Medicine


Showing 851-900 of 1,152 Results

  • Thomas Robinson

    Thomas Robinson

    The Irving Schulman, M.D. Professor of Child Health, Professor of Medicine (Stanford Prevention Research Center) and, by courtesy, of Epidemiology and Population Health

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Robinson originated the solution-oriented research paradigm and directs the Stanford Solutions Science Lab. He is known for his pioneering obesity prevention and treatment research, including the concept of stealth interventions. His research applies social cognitive models of behavior change to behavioral, social, environmental and policy interventions for children and families in real world settings, making the results relevant for informing clinical and public health practice and policy.

  • Stanley G. Rockson, MD

    Stanley G. Rockson, MD

    Allan and Tina Neill Professor of Lymphatic Research and Medicine

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy clinical research includes studies on risk factor modification in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease; clinical trials involving medical therapies for peripheral arterial insufficiency; coronary angiogenesis; therapy of lymphedema; atherand photodynamic therapy in atherosclerosis.

  • Fatima Rodriguez

    Fatima Rodriguez

    Associate Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)

    BioFatima Rodriguez, MD, MPH serves as the Vice Chair of Clinical Research (Department of Medicine), Section Chief of Preventive Cardiology, and Associate Director of the Center for Digital Health at Stanford University. She received her medical degree from Harvard Medical School and a Master of Public Health from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Dr. Rodriguez completed her internal medicine residency at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and fellowship in cardiovascular medicine at Stanford.

    Dr. Rodriguez specializes in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, with clinical expertise in coronary artery disease and inherited lipid disorders. Her research focuses on cardiovascular disease prevention and health promotion, leveraging digital tools to improve guideline-based care, and using AI-enabled approaches for early detection of atherosclerosis.

  • Stephan Rogalla, M.D. Ph.D.

    Stephan Rogalla, M.D. Ph.D.

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    Affiliate, Medicine - Med/Gastroenterology and Hepatology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsThe research interest of myself and my lab are in the field of early cancer detection using targeted molecular spies to highlight (pre)cancerous lesions. We as well aim to improve precision medicine in autoimmune disorders like inflammatory bowel disease and oncology.

  • Albert "A.J." Rogers, MD, MBA, FAHA

    Albert "A.J." Rogers, MD, MBA, FAHA

    Instructor, Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine

    BioDr. Rogers is a board-certified, fellowship-trained cardiologist with the Cardiac Arrhythmia Service at Stanford Health Care. He is also an instructor of medicine in the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine.

    As a clinical cardiac electrophysiologist, Dr. Rogers’ training includes evaluating issues involving electrical activity in the heart and how these can lead to an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). His expertise includes mapping regions in the heart associated with arrhythmias and then applying a minimally invasive therapy (ablation) that targets the responsible areas causing the problem. He also performs procedures to implant cardiac devices, such as pacemakers and defibrillators, designed to synchronize heart contractions and reset irregular heartbeats.

    Dr. Rogers specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other arrhythmias. In collaboration with Stanford Medicine cardiovascular surgeons, he performs hybrid surgical-catheter ablation procedures as a more permanent treatment for persistent forms of atrial fibrillation and for inappropriate sinus tachycardia. During this procedure, ablation therapy is applied to areas both inside and outside of the heart responsible for the arrhythmia.

    As a physician-researcher, Dr. Rogers’ translational research applies biomedical engineering and machine learning approaches to explore the mechanisms underlying cardiac arrhythmia. These efforts include research funded by the National Institutes of Health and the American Heart Association to investigate novel methods for diagnosing and treating heart rhythm disorders. Dr. Rogers has over 10 years of experience with medical technology innovation and development.

    Dr. Rogers serves as associate editor of the Journal of Invasive Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. He is also a peer reviewer for multiple prestigious journals, including Heart Rhythm, The Lancet: Digital Health, the Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Clinical Electrophysiology, and Frontiers in Physiology. He has been an invited guest speaker at national and international meetings, including those for the American Heart Association and the European Cardiac Arrythmia Society.

  • Angela Rogers

    Angela Rogers

    Professor of Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care)

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsWe use genetics and genomics methodologies to identify novel ARDS pathobiology; we hope that this will enable identification of novel biomarkers, phenotypes, and treatments for the disease. We are building a plasma biobank of critically ill patients at Stanford, with a particular focus on metabolic changes in critical illness.

  • Nidhi Rohatgi, MD MS

    Nidhi Rohatgi, MD MS

    Clinical Professor, Medicine
    Clinical Professor (By courtesy), Neurosurgery
    Clinical Professor (By courtesy), Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine

    BioNidhi Rohatgi, MD, MS, SFHM, is a Clinical Professor of Medicine and (by courtesy) Neurosurgery, Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine. She served as Chief of Surgical Co-management for Neurosurgery, ENT, and Orthopedic Surgery at Stanford. Dr. Rohatgi is Affiliate Faculty at Stanford's Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI) and Center for Digital Health. She served as Co-Director of Clinical Research in Hospital Medicine and Physician Lead of Stanford Health Care's Readmissions Committee.

    Dr. Rohatgi has authored peer-reviewed articles in high-impact journals (NEJM, Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Annals of Surgery), led workshops and webinars, and written book chapters in Perioperative Medicine. She is a global advisor on surgical co-management models and chaired the Society of Hospital Medicine's Global Technical Advisory Committee on co-management. Dr. Rohatgi serves as the Editor-in-Chief for JMIR Perioperative Medicine journal and is on the Editorial Board for Brown University's Journal of Hospital Medicine. She has been an invited speaker at several regional, national, and international meetings.

    Dr. Rohatgi has served as Medical Director for Clinical Advice Services in Patient Experience at Stanford for over 10 years, overseeing after-hours clinical support and triage for 30+ services and 180+ clinics, and handling 90,000+ calls annually. This award-winning service has a strong track record in patient safety, reducing unnecessary ED and clinic visits, and reducing pages to on-call teams by over 90%.

    She has served on multiple national committees: Society of Hospital Medicine's Research Committee, Hospital Quality and Patient Safety Committee, Perioperative Medicine Executive Council, Practice Management Committee, Perioperative and Consultative Medicine Educational Portal Planning Committee, and Leadership Committee for the Hospital Medicine National Writing Challenge. Dr. Rohatgi has served as a principal investigator and co-investigator for NIH and industry-sponsored trials. Recognized as a Top Hospitalist by the American College of Physicians, she has received numerous national and international awards for clinical care, quality improvement, teaching, and research.

    Dr. Rohatgi has written on LLMs for clinical text summarization and pharmacogenomics, multimodal in-context learning (presented at NeurIPS), promises and limitations of AI, and digital twins. In her upcoming book, Dr. Rohatgi shares a blueprint for AI in medicine: where AI can help and how, global health AI trends, and tackling costs. Her unique lens spans clinical experience in rural India to Silicon Valley, managing patients in medical and surgical specialties, research on millions of patient records, investigator for clinical trials, patient experience, clinical triage, and health system operations. Dr. Rohatgi is passionate about innovative, value-based, sustainable solutions, and exploring new frontiers in healthcare.

  • Rajat Rohatgi

    Rajat Rohatgi

    Professor of Biochemistry and of Medicine (Oncology)

    Current Research and Scholarly Intereststhe overall goal of my laboratory is to uncover new regulatory mechanisms in signaling systems, to understand how these mechanisms are damaged in disease states, and to devise new strategies to repair their function.

  • Dana Nirel Romalis

    Dana Nirel Romalis

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Vaden Health Center

    BioDana Romalis has been a board certified Family Medicine physician since 2004. She enjoys taking care of families throughout all phases of life. Special interests include teaching, collaborative care, preventative medicine, behavioral change, and reproductive and adolescent health. Since 2017, she has been a primary care provider at the Life Connections Health Center in San Jose, caring for Cisco employees and their families.

    She was born and raised in Vancouver, Canada, where she also attended medical school at the University of British Columbia. As an undergraduate at Brandeis University, she double majored in Neuroscience and Psychology, and was captain of the women’s varsity diving team. She did her residency at Montefiore Medical Center’s Residency Program of Social Medicine in the Bronx, NY.

    Prior to joining Stanford’s primary care division in 2017, she worked for 10 years as a primary care physician on Santa Clara Valley Medical Center's interdisciplinary Homeless Healthcare Program. She is committed to comprehensive and compassionate care for all.

    In her spare time, she enjoys spending time with her husband and 2 college-aged children, reading, hiking, and volunteering in her community.

  • Lisa Goldman Rosas

    Lisa Goldman Rosas

    Associate Professor (Research) of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Medicine (Primary Care and Population Health) and, by courtesy, of Pediatrics

    BioLisa Goldman Rosas, PhD MPH is an Associate Professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health and the Department of Medicine, Division of Primary Care and Population Health at Stanford School of Medicine. An epidemiologist by training, Dr. Goldman Rosas’ research focuses on addressing disparities in diet-related chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, depression, and cancer especially for those who face food insecurity. This research features rigorous quantitative and qualitative methodologies, participatory qualitative approaches, and shared leadership with patient and community partners. She is passionate about integrating patients, caregivers, community organizations, and other key stakeholders in the research process in order to affect the greatest improvements in health and well-being. As a reflection of this passion, Dr. Goldman Rosas serves as the Faculty Director for the School of Medicine Office of Community Engagement, Co-Director of Community-Engaged Research for the Office of Cancer Health Equity, and Director of the Outreach, Recruitment and Engagement Core for the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. In these roles, she supports other faculty and patient and community partners to develop sustainable and meaningful partnerships to support transformative research. In addition to research, she teaches at the undergraduate and graduate levels and has a special focus on increasing capacity in community engagement methods.

  • Glenn Rosen

    Glenn Rosen

    Associate Professor of Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Emeritus

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsOur laboratory examines apoptotic and cell signaling pathways in cancer and lung disease. We are studying signaling pathways that regulate oxidative stress responses and cancer cell growth. Part of these studies focus on analysis of non-canonical transcription regulatory functions of the TERC and Tert components of telomerase in lung disease and cancer.

  • Corey Rovzar

    Corey Rovzar

    Instructor, Medicine - Stanford Prevention Research Center

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsEnhancing human movement through scalable, remotely delivered physical activity interventions, remote assessment and monitoring of human movement, health technology development, fall prevention, aging, digital balance assessment, improving access to health and healthcare, increasing healthspan, lifestyle medicine

  • Mohana Roy, MD

    Mohana Roy, MD

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Oncology

    BioDr. Roy is a medical oncologist and a clinical assistant professor in the Stanford University School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology. She has expertise in Lung and Thoracic cancers, but with a broad clinical interest in oncology, including in Carcinoma of Unknown Primary (CUP).

    Dr. Roy became an oncologist because of her passion for patient care. She is committed to being a clinician and is focused on improving the patient experience, given how the complex process of getting cancer care can be made a bit more seamless. She is the Associate Medical Director for Quality at Stanford Cancer Center from 2022.

    She had led major efforts in the cancer program including starting standardized discharge follow up for patients after hospitalization, starting same day clinical care at the cancer center, and also expediting care for patients with an unclear diagnosis of cancer but with suspected imaging concerns.

    Her research interests include access to clinical trials, quality improvement and improving care delivery. In that effort, she has published on work regarding patient reported outcomes (PROs), through distress screening with the Stanford Medicine Cancer Center, and in care for patient with limited English proficiency.

    Dr. Roy received her medical degree from Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and then completed residency training at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. She then completed fellowship training in Hematology and Oncology at Stanford, where she was chief fellow.

  • Peter Rudd, MD

    Peter Rudd, MD

    Professor of Medicine (General Internal Medicine) at the Stanford University Medical Center, Emeritus

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsQuality improvement efforts seek to make medical care the “best it can be” rather than merely “good enough” to avoid censure. Focus on improving the average performance usually produces more net benefit than eliminating outliers, often by simplification, standardization, and specification. We have worked with electronic medication monitors, clinical databases, and computerized order entry systems for better clinical outcomes and trained clinicians for professionalism and accountability.

  • Stephen Ruoss

    Stephen Ruoss

    Professor of Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care)

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsWe have an active collaborative project examining basic and clinical aspects of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung infection in non-immune compromised adults. Studies have examined possible cellular immune mechanisms for increased susceptibility to these infections, and are also investigating aspects of optimal diagnosis and treatment. In addition, a clinical and translational research program is investigating the causes and genetic factors underlying the evolution of bronchiectasis.

  • Tracy Rydel

    Tracy Rydel

    Clinical Professor, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health

    BioTracy Rydel is Clinical Professor of Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine where she holds the positions of Assistant Dean for Clerkship Education and Director, Core Clerkship in Family and Community Medicine. She has also served as the Director of Medical Student Education in the Division of Primary Care and Population Health, and was an Educator-4-CARE faculty from 2017-2020. She is a family physician with a passion for medical education. She completed the Rathmann Family Foundation Fellowship in Patient-centered Care and Medical Education in 2012, was in the first wave of peer coaches in the Peer Coaching Program under the Stanford Teaching and Mentoring Academy, and was the Director of the Practice of Medicine Year One Course at Stanford from 2013-2016. She emphasizes patient-centered care in the pursuit of clinical and educational excellence. She is frequently an invited presenter at the national conferences of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM), and the Western Group on Educational Affairs (WGEA) regional group of the AAMC; her scholarly work focuses on medical education endeavors, including equity and justice in systems of medical education assessment. She has also presented and published on topics in nutrition education and the teaching kitchen, working with medical scribes, Entrustable Professional Activities, primary care career recruitment and mentoring, procedures training, time management in ambulatory teaching, communication skills, virtual health and telehealth, teaching gender-affirming primary care, and learning communities.

  • Agustina D Saenz

    Agustina D Saenz

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine

    BioAgustina Saenz is a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Division of Hospital Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine. She earned her medical degree from the Universidad de Buenos Aires and completed her internal medicine residency, and later served as Chief Resident at Einstein Medical Center. She further pursued graduate studies at Harvard, earning a Master in Public Health from the T.H. Chan School of Public Health and a Master in Biomedical Informatics from Harvard Medical School. She also completed a Clinical Informatics fellowship at Mass General Brigham prior to joining the Stanford faculty.

    Dr. Saenz’s work bridges clinical care, AI research, and health system operations. At Curai Health, she serves as a Senior Clinical Informaticist, focusing on optimizing large language models to improve diagnostic reasoning and patient safety. Her academic interests include the responsible deployment of AI in healthcare, evaluation of model generalizability, and developing system-level interventions to advance health equity. Prior to her current role, she served as Unit Medical Director and Chair of the Hiring Committee at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, where she led initiatives to enhance quality metrics and foster inclusive hiring practices.

  • Karim Sallam, MD

    Karim Sallam, MD

    Assistant Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)

    BioKarim Sallam, MD, is trained in Cardiovascular Medicine and Advanced Heart Failure.

  • Arghavan Salles

    Arghavan Salles

    Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Gastroenterology & Hepatology

    BioDr. Salles is a minimally invasive and bariatric surgeon. She completed medical school and residency in general surgery at Stanford prior to completing her fellowship in minimally invasive surgery at Washington University in St. Louis. She stayed on faculty at Washington University for three years prior to moving back to Stanford in 2019.During the pandemic, Dr. Salles has served as a disaster relief physician, caring for patients with COVID in the ICU. Dr. Salles obtained a PhD in education from Stanford University during her residency training, and her research focuses on gender equity, implicit bias, diversity, inclusion, and physician well-being. Her R01 grant from the NIH focuses on sexual harassment. She is a sought-after speaker and has given over 100 national and international invited talks related to gender equity, physician well-being, and weight bias. She currently serves as the Special Advisor for DEI Programs at the Stanford University Department of Medicine where she is a Clinical Associate Professor.

  • Giselle (Ghazal) Salmasi, MD

    Giselle (Ghazal) Salmasi, MD

    Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Hematology

    BioDr. Salmasi is a board-certified, fellowship-trained hematologist. She treats patients in the Hematology Program and the Hematologic Cancer Program at Stanford Health Care. Dr. Salmasi is the associate clinical chief for classical hematology. She is also a clinical associate professor in the Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine.

    She treats a wide range of blood disorders and blood cancers. Her clinical/research interests include immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (wAIHA). Dr. Salmasi understands that patients need social and emotional support along with medical care. She founded the earliest adolescent and young adult survivorship support groups in Santa Cruz, California, and Toronto, Canada. Dr. Salmasi is also dedicated to training future doctors in providing excellent hematologic care.

    Dr. Salmasi was the medical co-investigator for a national phase 3 clinical trial of endovascular therapy for treating chronic venous thrombosis.

    Her research has appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine, Leukemia & Lymphoma journal and the Transfusion and Apheresis Science journal. Dr. Salmasi’s publications include articles and a chapter about lymphoma. She has also reviewed articles for the Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation journal and the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

    Dr. Salmasi is a member of the American Society of Hematology.

  • Ryan Sandoval, M.D.

    Ryan Sandoval, M.D.

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine

    BioDr. Sandoval is a board-certified cardiologist and a clinical assistant professor in the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine. He completed his residency at the University of Texas at Austin, where he continued on as chief resident before going on to complete his fellowship in cardiovascular disease at the Medical University of South Carolina. Prior to his residency, he completed a research fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH).

    His clinical interests include preventive cardiology and management of heart failure. He is particularly focused on treating patients with the complex clinical syndrome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

    His interest in preventive cardiology grew through his participation in clinics for the uninsured and underinsured during his training. These experiences fostered his passion for understanding and addressing health care disparities. He is deeply committed to providing exceptional patient care with a personalized approach to treatment and improving the lives of his patients.

    He is a member of the American College of Cardiology.

  • Rebecca Sands

    Rebecca Sands

    Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health

    BioDr. Sands currently serves as the Clinical Section Chief of Palliative Care at Stanford University, where she directly supervises 13 physicians and oversees the inpatient and outpatient clinical programs at Stanford Health Care. She graduated from Franklin & Marshall College in 2001 with a BA in Chemistry. She then attended Midwestern University, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine from 2002-2006. She completed a residency and chief residency in Internal Medicine at Cambridge Health Alliance, a public teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. She went on to complete her Hospice and Palliative Medicine (HPM) fellowship at the Harvard combined program at Massachusetts General Hospital/Dana Farber Cancer Institute in 2011. She spent 8 years at the University of Pittsburgh where she served as core teaching faculty and the HPM Fellowship Program Director. Since her recruitment to Stanford, her focus has been on programmatic expansion of clinical Palliative Care services across healthcare settings and throughout the trajectory of the serious illness experience. This has included recruitment of dually boarded faculty, development of an Emergency Palliative Care program, and many other new and innovative initiatives.

  • Varsha Sivagami Sathappan

    Varsha Sivagami Sathappan

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine

    BioDr. Varsha Sathappan is a hospitalist and Clinical Assistant Professor at Stanford University School of Medicine. She earned her M.D. from Baylor College of Medicine and completed her Internal Medicine residency at UC San Diego, where she pursued the Clinician Educator pathway. Her clinical interests include transitions of care and health equity. She is also passionate about medical education and curriculum development. 

  • Anuja Anand Sathe

    Anuja Anand Sathe

    Instructor, Medicine - Oncology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsI am interested in understanding the determinants of therapeutic resistance in cancer. I investigate the composition of the tumor microenvironment and adaptive responses to therapy using single-cell and spatial approaches.

  • Neda Sattarnezhad Oskouei, MD, MS

    Neda Sattarnezhad Oskouei, MD, MS

    Instructor, Medicine - Immunology & Rheumatology

    BioDr. Neda Sattarnezhad Oskouei is a board-certified neurologist and neuroimmunologist specializing in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and neuroimmunological disorders, including Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO), MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD), optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, autoimmune encephalitis, neuro-rheumatological conditions, and neuroinfectious diseases. Her research focuses on understanding the role of pathogens in triggering autoimmunity, with a particular emphasis on the role of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in the development of MS.

    Dr. Sattarnezhad earned her MD degree with honors from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. She completed a research fellowship in Multiple Sclerosis at the Brigham MS Center, Harvard Medical School, before pursuing her residency in adult neurology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She further specialized by completing a clinical fellowship in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology at Stanford University as a Sylvia Lawry Fellow of the National MS Society, during which she also earned a master’s degree in Epidemiology and Clinical Research. She subsequently completed a fellowship in immunology and rheumatology at Stanford.

    Her research and training have been supported by the National MS Society (NMSS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).

  • Amelia Sattler, MD

    Amelia Sattler, MD

    Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsCurrently working on projects identifying effective use of actual patient encounters in undergraduate medical education. Specifically interested in the role of actual patient encounters in the training of shared decision making. Also interested in medical student empathy and physician wellness.

    Also working on many different projects in the realm of quality improvement and population health in the Division of Primary Care and Population Health.

  • John Scandling

    John Scandling

    Professor of Medicine (Nephrology) at the Stanford University Medical Center, Emeritus

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsTolerance induction in clinical kidney transplantation

  • Lidia Schapira

    Lidia Schapira

    Professor of Medicine (Oncology)

    BioDr. Schapira is a medical oncologist with clinical expertise in the treatment of breast cancer. As the inaugural Director of Stanford's Cancer Survivorship Program, she has developed a thriving research and clinical program focused on optimizing health outcomes for people living with and beyond cancer. Dr. Schapira is interested in training future generations of physician-scientists as well as the broader community of practicing physicians through the design of innovative educational programs. Dr. Schapira's advocacy for people with cancer led to her appointment as Editor-in-Chief of the American Society of Clinical Oncology's website for the public,Cancer.Net, a position she held from 2015 until-2021. She served on the Board of Directors of the American Psychosocial Oncology Society and as Chair of the Psychosocial Interest Group of the Multinational Society for Supportive Care in Cancer. Dr. Schapira is particularily committed to reducing inequities in cancer outcomes and improve access to cancer care and cancer clinical trials. Dr. Schapira has published numerous manuscripts, lectures both nationally and internationally on issues of cancer survivorship and served as Associate Editor of the narrative section, Art of Oncology, for the Journal of Clinical Oncology from 2013 until 2023.