Science ID 000234378700028

  View details for PubMedID 16397490

• Structural basis for a functional antagonist in the transforming growth factor beta superfamily JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Cook, R. W., Thompson, T. B., Kurup, S. P., Jardetzky, T. S., Wookdruff, T. K. 2005; 280 (48): 40177-40186

  Abstract

  Within the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, the agonist-antagonist relationship between activin and inhibin is unique and critical to integrated reproductive function. Activin acts in the pituitary to stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone, and is antagonized by endocrine acting, gonadally derived inhibin. We have undertaken a mutational analysis of the activin betaA subunit to determine the precise structural aspects that contribute to inhibin antagonism of activin. By substituting specific amino acid residues in the activin betaA subunit with similarly aligned amino acids from the alpha subunit, we have pinpointed the residues required for activin receptor binding and activity, as well as for inhibin antagonism of activin through its receptors. Additionally, we have identified an activin mutant with a higher affinity for the activin type I receptor that provides structural evidence for the evolution of ligand-receptor interactions within the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.

  View details for DOI 10.1074/jbc.M504591200

  View details for Web of Science ID 000233461300058

  View details for PubMedID 16186117

• The structure of the Follistatin : Activin complex reveals antagonism of both type I and type II receptor binding DEVELOPMENTAL CELL Thompson, T. B., Lerch, T. F., Cook, R. W., Woodruff, T. K., Jardetzky, T. S. 2005; 9 (4): 535-543

  Abstract

  TGF-beta ligands stimulate diverse cellular differentiation and growth responses by signaling through type I and II receptors. Ligand antagonists, such as follistatin, block signaling and are essential regulators of physiological responses. Here we report the structure of activin A, a TGF-beta ligand, bound to the high-affinity antagonist follistatin. Two follistatin molecules encircle activin, neutralizing the ligand by burying one-third of its residues and its receptor binding sites. Previous studies have suggested that type I receptor binding would not be blocked by follistatin, but the crystal structure reveals that the follistatin N-terminal domain has an unexpected fold that mimics a universal type I receptor motif and occupies this receptor binding site. The formation of follistatin:BMP:type I receptor complexes can be explained by the stoichiometric and geometric arrangement of the activin:follistatin complex. The mode of ligand binding by follistatin has important implications for its ability to neutralize homo- and heterodimeric ligands of this growth factor family.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.09.008

  View details for Web of Science ID 000232616800012

  View details for PubMedID 16198295

• Structure of the uncleaved ectodomain of the paramyxovirus (hPIV3) fusion protein PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA YIN, H. S., Paterson, R. G., Wen, X. L., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2005; 102 (26): 9288-9293

  Abstract

  Class I viral fusion proteins share common mechanistic and structural features but little sequence similarity. Structural insights into the protein conformational changes associated with membrane fusion are based largely on studies of the influenza virus hemagglutinin in pre- and postfusion conformations. Here, we present the crystal structure of the secreted, uncleaved ectodomain of the paramyxovirus, human parainfluenza virus 3 fusion (F) protein, a member of the class I viral fusion protein group. The secreted human parainfluenza virus 3 F forms a trimer with distinct head, neck, and stalk regions. Unexpectedly, the structure reveals a six-helix bundle associated with the postfusion form of F, suggesting that the anchor-minus ectodomain adopts a conformation largely similar to the postfusion state. The transmembrane anchor domains of F may therefore profoundly influence the folding energetics that establish and maintain a metastable, prefusion state.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0503989102

  View details for Web of Science ID 000230191400037

  View details for PubMedID 15964978

• Structural studies of the parainfluenza virus 5 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase tetramer in complex with its receptor, sialyllactose STRUCTURE Yuan, P., Thompson, T. B., Wurzburg, B. A., Paterson, R. G., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2005; 13 (5): 803-815

  Abstract

  The paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) functions in virus attachment to cells, cleavage of sialic acid from oligosaccharides, and stimulating membrane fusion during virus entry into cells. The structural basis for these diverse functions remains to be fully understood. We report the crystal structures of the parainfluenza virus 5 (SV5) HN and its complexes with sialic acid, the inhibitor DANA, and the receptor sialyllactose. SV5 HN shares common structural features with HN of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and human parainfluenza 3 (HPIV3), but unlike the previously determined HN structures, the SV5 HN forms a tetramer in solution, which is thought to be the physiological oligomer. The sialyllactose complex reveals intact receptor within the active site, but no major conformational changes in the protein. The SV5 HN structures do not support previously proposed models for HN action in membrane fusion and suggest alternative mechanisms by which HN may promote virus entry into cells.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.str.2005.02.019

  View details for Web of Science ID 000229330900015

  View details for PubMedID 15893670

• Conserved glycine residues in the fusion peptide of the paramyxovirus fusion protein regulate activation of the native state JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Russell, C. J., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2004; 78 (24): 13727-13742

  Abstract

  Hydrophobic fusion peptides (FPs) are the most highly conserved regions of class I viral fusion-mediating glycoproteins (vFGPs). FPs often contain conserved glycine residues thought to be critical for forming structures that destabilize target membranes. Unexpectedly, a mutation of glycine residues in the FP of the fusion (F) protein from the paramyxovirus simian parainfluenza virus 5 (SV5) resulted in mutant F proteins with hyperactive fusion phenotypes (C. M. Horvath and R. A. Lamb, J. Virol. 66:2443-2455, 1992). Here, we constructed G3A and G7A mutations into the F proteins of SV5 (W3A and WR isolates), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3). All of the mutant F proteins, except NDV G7A, caused increased cell-cell fusion despite having slight to moderate reductions in cell surface expression compared to those of wild-type F proteins. The G3A and G7A mutations cause SV5 WR F, but not NDV F or HPIV3 F, to be triggered to cause fusion in the absence of coexpression of its homotypic receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), suggesting that NDV and HPIV3 F have stricter requirements for homotypic HN for fusion activation. Dye transfer assays show that the G3A and G7A mutations decrease the energy required to activate F at a step in the fusion cascade preceding prehairpin intermediate formation and hemifusion. Conserved glycine residues in the FP of paramyxovirus F appear to have a primary role in regulating the activation of the metastable native form of F. Glycine residues in the FPs of other class I vFGPs may also regulate fusion activation.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.78.24.13727-13742.2004

  View details for Web of Science ID 000225409900033

  View details for PubMedID 15564482

• Beta A versus beta B: is it merely a matter of expression? International Workshop on Inhibins, Activins and Follistatins Thompson, T. B., Cook, R. W., Chapman, S. C., Jardetzky, T. S., Woodruff, T. K. ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. 2004: 9–17

  Abstract

  Activins are members of the transforming growth factor (TGF) beta (beta) superfamily of proteins that function in a wide array of physiological processes. Like other TGFbeta ligands, activins are biologically active as dimers. An activin molecule is comprised of two beta-subunits, of which four isoforms have been identified: betaA, betaB, betaC, and betaE. The most widely studied activins to date are activin A (betaA/betaA), activin B (betaB/betaB), and activin AB (betaA/betaB). Inhibin is a naturally occurring activin antagonist that consists of an alpha-subunit disulfide-linked to one of the activin beta-subunits, producing inhibin A (alpha/betaA), or inhibin B (alpha/betaB). The development of assays distinguishing between different forms of activins and inhibins, along with knock-in and knock-out models, have provided evidence that the betaA- and betaB-subunits have independent and separate roles physiologically. Additionally, evaluation of ligand-receptor interactions indicates significant differences in receptor affinity between activin isoforms, as well as between inhibin isoforms. In this review we explore the differences between activin/inhibin betaA- and betaB-subunits, including expression patterns, binding properties, and the specific structural aspects of each. From the growing pool of knowledge regarding activins and inhibins, the emerging data support the hypothesis that betaA- and betaB-subunits are functionally differently.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mce.2004.02.007

  View details for Web of Science ID 000224623600003

  View details for PubMedID 15451562

• Molecular biology of inhibin action SEMINARS IN REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE Cook, R. W., Thompson, T. B., Jardetzky, T. S., Woodruff, T. K. 2004; 22 (3): 269-276

  Abstract

  Inhibins are dimeric glycoproteins that have primarily been studied for their role in antagonism of activin-mediated release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary. As a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily of ligands and receptors, inhibin shares several processing and structural features with other ligands of the family. An inhibin molecule is composed of an alpha-subunit and a beta-subunit, and two isoforms have been widely investigated, inhibin A (alpha/betaA) and inhibin B (alpha/betaB). Each isoform undergoes processing from a large precursor protein to a mature 32- to 34-kDa form, depending upon the degree of glycosylation. In the absence of inhibin, for example, in ovariectomized animals or postmenopausal women, serum FSH levels rise precipitously. In unilaterally ovariectomized animals the brief loss of inhibin results in a sudden rise in FSH, which induces the remaining ovary to compensate with inhibin subunit expression in a large number of antral follicles. FSH levels are restored and the cycle continues. These studies demonstrate the need for ovarian inhibin to maintain normal gonadotropin levels. Recent studies have provided a mechanism of inhibin action that is consistent with its role in reproduction and may expand inhibin function to tissues outside the reproductive axis. Betaglycan is able to bind inhibin, and in the presence of betaglycan, the affinity of inhibin for activin receptors is increased 30-fold. Through interaction with the coreceptor, inhibin can disrupt activin interaction with its receptors and can also disrupt the interaction of activin receptors with other members of the TGFbeta superfamily, such as the bone morphogenetic proteins. These new studies provide evidence for inhibin activity in numerous organs throughout the body and for mediation of systems controlled by molecules other than activin.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000223569900014

  View details for PubMedID 15319829

• Activation of a paramyxovirus fusion protein is modulated by inside-out signaling from the cytoplasmic tail PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Waning, D. L., Russell, C. J., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2004; 101 (25): 9217-9222

  Abstract

  Many viruses have evolved fusion-mediating glycoproteins that couple the energy released from irreversible protein refolding to the work of membrane fusion. The viral fusion proteins require a triggering event to undergo a cascade of tightly regulated conformational changes. Different isolates of the paramyxovirus SV5 fusion (F) protein have either a short (20-residue) or long (42-residue) cytoplasmic tail (CT), and a long CT suppresses fusion activity in a sequence-specific manner. Addition of a domain to the F protein CT, which has the propensity to form a three-helix bundle, stabilizes the F protein and increases the energy required for fusion activation. Quantitative cell-cell fusion assays and measurement of ectodomain conformation by monoclonal antibody reactivity indicate that this suppression of fusion by the long CT or addition of a three-helix bundle occurs at a step preceding initial membrane merger. The data suggest that F protein activation involves CT signaling to the ectodomain.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0403339101

  View details for Web of Science ID 000222278600011

  View details for PubMedID 15197264

• Mutational analyses of Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein 42 reveal functional domains not involved in receptor binding but required for membrane fusion JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Silva, A. L., Omerovic, J., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2004; 78 (11): 5946-5956

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human gammaherpesvirus associated with malignancies of both epithelial and lymphoid origin. Efficient infection of the latent host reservoir B lymphocytes involves the binding of glycoproteins gp350/220 for initial attachment, followed by the concerted action of gH, gL, gB, and gp42 for membrane fusion. The type II membrane protein gp42 is required for infection of B cells and assembles into a complex with gH and gL. The cellular host receptor for gp42, class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA), has been structurally verified by crystallization analyses of gp42 bound to HLA-DR1. Interestingly, the crystal structure revealed a hydrophobic pocket consisting of many aromatic and aliphatic residues from the predicted C-type lectin domain of gp42 that in other members of the C-type lectin family binds major histocompatibility complex class I or other diverse ligands. Although the hydrophobic pocket does not bind HLA class II, mutational analyses presented here indicate that this domain is essential for EBV-induced membrane fusion. In addition, mutational analysis of the region of gp42 contacting HLA class II in the gp42-HLA-DR1 cocrystal confirms that this region interacts with HLA class II and that this interaction is also important for EBV-induced membrane fusion.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000221513400043

  View details for PubMedID 15140992

• Virology - A class act NATURE Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2004; 427 (6972): 307-308

  View details for DOI 10.1038/427307a

  View details for Web of Science ID 000188266200028

  View details for PubMedID 14737155

• A dual-functional paramyxovirus F protein regulatory switch segment: activation and membrane fusion JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY Russell, C. J., Kantor, K. L., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2003; 163 (2): 363-374

  Abstract

  Many viral fusion-mediating glycoproteins couple alpha-helical bundle formation to membrane merger, but have different methods for fusion activation. To study paramyxovirus-mediated fusion, we mutated the SV5 fusion (F) protein at conserved residues L447 and I449, which are adjacent to heptad repeat (HR) B and bind to a prominent cavity in the HRA trimeric coiled coil in the fusogenic six-helix bundle (6HB) structure. These analyses on residues L447 and I449, both in intact F protein and in 6HB, suggest a metamorphic region around these residues with dual structural roles. Mutation of L447 and I449 to aliphatic residues destabilizes the 6HB structure and attenuates fusion activity. Mutation of L447 and I449 to aromatic residues also destabilizes the 6HB structure despite promoting hyperactive fusion, indicating that 6HB stability alone does not dictate fusogenicity. Thus, residues L447 and I449 adjacent to HRB in paramyxovirus F have distinct roles in fusion activation and 6HB formation, suggesting this region is involved in a conformational switch.

  View details for DOI 10.1083/jcb.200305130

  View details for Web of Science ID 000186331100017

  View details for PubMedID 14581458

• Interference with T cell receptor-HLA-DR interactions by Epstein-Barr virus gp42 results in reduced T helper cell recognition PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Ressing, M. E., van Leeuwen, D., Verreck, F. A., Gomez, R., Heemskerk, B., Toebes, M., Mullen, M. M., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R., Schilham, M. W., Ottenhoff, T. H., Neefjes, J., Schumacher, T. N., Hutt-Fletcher, L. M., Wiertz, E. J. 2003; 100 (20): 11583-11588

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persists lifelong in infected hosts despite the presence of antiviral immunity. Many viral antigens are expressed during lytic infection. Thus, for EBV to spread, it must have evolved effective ways to evade immune recognition. Here, we report that HLA class II-restricted antigen presentation to T helper cells is hampered in the presence of the lytic-phase protein gp42. This interference with T cell activation involves association of gp42 with class II peptide complexes. Using HLA-DR tetramers, we identify a block in T cell receptor (TCR)-class II interactions imposed by gp42 as the underlying mechanism. EBV gp42 sterically clashes with TCR Valpha-domains as visualized by superimposing the crystal structures for gp42-HLA-DR1 and TCR-MHC class II complexes. Blocking TCR recognition provides a previously undescribed strategy for viral immune evasion.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.2034960100

  View details for Web of Science ID 000185685700074

  View details for PubMedID 14504389

• The IgA receptor complex: a two-for-one deal NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY Wurzburg, B. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2003; 10 (8): 585-587

  View details for DOI 10.1080/nsb0803-585

  View details for Web of Science ID 000184412400004

  View details for PubMedID 12886289

• Mutational analysis of the HLA class II interaction with Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein 42 JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY McShane, M. P., Mullen, M. M., Haan, K. M., Jardetzky, T. S., Longnecker, R. 2003; 77 (13): 7655-7662

  Abstract

  Entry of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) into B lymphocytes requires the binding of viral glycoprotein 42 (gp42), a C-type lectin family member, to HLA class II. Recently, the structure of the gp42:HLA-DR1 complex was determined. In order to confirm the interaction as determined in the structural study and to identify other potential interactive residues, a mutational analysis of HLA class II was performed. A secreted form of gp42 (sgp42) reacted with a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody and blocked EBV infection. The binding of sgp42 and EBV entry to two sets of HLA class II mutants were tested. The first set of mutants were based on the known interaction of the C-type lectin Ly49A with HLA class I, and the second set of mutants were based on the identified interface in the gp42:HLA-DR1 complex. As expected, none of the mutants that would be predicted to interfere with the interaction of Ly49A with class I affected the interaction of gp42 with HLA class II, whereas mutants in amino acids identified in the gp42:HLA-DR1 structure inhibited sg42 binding to class II. In general, sgp42 binding correlated with efficient entry of EBV, as demonstrated by the necessity of glutamic acid 46 or arginine 72 in class II molecules. Furthermore, other HLA class II residues buried within the interface of gp42 and HLA class II when mutated had either no effect or a decrease in both binding and entry and implicate a region of class II important in stabilizing the interaction with gp42. These studies provide insight into the entry and fusion processes of the critical interaction between gp42 and HLA class II.

  View details for DOI 10.1128/JVI.77.13.7655-7662.2003

  View details for Web of Science ID 000183598600052

  View details for PubMedID 12805465

• Structures of an ActRIIB : activin A complex reveal a novel binding mode for TGF-beta ligand : receptor interactions EMBO JOURNAL Thompson, T. B., Woodruff, T. K., Jardetzky, T. S. 2003; 22 (7): 1555-1566

  Abstract

  The TGF-beta superfamily of ligands and receptors stimulate cellular events in diverse processes ranging from cell fate specification in development to immune suppression. Activins define a major subgroup of TGF-beta ligands that regulate cellular differentiation, proliferation, activation and apoptosis. Activins signal through complexes formed with type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors. We have solved the crystal structure of activin A bound to the extracellular domain of a type II receptor, ActRIIB, revealing the details of this interaction. ActRIIB binds to the outer edges of the activin finger regions, with the two receptors juxtaposed in close proximity, in a mode that differs from TGF-beta3 binding to type II receptors. The dimeric activin A structure differs from other known TGF-beta ligand structures, adopting a compact folded-back conformation. The crystal structure of the complex is consistent with recruitment of two type I receptors into a close packed arrangement at the cell surface and suggests that diversity in the conformational arrangements of TGF-beta ligand dimers could influence cellular signaling processes.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000182159500011

  View details for PubMedID 12660162

• Structural insights into the interactions between human IgE and its high affinity receptor Fc epsilon RI MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY Wurzburg, B. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 2002; 38 (14): 1063-1072

  Abstract

  The interaction of IgE antibodies with the high affinity IgE receptor, FcepsilonRI, is a key step in the initiation of anti-parasitic immunity and allergic reactions. Recent structural studies of the receptor, the IgE-Fc and the IgE-Fc:FcepsilonRI complex have revealed how these two proteins interact to prime mast cell responses to antigen. The structures have revealed a novel arrangement for the FcepsilonRI ectodomains that is also observed in homologous members of this antibody receptor family. The crystal structure of the IgE-Fc:FcepsilonRI complex clarified how a 1:1 complex between the antibody and receptor is formed, with the receptor binding each chain of the antibody Fc dimer. The IgE-Fc structure in the absence of the receptor revealed the potential for large conformational rearrangements within the IgE that may affect receptor binding. These studies provide the basis for further investigation of the specificity of antibody:receptor binding and for the development of new treatments for allergic hypersensitivities.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000175986600007

  View details for PubMedID 11955598

• Structure of the Epstein-Barr virus gp42 protein bound to the MHC class II receptor HLA-DR1 MOLECULAR CELL Mullen, M. M., Haan, K. M., Longnecker, R., Jardetzky, T. S. 2002; 9 (2): 375-385

  Abstract

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis, establishes long-term latent infections, and is associated with a variety of human tumors. The EBV gp42 glycoprotein binds MHC class II molecules, playing a critical role in infection of B lymphocytes. EBV gp42 belongs to the C-type lectin superfamily, with homology to NK receptors of the immune system. We report the crystal structure of gp42 bound to the human MHC class II molecule HLA-DR1. The gp42 binds HLA-DR1 using a surface site that is distinct from the canonical lectin and NK receptor ligand binding sites. At the canonical ligand binding site, gp42 forms a large hydrophobic groove, which could interact with other ligands necessary for EBV entry, providing a mechanism for coupling MHC recognition and membrane fusion.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000173927000020

  View details for PubMedID 11864610

• The analysis of the human high affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilon RI alpha from multiple crystal forms JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Garman, S. C., Sechi, S., Kinet, J. P., Jardetzky, T. S. 2001; 311 (5): 1049-1062

  Abstract

  We have solved the structure of the human high affinity IgE receptor, Fc epsilon RI alpha, in six different crystal forms, showing the structure in 15 different chemical environments. This database of structures shows no change in the overall shape of the molecule, as the angle between domains 1 and 2 (D1 and D2) varies little across the ensemble. However, the receptor has local conformational variability in the C' strand of D2 and in the BC loop of D1. In every crystal form, a residue inserts between tryptophan residues 87 and 110, mimicking the position of a proline from the IgE ligand. The different crystal forms reveal a distribution of carbohydrates lining the front and back surfaces of the structure. An analysis of crystal contacts in the different forms indicates regions where the molecule interacts with other proteins, and reveals a potential new binding site distal to the IgE binding site. The results of this study point to new directions for the design of molecules to inhibit the interaction of Fc epsilon RI alpha with its natural ligand and thus to prevent a primary step in the allergic response.

  View details for DOI 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4929

  View details for Web of Science ID 000170843200011

  View details for PubMedID 11531339

• Membrane fusion machines of paramyxoviruses: capture of intermediates of fusion EMBO JOURNAL Russell, C. J., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2001; 20 (15): 4024-4034

  Abstract

  Peptides derived from heptad repeat regions adjacent to the fusion peptide and transmembrane domains of many viral fusion proteins form stable helical bundles and inhibit fusion specifically. Paramyxovirus SV5 fusion (F) protein-mediated fusion and its inhibition by the peptides N-1 and C-1 were analyzed. The temperature dependence of fusion by F suggests that thermal energy, destabilizing proline residues and receptor binding by the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein collectively contribute to F activation from a metastable native state. F-mediated fusion was reversibly arrested by low temperature or membrane-incorporated lipids, and the resulting F intermediates were characterized. N-1 inhibited an earlier F intermediate than C-1. Co-expression of HN with F lowered the temperature required to attain the N-1-inhibited intermediate, consistent with HN binding to its receptor stimulating a conformational change in F. C-1 bound and inhibited an intermediate of F that could be detected until a point directly preceding membrane merger. The data are consistent with C-1 binding a pre-hairpin intermediate of F and with helical bundle formation being coupled directly to membrane fusion.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000170406600015

  View details for PubMedID 11483506

• Virus membrane fusion proteins: Biological machines that undergo a metamorphosis BIOSCIENCE REPORTS Dutch, R. E., Jardetzky, T. S., Lamb, R. A. 2000; 20 (6): 597-612

  Abstract

  Fusion proteins from a group of widely disparate viruses, including the paramyxovirus F protein, the HIV and SIV gp160 proteins, the retroviral Env protein, the Ebola virus Gp, and the influenza virus haemagglutinin, share a number of common features. All contain multiple glycosylation sites, and must be trimeric and undergo proteolytic cleavage to be fusogenically active. Subsequent to proteolytic cleavage, the subunit containing the transmembrane domain in each case has an extremely hydrophobic region, termed the fusion peptide, or at near its newly generated N-terminus. In addition, all of these viral fusion proteins have 4-3 heptad repeat sequences near both the fusion peptide and the transmembrane domain. These regions have been demonstrated from a tight complex, in which the N-terminal heptad repeat forms a trimeric-coiled coil, with the C-terminal heptad repeat forming helical regions that buttress the coiled-coil in an anti-parallel manner. The significance of each of these structural elements in the processing and function of these viral fusion proteins is discussed.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000168898900011

  View details for PubMedID 11426696

• Structure of the human IgE-Fc C epsilon 3-C epsilon 4 reveals conformational flexibility in the antibody effector domains IMMUNITY Wurzburg, B. A., Garman, S. C., Jardetzky, T. S. 2000; 13 (3): 375-385

  Abstract

  IgE antibodies mediate antiparasitic immune responses and the inflammatory reactions of allergy and asthma. We have solved the crystal structure of the human IgE-Fc Cepsilon3-Cepsilon4 domains to 2.3 A resolution. The structure reveals a large rearrangement of the N-terminal Cepsilon3 domains when compared to related IgG-Fc structures and to the IgE-Fc bound to its high-affinity receptor, FcepsilonRI. The IgE-Fc adopts a more compact, closed configuration that places the two Cepsilon3 domains in close proximity, decreases the size of the interdomain cavity, and obscures part of the FcepsilonRI binding site. IgE-Fc conformational flexibility may be required for interactions with two distinct IgE receptors, and the structure suggests strategies for the design of therapeutic compounds for the treatment of IgE-mediated diseases.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000089616400010

  View details for PubMedID 11021535

• Structure of the Fc fragment of human IgE bound to its high-affinity receptor Fc epsilon RI alpha NATURE Garman, S. C., Wurzburg, B. A., Tarchevskaya, S. S., Kinet, J. P., Jardetzky, T. S. 2000; 406 (6793): 259-266

  Abstract

  The initiation of immunoglobulin-E (IgE)-mediated allergic responses requires the binding of IgE antibody to its high-affinity receptor, Fc epsilonRI. Crosslinking of Fc epsilonRI initiates an intracellular signal transduction cascade that triggers the release of mediators of the allergic response. The interaction of the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of IgE (IgE-Fc) with Fc epsilonRI is a key recognition event of this process and involves the extracellular domains of the Fc epsilonRI alpha-chain. To understand the structural basis for this interaction, we have solved the crystal structure of the human IgE-Fc-Fc epsilonRI alpha complex to 3.5-A resolution. The crystal structure reveals that one receptor binds one dimeric IgE-Fc molecule asymmetrically through interactions at two sites, each involving one C epsilon3 domain of the IgE-Fc. The interaction of one receptor with the IgE-Fc blocks the binding of a second receptor, and features of this interaction are conserved in other members of the Fc receptor family. The structure suggests new approaches to inhibiting the binding of IgE to Fc epsilonRI for the treatment of allergy and asthma.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000088251900038

  View details for PubMedID 10917520

• Structural basis for paramyxovirus-mediated membrane fusion MOLECULAR CELL Baker, K. A., Dutch, R. E., Lamb, R. A., Jardetzky, T. S. 1999; 3 (3): 309-319

  Abstract

  Paramyxoviruses are responsible for significant human mortality and disease worldwide, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their entry into host cells remain poorly understood. We have solved the crystal structure of a fragment of the simian parainfluenza virus 5 fusion protein (SV5 F), revealing a 96 A long coiled coil surrounded by three antiparallel helices. This structure places the fusion and transmembrane anchor of SV5 F in close proximity with a large intervening domain at the opposite end of the coiled coil. Six amino acids, potentially part of the fusion peptide, form a segment of the central coiled coil, suggesting that this structure extends into the membrane. Deletion mutants of SV5 F indicate that putative flexible tethers between the coiled coil and the viral membrane are dispensable for fusion. The lack of flexible tethers may couple a final conformational change in the F protein directly to the fusion of two bilayers.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000079459300005

  View details for PubMedID 10198633

• Structural basis for HLA-DQ binding by the streptococcal superantigen SSA NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY Sundberg, E., Jardetzky, T. S. 1999; 6 (2): 123-129

  Abstract

  Streptococcal superantigen (SSA) is a 28,000 Mr toxin originally isolated from a pathogenic strain of Streptococcus pyogenes that has 60% sequence identity with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). SSA and SEB, however, do not compete for binding on the surfaces of cells expressing MHC class II molecules. This behavior had been ascribed to SSA and SEB binding to distinct sites on, or different subsets of, HLA-DR molecules. Here we demonstrate that SSA binds predominantly to HLA-DQ, rather than to HLA-DR molecules, and present the crystal structure of SSA at 1.85 A resolution. These data provide a structural basis for interpreting the interaction of SSA with HLA-DQ molecules as well as a foundation for understanding bacterial superantigen affinities for distinct MHC isotypes.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000078285100009

  View details for PubMedID 10048922

• The crystal structure of the human high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI alpha) ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY Garman, S. C., Kinet, J. P., Jardetzky, T. S. 1999; 17: 973-976

  View details for Web of Science ID 000080436600029

  View details for PubMedID 10358779

• Crystal structure of the human high-affinity IgE receptor CELL Garman, S. C., Kinet, J. P., Jardetzky, T. S. 1998; 95 (7): 951-961

  Abstract

  Allergic responses result from the activation of mast cells by the human high-affinity IgE receptor. IgE-mediated allergic reactions may develop to a variety of environmental compounds, but the initiation of a response requires the binding of IgE to its high-affinity receptor. We have solved the X-ray crystal structure of the antibody-binding domains of the human IgE receptor at 2.4 A resolution. The structure reveals a highly bent arrangement of immunoglobulin domains that form an extended convex surface of interaction with IgE. A prominent loop that confers specificity for IgE molecules extends from the receptor surface near an unusual arrangement of four exposed tryptophans. The crystal structure of the IgE receptor provides a foundation for the development of new therapeutic approaches to allergy treatment.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000077759100010

  View details for PubMedID 9875849

• Alteration of a single hydrogen bond between class II molecules and peptide results in rapid degradation of class II molecules after invariant chain removal JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE Ceman, S., Wu, S. H., Jardetzky, T. S., Sant, A. J. 1998; 188 (11): 2139-2149

  Abstract

  To characterize the importance of a highly conserved region of the class II beta chain, we introduced an amino acid substitution that is predicted to eliminate a hydrogen bond formed between the class II molecule and peptide. We expressed the mutated beta chain with a wild-type alpha chain in a murine L cell by gene transfection. The mutant class II molecule (81betaH-) assembles normally in the endoplasmic reticulum and transits the Golgi complex. When invariant chain (Ii) is coexpressed with 81betaH-, the class II-Ii complex is degraded in the endosomes. Expression of 81betaH- in the absence of Ii results in a cell surface expressed molecule that is susceptible to proteolysis, a condition reversed by incubation with a peptide known to associate with 81betaH-. We propose that 81betaH- is protease sensitive because it is unable to productively associate with most peptides, including classII-associated invariant chain peptides. This model is supported by our data demonstrating protease sensitivity of peptide-free wild-type I-Ad molecules. Collectively, our results suggest both that the hydrogen bonds formed between the class II molecule and peptide are important for the integrity and stability of the complex, and that empty class II molecules are protease sensitive and degraded in endosomes. One function of DM may be to insure continuous groove occupancy of the class II molecule.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000077484700017

  View details for PubMedID 9841927

• Crystallographic analysis of endogenous peptides associated with HLA-DR1 suggests a common, polyproline II-like conformation for bound peptides PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Jardetzky, T. S., Brown, J. H., Gorga, J. C., Stern, L. J., Urban, R. G., STROMINGER, J. L., WILEY, D. C. 1996; 93 (2): 734-738

  Abstract

  The structure of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule HLA-DR1 derived from the human lymphoblastoid cell line LG-2 has been determined in a complex with the Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B superantigen. The HLA-DR1 molecule contains a mixture of endogenous peptides derived from cellular or serum proteins bound in the antigen-binding site, which copurify with the class II molecule. Continuous electron density for 13 amino acid residues is observed in the MHC peptide-binding site, suggesting that this is the core length of peptide that forms common interactions with the MHC molecule. Electron density is also observed for side chains of the endogenous peptides. The electron density corresponding to peptide side chains that interact with the DR1-binding site is more clearly defined than the electron density that extends out of the binding site. The regions of the endogenous peptides that interact with DRI are therefore either more restricted in conformation or sequence than the peptide side chains or amino acids that project out of the peptide-binding site. The hydrogen-bond interactions and conformation of a peptide model built into the electron density are similar to other HLA-DR-peptide structures. The bound peptides assume a regular conformation that is similar to a polyproline type II helix. The side-chain pockets and conserved asparagine residues of the DR1 molecule are well-positioned to interact with peptides in the polyproline type II conformation and may restrict the range of acceptable peptide conformations.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1996TR32600038

  View details for PubMedID 8570625

• The structure of MHC class II: a role for dimer of dimers. Seminars in immunology Schafer, P. H., Pierce, S. K., Jardetzky, T. S. 1995; 7 (6): 389-398

  Abstract

  The MHC class II molecules, expressed by antigen presenting cells, are heterodimers composed of an alpha and a beta chain, which function to present processed antigen to helper T cells. The human MHC class II molecules, HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR3, crystallized not as monomers, but rather dimers of alpha beta heterodimers. The 'dimer of dimers' or 'superdimer' structure led to speculation that the binding of T-cell receptors to monomeric class II molecules on the antigen presenting cell surface may affect dimerization and thus initiate signaling both in the T cell and in the antigen presenting cell. Recent biochemical analyses of the mouse MHC class II Ek molecule provide evidence that dimers of class II heterodimers form in the absence of T cells. Although such dimers were shown to augment T-cell stimulation, the dimerization of class II molecules alone is unlikely to initiate signal transduction. However, dimers may be important in stabilizing weak T-cell receptor/CD4/class II interactions, allowing further multimerization of such complexes, leading to signaling.

  View details for PubMedID 8775464

• HUMAN CLASS-II MHC MOLECULE HLA-DR1 - X-RAY STRUCTURE DETERMINED FROM 3 CRYSTAL FORMS ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Brown, J. H., Jardetzky, T. S., Stern, L. J., Gorga, J. C., STROMINGER, J. L., WILEY, D. C. 1995; 51: 946-961

  Abstract

  The three-dimensional structure of the extracellular region of a 60 kDa class II major histocompatibility glycoprotein, HLA-DR1, was determined to 3.3 A by X-ray crystallography using three crystal forms, each containing two molecules per asymmetric unit. Phases were initially determined to 4.2 A using two crystal forms both containing DR1 from human lymphocytes complexed with a mixture of endogenous peptides. One of these crystal forms also contained a 28 kDa superantigen, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB), bound to each DR1 molecule. Single-isomorphous replacement phasing followed by iterative two- and fourfold non-crystallographic real-space averaging between the two crystal forms resulted in 4.2 A resolution electron-density maps from which the paths of the polypeptides could be traced. Cryocrystallography and synchrotron radiation were then used to extend the resolution to 3.3 A for the two lymphocyte-derived crystal forms and for a third crystal form grown from DR1 produced in insect cells and complexed in vitro with a specific antigenic peptide. Iterative sixfold non-crystallographic real-space averaging resulted in an electron- density map into which 340 of 371 residues could be fit unambiguously. Crystal contacts and the existence of a parallel dimer of the DR1 alphabeta heterodimer in the three crystal forms are discussed.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1995TH71800009

  View details for PubMedID 15299764

• 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF A HUMAN CLASS-II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY MOLECULE COMPLEXED WITH SUPERANTIGEN NATURE Jardetzky, T. S., Brown, J. H., Gorga, J. C., Stern, L. J., Urban, R. G., Chi, Y. I., Stauffacher, C., STROMINGER, J. L., WILEY, D. C. 1994; 368 (6473): 711-718

  Abstract

  The structure of a bacterial superantigen, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B, bound to a human class II histocompatibility complex molecule (HLA-DR1) has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The superantigen binds as an intact protein outside the conventional peptide antigen-binding site of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. No large conformational changes occur upon complex formation in either the DR1 or the enterotoxin B molecules. The structure of the complex helps explain how different class II molecules and superantigens associate and suggests a model for ternary complex formation with the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), in which unconventional TCR-MHC contacts are possible.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1994NG55300049

  View details for PubMedID 8152483

• CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN CLASS-II MHC PROTEIN HLA-DR1 COMPLEXED WITH AN INFLUENZA-VIRUS PEPTIDE NATURE Stern, L. J., Brown, J. H., Jardetzky, T. S., Gorga, J. C., Urban, R. G., STROMINGER, J. L., WILEY, D. C. 1994; 368 (6468): 215-221

  Abstract

  An influenza virus peptide binds to HLA-DR1 in an extended conformation with a pronounced twist. Thirty-five per cent of the peptide surface is accessible to solvent and potentially available for interaction with the antigen receptor on T cells. Pockets in the peptide-binding site accommodate five of the thirteen side chains of the bound peptide, and explain the peptide specificity of HLA-DR1. Twelve hydrogen bonds between conserved HLA-DR1 residues and the main chain of the peptide provide a universal mode of peptide binding, distinct from the strategy used by class I histocompatibility proteins.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1994NA87000046

  View details for PubMedID 8145819

• COMPARISON OF THE P2 SPECIFICITY POCKET IN 3 HUMAN HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS - HLA-A-ASTERISK-6801, HLA-A-ASTERISK-0201, AND HLA-B-ASTERISK-2705 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Guo, H. C., Madden, D. R., SILVER, M. L., Jardetzky, T. S., Gorga, J. C., STROMINGER, J. L., WILEY, D. C. 1993; 90 (17): 8053-8057

  Abstract

  Coordinates from x-ray structures of HLA-A*6801, HLA-A*0201, and HLA-B*2705 were analyzed to examine the basis for their selectivity in peptide binding. The pocket that binds the side chain of the peptide's second amino acid residue (P2 residue) shows a preference for Val, Leu, and Arg in these three HLA subtypes, respectively. The Arg-specific pocket of HLA-B*2705 differs markedly from those of HLA-A*0201 and HLA-A*6801, as a result of numerous differences in the side chains that form the pocket's surface. The cause of the specificity differences between HLA-A*0201 and HLA-A*6801 is more subtle and depends both on a change in conformation of pocket residue Val-67 and on a sequence difference at residue 9. The Val-67 conformational change appears to be caused by a shift in the position of the alpha 1-domain alpha-helix relative to the beta-sheet in the cleft and may, in fact, depend on amino acid differences remote from the P2 pocket. Analysis of the stereochemistry of the P2 side chain interacting with its binding pocket permits an estimate to be made of its contribution to the free-energy change of peptide binding.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1993LV64400031

  View details for PubMedID 8367462

• 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN CLASS-II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN HLA-DR1 NATURE Brown, J. H., Jardetzky, T. S., Gorga, J. C., Stern, L. J., Urban, R. G., STROMINGER, J. L., WILEY, D. C. 1993; 364 (6432): 33-39

  Abstract

  The three-dimensional structure of the class II histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR1 from human B-cell membranes has been determined by X-ray crystallography and is similar to that of class I HLA. Peptides are bound in an extended conformation that projects from both ends of an 'open-ended' antigen-binding groove. A prominent non-polar pocket into which an 'anchoring' peptide side chain fits is near one end of the binding groove. A dimer of the class II alpha beta heterodimers is seen in the crystal forms of HLA-DR1, suggesting class II HLA dimerization as a mechanism for initiating the cytoplasmic signalling events in T-cell activation.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1993LK81800048

  View details for PubMedID 8316295

• DIFFERENT LENGTH PEPTIDES BIND TO HLA-AW68 SIMILARLY AT THEIR ENDS BUT BULGE OUT IN THE MIDDLE NATURE Guo, H. C., Jardetzky, T. S., Garrett, T. P., Lane, W. S., STROMINGER, J. L., WILEY, D. C. 1992; 360 (6402): 364-366

  Abstract

  We report here the determination and refinement to 1.9 A resolution by X-ray cryo-crystallography the structure of HLA-Aw68. The averaged image from the collection of bound, endogenous peptides clearly shows the atomic structure at the first three and last two amino acids in the peptides but no connected electron density in between. This suggests that bound peptides, held at both ends, take alternative pathways and could be of different lengths by bulging out in the middle. Peptides eluted from HLA-Aw68 include peptides of 9, 10 and 11 amino acids, a direct indication of the length heterogeneity of tightly bound peptides. Peptide sequencing shows relatively conserved 'anchor' residues at position 2 and the carboxy-terminal residue. Conserved binding sites for the peptide N and C termini at the ends of the class I major histocompatibility complex binding groove are apparently dominant in producing the long half-lives of peptide binding and the peptide-dependent stabilization of the class I molecule's structure.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1992JZ63000058

  View details for PubMedID 1448153

• IDENTIFICATION OF SELF PEPTIDES BOUND TO PURIFIED HLA-B27 NATURE Jardetzky, T. S., Lane, W. S., Robinson, R. A., Madden, D. R., WILEY, D. C. 1991; 353 (6342): 326-329

  Abstract

  A pool of endogenous peptides bound to the human class I MHC molecule, HLA-B27, has been isolated. Microsequence analysis of the pool and of 11 HPLC-purified peptides provides information on the binding specificity of the HLA-B27 molecule. The peptides all seem to be nonamers, seven of which match to protein sequences in a database search. These self peptides derive from abundant cytosolic or nuclear proteins, such as histone, ribosomal proteins, and members of the 90K heat-shock protein family.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1991GG65400049

  View details for PubMedID 1922338

• CRYSTALLIZATION OF HLA-DR ANTIGENS INTERNATIONAL SYMP ON IR GENES : FROM BIOLOGY TO MEDICINE Gorga, J. C., Brown, J. H., Jardetzky, T., WILEY, D. C., STROMINGER, J. L. EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ELSEVIER. 1991: 401–7

  Abstract

  The class II major histocompatibility antigens HLA-DR1, DR2, DR3, DR4, DR7 and DR8 were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography from homozygous human B lymphoblastoid cell lines. The purified, detergent-soluble molecules were cleaved with the protease papain to remove the hydrophobic transmembrane regions and cytoplasmic tails. Crystals were obtained for each of the papain-solubilized fragments. DR1 crystallized under a variety of different conditions, resulting in two different orthorhombic crystal forms, one of which diffracts as far as 3.5A. Crystals of DR2, DR3, DR4 and DR8 have the same unit cell dimensions as the DR1 crystals, and crystals of DR3 and DR4 have the same diffracting power as the DR1 crystals. The best DR7 crystals obtained thus far are hexagonal and diffract to only about 8A. Crystals of similar hexagonal form have also been observed for most of the other DR subsets.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1991GL67400004

  View details for PubMedID 1754711

• ANALYSIS OF THE PERMISSIVE ASSOCIATION OF A MALARIA T-CELL EPITOPE WITH DR MOLECULES JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY KILGUS, J., Jardetzky, T., Gorga, J. C., Trzeciak, A., Gillessen, D., Sinigaglia, F. 1991; 146 (1): 307-315

  Abstract

  In this study we examined the association of a promiscuous malaria T cell epitope, CS.T3, to different HLA-DR alleles. A large series of singly substituted or truncated variants of CS.T3 was prepared and tested for the ability to be recognised in association with, or to bind to, three distinct HLA-DR alleles (DR1, DRw11, and DRw14(w6)) and three natural variants of HLA-DRw11. We found that although association with the different DR molecules mapped to identical or closely overlapping regions of the peptide, distinct substitutions could drastically influence the capacity of the peptide to interact with one but not another of the three DR molecules tested. Based on analysis of the distribution of residues recognized by T cell clones restricted to the different DR alleles, we suggest that the peptide CS.T3 is not bound, at least for the three DR examined, as an alpha-helix. In addition we tested three subtypes of DRw11 as APC for the CS.T3 analogues and observed that the peptide is most likely bound in the same conformation to the three natural variants of the DRw11 molecule.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1991EQ34000049

  View details for PubMedID 1701796

• PEPTIDE BINDING TO HLA-DR1 - A PEPTIDE WITH MOST RESIDUES SUBSTITUTED TO ALANINE RETAINS MHC BINDING EMBO JOURNAL Jardetzky, T. S., Gorga, J. C., Busch, R., Rothbard, J., STROMINGER, J. L., WILEY, D. C. 1990; 9 (6): 1797-1803

  Abstract

  Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins play an important role in the development of an effective immune response. An important MHC function is the ability to bind and present 'processed antigens' (peptides) to T cells. We show here that the purified human class II MHC molecule, HLA-DR1, binds peptides that have been shown to be immunogenic in vivo. Detergent-solubilized HLA-DR1 and a papain-cleaved form of the protein lacking the transmembrane and intracellular regions have similar peptide binding properties. A total of 39 single substitutions were made throughout an HLA-DR1 restricted hemagglutinin epitope and the results determine one amino acid in this peptide which is crucial to binding. Based on this analysis, a synthetic peptide was designed containing two residues from the original hemagglutinin epitope embedded in a chain of polyalanine. This peptide binds to HLA-DR1, indicating that the majority of peptide side chains are not required for high affinity peptide binding.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1990DF98000014

  View details for PubMedID 2189723

• PURIFICATION OF COMPLEXES BETWEEN PEPTIDE ANTIGENS AND CLASS-II MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX ANTIGENS USING BIOTINYLATED PEPTIDES NATO ADVANCED STUDY INST AND 10TH COURSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PURE AND APPLIED BIOSTRUCTURE : PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND ENGINEERING Jardetzky, T., Gorga, J., Busch, R., Rothbard, J., STROMINGER, J. L., Wiley, D. PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP. 1989: 61–68

  View details for Web of Science ID A1989BQ48W00004

• A HYPOTHETICAL MODEL OF THE FOREIGN ANTIGEN-BINDING SITE OF CLASS-II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY MOLECULES NATURE Brown, J. H., Jardetzky, T., Saper, M. A., Samraoui, B., BJORKMAN, P. J., WILEY, D. C. 1988; 332 (6167): 845-850

  Abstract

  Class II and class I histocompatibility molecules allow T cells to recognize 'processed' polypeptide antigens. The two polypeptide chains of class II molecules, alpha and beta, are each composed of two domains (for review see ref. 6); the N-terminal domains of each, alpha 1 and beta 1, are highly polymorphic and appear responsible for binding peptides at what appears to be a single site and for being recognized by MHC-restricted antigen-specific T cells. Recently, the three-dimensional structure of the foreign antigen binding site of a class I histocompatibility antigen has been described. Because a crystal structure of a class II molecule is not available, we have sought evidence in class II molecules for the structural features observed in the class I binding site by comparing the patterns of conserved and polymorphic residues of twenty-six class I and fifty-four class II amino acid sequences. The hypothetical class II foreign-antigen binding site we present is consistent with mutation experiments and provides a structural framework for proposing peptide binding models to help understand recent peptide binding data.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1988N136900069

  View details for PubMedID 3258651

• 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE BIFUNCTIONAL ENZYME N-(5'-PHOSPHORIBOSYL)ANTHRANILATE ISOMERASE-INDOLE-3-GLYCEROL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE FROM ESCHERICHIA-COLI PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Priestle, J. P., Grutter, M. G., WHITE, J. L., VINCENT, M. G., Kania, M., Wilson, E., Jardetzky, T. S., Kirschner, K., Jansonius, J. N. 1987; 84 (16): 5690-5694

  Abstract

  N-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)anthranilate isomerase-indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli is a monomeric bifunctional enzyme of Mr 49,500 that catalyzes two sequential reactions in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme has been determined at 2.8-A resolution by x-ray crystallography. The two catalytic activities reside on distinct functional domains of similar folding, that of an eightfold parallel beta-barrel with alpha-helices on the outside connecting the beta-strands. Both active sites were located with an iodinated substrate analogue and found to be in depressions on the surface of the domains created by the outward-curving loops between the carboxyl termini of the beta-sheet strands and the subsequent alpha-helices. They do not face each other, making "channeling" of the substrate between active sites virtually impossible. Despite the structural similarity of the two domains, no significant sequence homology was found when topologically equivalent residues were compared.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1987J650800037

  View details for PubMedID 3303031

• PHOSPHORIBOSYLANTHRANILATE ISOMERASE-INDOLEGLYCEROL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE FROM ESCHERICHIA-COLI METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY Kirschner, K., Szadkowski, H., Jardetzky, T. S., Hager, V. 1987; 142: 386-397

  View details for Web of Science ID A1987H889800048

  View details for PubMedID 3298981

• PHOSPHORUS RELAXATION MECHANISMS IN TRIMETHYL PHOSPHITE, 2',3'-CAMP, AND 5'-AMP JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE Nanda, R. K., RIBEIRO, A., Jardetzky, T. S., Jardetzky, O. 1980; 39 (1): 119-125

  View details for Web of Science ID A1980JZ37200012

• DELTA HELIX - POSSIBLE LEFT-HANDED STABLE POLYPEPTIDE STRUCTURE IN THE N-TERMINAL SEGMENT OF THE LAC REPRESSOR FEBS LETTERS Chandrasekaran, R., Jardetzky, T. S., Jardetzky, O. 1979; 101 (1): 11-14

  View details for Web of Science ID A1979GV69900003

  View details for PubMedID 446720