All Publications


  • Lac-Phe mediates the effects of metformin on food intake and body weight. Nature metabolism Xiao, S., Li, V. L., Lyu, X., Chen, X., Wei, W., Abbasi, F., Knowles, J. W., Tung, A. S., Deng, S., Tiwari, G., Shi, X., Zheng, S., Farrell, L., Chen, Z. Z., Taylor, K. D., Guo, X., Goodarzi, M. O., Wood, A. C., Chen, Y. I., Lange, L. A., Rich, S. S., Rotter, J. I., Clish, C. B., Tahir, U. A., Gerszten, R. E., Benson, M. D., Long, J. Z. 2024

    Abstract

    Metformin is a widely prescribed anti-diabetic medicine that also reduces body weight. There is ongoing debate about the mechanisms that mediate metformin's effects on energy balance. Here, we show that metformin is a powerful pharmacological inducer of the anorexigenic metabolite N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe) in cells, in mice and two independent human cohorts. Metformin drives Lac-Phe biosynthesis through the inhibition of complex I, increased glycolytic flux and intracellular lactate mass action. Intestinal epithelial CNDP2+ cells, not macrophages, are the principal in vivo source of basal and metformin-inducible Lac-Phe. Genetic ablation of Lac-Phe biosynthesis in male mice renders animals resistant to the effects of metformin on food intake and body weight. Lastly, mediation analyses support a role for Lac-Phe as a downstream effector of metformin's effects on body mass index in participants of a large population-based observational cohort, the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Together, these data establish Lac-Phe as a critical mediator of the body weight-lowering effects of metformin.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s42255-024-00999-9

    View details for PubMedID 38499766

    View details for PubMedCentralID 6829283

  • Mixed Alkyl/Aryl Phosphonates Identify Metabolic Serine Hydrolases as Antimalarial Targets. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology Bennett, J. M., Narwal, S. K., Kabeche, S., Abegg, D., Hackett, F., Yeo, T., Li, V. L., Muir, R. K., Faucher, F. F., Lovell, S., Blackman, M. J., Adibekian, A., Yeh, E., Fidock, D. A., Bogyo, M. 2024

    Abstract

    Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, remains a significant health burden. A barrier for developing anti-malarial drugs is the ability of the parasite to rapidly generate resistance. We demonstrated that Salinipostin A (SalA), a natural product, kills parasites by inhibiting multiple lipid metabolizing serine hydrolases, a mechanism with a low propensity for resistance. Given the difficulty of employing natural products as therapeutic agents, we synthesized a library of lipidic mixed alkyl/aryl phosphonates as bioisosteres of SalA. Two constitutional isomers exhibited divergent anti-parasitic potencies which enabled identification of therapeutically relevant targets. We also confirm that this compound kills parasites through a mechanism that is distinct from both SalA and the pan-lipase inhibitor, Orlistat. Like SalA, our compound induces only weak resistance, attributable to mutations in a single protein involved in multidrug resistance. These data suggest that mixed alkyl/aryl phosphonates are a promising, synthetically tractable anti-malarials with a low-propensity to induce resistance.

    View details for DOI 10.1101/2024.01.11.575224

    View details for PubMedID 38260474

  • A class of secreted mammalian peptides with potential to expand cell-cell communication. Nature communications Wiggenhorn, A. L., Abuzaid, H. Z., Coassolo, L., Li, V. L., Tanzo, J. T., Wei, W., Lyu, X., Svensson, K. J., Long, J. Z. 2023; 14 (1): 8125

    Abstract

    Peptide hormones and neuropeptides are signaling molecules that control diverse aspects of mammalian homeostasis and physiology. Here we provide evidence for the endogenous presence of a sequence diverse class of blood-borne peptides that we call "capped peptides." Capped peptides are fragments of secreted proteins and defined by the presence of two post-translational modifications - N-terminal pyroglutamylation and C-terminal amidation - which function as chemical "caps" of the intervening sequence. Capped peptides share many regulatory characteristics in common with that of other signaling peptides, including dynamic physiologic regulation. One capped peptide, CAP-TAC1, is a tachykinin neuropeptide-like molecule and a nanomolar agonist of mammalian tachykinin receptors. A second capped peptide, CAP-GDF15, is a 12-mer peptide cleaved from the prepropeptide region of full-length GDF15 that, like the canonical GDF15 hormone, also reduces food intake and body weight. Capped peptides are a potentially large class of signaling molecules with potential to broadly regulate cell-cell communication in mammalian physiology.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-43857-0

    View details for PubMedID 38065934

    View details for PubMedCentralID 5946320

  • Sensitization of cancer cells to ferroptosis coincident with cell cycle arrest. Cell chemical biology Rodencal, J., Kim, N., He, A., Li, V. L., Lange, M., He, J., Tarangelo, A., Schafer, Z. T., Olzmann, J. A., Long, J. Z., Sage, J., Dixon, S. J. 2023

    Abstract

    Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death that can be triggered by inhibiting the system xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter or the phospholipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). We have investigated how cell cycle arrest caused by stabilization of p53 or inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) impacts ferroptosis sensitivity. Here, we show that cell cycle arrest can enhance sensitivity to ferroptosis induced by covalent GPX4 inhibitors (GPX4i) but not system xc- inhibitors. Greater sensitivity to GPX4i is associated with increased levels of oxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids (PUFA-PLs). Higher PUFA-PL abundance upon cell cycle arrest involves reduced expression of membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 1 (MBOAT1) and epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2). A candidate orally bioavailable GPX4 inhibitor increases lipid peroxidation and shrinks tumor volumes when combined with a CDK4/6 inhibitor. Thus, cell cycle arrest may make certain cancer cells more susceptible to ferroptosis in vivo.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.10.011

    View details for PubMedID 37963466

  • Lac-Phe mediates the anti-obesity effect of metformin. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology Xiao, S., Li, V. L., Lyu, X., Chen, X., Wei, W., Abbasi, F., Knowles, J. W., Deng, S., Tiwari, G., Shi, X., Zheng, S., Farrell, L., Chen, Z. Z., Taylor, K. D., Guo, X., Goodarzi, M. O., Wood, A. C., Ida Chen, Y. D., Lange, L. A., Rich, S. S., Rotter, J. I., Clish, C. B., Tahir, U. A., Gerszten, R. E., Benson, M. D., Long, J. Z. 2023

    Abstract

    Metformin is a widely prescribed anti-diabetic medicine that also reduces body weight. The mechanisms that mediate metformin's effects on energy balance remain incompletely defined. Here we show that metformin is a powerful pharmacological inducer of the anorexigenic metabolite Lac-Phe in mice as well as in two independent human cohorts. In cell culture, metformin drives Lac-Phe biosynthesis via inhibition of complex I, increased glycolytic flux, and intracellular lactate mass action. Other biguanides and structurally distinct inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation also increase Lac-Phe levels in vitro. Genetic ablation of CNDP2, the principal biosynthetic enzyme for Lac-Phe, in mice renders animals resistant to metformin's anorexigenic and anti-obesity effects. Mediation analyses also support a role for Lac-Phe in metformin's effect on body mass index in humans. These data establish the CNDP2/Lac-Phe pathway as a critical mediator of the effects of metformin on energy balance.

    View details for DOI 10.1101/2023.11.02.565321

    View details for PubMedID 37961394

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10635077

  • A Cell Cycle-Dependent Ferroptosis Sensitivity Switch Governed by EMP2. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology Rodencal, J., Kim, N., Li, V. L., He, A., Lange, M., He, J., Tarangelo, A., Schafer, Z. T., Olzmann, J. A., Sage, J., Long, J. Z., Dixon, S. J. 2023

    Abstract

    Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis can be induced by system xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter inhibition or by direct inhibition of the phospholipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). The regulation of ferroptosis in response to system xc- inhibition versus direct GPX4 inhibition may be distinct. Here, we show that cell cycle arrest enhances sensitivity to ferroptosis triggered by GPX4 inhibition but not system xc- inhibition. Arrested cells have increased levels of oxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids, which drives sensitivity to GPX4 inhibition. Epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) expression is reduced upon cell cycle arrest and is sufficient to enhance ferroptosis in response to direct GPX4 inhibition. An orally bioavailable GPX4 inhibitor increased markers of ferroptotic lipid peroxidation in vivo in combination with a cell cycle arresting agent. Thus, responses to different ferroptosis-inducing stimuli can be regulated by cell cycle state.

    View details for DOI 10.1101/2023.07.19.549715

    View details for PubMedID 37502927

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10370086

  • CYP4F2 is a human-specific determinant of circulating N-acyl amino acid levels. The Journal of biological chemistry Tanzo, J. T., Li, V. L., Wiggenhorn, A. L., Moya-Garzon, M. D., Wei, W., Lyu, X., Dong, W., Tahir, U. A., Chen, Z. Z., Cruz, D. E., Deng, S., Shi, X., Zheng, S., Guo, Y., Sims, M., Abu-Remaileh, M., Wilson, J. G., Gerszten, R. E., Long, J. Z., Benson, M. D. 2023: 104764

    Abstract

    N-acyl amino acids are a large family of circulating lipid metabolites that modulate energy expenditure and fat mass in rodents. However, little is known about the regulation and potential cardiometabolic functions of N-acyl amino acids in humans. Here, we analyze the cardiometabolic phenotype associations and genomic associations of four plasma N-acyl amino acids (N-oleoyl-leucine, N-oleoyl-phenylalanine, N-oleoyl-serine, and N-oleoyl-glycine) in 2,351 individuals from the Jackson Heart Study. We find that plasma levels of specific N-acyl amino acids are associated with cardiometabolic disease endpoints independent of free amino acid plasma levels and in patterns according to the amino acid head group. By integrating whole genome sequencing data with N-acyl amino acid levels, we identify that the genetic determinants of N-acyl amino acid levels also cluster according to amino acid head group. Furthermore, we identify the CYP4F2 locus as a genetic determinant of plasma N-oleoyl-leucine and N-oleoyl-phenylalanine levels in human plasma. In experimental studies, we demonstrate that CYP4F2-mediated hydroxylation of N-oleoyl-leucine and N-oleoyl-phenylalanine results in metabolic diversification and production of many previously unknown lipid metabolites with varying characteristics of the fatty acid tail group, including several that structurally resemble fatty acid hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). These studies provide a structural framework for understanding the regulation and disease-associations of N-acyl amino acids in humans and identify that the diversity of this lipid signaling family can be significantly expanded through CYP4F-mediated ω-hydroxylation.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104764

    View details for PubMedID 37121548

  • Organism-wide, cell-type-specific secretome mapping of exercise training in mice. Cell metabolism Wei, W., Riley, N. M., Lyu, X., Shen, X., Guo, J., Raun, S. H., Zhao, M., Moya-Garzon, M. D., Basu, H., Sheng-Hwa Tung, A., Li, V. L., Huang, W., Wiggenhorn, A. L., Svensson, K. J., Snyder, M. P., Bertozzi, C. R., Long, J. Z. 2023

    Abstract

    There is a significant interest in identifying blood-borne factors that mediate tissue crosstalk and function as molecular effectors of physical activity. Although past studies have focused on an individual molecule or cell type, the organism-wide secretome response to physical activity has not been evaluated. Here, we use a cell-type-specific proteomic approach to generate a 21-cell-type, 10-tissue map of exercise training-regulated secretomes in mice. Our dataset identifies >200 exercise training-regulated cell-type-secreted protein pairs, the majority of which have not been previously reported. Pdgfra-cre-labeled secretomes were the most responsive to exercise training. Finally, we show anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and exercise performance-enhancing activities for proteoforms of intracellular carboxylesterases whose secretion from the liver is induced by exercise training.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.011

    View details for PubMedID 37141889

  • A class of secreted mammalian peptides with potential to expand cell-cell communication BioRxiv Wiggenhorn, A. L. 2023
  • The role of somatosensory innervation of adipose tissues. Nature Wang, Y., Leung, V. H., Zhang, Y., Nudell, V. S., Loud, M., Servin-Vences, M. R., Yang, D., Wang, K., Moya-Garzon, M. D., Li, V. L., Long, J. Z., Patapoutian, A., Ye, L. 2022

    Abstract

    Adipose tissues communicate with the central nervous system to maintain whole-body energy homeostasis. The mainstream view is that circulating hormones secreted by the fat convey the metabolic state to the brain, which integrates peripheral information and regulates adipocyte function through noradrenergic sympathetic output1. Moreover, somatosensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia innervate adipose tissue2. However, the lack of genetic tools to selectively target these neurons has limited understanding of their physiological importance. Here we developed viral, genetic and imaging strategies to manipulate sensory nerves in an organ-specific manner in mice. This enabled us to visualize the entire axonal projection of dorsal root ganglia from the soma to subcutaneous adipocytes, establishing the anatomical underpinnings of adipose sensory innervation. Functionally, selective sensory ablation in adipose tissue enhanced the lipogenic and thermogenetic transcriptional programs, resulting in an enlarged fat pad, enrichment of beige adipocytes and elevated body temperature under thermoneutral conditions. The sensory-ablation-induced phenotypes required intact sympathetic function. We postulate that beige-fat-innervating sensory neurons modulate adipocyte function by acting as a brake on the sympathetic system. These results reveal an important role of the innervation by dorsal root ganglia of adipose tissues, and could enable future studies to examine the role of sensory innervation of disparate interoceptive systems.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-05137-7

    View details for PubMedID 36045288

  • An exercise-inducible metabolite that suppresses feeding and obesity. Nature Li, V. L., He, Y., Contrepois, K., Liu, H., Kim, J. T., Wiggenhorn, A. L., Tanzo, J. T., Tung, A. S., Lyu, X., Zushin, P. H., Jansen, R. S., Michael, B., Loh, K. Y., Yang, A. C., Carl, C. S., Voldstedlund, C. T., Wei, W., Terrell, S. M., Moeller, B. C., Arthur, R. M., Wallis, G. A., van de Wetering, K., Stahl, A., Kiens, B., Richter, E. A., Banik, S. M., Snyder, M. P., Xu, Y., Long, J. Z. 2022

    Abstract

    Exercise confers protection against obesity, type 2 diabetes and other cardiometabolic diseases1-5. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate the metabolic benefits of physical activity remain unclear6. Here we show that exercise stimulates the production of N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe), a blood-borne signalling metabolite that suppresses feeding and obesity. The biosynthesis of Lac-Phe from lactate and phenylalanine occurs in CNDP2+ cells, including macrophages, monocytes and other immune and epithelial cells localized to diverse organs. In diet-induced obese mice, pharmacological-mediated increases in Lac-Phe reduces food intake without affecting movement or energy expenditure. Chronic administration of Lac-Phe decreases adiposity and body weight and improves glucose homeostasis. Conversely, genetic ablation of Lac-Phe biosynthesis in mice increases food intake and obesity following exercise training. Last, large activity-inducible increases in circulating Lac-Phe are also observed in humans and racehorses, establishing this metabolite as a molecular effector associated with physical activity across multiple activity modalities and mammalian species. These data define a conserved exercise-inducible metabolite that controls food intake and influences systemic energy balance.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-04828-5

    View details for PubMedID 35705806

  • Identification of covalent inhibitors that disrupt M. tuberculosis growth by targeting multiple serine hydrolases involved in lipid metabolism. Cell chemical biology Babin, B. M., Keller, L. J., Pinto, Y., Li, V. L., Eneim, A. S., Vance, S. E., Terrell, S. M., Bhatt, A. S., Long, J. Z., Bogyo, M. 2021

    Abstract

    The increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections is a global health threat necessitating the development of new antibiotics. Serine hydrolases (SHs) are a promising class of targets because of their importance for the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell envelope. We screen a library of small molecules containing serine-reactive electrophiles and identify narrow-spectrum inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth. Using these lead molecules, we perform competitive activity-based protein profiling and identify multiple SH targets, including enzymes with uncharacterized functions. Lipidomic analyses of compound-treated cultures reveal an accumulation of free lipids and a substantial decrease in lipooligosaccharides, linking SH inhibition to defects in cell envelope biogenesis. Mutant analysis reveals a path to resistance via the synthesis of mycocerates, but not through mutations to SH targets. Our results suggest that simultaneous inhibition of multiple SH enzymes is likely to be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of M. tuberculosis infections.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.013

    View details for PubMedID 34599874

  • Adipose Tissue Lipokines: Recent Progress and Future Directions. Diabetes Li, V. L., Kim, J. T., Long, J. Z. 2020; 69 (12): 2541–48

    Abstract

    Beyond classical metabolic functions in energy storage and energy expenditure, adipose tissue is also a dynamic endocrine organ that secretes bioactive factors into blood plasma. Historically, studies of the adipose secretome have predominantly focused on polypeptide adipokines. Recently, adipose-derived blood-borne lipids ("lipokines") have emerged as a distinct class of endocrine factors. Lipokines are intimately connected to intracellular pathways of fatty acid metabolism and therefore uniquely poised to communicate the intracellular energy status of adipocytes to other nonadipose tissues including liver, muscle, and pancreas. Here, we discuss recent progress on our understanding of adipose-secreted lipokines as endocrine regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism. We also provide our perspective on future directions for adipose-secreted lipids, including limitations of the currently available experimental data as well as potential strategies for addressing the remaining open questions.

    View details for DOI 10.2337/dbi20-0012

    View details for PubMedID 33219098

  • Cell type-selective secretome profiling in vivo. Nature chemical biology Wei, W., Riley, N. M., Yang, A. C., Kim, J. T., Terrell, S. M., Li, V. L., Garcia-Contreras, M., Bertozzi, C. R., Long, J. Z. 2020

    Abstract

    Secreted polypeptides are a fundamental axis of intercellular and endocrine communication. However, a global understanding of the composition and dynamics of cellular secretomes in intact mammalian organisms has been lacking. Here, we introduce a proximity biotinylation strategy that enables labeling, detection and enrichment of secreted polypeptides in a cell type-selective manner in mice. We generate a proteomic atlas of hepatocyte, myocyte, pericyte and myeloid cell secretomes by direct purification of biotinylated secreted proteins from blood plasma. Our secretome dataset validates known cell type-protein pairs, reveals secreted polypeptides that distinguish between cell types and identifies new cellular sources for classical plasma proteins. Lastly, we uncover a dynamic and previously undescribed nutrient-dependent reprogramming of the hepatocyte secretome characterized by the increased unconventional secretion of the cytosolic enzyme betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT). This secretome profiling strategy enables dynamic and cell type-specific dissection of the plasma proteome and the secreted polypeptides that mediate intercellular signaling.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41589-020-00698-y

    View details for PubMedID 33199915

  • Cooperative enzymatic control of N-acyl amino acids by PM20D1 and FAAH. eLife Kim, J. T., Terrell, S. M., Li, V. L., Wei, W. n., Fischer, C. R., Long, J. Z. 2020; 9

    Abstract

    The N-acyl amino acids are a family of bioactive lipids with pleiotropic physiologic functions, including in energy homeostasis. Their endogenous levels are regulated by an extracellular mammalian N-acyl amino acid synthase/hydrolase called PM20D1 (peptidase M20 domain containing 1). Using an activity-guided biochemical approach, we report the molecular identification of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) as a second intracellular N-acyl amino acid synthase/hydrolase. In vitro, FAAH exhibits a more restricted substrate scope compared to PM20D1. In mice, genetic ablation or selective pharmacological inhibition of FAAH bidirectionally dysregulates intracellular, but not circulating, N-acyl amino acids. Dual blockade of both PM20D1 and FAAH reveals a dramatic and non-additive biochemical engagement of these two enzymatic pathways. These data establish FAAH as a second intracellular pathway for N-acyl amino acid metabolism and underscore enzymatic division of labor as an enabling strategy for the regulation of a structurally diverse bioactive lipid family.

    View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.55211

    View details for PubMedID 32271712

  • Family-wide Annotation of Enzymatic Pathways by Parallel InVivo Metabolomics. Cell chemical biology Kim, J. T., Li, V. L., Terrell, S. M., Fischer, C. R., Long, J. Z. 2019

    Abstract

    Enzymes catalyze fundamental biochemical reactions that control cellular and organismal homeostasis. Here we present an approach for de novo biochemical pathway discovery across entire mammalian enzyme families using parallel viral transduction in mice and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Applying this method to the M20 peptidases uncovers both known pathways of amino acid metabolism as well as a previously unknown CNDP2-regulated pathway for threonyl dipeptide catabolism. Ablation of CNDP2 in mice elevates threonyl dipeptides across multiple tissues,establishing the physiologic relevance of our biochemical assignments. Taken together, these data underscore the utility of parallel invivo metabolomics for the family-wide discovery of enzymatic pathways.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.09.009

    View details for PubMedID 31587987