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  • Direct electron beam patterning of electro-optically active PEDOT:PSS. Nanophotonics Doshi, S., Ludescher, D., Karst, J., Floess, M., Carlström, J., Li, B., Mintz Hemed, N., Duh, Y. S., Melosh, N. A., Hentschel, M., Brongersma, M., Giessen, H. 2024; 13 (12): 2271-2280

    Abstract

    The optical and electronic tunability of the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has enabled emerging applications as diverse as bioelectronics, flexible electronics, and micro- and nano-photonics. High-resolution spatial patterning of PEDOT:PSS opens up opportunities for novel active devices in a range of fields. However, typical lithographic processes require tedious indirect patterning and dry etch processes, while solution-processing methods such as ink-jet printing have limited spatial resolution. Here, we report a method for direct write nano-patterning of commercially available PEDOT:PSS through electron-beam induced solubility modulation. The written structures are water stable and maintain the conductivity as well as electrochemical and optical properties of PEDOT:PSS, highlighting the broad utility of our method. We demonstrate the potential of our strategy by preparing prototypical nano-wire structures with feature sizes down to 250 nm, an order of magnitude finer than previously reported direct write methods, opening the possibility of writing chip-scale microelectronic and optical devices. We finally use the high-resolution writing capabilities to fabricate electrically-switchable optical diffraction gratings. We show active switching in this archetypal system with >95 % contrast at CMOS-compatible voltages of +2 V and -3 V, offering a route towards highly-miniaturized dynamic optoelectronic devices.

    View details for DOI 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0640

    View details for PubMedID 38774765

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11104293

  • Direct electron beam patterning of electro-optically active PEDOT:PSS NANOPHOTONICS Doshi, S., Ludescher, D., Karst, J., Floess, M., Carlstrom, J., Li, B., Hemed, N., Duh, Y., Melosh, N. A., Hentschel, M., Brongersma, M., Giessen, H. 2024

    View details for DOI 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0640

    View details for Web of Science ID 001135766900001

  • Graphene Electric Field Sensor Enables Single Shot Label-Free Imaging of Bioelectric Potentials. Nano letters Balch, H. B., McGuire, A. F., Horng, J., Tsai, H. Z., Qi, K. K., Duh, Y. S., Forrester, P. R., Crommie, M. F., Cui, B., Wang, F. 2021

    Abstract

    The measurement of electrical activity across systems of excitable cells underlies current progress in neuroscience, cardiac pharmacology, and neurotechnology. However, bioelectricity spans orders of magnitude in intensity, space, and time, posing substantial technological challenges. The development of methods permitting network-scale recordings with high spatial resolution remains key to studies of electrogenic cells, emergent networks, and bioelectric computation. Here, we demonstrate single-shot and label-free imaging of extracellular potentials with high resolution across a wide field-of-view. The critically coupled waveguide-amplified graphene electric field (CAGE) sensor leverages the field-sensitive optical transitions in graphene to convert electric potentials into the optical regime. As a proof-of-concept, we use the CAGE sensor to detect native electrical activity from cardiac action potentials with tens-of-microns resolution, simultaneously map the propagation of these potentials at tissue-scale, and monitor their modification by pharmacological agents. This platform is robust, scalable, and compatible with existing microscopy techniques for multimodal correlative imaging.

    View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00543

    View details for PubMedID 34102057