Administrative Appointments


  • Assistant Professor, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection (2014 - Present)

Clinical Trials


  • Longitudinal Gene Expression Profiling in Adults After Traumatic Injury Not Recruiting

    The purpose of this study is to examine the immune response to traumatic injury and subsequent infections in critically ill adults. Traumatic injuries lead to severe dysregulation of the immune system, and predispose to severe infections. Diagnosing these infections in a timely manner is paramount in reducing morbidity and mortality, but diagnosis is made difficult by the inflammatory response to trauma. The main purpose of the study is to prospectively test the diagnostic power of the expression of an 11-gene set which the investigators recently published (Sweeney et al., Sci Transl Med, 2015). Since the timing of an acquired infection cannot be determined a priori, this study is designed to be a longitudinal examination of a cohort of traumatically injured adults. The investigators will draw blood at regular intervals, as well as at day of diagnosis of infection for any patient that are diagnosed with an infection. The investigators will then assay the blood for gene expression levels post hoc, and correlate the molecular profiles with clinical information to establish a prospective estimate of diagnostic power.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Timothy E Sweeney, MD, PhD, 720-201-6689.

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2023-24 Courses


Stanford Advisees


Graduate and Fellowship Programs


All Publications


  • Transitions of blood immune endotypes and improved outcome by anakinra in COVID-19 pneumonia: an analysis of the SAVE-MORE randomized controlled trial. Critical care (London, England) Kyriazopoulou, E., Hasin-Brumshtein, Y., Midic, U., Poulakou, G., Milionis, H., Metallidis, S., Astriti, M., Fragkou, A., Rapti, A., Taddei, E., Kalomenidis, I., Chrysos, G., Angheben, A., Kainis, I., Alexiou, Z., Castelli, F., Serino, F. S., Bakakos, P., Nicastri, E., Tzavara, V., Ioannou, S., Dagna, L., Dimakou, K., Tzatzagou, G., Chini, M., Bassetti, M., Kotsis, V., Tsoukalas, D. G., Selmi, C., Konstantinou, A., Samarkos, M., Doumas, M., Masgala, A., Pagkratis, K., Argyraki, A., Akinosoglou, K., Symbardi, S., Netea, M. G., Panagopoulos, P., Dalekos, G. N., Liesenfeld, O., Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P., Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J. 2024; 28 (1): 73

    Abstract

    Endotype classification may guide immunomodulatory management of patients with bacterial and viral sepsis. We aimed to identify immune endotypes and transitions associated with response to anakinra (human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist) in participants in the SAVE-MORE trial.Adult patients hospitalized with radiological findings of PCR-confirmed severe pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 and plasma-soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels of ≥ 6 ng/ml in the SAVE-MORE trial (NCT04680949) were characterized at baseline and days 4 and 7 of treatment using a previously defined 33-messenger RNA classifier to assign an immunological endotype in blood. Endpoints were changes in endotypes and progression to severe respiratory failure (SRF) associated with anakinra treatment.At baseline, 23.2% of 393 patients were designated as inflammopathic, 41.1% as adaptive, and 35.7% as coagulopathic. Only 23.9% were designated as the same endotype at days 4 and 7 compared to baseline, while all other patients transitioned between endotypes. Anakinra-treated patients were more likely to remain in the adaptive endotype during 7-day treatment (24.4% vs. 9.9%; p < 0.001). Anakinra also protected patients with coagulopathic endotype at day 7 against SRF compared to placebo (27.8% vs. 55.9%; p = 0.013).We identify an association between endotypes defined using blood transcriptome and anakinra therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia, with anakinra-treated patients shifting toward endotypes associated with a better outcome, mainly the adaptive endotype. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04680949, December 23, 2020.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/s13054-024-04852-z

    View details for PubMedID 38475786

    View details for PubMedCentralID 4968574

  • Impaired innate and adaptive immune responses to BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus. JCI insight Sarin, K. Y., Zheng, H., Chaichian, Y., Arunachalam, P. S., Swaminathan, G., Eschholz, A., Gao, F., Wirz, O. F., Lam, B., Yang, E., Lee, L. W., Feng, A., Lewis, M. A., Lin, J., Maecker, H. T., Boyd, S. D., Davis, M. M., Nadeau, K. C., Pulendran, B., Khatri, P., Utz, P. J., Zaba, L. C. 2024; 9 (5)

    Abstract

    Understanding the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is critical to optimizing vaccination strategies for individuals with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we comprehensively analyzed innate and adaptive immune responses in 19 patients with SLE receiving a complete 2-dose Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2) regimen compared with a control cohort of 56 healthy control (HC) volunteers. Patients with SLE exhibited impaired neutralizing antibody production and antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses relative to HC. Interestingly, antibody responses were only altered in patients with SLE treated with immunosuppressive therapies, whereas impairment of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers was independent of medication. Patients with SLE also displayed reduced levels of circulating CXC motif chemokine ligands, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and IFN-γ after secondary vaccination as well as downregulation of gene expression pathways indicative of compromised innate immune responses. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis reveals that patients with SLE showed reduced levels of a vaccine-inducible monocyte population characterized by overexpression of IFN-response transcription factors. Thus, although 2 doses of BNT162b2 induced relatively robust immune responses in patients with SLE, our data demonstrate impairment of both innate and adaptive immune responses relative to HC, highlighting a need for population-specific vaccination studies.

    View details for DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.176556

    View details for PubMedID 38456511

  • Integrative systems biology reveals NKG2A-biased immune responses correlate with protection in infectious disease, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Cell reports Chen, D. G., Xie, J., Choi, J., Ng, R. H., Zhang, R., Li, S., Edmark, R., Zheng, H., Solomon, B., Campbell, K. M., Medina, E., Ribas, A., Khatri, P., Lanier, L. L., Mease, P. J., Goldman, J. D., Su, Y., Heath, J. R. 2024; 43 (3): 113872

    Abstract

    Infection, autoimmunity, and cancer are principal human health challenges of the 21st century. Often regarded as distinct ends of the immunological spectrum, recent studies hint at potential overlap between these diseases. For example, inflammation can be pathogenic in infection and autoimmunity. T resident memory (TRM) cells can be beneficial in infection and cancer. However, these findings are limited by size and scope; exact immunological factors shared across diseases remain elusive. Here, we integrate large-scale deeply clinically and biologically phenotyped human cohorts of 526 patients with infection, 162 with lupus, and 11,180 with cancer. We identify an NKG2A+ immune bias as associative with protection against disease severity, mortality, and autoimmune/post-acute chronic disease. We reveal that NKG2A+ CD8+ T cells correlate with reduced inflammation and increased humoral immunity and that they resemble TRM cells. Our results suggest NKG2A+ biases as a cross-disease factor of protection, supporting suggestions of immunological overlap between infection, autoimmunity, and cancer.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113872

    View details for PubMedID 38427562

  • Corrigendum: Advances and potential of omics studies for understanding the development of food allergy. Frontiers in allergy Sindher, S. B., Chin, A. R., Aghaeepour, N., Prince, L., Maecker, H., Shaw, G. M., Stevenson, D., Nadeau, K. C., Snyder, M., Khatri, P., Boyd, S. D., Winn, V. D., Angst, M. S., Chinthrajah, R. S. 2024; 5: 1373485

    Abstract

    [This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1149008.].

    View details for DOI 10.3389/falgy.2024.1373485

    View details for PubMedID 38464397

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10921899

  • Systems immunology of transcriptional responses to viral infection identifies conserved antiviral pathways across macaques and humans. Cell reports Ratnasiri, K., Zheng, H., Toh, J., Yao, Z., Duran, V., Donato, M., Roederer, M., Kamath, M., Todd, J. M., Gagne, M., Foulds, K. E., Francica, J. R., Corbett, K. S., Douek, D. C., Seder, R. A., Einav, S., Blish, C. A., Khatri, P. 2024; 43 (2): 113706

    Abstract

    Viral pandemics and epidemics pose a significant global threat. While macaque models of viral disease are routinely used, it remains unclear how conserved antiviral responses are between macaques and humans. Therefore, we conducted a cross-species analysis of transcriptomic data from over 6,088 blood samples from macaques and humans infected with one of 31 viruses. Our findings demonstrate that irrespective of primate or viral species, there are conserved antiviral responses that are consistent across infection phase (acute, chronic, or latent) and viral genome type (DNA or RNA viruses). Leveraging longitudinal data from experimental challenges, we identify virus-specific response kinetics such as host responses to Coronaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae infections peaking 1-3 days earlier than responses to Filoviridae and Arenaviridae viral infections. Our results underscore macaque studies as a powerful tool for understanding viral pathogenesis and immune responses that translate to humans, with implications for viral therapeutic development and pandemic preparedness.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113706

    View details for PubMedID 38294906

  • Compact RNA sensors for increasingly complex functions of multiple inputs. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology Choe, C., Andreasson, J. O., Melaine, F., Kladwang, W., Wu, M. J., Portela, F., Wellington-Oguri, R., Nicol, J. J., Wayment-Steele, H. K., Gotrik, M., Participants, E., Khatri, P., Greenleaf, W. J., Das, R. 2024

    Abstract

    Designing single molecules that compute general functions of input molecular partners represents a major unsolved challenge in molecular design. Here, we demonstrate that high-throughput, iterative experimental testing of diverse RNA designs crowdsourced from Eterna yields sensors of increasingly complex functions of input oligonucleotide concentrations. After designing single-input RNA sensors with activation ratios beyond our detection limits, we created logic gates, including challenging XOR and XNOR gates, and sensors that respond to the ratio of two inputs. Finally, we describe the OpenTB challenge, which elicited 85-nucleotide sensors that compute a score for diagnosing active tuberculosis, based on the ratio of products of three gene segments. Building on OpenTB design strategies, we created an algorithm Nucleologic that produces similarly compact sensors for the three-gene score based on RNA and DNA. These results open new avenues for diverse applications of compact, single molecule sensors previously limited by design complexity.

    View details for DOI 10.1101/2024.01.04.572289

    View details for PubMedID 38260323

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10802310

  • Derivation, validation, and transcriptomic assessment of pediatric septic shock phenotypes identified through latent profile analyses: Results from a prospective multi-center observational cohort. Research square Atreya, M. R., Huang, M., Moore, A. R., Zheng, H., Hasin-Brumshtein, Y., Fitzgerald, J. C., Weiss, S. L., Cvijanovich, N. Z., Bigham, M. T., Jain, P. N., Schwarz, A. J., Lutfi, R., Nowak, J., Thomas, N. J., Quasney, M., Dahmer, M. K., Baines, T., Haileselassie, B., Lautz, A. J., Stanski, N. L., Standage, S. W., Kaplan, J. M., Zingarelli, B., Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P., Sanchez-Pinto, L. N., Kamaleswaran, R. 2023

    Abstract

    Sepsis poses a grave threat, especially among children, but treatments are limited due to clinical and biological heterogeneity among patients. Thus, there is an urgent need for precise subclassification of patients to guide therapeutic interventions.We used clinical, laboratory, and biomarker data from a prospective multi-center pediatric septic shock cohort to derive phenotypes using latent profile analyses. Thereafter, we trained a support vector machine model to assign phenotypes in a hold-out validation set. We tested interactions between phenotypes and common sepsis therapies on clinical outcomes and conducted transcriptomic analyses to better understand the phenotype-specific biology. Finally, we compared whether newly identified phenotypes overlapped with established gene-expression endotypes and tested the utility of an integrated subclassification scheme.Among 1,071 patients included, we identified two phenotypes which we named 'inflamed' (19.5%) and an 'uninflamed' phenotype (80.5%). The 'inflamed' phenotype had an over 4-fold risk of 28-day mortality relative to those 'uninflamed'. Transcriptomic analysis revealed overexpression of genes implicated in the innate immune response and suggested an overabundance of developing neutrophils, pro-T/NK cells, and NK cells among those 'inflamed'. There was no significant overlap between endotypes and phenotypes. However, an integrated subclassification scheme demonstrated varying survival probabilities when comparing endophenotypes.Our research underscores the reproducibility of latent profile analyses to identify clinical and biologically informative pediatric septic shock phenotypes with high prognostic relevance. Pending validation, an integrated subclassification scheme, reflective of the different facets of the host response, holds promise to inform targeted intervention among those critically ill.

    View details for DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3692289/v1

    View details for PubMedID 38105983

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10723552

  • Epigenetic Profiling of PTPN11 Mutant JMML Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Reveals an Aberrant Histone Landscape. Cancers Sinha, R., Dvorak, M., Ganesan, A., Kalesinskas, L., Niemeyer, C. M., Flotho, C., Sakamoto, K. M., Lacayo, N., Patil, R. V., Perriman, R., Cepika, A. M., Liu, Y. L., Kuo, A., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P., Bertaina, A. 2023; 15 (21)

    Abstract

    Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a deadly pediatric leukemia driven by RAS pathway mutations, of which >35% are gain-of-function in PTPN11. Although DNA hypermethylation portends severe clinical phenotypes, the landscape of histone modifications and chromatin profiles in JMML patient cells have not been explored. Using global mass cytometry, Epigenetic Time of Flight (EpiTOF), we analyzed hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from five JMML patients with PTPN11 mutations. These data revealed statistically significant changes in histone methylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation marks that were unique to JMML HSPCs when compared with healthy controls. Consistent with these data, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) analysis revealed significant alterations in chromatin profiles at loci encoding post-translational modification enzymes, strongly suggesting their mis-regulated expression. Collectively, this study reveals histone modification pathways as an additional epigenetic abnormality in JMML patient HSPCs, thereby uncovering a new family of potential druggable targets for the treatment of JMML.

    View details for DOI 10.3390/cancers15215204

    View details for PubMedID 37958378

  • An NKG2A biased immune response confers protection for infection, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Research square Heath, J., Chen, D., Xie, J., Choi, J., Ng, R., Zhang, R., Li, S., Edmark, R., Zheng, H., Solomon, B., Campbell, K., Medina, E., Ribas, A., Khatri, P., Lanier, L., Mease, P., Goldman, J., Su, Y. 2023

    Abstract

    Infection, autoimmunity, and cancer are the principal human health challenges of the 21st century and major contributors to human death and disease. Often regarded as distinct ends of the immunological spectrum, recent studies have hinted there may be more overlap between these diseases than appears. For example, pathogenic inflammation has been demonstrated as conserved between infection and autoimmune settings. T resident memory (TRM) cells have been highlighted as beneficial for infection and cancer. However, these findings are limited by patient number and disease scope; exact immunological factors shared across disease remain elusive. Here, we integrate large-scale deeply clinically and biologically phenotyped human cohorts of 526 patients with infection, 162 with lupus, and 11,180 with cancer. We identify an NKG2A+ immune bias as associative with protection against disease severity, mortality, and autoimmune and post-acute chronic disease. We reveal that NKG2A+ CD8+ T cells correlate with reduced inflammation, increased humoral immunity, and resemble TRM cells. Our results suggest that an NKG2A+ bias is a pan-disease immunological factor of protection and thus supports recent suggestions that there is immunological overlap between infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Our findings underscore the promotion of an NKG2A+ biased response as a putative therapeutic strategy.

    View details for DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3413673/v1

    View details for PubMedID 37886475

  • Signature-driven repurposing of Midostaurin for combination with MEK1/2 and KRASG12C inhibitors in lung cancer. Nature communications Macaya, I., Roman, M., Welch, C., Entrialgo-Cadierno, R., Salmon, M., Santos, A., Feliu, I., Kovalski, J., Lopez, I., Rodriguez-Remirez, M., Palomino-Echeverria, S., Lonfgren, S. M., Ferrero, M., Calabuig, S., Ludwig, I. A., Lara-Astiaso, D., Jantus-Lewintre, E., Guruceaga, E., Narayanan, S., Ponz-Sarvise, M., Pineda-Lucena, A., Lecanda, F., Ruggero, D., Khatri, P., Santamaria, E., Fernandez-Irigoyen, J., Ferrer, I., Paz-Ares, L., Drosten, M., Barbacid, M., Gil-Bazo, I., Vicent, S. 2023; 14 (1): 6332

    Abstract

    Drug combinations are key to circumvent resistance mechanisms compromising response to single anti-cancer targeted therapies. The implementation of combinatorial approaches involving MEK1/2 or KRASG12C inhibitors in the context of KRAS-mutated lung cancers focuses fundamentally on targeting KRAS proximal activators or effectors. However, the antitumor effect is highly determined by compensatory mechanisms arising in defined cell types or tumor subgroups. A potential strategy to find drug combinations targeting a larger fraction of KRAS-mutated lung cancers may capitalize on the common, distal gene expression output elicited by oncogenic KRAS. By integrating a signature-driven drug repurposing approach with a pairwise pharmacological screen, here we show synergistic drug combinations consisting of multi-tyrosine kinase PKC inhibitors together with MEK1/2 or KRASG12C inhibitors. Such combinations elicit a cytotoxic response in both in vitro and in vivo models, which in part involves inhibition of the PKC inhibitor target AURKB. Proteome profiling links dysregulation of MYC expression to the effect of both PKC inhibitor-based drug combinations. Furthermore, MYC overexpression appears as a resistance mechanism to MEK1/2 and KRASG12C inhibitors. Our study provides a rational framework for selecting drugs entering combinatorial strategies and unveils MEK1/2- and KRASG12C-based therapies for lung cancer.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-41828-z

    View details for PubMedID 37816716

  • Multi-omics analysis of mucosal and systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after birth. Cell Wimmers, F., Burrell, A. R., Feng, Y., Zheng, H., Arunachalam, P. S., Hu, M., Spranger, S., Nyhoff, L. E., Joshi, D., Trisal, M., Awasthi, M., Bellusci, L., Ashraf, U., Kowli, S., Konvinse, K. C., Yang, E., Blanco, M., Pellegrini, K., Tharp, G., Hagan, T., Chinthrajah, R. S., Nguyen, T. T., Grifoni, A., Sette, A., Nadeau, K. C., Haslam, D. B., Bosinger, S. E., Wrammert, J., Maecker, H. T., Utz, P. J., Wang, T. T., Khurana, S., Khatri, P., Staat, M. A., Pulendran, B. 2023

    Abstract

    The dynamics of immunity to infection in infants remain obscure. Here, we used a multi-omics approach to perform a longitudinal analysis of immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in infants and young children by analyzing blood samples and weekly nasal swabs collected before, during, and after infection with Omicron and non-Omicron variants. Infection stimulated robust antibody titers that, unlike in adults, showed no sign of decay for up to 300 days. Infants mounted a robust mucosal immune response characterized by inflammatory cytokines, interferon (IFN) α, and T helper (Th) 17 and neutrophil markers (interleukin [IL]-17, IL-8, and CXCL1). The immune response in blood was characterized by upregulation of activation markers on innate cells, no inflammatory cytokines, but several chemokines and IFNα. The latter correlated with viral load and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in myeloid cells measured by single-cell multi-omics. Together, these data provide a snapshot of immunity to infection during the initial weeks and months of life.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.044

    View details for PubMedID 37776858

  • A machine learning classifier using 33 host immune response mRNAs accurately distinguishes viral and non-viral acute respiratory illnesses in nasal swab samples. Genome medicine Pandya, R., He, Y. D., Sweeney, T. E., Hasin-Brumshtein, Y., Khatri, P. 2023; 15 (1): 64

    Abstract

    Viral acute respiratory illnesses (viral ARIs) contribute significantly to human morbidity and mortality worldwide, but their successful treatment requires timely diagnosis of viral etiology, which is complicated by overlap in clinical presentation with the non-viral ARIs. Multiple pandemics in the twenty-first century to date have further highlighted the unmet need for effective monitoring of clinically relevant emerging viruses. Recent studies have identified conserved host response to viral infections in the blood.We hypothesize that a similarly conserved host response in nasal samples can be utilized for diagnosis and to rule out viral infection in symptomatic patients when current diagnostic tests are negative. Using a multi-cohort analysis framework, we analyzed 1555 nasal samples across 10 independent cohorts dividing them into training and validation.Using six of the datasets for training, we identified 119 genes that are consistently differentially expressed in viral ARI patients (N = 236) compared to healthy controls (N = 146) and further down-selected 33 genes for classifier development. The resulting locked logistic regression-based classifier using the 33-mRNAs had AUC of 0.94 and 0.89 in the six training and four validation datasets, respectively. Furthermore, we found that although trained on healthy controls only, in the four validation datasets, the 33-mRNA classifier distinguished viral ARI from both healthy or non-viral ARI samples with > 80% specificity and sensitivity, irrespective of age, viral type, and viral load. Single-cell RNA-sequencing data showed that the 33-mRNA signature is dominated by macrophages and neutrophils in nasal samples.This proof-of-concept signature has potential to be adapted as a clinical point-of-care test ('RespVerity') to improve the diagnosis of viral ARIs.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/s13073-023-01216-0

    View details for PubMedID 37641125

    View details for PubMedCentralID 6200861

  • Ancestry-based differences in the immune phenotype are associated with lupus activity. JCI insight Slight-Webb, S., Thomas, K., Smith, M., Wagner, C. A., Macwana, S., Bylinska, A., Donato, M., Dvorak, M., Chang, S. E., Kuo, A., Cheung, P., Kalesinskas, L., Ganesan, A., Dermadi, D., Guthridge, C. J., DeJager, W., Wright, C., Foecke, M. H., Merrill, J. T., Chakravarty, E., Arriens, C., Maecker, H. T., Khatri, P., Utz, P. J., James, J. A., Guthridge, J. M. 2023; 8 (16)

    Abstract

    Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects 1 in 537 Black women, which is >2-fold more than White women. Black patients develop the disease at a younger age, have more severe symptoms, and have a greater chance of early mortality. We used a multiomics approach to uncover ancestry-associated immune alterations in patients with SLE and healthy controls that may contribute biologically to disease disparities. Cell composition, signaling, epigenetics, and proteomics were evaluated by mass cytometry; droplet-based single-cell transcriptomics and proteomics; and bead-based multiplex soluble mediator levels in plasma. We observed altered whole blood frequencies and enhanced activity in CD8+ T cells, B cells, monocytes, and DCs in Black patients with more active disease. Epigenetic modifications in CD8+ T cells (H3K27ac) could distinguish disease activity level in Black patients and differentiate Black from White patient samples. TLR3/4/7/8/9-related gene expression was elevated in immune cells from Black patients with SLE, and TLR7/8/9 and IFN-α phospho-signaling and cytokine responses were heightened even in immune cells from healthy Black control patients compared with White individuals. TLR stimulation of healthy immune cells recapitulated the ancestry-associated SLE immunophenotypes. This multiomic resource defines ancestry-associated immune phenotypes that differ between Black and White patients with SLE, which may influence the course and severity of SLE and other diseases.

    View details for DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.169584

    View details for PubMedID 37606045

  • RUNX1 loss renders hematopoietic and leukemic cells dependent on interleukin-3 and sensitive to JAK inhibition. The Journal of clinical investigation Fan, A. C., Nakauchi, Y., Bai, L., Azizi, A., Nuno, K. A., Zhao, F., Köhnke, T., Karigane, D., Cruz-Hernandez, D., Reinisch, A., Khatri, P., Majeti, R. 2023

    Abstract

    Disease-initiating mutations in the transcription factor RUNX1 occur as germline and somatic events that cause leukemias with particularly poor prognosis. However, the role of RUNX1 in leukemogenesis is not fully understood and effective therapies for RUNX1-mutant leukemias remain elusive. Here, we use primary patient samples and a RUNX1 knockout model in primary human hematopoietic cells to investigate how RUNX1 loss contributes to leukemic progression and to identify targetable vulnerabilities. Surprisingly, we found that RUNX1 loss decreased proliferative capacity and stem cell function. However, RUNX1-deficient cells selectively upregulated the interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor. Exposure to IL-3, but not other JAK/STAT cytokines, rescued RUNX1 KO proliferative and competitive defects. Further, we demonstrated that RUNX1 loss repressed JAK/STAT signaling and rendered RUNX1-deficient cells sensitive to JAK inhibitors. Our study identifies a dependency of RUNX1-mutant leukemias on IL-3/JAK/STAT signaling, which may enable these aggressive blood cancers to be targeted with existing agents.

    View details for DOI 10.1172/JCI167053

    View details for PubMedID 37581927

  • Blood transcriptional correlates of BCG-induced protection against tuberculosis in rhesus macaques. Cell reports. Medicine Liu, Y. E., Darrah, P. A., Zeppa, J. J., Kamath, M., Laboune, F., Douek, D. C., Maiello, P., Roederer, M., Flynn, J. L., Seder, R. A., Khatri, P. 2023: 101096

    Abstract

    Blood-based correlates of vaccine-induced protection against tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed. Here, we analyze the blood transcriptome of rhesus macaques immunized with varying doses of intravenous (i.v.) BCG followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) challenge. We use high-dose i.v. BCG recipients for "discovery" and validate our findings in low-dose recipients and in an independent cohort of macaques receiving BCG via different routes. We identify seven vaccine-induced gene modules, including an innate module (module 1) enriched for type 1 interferon and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways. Module 1 on day 2 post-vaccination highly correlates with lung antigen-responsive CD4 T cells at week 8 and with Mtb and granuloma burden following challenge. Parsimonious signatures within module 1 at day 2 post-vaccination predict protection following challenge with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) ≥0.91. Together, these results indicate that the early innate transcriptional response to i.v. BCG in peripheral blood may provide a robust correlate of protection against TB.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101096

    View details for PubMedID 37390827

  • Addendum: Systems vaccinology of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in humans. Nature Arunachalam, P. S., Scott, M. K., Hagan, T., Li, C., Feng, Y., Wimmers, F., Grigoryan, L., Trisal, M., Edara, V. V., Lai, L., Chang, S. E., Feng, A., Dhingra, S., Shah, M., Lee, A. S., Chinthrajah, S., Sindher, S. B., Mallajosyula, V., Gao, F., Sigal, N., Kowli, S., Gupta, S., Pellegrini, K., Tharp, G., Maysel-Auslender, S., Hamilton, S., Aoued, H., Hrusovsky, K., Roskey, M., Bosinger, S. E., Maecker, H. T., Boyd, S. D., Davis, M. M., Utz, P. J., Suthar, M. S., Khatri, P., Nadeau, K. C., Pulendran, B. 2023

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41586-023-05977-x

    View details for PubMedID 37225997

    View details for PubMedCentralID 9746816

  • Advances and potential of omics studies for understanding the development of food allergy. Frontiers in allergy Sindher, S. B., Chin, A. R., Aghaeepour, N., Prince, L., Maecker, H., Shaw, G. M., Stevenson, D. K., Nadeau, K. C., Snyder, M., Khatri, P., Boyd, S. D., Winn, V. D., Angst, M. S., Chinthrajah, R. S. 2023; 4: 1149008

    Abstract

    The prevalence of food allergy continues to rise globally, carrying with it substantial safety, economic, and emotional burdens. Although preventative strategies do exist, the heterogeneity of allergy trajectories and clinical phenotypes has made it difficult to identify patients who would benefit from these strategies. Therefore, further studies investigating the molecular mechanisms that differentiate these trajectories are needed. Large-scale omics studies have identified key insights into the molecular mechanisms for many different diseases, however the application of these technologies to uncover the drivers of food allergy development is in its infancy. Here we review the use of omics approaches in food allergy and highlight key gaps in knowledge for applying these technologies for the characterization of food allergy development.

    View details for DOI 10.3389/falgy.2023.1149008

    View details for PubMedID 37034151

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10080041

  • The impacts of ambient air pollution exposure during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal inflammatory biomarkers Ha, J., Aguilera, J., Jung, Y., Cansdale, S., Lurmann, F., Lutzker, L., Hammond, K., Balmes, J., Noth, E., Eisen, E., Aghaeepour, N., Shaw, G., Waldrop, A., Khatri, P., Utz, P. J., Rosenburg-Hasson, Y., Maecker, H., Burt, T., Nadeau, K., Prunicki, M. MOSBY-ELSEVIER. 2023: AB119
  • Malaria-driven expansion of adaptive-like functional CD56-negative NK cells correlates with clinical immunity to malaria. Science translational medicine Ty, M., Sun, S., Callaway, P. C., Rek, J., Press, K. D., van der Ploeg, K., Nideffer, J., Hu, Z., Klemm, S., Greenleaf, W., Donato, M., Tukwasibwe, S., Arinaitwe, E., Nankya, F., Musinguzi, K., Andrew, D., de la Parte, L., Mori, D. M., Lewis, S. N., Takahashi, S., Rodriguez-Barraquer, I., Greenhouse, B., Blish, C., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P., Dorsey, G., Kamya, M., Boyle, M., Feeney, M., Ssewanyana, I., Jagannathan, P. 2023; 15 (680): eadd9012

    Abstract

    Natural killer (NK) cells likely play an important role in immunity to malaria, but the effect of repeated malaria on NK cell responses remains unclear. Here, we comprehensively profiled the NK cell response in a cohort of 264 Ugandan children. Repeated malaria exposure was associated with expansion of an atypical, CD56neg population of NK cells that differed transcriptionally, epigenetically, and phenotypically from CD56dim NK cells, including decreased expression of PLZF and the Fc receptor γ-chain, increased histone methylation, and increased protein expression of LAG-3, KIR, and LILRB1. CD56neg NK cells were highly functional and displayed greater antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity than CD56dim NK cells. Higher frequencies of CD56neg NK cells were associated with protection against symptomatic malaria and high parasite densities. After marked reductions in malaria transmission, frequencies of these cells rapidly declined, suggesting that continuous exposure to Plasmodium falciparum is required to maintain this modified, adaptive-like NK cell subset.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.add9012

    View details for PubMedID 36696483

  • Multi-site validation of a host response signature for predicting likelihood of bacterial and viral infections in patients with suspected influenza. European journal of clinical investigation Shojaei, M., Chen, U., Midic, U., Thair, S., Teoh, S., McLean, A., Sweeney, T. E., Thompson, M., Liesenfeld, O., Khatri, P., Tang, B. 2023: e13957

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance are public health threats. IMX-BVN-1, a 29-host mRNA classifier provides two separate scores that predict likelihoods of bacterial and viral infections in patients with suspected acute infections. We validated the performance of IMX-BVN-1 in adults attending acute health care settings with suspected influenza.METHOD: We amplified 29 host response genes in RNA extracted from blood by NanoString nCounter. IMX-BVN-1 calculated two scores to predict probabilities of bacterial and viral infections. Results were compared against the infection status (no infection; highly probable/possible infection; confirmed infection) determined by clinical adjudication.RESULT: Among 602 adult patients (74.9% ED, 16.9% ICU, 8.1% outpatients) 7.6% showed in-hospital mortality, 15.5% immunosuppression. Median IMX-BVN-1 bacterial and viral scores were higher in patients with confirmed bacterial (0.27) and viral (0.62) infections than in those without bacterial (0.08) or viral (0.21) infection, respectively. The AUROC distinguishing bacterial from non-bacterial illness was 0.81 and 0.87 when distinguishing viral from non-viral illness. The bacterial top quartile's positive likelihood ratio (LR) was 4.38 with a rule-in specificity of 88%; the bacterial bottom quartile's negative LR was 0.13 with a rule-out sensitivity of 96%. Similarly, the viral top quartile showed an infinite LR with rule-in specificity of 100%; the viral bottom quartile had a LR of 0.22 and a rule-out sensitivity of 85%.CONCLUSION: IMX-BVN-1 showed high accuracy for differentiating bacterial and viral infections from non-infectious illness in patients with suspected influenza. Clinical utility of IMX-BVN will be validated following integration into a point of care system.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/eci.13957

    View details for PubMedID 36692131

  • Inferring direction of associations between histone modifications using a neural processes-based framework. iScience Ganesan, A., Dermadi, D., Kalesinskas, L., Donato, M., Sowers, R., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P. 2023; 26 (1): 105756

    Abstract

    Current technologies do not allow predicting interactions between histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs) at a system-level. We describe a computational framework, imputation-followed-by-inference, to predict directed association between two HPTMs using EpiTOF, a mass cytometry-based platform that allows profiling multiple HPTMs at a single-cell resolution. Using EpiTOF profiles of >55,000,000 peripheral mononuclear blood cells from 158 healthy human subjects, we show that neural processes (NP) have significantly higher accuracy than linear regression and k-nearest neighbors models to impute the abundance of an HPTM. Next, we infer the direction of association to show we recapitulate known HPTM associations and identify several previously unidentified ones in healthy individuals. Using this framework in an influenza vaccine cohort, we identify changes in associations between 6 pairs of HPTMs 30 days following vaccination, of which several have been shown to be involved in innate memory. These results demonstrate the utility of our framework in identifying directed interactions between HPTMs.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105756

    View details for PubMedID 36619977

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC9813700

  • Characterising the autoantibody repertoire in systemic sclerosis following myeloablative haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Annals of the rheumatic diseases Ayoglu, B., Donato, M., Furst, D. E., Crofford, L. J., Goldmuntz, E., Keyes-Elstein, L., James, J., Macwana, S., Mayes, M. D., McSweeney, P., Nash, R. A., Sullivan, K. M., Welch, B., Pinckney, A., Mao, R., Chung, L., Khatri, P., Utz, P. J. 2023

    Abstract

    Results from the SCOT (Scleroderma: Cyclophosphamide Or Transplantation) clinical trial demonstrated significant benefits of haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) versus cyclophosphamide (CTX) in patients with systemic sclerosis. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that transplantation stabilises the autoantibody repertoire in patients with favourable clinical outcomes.We used a bead-based array containing 221 protein antigens to profile serum IgG autoantibodies in participants of the SCOT trial.Comparison of autoantibody profiles at month 26 (n=23 HSCT; n=22 CTX) revealed antibodies against two viral antigens and six self-proteins (SSB/La, CX3CL1, glycyl-tRNA synthetase (EJ), parietal cell antigen, bactericidal permeability-increasing protein and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)) that were significantly different between treatment groups. Linear mixed model analysis identified temporal increases in antibody levels for hepatitis B surface antigen, CCL3 and EGFR in HSCT-treated patients. Eight of 32 HSCT-treated participants and one of 31 CTX-treated participants had temporally varying serum antibody profiles for one or more of 14 antigens. Baseline autoantibody levels against 20 unique antigens, including 9 secreted proteins (interleukins, IL-18, IL-22, IL-23 and IL-27), interferon-α2A, stem cell factor, transforming growth factor-β, macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage migration inhibitory factor were significantly higher in patients who survived event-free to month 54.Our results suggest that HSCT favourably alters the autoantibody repertoire, which remains virtually unchanged in CTX-treated patients. Although antibodies recognising secreted proteins are generally thought to be pathogenic, our results suggest a subset could potentially modulate HSCT in scleroderma.

    View details for DOI 10.1136/ard-2021-221926

    View details for PubMedID 36653124

  • Lamc2 Regulates Key Transcriptional and Targetable Effectors to Support Pancreatic Cancer Growth. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research Erice, O., Narayanan, S., Feliu, I., Entrialgo-Cadierno, R., Malinova, A., Vicentini, C., Guruceaga, E., Delfino, P., Trajkovic-Arsic, M., Moreno, H., Valencia, K., Blanco, E., Macaya, I., Ohlund, D., Khatri, P., Lecanda, F., Scarpa, A., Siveke, J. T., Corbo, V., Ponz-Sarvise, M., Vicent, S. 2023

    Abstract

    PURPOSE: The identification of PDAC dysregulated genes may unveil novel molecular targets entering inhibitory strategies. Laminins are emerging as potential targets in PDAC given their role as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Here we investigated the cellular, functional and clinical relevance of LAMC2 and its regulated network, with the ultimate goal of identifying potential therapies.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: LAMC2 expression was analyzed in PDAC tissues, a panel of human and mouse cell lines, and a genetically engineered mouse model. Genetic perturbation in 2D, 3D, and in vivo allograft and xenograft models was done. Expression profiling of a LAMC2 network was performed by RNA sequencing, and publicly available gene expression datasets from experimental and clinical studies queried for human relevance. Dual inhibition of pharmacologically targetable LAMC2-regulated effectors was investigated.RESULTS: LAMC2 was upregulated in human and mouse experimental models as well as in human PDAC specimens, and associated with tumor grade and survival. LAMC2 inhibition impaired cell cycle, induced apoptosis, and sensitized PDAC to MEK1/2 inhibitors. A LAMC2-regulated network was featured in PDAC including classical and quasi-mesenchymal subtypes, and contained downstream effectors transcriptionally shared by the KRAS signaling pathway. LAMC2 regulated a functional FOSL1-AXL axis via AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore, genetic LAMC2 or pharmacological AXL inhibition elicited a synergistic antiproliferative effect in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitors that was consistent across 2D and 3D human and mouse PDAC models, including primary patient-derived organoids.CONCLUSIONS: LAMC2 is a molecular target in PDAC which regulates a transcriptional network that unveils a dual drug combination for cancer treatment.

    View details for DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-0794

    View details for PubMedID 36607777

  • Prediction of HLA genotypes from single-cell transcriptome data. Frontiers in immunology Solomon, B. D., Zheng, H., Dillon, L. W., Goldman, J. D., Hourigan, C. S., Heath, J. R., Khatri, P. 2023; 14: 1146826

    Abstract

    The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus plays a central role in adaptive immune function and has significant clinical implications for tissue transplant compatibility and allelic disease associations. Studies using bulk-cell RNA sequencing have demonstrated that HLA transcription may be regulated in an allele-specific manner and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has the potential to better characterize these expression patterns. However, quantification of allele-specific expression (ASE) for HLA loci requires sample-specific reference genotyping due to extensive polymorphism. While genotype prediction from bulk RNA sequencing is well described, the feasibility of predicting HLA genotypes directly from single-cell data is unknown. Here we evaluate and expand upon several computational HLA genotyping tools by comparing predictions from human single-cell data to gold-standard, molecular genotyping. The highest 2-field accuracy averaged across all loci was 76% by arcasHLA and increased to 86% using a composite model of multiple genotyping tools. We also developed a highly accurate model (AUC 0.93) for predicting HLA-DRB345 copy number in order to improve genotyping accuracy of the HLA-DRB locus. Genotyping accuracy improved with read depth and was reproducible at repeat sampling. Using a metanalytic approach, we also show that HLA genotypes from PHLAT and OptiType can generate ASE ratios that are highly correlated (R2 = 0.8 and 0.94, respectively) with those derived from gold-standard genotyping.

    View details for DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146826

    View details for PubMedID 37180102

  • Mass-cytometry-based quantitation of global histone post-translational modifications at single-cell resolution across peripheral immune cells in IBD. Journal of Crohn's & colitis Bai, L., Dermadi, D., Kalesinskas, L., Dvorak, M., Chang, S. E., Ganesan, A., Rubin, S. J., Kuo, A., Cheung, P., Donato, M., Utz, P. J., Habtezion, A., Khatri, P. 2022

    Abstract

    Current understanding of histone post-translational modifications (histone modifications) across immune cell types in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during remission and flare is limited. The study aimed to quantify histone modifications at a single-cell resolution in IBD patients during remission and flare and how they differ compared to healthy controls.We performed a case-control study of 94 subjects (83 IBD patients and 11 healthy controls). IBD patients had either UC (n=38) or CD (n=45) in clinical remission or flare. We used epigenetic profiling by time-of-flight (EpiTOF) to investigate changes in histone modifications within peripheral blood mononuclear cells from IBD patients.We discovered substantial heterogeneity in histone modifications across multiple immune cell types in IBD patients. They had a higher proportion of less differentiated CD34 + hematopoietic progenitors, and a subset of CD56 bright NK cells and γδ T cells characterized by distinct histone modifications associated with the gene transcription. The subset of CD56 bright NK cells had increased several histone acetylations. An epigenetically defined subset of NK was associated with higher levels of CRP in peripheral blood. CD14+ monocytes from IBD patients had significantly decreased cleaved H3T22, suggesting they were epigenetically primed for macrophage differentiation.We describe the first systems-level quantification of histone modifications across immune cells from IBD patients at a single-cell resolution revealing the increased epigenetic heterogeneity that is not possible with traditional ChIP-seq profiling. Our data open new directions in investigating the association between histone modifications and IBD pathology using other epigenomic tools.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac194

    View details for PubMedID 36571819

  • A robust host-response-based signature distinguishes bacterial and viral infections across diverse global populations. Cell reports. Medicine Rao, A. M., Popper, S. J., Gupta, S., Davong, V., Vaidya, K., Chanthongthip, A., Dittrich, S., Robinson, M. T., Vongsouvath, M., Mayxay, M., Nawtaisong, P., Karmacharya, B., Thair, S. A., Bogoch, I., Sweeney, T. E., Newton, P. N., Andrews, J. R., Relman, D. A., Khatri, P. 2022; 3 (12): 100842

    Abstract

    Limited sensitivity and specificity of current diagnostics lead to the erroneous prescription of antibiotics. Host-response-based diagnostics could address these challenges. However, using 4,200 samples across 69 blood transcriptome datasets from 20 countries from patients with bacterial or viral infections representing a broad spectrum of biological, clinical, and technical heterogeneity, we show current host-response-based gene signatures have lower accuracy to distinguish intracellular bacterial infections from viral infections than extracellular bacterial infections. Using these 69 datasets, we identify an 8-gene signature to distinguish intracellular or extracellular bacterial infections from viral infections with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) > 0.91 (85.9% specificity and 90.2% sensitivity). In prospective cohorts from Nepal and Laos, the 8-gene classifier distinguished bacterial infections from viral infections with an AUROC of 0.94 (87.9% specificity and 91% sensitivity). The 8-gene signature meets the target product profile proposed by the World Health Organization and others for distinguishing bacterial and viral infections.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100842

    View details for PubMedID 36543117

  • Single-cell RNA-seq methods to interrogate virus-host interactions. Seminars in immunopathology Ratnasiri, K., Wilk, A. J., Lee, M. J., Khatri, P., Blish, C. A. 2022

    Abstract

    The twenty-first century has seen the emergence of many epidemic and pandemic viruses, with the most recent being the SARS-CoV-2-driven COVID-19 pandemic. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses rely on host cells to replicate and produce progeny, resulting in complex virus and host dynamics during an infection. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), by enabling broad and simultaneous profiling of both host and virus transcripts, represents a powerful technology to unravel the delicate balance between host and virus. In this review, we summarize technological and methodological advances in scRNA-seq and their applications to antiviral immunity. We highlight key scRNA-seq applications that have enabled the understanding of viral genomic and host response heterogeneity, differential responses of infected versus bystander cells, and intercellular communication networks. We expect further development of scRNA-seq technologies and analytical methods, combined with measurements of additional multi-omic modalities and increased availability of publicly accessible scRNA-seq datasets, to enable a better understanding of viral pathogenesis and enhance the development of antiviral therapeutics strategies.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s00281-022-00972-2

    View details for PubMedID 36414692

  • Programmable antivirals targeting critical conserved viral RNA secondary structures from influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2. Nature medicine Hagey, R. J., Elazar, M., Pham, E. A., Tian, S., Ben-Avi, L., Bernardin-Souibgui, C., Yee, M. F., Moreira, F. R., Rabinovitch, M. V., Meganck, R. M., Fram, B., Beck, A., Gibson, S. A., Lam, G., Devera, J., Kladwang, W., Nguyen, K., Xiong, A., Schaffert, S., Avisar, T., Liu, P., Rustagi, A., Fichtenbaum, C. J., Pang, P. S., Khatri, P., Tseng, C., Taubenberger, J. K., Blish, C. A., Hurst, B. L., Sheahan, T. P., Das, R., Glenn, J. S. 2022

    Abstract

    Influenza A virus's (IAV's) frequent genetic changes challenge vaccine strategies and engender resistance to current drugs. We sought to identify conserved and essential RNA secondary structures within IAV's genome that are predicted to have greater constraints on mutation in response to therapeutic targeting. We identified and genetically validated an RNA structure (packaging stem-loop 2 (PSL2)) that mediates in vitro packaging and in vivo disease and is conserved across all known IAV isolates. A PSL2-targeting locked nucleic acid (LNA), administered 3d after, or 14d before, a lethal IAV inoculum provided 100% survival in mice, led to the development of strong immunity to rechallenge with a tenfold lethal inoculum, evaded attempts to select for resistance and retained full potency against neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant virus. Use of an analogous approach to target SARS-CoV-2, prophylactic administration of LNAs specific for highly conserved RNA structures in the viral genome, protected hamsters from efficient transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 USA_WA1/2020 variant. These findings highlight the potential applicability of this approach to any virus of interest via a process we term 'programmable antivirals', with implications for antiviral prophylaxis and post-exposure therapy.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41591-022-01908-x

    View details for PubMedID 35982307

  • Rapid GPR183-mediated recruitment of eosinophils to the lung after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cell reports Bohrer, A. C., Castro, E., Tocheny, C. E., Assmann, M., Schwarz, B., Bohrnsen, E., Makiya, M. A., Legrand, F., Hilligan, K. L., Baker, P. J., Torres-Juarez, F., Hu, Z., Ma, H., Wang, L., Niu, L., Wen, Z., Lee, S. H., Kamenyeva, O., Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Kauffman, K. D., Donato, M., Sher, A., Barber, D. L., Via, L. E., Scriba, T. J., Khatri, P., Song, Y., Wong, K., Bosio, C. M., Klion, A. D., Mayer-Barber, K. D. 2022; 40 (4): 111144

    Abstract

    Influx of eosinophils into the lungs is typically associated with type II responses during allergy and fungal and parasitic infections. However, we previously reported that eosinophils accumulate in lung lesions during type I inflammatory responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in humans, macaques, and mice, in which they support host resistance. Here we show eosinophils migrate into the lungs of macaques and mice as early as one week after Mtb exposure. In mice this influx is CCR3 independent and instead requires cell-intrinsic expression of the oxysterol receptor GPR183, which is highly expressed on human and macaque eosinophils. Murine eosinophils interact directly with bacilli-laden alveolar macrophages, which upregulate the oxysterol-synthesizing enzyme Ch25h, and eosinophil recruitment is impaired in Ch25h-deficient mice. Our findings show that eosinophils are among the earliest cells from circulation to sense and respond to Mtb infection of alveolar macrophages and reveal a role for GPR183 in the migration of eosinophils into lung tissue.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111144

    View details for PubMedID 35905725

  • Increasing reproducibility, robustness, and generalizability of biomarker selection from meta-analysis using Bayesian methodology. PLoS computational biology Kalesinskas, L., Gupta, S., Khatri, P. 2022; 18 (6): e1010260

    Abstract

    A major limitation of gene expression biomarker studies is that they are not reproducible as they simply do not generalize to larger, real-world, heterogeneous populations. Frequentist multi-cohort gene expression meta-analysis has been frequently used as a solution to this problem to identify biomarkers that are truly differentially expressed. However, the frequentist meta-analysis framework has its limitations-it needs at least 4-5 datasets with hundreds of samples, is prone to confounding from outliers and relies on multiple-hypothesis corrected p-values. To address these shortcomings, we have created a Bayesian meta-analysis framework for the analysis of gene expression data. Using real-world data from three different diseases, we show that the Bayesian method is more robust to outliers, creates more informative estimates of between-study heterogeneity, reduces the number of false positive and false negative biomarkers and selects more generalizable biomarkers with less data. We have compared the Bayesian framework to a previously published frequentist framework and have developed a publicly available R package for use.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010260

    View details for PubMedID 35759523

  • Host protease activity classifies pneumonia etiology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Anahtar, M., Chan, L. W., Ko, H., Rao, A., Soleimany, A. P., Khatri, P., Bhatia, S. N. 2022; 119 (25): e2121778119

    Abstract

    Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been brought to the forefront of global health priorities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, classification of viral versus bacterial pneumonia etiology remains a significant clinical challenge. To this end, we have engineered a panel of activity-based nanosensors that detect the dysregulated activity of pulmonary host proteases implicated in the response to pneumonia-causing pathogens and produce a urinary readout of disease. The nanosensor targets were selected based on a human protease transcriptomic signature for pneumonia etiology generated from 33 unique publicly available study cohorts. Five mouse models of bacterial or viral CAP were developed to assess the ability of the nanosensors to produce etiology-specific urinary signatures. Machine learning algorithms were used to train diagnostic classifiers that could distinguish infected mice from healthy controls and differentiate those with bacterial versus viral pneumonia with high accuracy. This proof-of-concept diagnostic approach demonstrates a way to distinguish pneumonia etiology based solely on the host proteolytic response to infection.

    View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.2121778119

    View details for PubMedID 35696579

  • An 8-gene machine learning model improves clinical prediction of severe dengue progression. Genome medicine Liu, Y. E., Saul, S., Rao, A. M., Robinson, M. L., Agudelo Rojas, O. L., Sanz, A. M., Verghese, M., Solis, D., Sibai, M., Huang, C. H., Sahoo, M. K., Gelvez, R. M., Bueno, N., Estupinan Cardenas, M. I., Villar Centeno, L. A., Rojas Garrido, E. M., Rosso, F., Donato, M., Pinsky, B. A., Einav, S., Khatri, P. 2022; 14 (1): 33

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Each year 3-6 million people develop life-threatening severe dengue (SD). Clinical warning signs for SD manifest late in the disease course and are nonspecific, leading to missed cases and excess hospital burden. Better SD prognostics are urgently needed.METHODS: We integrated 11 public datasets profiling the blood transcriptome of 365 dengue patients of all ages and from seven countries, encompassing biological, clinical, and technical heterogeneity. We performed an iterative multi-cohort analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between non-severe patients and SD progressors. Using only these DEGs, we trained an XGBoost machine learning model on public data to predict progression to SD. All model parameters were "locked" prior to validation in an independent, prospectively enrolled cohort of 377 dengue patients in Colombia. We measured expression of the DEGs in whole blood samples collected upon presentation, prior to SD progression. We then compared the accuracy of the locked XGBoost model and clinical warning signs in predicting SD.RESULTS: We identified eight SD-associated DEGs in the public datasets and built an 8-gene XGBoost model that accurately predicted SD progression in the independent validation cohort with 86.4% (95% CI 68.2-100) sensitivity and 79.7% (95% CI 75.5-83.9) specificity. Given the 5.8% proportion of SD cases in this cohort, the 8-gene model had a positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV) of 20.9% (95% CI 16.7-25.6) and 99.0% (95% CI 97.7-100.0), respectively. Compared to clinical warning signs at presentation, which had 77.3% (95% CI 58.3-94.1) sensitivity and 39.7% (95% CI 34.7-44.9) specificity, the 8-gene model led to an 80% reduction in the number needed to predict (NNP) from 25.4 to 5.0. Importantly, the 8-gene model accurately predicted subsequent SD in the first three days post-fever onset and up to three days prior to SD progression.CONCLUSIONS: The 8-gene XGBoost model, trained on heterogeneous public datasets, accurately predicted progression to SD in a large, independent, prospective cohort, including during the early febrile stage when SD prediction remains clinically difficult. The model has potential to be translated to a point-of-care prognostic assay to reduce dengue morbidity and mortality without overwhelming limited healthcare resources.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/s13073-022-01034-w

    View details for PubMedID 35346346

  • Increases in ambient air pollutants during pregnancy are linked to increases in methylation of IL4, IL10, and IFNgamma. Clinical epigenetics Aguilera, J., Han, X., Cao, S., Balmes, J., Lurmann, F., Tyner, T., Lutzker, L., Noth, E., Hammond, S. K., Sampath, V., Burt, T., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P., Aghaeepour, N., Maecker, H., Prunicki, M., Nadeau, K. 2022; 14 (1): 40

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Ambient air pollutant (AAP) exposure is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and low birth weight. Previous studies have shown methylation of immune genes associate with exposure to air pollutants in pregnant women, but the cell-mediated response in the context of typical pregnancy cell alterations has not been investigated. Pregnancy causes attenuation in cell-mediated immunity with alterations in the Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg environment, contributing to maternal susceptibility. We recruited women (n=186) who were 20weeks pregnant from Fresno, CA, an area with chronically elevated AAP levels. Associations of average pollution concentration estimates for 1week, 1month, 3months, and 6months prior to blood draw were associated with Th cell subset (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg) percentages and methylation of CpG sites (IL4, IL10, IFNgamma, and FoxP3). Linear regression models were adjusted for weight, age, season, race, and asthma, using a Q value as the false-discovery-rate-adjusted p-value across all genes.RESULTS: Short-term and mid-term AAP exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) carbon monoxide (CO), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH456) were associated with percentages of immune cells. A decrease in Th1 cell percentage was negatively associated with PM2.5 (1 mo/3 mo: Q<0.05), NO2 (1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q<0.05), and PAH456 (1week/1 mo/3 mo: Q<0.05). Th2 cell percentages were negatively associated with PM2.5 (1week/1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q<0.06), and NO2 (1week/1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q<0.06). Th17 cell percentage was negatively associated with NO2 (3 mo/6 mo: Q<0.01), CO (1week/1 mo: Q<0.1), PM2.5 (3 mo/6 mo: Q<0.05), and PAH456 (1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q<0.08). Methylation of the IL10 gene was positively associated with CO (1week/1 mo/3 mo: Q<0.01), NO2 (1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q<0.08), PAH456 (1week/1 mo/3 mo: Q<0.01), and PM2.5 (3 mo: Q=0.06) while IL4 gene methylation was positively associated with concentrations of CO (1week/1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q<0.09). Also, IFNgamma gene methylation was positively associated with CO (1week/1 mo/3 mo: Q<0.05) and PAH456 (1week/1 mo/3 mo: Q<0.06).CONCLUSION: Exposure to several AAPs was negatively associated with T-helper subsets involved in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses during pregnancy. Methylation of IL4, IL10, and IFNgamma genes with pollution exposure confirms previous research. These results offer insights into the detrimental effects of air pollution during pregnancy, the demand for more epigenetic studies, and mitigation strategies to decrease pollution exposure during pregnancy.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/s13148-022-01254-2

    View details for PubMedID 35287715

  • Mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity to the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine. Nature immunology Li, C., Lee, A., Grigoryan, L., Arunachalam, P. S., Scott, M. K., Trisal, M., Wimmers, F., Sanyal, M., Weidenbacher, P. A., Feng, Y., Adamska, J. Z., Valore, E., Wang, Y., Verma, R., Reis, N., Dunham, D., O'Hara, R., Park, H., Luo, W., Gitlin, A. D., Kim, P., Khatri, P., Nadeau, K. C., Pulendran, B. 2022

    Abstract

    Despite the success of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, the immunological mechanisms that underlie its efficacy are poorly understood. Here we analyzed the innate and adaptive responses to BNT162b2 in mice, and show that immunization stimulated potent antibody and antigen-specific T cell responses, as well as strikingly enhanced innate responses after secondary immunization, which was concurrent with enhanced serum interferon (IFN)-gamma levels 1d following secondary immunization. Notably, we found that natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells in the draining lymph nodes are the major producers of this circulating IFN-gamma. Analysis of knockout mice revealed that induction of antibody and T cell responses to BNT162b2 was not dependent on signaling via Toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 nor inflammasome activation, nor the necroptosis or pyroptosis cell death pathways. Rather, the CD8+ T cell response induced by BNT162b2 was dependent on type I interferon-dependent MDA5 signaling. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which the BNT162b2 vaccine stimulates immune responses.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41590-022-01163-9

    View details for PubMedID 35288714

  • Author Correction: The immunoregulatory landscape of human tuberculosis granulomas. Nature immunology McCaffrey, E. F., Donato, M., Keren, L., Chen, Z., Delmastro, A., Fitzpatrick, M. B., Gupta, S., Greenwald, N. F., Baranski, A., Graf, W., Kumar, R., Bosse, M., Fullaway, C. C., Ramdial, P. K., Forgo, E., Jojic, V., Van Valen, D., Mehra, S., Khader, S. A., Bendall, S. C., van de Rijn, M., Kalman, D., Kaushal, D., Hunter, R. L., Banaei, N., Steyn, A. J., Khatri, P., Angelo, M. 2022

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41590-022-01178-2

    View details for PubMedID 35277696

  • Serum proteome analysis of systemic JIA and related lung disease identifies distinct inflammatory programs and biomarkers. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) Chen, G., Deutsch, G. H., Schulert, G., Zheng, H., Jang, S., Trapnell, B., Lee, P., Macaubas, C., Ho, K., Schneider, C., Saper, V. E., de Jesus, A. A., Krasnow, M., Grom, A., Goldbach-Mansky, R., Khatri, P., Mellins, E. D., Canna, S. W. 2022

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVES: Recent observations in systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (sJIA) suggest an increasing incidence of high-mortality interstitial lung disease (sJIA-LD) often characterized by a variant of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Co-occurrence of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and PAP in sJIA suggested a shared pathology, but sJIA-LD patients also commonly experience features of drug reaction such as atypical rashes and eosinophilia. We sought to investigate immunopathology and identify biomarkers in sJIA, MAS, and sJIA-LD.METHODS: We used SOMAscan to measure >1300 analytes in sera from healthy controls and patients with sJIA, MAS, sJIA-LD and other related diseases. We verified selected findings by ELISA and lung immunostaining. Because the proteome of a sample may reflect multiple states (sJIA, MAS, sJIA-LD), we used regression modeling to identify subsets of altered proteins associated with each state. We tested key findings in a validation cohort.RESULTS: Proteome alterations in active sJIA and MAS overlapped substantially, including known sJIA biomarkers like SAA and S100A9, and novel elevations of heat shock proteins and glycolytic enzymes. IL-18 was elevated in all sJIA groups, particularly MAS and sJIA-LD. We also identified an MAS-independent sJIA-LD signature notable for elevated ICAM5, MMP7, and allergic/eosinophilic chemokines, which have been previously associated with lung damage. Immunohistochemistry localized ICAM5 and MMP7 in sJIA-LD lung. ICAM5's ability to distinguish sJIA-LD from sJIA/MAS was independently validated.CONCLUSION: Serum proteins support an sJIA-to-MAS continuum, help distinguish sJIA, sJIA/MAS, and sJIA-LD and suggest etiologic hypotheses. Select biomarkers, such as ICAM5, could aid in early detection and management of sJIA-LD.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/art.42099

    View details for PubMedID 35189047

  • A GMR-based assay for quantification of the human response to influenza. Biosensors & bioelectronics Ravi, N., Chang, S. E., Franco, L. M., Nagamani, S. C., Khatri, P., Utz, P. J., Wang, S. X. 2022; 205: 114086

    Abstract

    Detecting and quantifying the host transcriptional response to influenza virus infection can serve as a real-time diagnostic tool for clinical management. We have employed the multiplexing capabilities of GMR sensors to develop a novel assay based on the influenza metasignature (IMS), which can classify influenza infection based on transcript levels. We show that the assay can reliably detect ten IMS transcripts and distinguish subjects with naturally acquired influenza infection from those with other symptomatic viral infections (AUC 0.93, 95% CI: 0.82-1.00). Separately, we validated that the gene IFI27, not included in the IMS panel, has very high single-biomarker accuracy (AUC 0.95, 95% CI: 0.90-0.99) in stratifying patients with influenza. We demonstrate that a portable GMR biosensor can be used as a tool to diagnose influenza infection by measuring the host response, simultaneously highlighting the power of immune system metrics and advancing the field of gene expression-based diagnostics.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114086

    View details for PubMedID 35192997

  • A robust gene expression signature for NASH in liver expression data. Scientific reports Hasin-Brumshtein, Y., Sakaram, S., Khatri, P., He, Y. D., Sweeney, T. E. 2022; 12 (1): 2571

    Abstract

    Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a progressive liver disease that affects up to 30% of worldwide population, of which up to 25% progress to Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (NASH), a severe form of the disease that involves inflammation and predisposes the patient to liver cirrhosis. Despite its epidemic proportions, there is no reliable diagnostics that generalizes to global patient population for distinguishing NASH from NAFLD. We performed a comprehensive multicohort analysis of publicly available transcriptome data of liver biopsies from Healthy Controls (HC), NAFLD and NASH patients. Altogether we analyzed 812 samples from 12 different datasets across 7 countries, encompassing real world patient heterogeneity. We used 7 datasets for discovery and 5 datasets were held-out for independent validation. Altogether we identified 130 genes significantly differentially expressed in NASH versus a mixed group of NAFLD and HC. We show that our signature is not driven by one particular group (NAFLD or HC) and reflects true biological signal. Using a forward search we were able to downselect to a parsimonious set of 19 mRNA signature with mean AUROC of 0.98 in discovery and 0.79 in independent validation. Methods for consistent diagnosis of NASH relative to NAFLD are urgently needed. We showed that gene expression data combined with advanced statistical methodology holds the potential to serve basis for development of such diagnostic tests for the unmet clinical need.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-06512-0

    View details for PubMedID 35173224

  • Cytokine signatures differentiate systemic sclerosis patients at high versus low risk for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arthritis research & therapy Kolstad, K. D., Khatri, A., Donato, M., Chang, S. E., Li, S., Steen, V. D., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P., Chung, L. 2022; 24 (1): 39

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) affects approximately 10% of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is a leading cause of death. We sought to identify serum cytokine signatures that risk stratify SSc patients for this potentially fatal complication.METHODS: Subjects at high risk for PAH and with incident PAH based on right heart catheterization (RHC) were enrolled in the multi-center prospective registry, Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma (PHAROS). Low-risk SSc patients were enrolled at Stanford and had normal pulmonary function test and echocardiogram parameters. Serum was available from 71 high-risk patients, 81 incident PAH patients, 10 low-risk patients, and 20 healthy controls (HC). Custom 14- and 65-plex arrays were used for cytokine analysis. Cytokine expression was compared between patient groups by principal component analysis and Tukey's test result. A multiple hypotheses corrected p value <0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS: Exploratory analysis using principal components showed unique clustering for each patient group. There was a significant difference in cytokine expression in at least one group comparison for every cytokine. Overall, there was very little difference in cytokine expression comparing high-risk and PAH patient groups; however, these groups had substantially different cytokine profiles compared to low-risk patients and HC.CONCLUSION: These data suggest that cytokine profiles can distinguish SSc patients who are at high-risk for or have PAH from SSc patients who may be at lower risk for PAH and HC. However, high-risk and PAH patients had very similar cytokine profiles, suggesting that these patients are on a disease continuum.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/s13075-022-02734-9

    View details for PubMedID 35139913

  • The Single Cell Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Map of the Innate Immune Response to Vaccination in Lymph Nodes Scott, M., Lee, A., Wimmers, F., Arunachalam, P., Fox, C., Tomai, M., Khatri, P., Pulendran, B. MOSBY-ELSEVIER. 2022: AB316
  • A molecular atlas of innate immunity to adjuvanted and live attenuated vaccines, in mice. Nature communications Lee, A., Scott, M. K., Wimmers, F., Arunachalam, P. S., Luo, W., Fox, C. B., Tomai, M., Khatri, P., Pulendran, B. 1800; 13 (1): 549

    Abstract

    Adjuvants hold great potential in enhancing vaccine efficacy, making the understanding and improving of adjuvants critical goals in vaccinology. The TLR7/8 agonist, 3M-052, induces long-lived humoral immunity in non-human primates and is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials. However, the innate mechanisms of 3M-052 have not been fully characterized. Here, we perform flow cytometry, single cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq to profile the kinetics, transcriptomics and epigenomics of innate immune cells in murine draining lymph nodes following 3M-052-Alum/Ovalbumin immunization. We find that 3M-052-Alum/OVA induces a robust antiviral and interferon gene program, similar to the yellow fever vaccine, which is known to confer long-lasting protection. Activation of myeloid cells in dLNs persists through day 28 and single cell analysis reveals putative TF-gene regulatory programs in distinct myeloid cells and heterogeneity of monocytes. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the transcriptomics and epigenomics of innate populations in the dLNs after vaccination.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-022-28197-9

    View details for PubMedID 35087093

  • A 6-mRNA host response classifier in whole blood predicts outcomes in COVID-19 and other acute viral infections. Scientific reports Buturovic, L., Zheng, H., Tang, B., Lai, K., Kuan, W. S., Gillett, M., Santram, R., Shojaei, M., Almansa, R., Nieto, J. A., Munoz, S., Herrero, C., Antonakos, N., Koufargyris, P., Kontogiorgi, M., Damoraki, G., Liesenfeld, O., Wacker, J., Midic, U., Luethy, R., Rawling, D., Remmel, M., Coyle, S., Liu, Y. E., Rao, A. M., Dermadi, D., Toh, J., Jones, L. M., Donato, M., Khatri, P., Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J., Sweeney, T. E. 1800; 12 (1): 889

    Abstract

    Predicting the severity of COVID-19 remains an unmet medical need. Our objective was to develop a blood-based host-gene-expression classifier for the severity of viral infections and validate it in independent data, including COVID-19. We developed a logistic regression-based classifier for the severity of viral infections and validated it in multiple viral infection settings including COVID-19. We used training data (N=705) from 21 retrospective transcriptomic clinical studies of influenza and other viral illnesses looking at a preselected panel of host immune response messenger RNAs. We selected 6 host RNAs and trained logistic regression classifier with a cross-validation area under curve of 0.90 for predicting 30-day mortality in viral illnesses. Next, in 1417 samples across 21 independent retrospective cohorts the locked 6-RNA classifier had an area under curve of 0.94 for discriminating patients with severe vs. non-severe infection. Next, in independent cohorts of prospectively (N=97) and retrospectively (N=100) enrolled patients with confirmed COVID-19, the classifier had an area under curve of 0.89 and 0.87, respectively, for identifying patients with severe respiratory failure or 30-day mortality. Finally, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal gene expression assay for the 6-messenger-RNA panel to facilitate implementation as a rapid assay. With further study, the classifier could assist in the risk assessment of COVID-19 and other acute viral infections patients to determine severity and level of care, thereby improving patient management and reducing healthcare burden.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-04509-9

    View details for PubMedID 35042868

  • Disease characteristics and serological responses in patients with differing severity of COVID-19 infection: A longitudinal cohort study in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS neglected tropical diseases Akter, A., Ahmed, T., Tauheed, I., Akhtar, M., Rahman, S. I., Khaton, F., Ahmmed, F., Ferdous, J., Afrad, M. H., Kawser, Z., Hossain, M., Khondaker, R., Hasnat, M. A., Sumon, M. A., Rashed, A., Ghosh, S., Calderwood, S. B., Charles, R. C., Ryan, E. T., Khatri, P., Maecker, H. T., Obermoser, G., Pulendran, B., Clemens, J. D., Banu, S., Shirin, T., LaRocque, R. C., Harris, J. B., Bhuiyan, T. R., Chowdhury, F., Qadri, F. 2022; 16 (1): e0010102

    Abstract

    COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 ranges from asymptomatic to severe disease and can cause fatal and devastating outcome in many cases. In this study, we have compared the clinical, biochemical and immunological parameters across the different disease spectrum of COVID-19 in Bangladeshi patients.This longitudinal study was conducted in two COVID-19 hospitals and also around the community in Dhaka city in Bangladesh between November 2020 to March 2021. A total of 100 patients with COVID-19 infection were enrolled and classified into asymptomatic, mild, moderate and severe cases (n = 25/group). In addition, thirty age and sex matched healthy participants were enrolled and 21 were analyzed as controls based on exclusion criteria. After enrollment (study day1), follow-up visits were conducted on day 7, 14 and 28 for the cases. Older age, male gender and co-morbid conditions were the risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease. Those with moderate and severe cases of infection had low lymphocyte counts, high neutrophil counts along with a higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) at enrollment; this decreased to normal range within 42 days after the onset of symptom. At enrollment, D-dimer, CRP and ferritin levels were elevated among moderate and severe cases. The mild, moderate, and severe cases were seropositive for IgG antibody by day 14 after enrollment. Moderate and severe cases showed significantly higher IgM and IgG levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 compared to mild and asymptomatic cases.We report on the clinical, biochemical, and hematological parameters associated with the different severity of COVID-19 infection. We also show different profile of antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in relation to disease severity, especially in those with moderate and severe disease manifestations compared to the mild and asymptomatic infection.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010102

    View details for PubMedID 34982773

  • The immunoregulatory landscape of human tuberculosis granulomas. Nature immunology McCaffrey, E. F., Donato, M., Keren, L., Chen, Z., Delmastro, A., Fitzpatrick, M. B., Gupta, S., Greenwald, N. F., Baranski, A., Graf, W., Kumar, R., Bosse, M., Fullaway, C. C., Ramdial, P. K., Forgó, E., Jojic, V., Van Valen, D., Mehra, S., Khader, S. A., Bendall, S. C., van de Rijn, M., Kalman, D., Kaushal, D., Hunter, R. L., Banaei, N., Steyn, A. J., Khatri, P., Angelo, M. 2022

    Abstract

    Tuberculosis (TB) in humans is characterized by formation of immune-rich granulomas in infected tissues, the architecture and composition of which are thought to affect disease outcome. However, our understanding of the spatial relationships that control human granulomas is limited. Here, we used multiplexed ion beam imaging by time of flight (MIBI-TOF) to image 37 proteins in tissues from patients with active TB. We constructed a comprehensive atlas that maps 19 cell subsets across 8 spatial microenvironments. This atlas shows an IFN-γ-depleted microenvironment enriched for TGF-β, regulatory T cells and IDO1+ PD-L1+ myeloid cells. In a further transcriptomic meta-analysis of peripheral blood from patients with TB, immunoregulatory trends mirror those identified by granuloma imaging. Notably, PD-L1 expression is associated with progression to active TB and treatment response. These data indicate that in TB granulomas, there are local spatially coordinated immunoregulatory programs with systemic manifestations that define active TB.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41590-021-01121-x

    View details for PubMedID 35058616

  • Comparison of the Transcriptomic Signatures in Pediatric and Adult CML. Cancers Youn, M., Smith, S. M., Lee, A. G., Chae, H., Spiteri, E., Erdmann, J., Galperin, I., Jones, L. M., Donato, M., Abidi, P., Bittencourt, H., Lacayo, N., Dahl, G., Aftandilian, C., Davis, K. L., Matthews, J. A., Kornblau, S. M., Huang, M., Sumarsono, N., Redell, M. S., Fu, C. H., Chen, I., Alonzo, T. A., Eklund, E., Gotlib, J., Khatri, P., Sweet-Cordero, E. A., Hijiya, N., Sakamoto, K. M. 1800; 13 (24)

    Abstract

    Children with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) tend to present with higher white blood counts and larger spleens than adults with CML, suggesting that the biology of pediatric and adult CML may differ. To investigate whether pediatric and adult CML have unique molecular characteristics, we studied the transcriptomic signature of pediatric and adult CML CD34+ cells and healthy pediatric and adult CD34+ control cells. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing, we found 567 genes (207 up- and 360 downregulated) differentially expressed in pediatric CML CD34+ cells compared to pediatric healthy CD34+ cells. Directly comparing pediatric and adult CML CD34+ cells, 398 genes (258 up- and 140 downregulated), including many in the Rho pathway, were differentially expressed in pediatric CML CD34+ cells. Using RT-qPCR to verify differentially expressed genes, VAV2 and ARHGAP27 were significantly upregulated in adult CML CD34+ cells compared to pediatric CML CD34+ cells. NCF1, CYBB, and S100A8 were upregulated in adult CML CD34+ cells but not in pediatric CML CD34+ cells, compared to healthy controls. In contrast, DLC1 was significantly upregulated in pediatric CML CD34+ cells but not in adult CML CD34+ cells, compared to healthy controls. These results demonstrate unique molecular characteristics of pediatric CML, such as dysregulation of the Rho pathway, which may contribute to clinical differences between pediatric and adult patients.

    View details for DOI 10.3390/cancers13246263

    View details for PubMedID 34944883

  • Identification of a LAMC2-regulated network featuring targetable effectors for dual therapies in pancreatic cancer. Narayanan, S., Erice, O., Feliu, I., Vicentini, C., Entrialgo-Cadierno, R., Valencia, K., Guruceaga, E., Khatri, P., Corbo, V., Cambra, S., Ponz-Sarvise, M. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2021: 59-60
  • A Multi-mRNA Prognostic Signature for Anti-TNFalpha Therapy Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) Sakaram, S., Hasin-Brumshtein, Y., Khatri, P., He, Y. D., Sweeney, T. E. 2021; 11 (10)

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Anti-TNF-alpha (anti-TNFalpha) therapies have transformed the care and management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, they are expensive and ineffective in greater than 50% of patients, and they increase the risk of infections, liver issues, arthritis, and lymphoma. With 1.6 million Americans suffering from IBD and global prevalence on the rise, there is a critical unmet need in the use of anti-TNFalpha therapies: a test for the likelihood of therapy response. Here, as a proof-of-concept, we present a multi-mRNA signature for predicting response to anti-TNFalpha treatment to improve the efficacy and cost-to-benefit ratio of these biologics.METHODS: We surveyed public data repositories and curated four transcriptomic datasets (n = 136) from colonic and ileal mucosal biopsies of IBD patients (pretreatment) who were subjected to anti-TNFalpha therapy and subsequently adjudicated for response. We applied a multicohort analysis with a leave-one-study-out (LOSO) approach, MetaIntegrator, to identify significant differentially expressed (DE) genes between responders and non-responders and then used a greedy forward search to identify a parsimonious gene signature. We then calculated an anti-TNFalpha response (ATR) score based on this parsimonious gene signature to predict responder status and assessed discriminatory performance via an area-under-receiver operating-characteristic curve (AUROC).RESULTS: We identified 324 significant DE genes between responders and non-responders. The greedy forward search yielded seven genes that robustly distinguish anti-TNFalpha responders from non-responders, with an AUROC of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.70-1). The Youden index yielded a mean sensitivity of 91%, mean specificity of 76%, and mean accuracy of 86%.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that there is a robust transcriptomic signature for predicting anti-TNFalpha response in mucosal biopsies from IBD patients prior to treatment initiation. This seven-gene signature should be further investigated for its potential to be translated into a predictive test for clinical use.

    View details for DOI 10.3390/diagnostics11101902

    View details for PubMedID 34679598

  • Functional Consequences of Memory Inflation after Solid Organ Transplantation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Higdon, L. E., Schaffert, S., Cohen, R. H., Montez-Rath, M. E., Lucia, M., Saligrama, N., Margulies, K. B., Martinez, O. M., Tan, J. C., Davis, M. M., Khatri, P., Maltzman, J. S. 2021

    Abstract

    CMV is a major infectious complication following solid organ transplantation. Reactivation of CMV leads to memory inflation, a process in which CD8 T cells expand over time. Memory inflation is associated with specific changes in T cell function, including increased oligoclonality, decreased cytokine production, and terminal differentiation. To address whether memory inflation during the first year after transplantation in human subjects alters T cell differentiation and function, we employed single-cell-matched TCRalphabeta and targeted gene expression sequencing. Expanded T cell clones exhibited a terminally differentiated, immunosenescent, and polyfunctional phenotype whereas rare clones were less differentiated. Clonal expansion occurring between pre- and 3 mo posttransplant was accompanied by enhancement of polyfunctionality. In contrast, polyfunctionality and differentiation state were largely maintained between 3 and 12 mo posttransplant. Highly expanded clones had a higher degree of polyfunctionality than rare clones. Thus, CMV-responsive CD8 T cells differentiated during the pre- to posttransplant period then maintained their differentiation state and functional capacity despite posttransplant clonal expansion.

    View details for DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.2100405

    View details for PubMedID 34551963

  • Evolution of Cytomegalovirus-Responsive T Cell Clonality following Solid Organ Transplantation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Higdon, L. E., Schaffert, S., Huang, H., Montez-Rath, M. E., Lucia, M., Jha, A., Saligrama, N., Margulies, K. B., Martinez, O. M., Davis, M. M., Khatri, P., Maltzman, J. S. 2021

    Abstract

    CMV infection is a significant complication after solid organ transplantation. We used single cell TCR alphabeta sequencing to determine how memory inflation impacts clonality and diversity of the CMV-responsive CD8 and CD4 T cell repertoire in the first year after transplantation in human subjects. We observed CD8 T cell inflation but no changes in clonal diversity, indicating homeostatic stability in clones. In contrast, the CD4 repertoire was diverse and stable over time, with no evidence of CMV-responsive CD4 T cell expansion. We identified shared CDR3 TCR motifs among patients but no public CMV-specific TCRs. Temporal changes in clonality in response to transplantation and in the absence of detectable viral reactivation suggest changes in the repertoire immediately after transplantation followed by an expansion with stable clonal competition that may mediate protection.

    View details for DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.2100404

    View details for PubMedID 34551964

  • Computational drug repositioning of atorvastatin for ulcerative colitis. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA Bai, L., Scott, M. K., Steinberg, E., Kalesinskas, L., Habtezion, A., Shah, N. H., Khatri, P. 2021

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with limited effective therapeutic options for long-term treatment and disease maintenance. We hypothesized that a multi-cohort analysis of independent cohorts representing real-world heterogeneity of UC would identify a robust transcriptomic signature to improve identification of FDA-approved drugs that can be repurposed to treat patients with UC.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a multi-cohort analysis of 272 colon biopsy transcriptome samples across 11 publicly available datasets to identify a robust UC disease gene signature. We compared the gene signature to in vitro transcriptomic profiles induced by 781 FDA-approved drugs to identify potential drug targets. We used a retrospective cohort study design modeled after a target trial to evaluate the protective effect of predicted drugs on colectomy risk in patients with UC from the Stanford Research Repository (STARR) database and Optum Clinformatics DataMart.RESULTS: Atorvastatin treatment had the highest inverse-correlation with the UC gene signature among non-oncolytic FDA-approved therapies. In both STARR (n = 827) and Optum (n = 7821), atorvastatin intake was significantly associated with a decreased risk of colectomy, a marker of treatment-refractory disease, compared to patients prescribed a comparator drug (STARR: HR = 0.47, P = .03; Optum: HR = 0.66, P = .03), irrespective of age and length of atorvastatin treatment.DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that atorvastatin may serve as a novel therapeutic option for ameliorating disease in patients with UC. Importantly, we provide a systematic framework for integrating publicly available heterogeneous molecular data with clinical data at a large scale to repurpose existing FDA-approved drugs for a wide range of human diseases.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocab165

    View details for PubMedID 34529084

  • Macrophage-derived IL-6 trans-signaling as a novel target in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The European respiratory journal Hirani, D., Alvira, C. M., Danopoulos, S., Milla, C., Donato, M., Tian, L., Mohr, J., Dinger, K., Vohlen, C., Selle, J., Koningsbruggen-Rietschel, S. V., Barbarino, V., Pallasch, C., Rose-John, S., Odenthal, M., Pryhuber, G. S., Mansouri, S., Savai, R., Seeger, W., Khatri, P., Al Alam, D., Dotsch, J., Alejandre Alcazar, M. A. 2021

    Abstract

    RATIONALE: Premature infants exposed to oxygen are at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is characterised by lung growth arrest. Inflammation is important, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we investigated inflammatory pathways and therapeutic targets in severe clinical and experimental BPD.METHODS AND RESULTS: First, transcriptomic analysis with in-silico cellular deconvolution identified a lung-intrinsic M1-like-driven cytokine pattern in newborn mice after hyperoxia. These findings were confirmed by gene expression of macrophage-regulating chemokines (Ccl2, Ccl7, Cxcl5) and markers (Il6, Il17A, Mmp12). Second, hyperoxia-activated IL-6/STAT3 signaling was measured in vivo and related to loss of alveolar epithelial type II cells (ATII) as well as increased mesenchymal marker. Il6 null mice exhibited preserved ATII survival, reduced myofibroblasts and improved elastic fiber assembly, thus enabling lung growth and protecting lung function. Pharmacological inhibition of global IL-6 signaling and IL-6 trans-signaling promoted alveolarisation and ATII survival after hyperoxia. Third, hyperoxia triggered M1-like polarisation, possibly via Klf4; hyperoxia-conditioned medium of macrophages and IL-6 impaired ATII proliferation. Finally, clinical data demonstrate elevated macrophage-related plasma cytokines as potential biomarkers that identify infants receiving oxygen at increased risk of developing BPD. Moreover, macrophage-derived IL6 and active STAT3 were related to loss of epithelial cells in BPD lungs.CONCLUSION: We present a novel IL-6-mediated mechanism by which hyperoxia activates macrophages in immature lungs, impairs ATII homeostasis, and disrupts elastic fiber formation, thereby inhibiting lung growth. The data provide evidence that IL-6 trans-signaling could offer an innovative pharmacological target to enable lung growth in severe neonatal chronic lung disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1183/13993003.02248-2020

    View details for PubMedID 34446466

  • A novel blood-based assay for treatment monitoring of tuberculosis. BMC research notes Zimmer, A. J., Schumacher, S. G., Sodersten, E., Mantsoki, A., Wyss, R., Persing, D. H., Banderby, S., Stromqvist Meuzelaar, L., Prieto, J., Gnanashanmugam, D., Khatri, P., Ongarello, S., Ruhwald, M., Denkinger, C. M. 2021; 14 (1): 247

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVES: A novel 3-gene host transcriptional signature (GBP5, DUSP3 and KLF2) has been validated for tuberculosis (TB) treatment monitoring using laboratory-based RNA sequencing platforms. The signature was recently translated by Cepheid into a prototype cartridge-based test that can be run on the GeneXpert instrument. In this study, we prospectively evaluated the change in the expression of the cartridge-based 3-gene signature following treatment initiation among pulmonary TB patients who were microbiologically cured at the end of treatment.RESULTS: The 3-gene signature expression level (TB score) changed significantly over time with respect to baseline among 31 pulmonary TB patients. The greatest increase in TB score occurred within the first month of treatment (median fold-increase in TB score: 1.08 [IQR 0.54-1.52]) and plateaued after 4months of treatment (median TB score: 1.97 [IQR: 1.03-2.33]). The rapid and substantial increase of the TB score in the first month of treatment holds promise for the early identification of patients that respond to TB treatment. The plateau in TB score at 4months may indicate early clearance of disease and could direct treatment to be shortened. These hypotheses need to be further explored with larger prospective treatment monitoring studies.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/s13104-021-05663-z

    View details for PubMedID 34193258

  • Prospective validation of an 11-gene mRNA host response score for mortality risk stratification in the intensive care unit. Scientific reports Moore, A. R., Roque, J., Shaller, B. T., Asuni, T., Remmel, M., Rawling, D., Liesenfeld, O., Khatri, P., Wilson, J. G., Levitt, J. E., Sweeney, T. E., Rogers, A. J. 2021; 11 (1): 13062

    Abstract

    Several clinical calculators predict intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, however these are cumbersome and often require 24h of data to calculate. Retrospective studies have demonstrated the utility of whole blood transcriptomic analysis in predicting mortality. In this study, we tested prospective validation of an 11-gene messenger RNA (mRNA) score in an ICU population. Whole blood mRNA from 70 subjects in the Stanford ICU Biobank with samples collected within 24h of Emergency Department presentation were used to calculate an 11-gene mRNA score. We found that the 11-gene score was highly associated with 60-day mortality, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.68 in all patients, 0.77 in shock patients, and 0.98 in patients whose primary determinant of prognosis was acute illness. Subjects with the highest quartile of mRNA scores were more likely to die in hospital (40% vs 7%, p<0.01) and within 60days (40% vs 15%, p=0.06). The 11-gene score improved prognostication with a categorical Net Reclassification Improvement index of 0.37 (p=0.03) and an Integrated Discrimination Improvement index of 0.07 (p=0.02) when combined with Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 or Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score. The test performed poorly in the 95 independent samples collected>24h after emergency department presentation. Tests will target a 30-min turnaround time, allowing for rapid results early in admission. Moving forward, this test may provide valuable real-time prognostic information to improve triage decisions and allow for enrichment of clinical trials.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-91201-7

    View details for PubMedID 34158514

  • The single-cell epigenomic and transcriptional landscape of immunity to influenza vaccination. Cell Wimmers, F., Donato, M., Kuo, A., Ashuach, T., Gupta, S., Li, C., Dvorak, M., Foecke, M. H., Chang, S. E., Hagan, T., De Jong, S. E., Maecker, H. T., van der Most, R., Cheung, P., Cortese, M., Bosinger, S. E., Davis, M., Rouphael, N., Subramaniam, S., Yosef, N., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P., Pulendran, B. 2021

    Abstract

    Emerging evidence indicates a fundamental role for the epigenome in immunity. Here, we mapped the epigenomic and transcriptional landscape of immunity to influenza vaccination in humans at the single-cell level. Vaccination against seasonal influenza induced persistently diminished H3K27ac in monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), which was associated with impaired cytokine responses to Toll-like receptor stimulation. Single-cell ATAC-seq analysis revealed an epigenomically distinct subcluster of monocytes with reduced chromatin accessibility at AP-1-targeted loci after vaccination. Similar effects were observed in response to vaccination with the AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 pandemic influenza vaccine. However, this vaccine also stimulated persistently increased chromatin accessibility at interferon response factor (IRF) loci in monocytes and mDCs. This was associated with elevated expression of antiviral genes and heightened resistance to the unrelated Zika and Dengue viruses. These results demonstrate that vaccination stimulates persistent epigenomic remodeling of the innate immune system and reveal AS03's potential as an epigenetic adjuvant.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.039

    View details for PubMedID 34174187

  • Repression of CTSG, ELANE and PRTN3-mediated histone H3 proteolytic cleavage promotes monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. Nature immunology Cheung, P., Schaffert, S., Chang, S. E., Dvorak, M., Donato, M., Macaubas, C., Foecke, M. H., Li, T., Zhang, L., Coan, J. P., Schulert, G. S., Grom, A. A., Henderson, L. A., Nigrovic, P. A., Elias, J. E., Gozani, O., Mellins, E. D., Khatri, P., Utz, P. J., Kuo, A. J. 2021

    Abstract

    Chromatin undergoes extensive reprogramming during immune cell differentiation. Here we report the repression of controlled histone H3 amino terminus proteolytic cleavage (H3DeltaN) during monocyte-to-macrophage development. This abundant histone mark in human peripheral blood monocytes is catalyzed by neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. NSPs are repressed as monocytes mature into macrophages. Integrative epigenomic analysis reveals widespread H3DeltaN distribution across the genome in a monocytic cell line and primary monocytes, which becomes largely undetectable in fully differentiated macrophages. H3DeltaN is enriched at permissive chromatin and actively transcribed genes. Simultaneous NSP depletion in monocytic cells results in H3DeltaN loss and further increase in chromatin accessibility, which likely primes the chromatin for gene expression reprogramming. Importantly, H3DeltaN is reduced in monocytes from patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, an autoinflammatory disease with prominent macrophage involvement. Overall, we uncover an epigenetic mechanism that primes the chromatin to facilitate macrophage development.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41590-021-00928-y

    View details for PubMedID 34017121

  • Diversity in immunogenomics: the value and the challenge. Nature methods Peng, K., Safonova, Y., Shugay, M., Popejoy, A. B., Rodriguez, O. L., Breden, F., Brodin, P., Burkhardt, A. M., Bustamante, C., Cao-Lormeau, V., Corcoran, M. M., Duffy, D., Fuentes-Guajardo, M., Fujita, R., Greiff, V., Jonsson, V. D., Liu, X., Quintana-Murci, L., Rossetti, M., Xie, J., Yaari, G., Zhang, W., Abedalthagafi, M. S., Adekoya, K. O., Ahmed, R. A., Chang, W., Gray, C., Nakamura, Y., Lees, W. D., Khatri, P., Alachkar, H., Scheepers, C., Watson, C. T., Karlsson Hedestam, G. B., Mangul, S. 2021

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41592-021-01169-5

    View details for PubMedID 34002093

  • iPSC-endothelial cell phenotypic drug screening and in silico analyses identify tyrphostin-AG1296 for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Science translational medicine Gu, M., Donato, M., Guo, M., Wary, N., Miao, Y., Mao, S., Saito, T., Otsuki, S., Wang, L., Harper, R. L., Sa, S., Khatri, P., Rabinovitch, M. 2021; 13 (592)

    Abstract

    Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disorder leading to occlusive vascular remodeling. Current PAH therapies improve quality of life but do not reverse structural abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature. Here, we used high-throughput drug screening combined with in silico analyses of existing transcriptomic datasets to identify a promising lead compound to reverse PAH. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells generated from six patients with PAH were exposed to 4500 compounds and assayed for improved cell survival after serum withdrawal using a chemiluminescent caspase assay. Subsequent validation of caspase activity and improved angiogenesis combined with data analyses using the Gene Expression Omnibus and Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures databases revealed that the lead compound AG1296 was positively associated with an anti-PAH gene signature. AG1296 increased abundance of bone morphogenetic protein receptors, downstream signaling, and gene expression and suppressed PAH smooth muscle cell proliferation. AG1296 induced regression of PA neointimal lesions in lung organ culture and PA occlusive changes in the Sugen/hypoxia rat model and reduced right ventricular systolic pressure. Moreover, AG1296 improved vascular function and BMPR2 signaling and showed better correlation with the anti-PAH gene signature than other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Specifically, AG1296 up-regulated small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) 1/5 coactivators, cAMP response element-binding protein 3 (CREB3), and CREB5: CREB3 induced inhibitor of DNA binding 1 and downstream genes that improved vascular function. Thus, drug discovery for PAH can be accelerated by combining phenotypic screening with in silico analyses of publicly available datasets.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba6480

    View details for PubMedID 33952674

  • Systems biological assessment of human immunity to BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Research square Arunachalam, P. S., Scott, M. K., Hagan, T., Li, C., Feng, Y., Wimmers, F., Grigoryan, L., Trisal, M., Edara, V. V., Lai, L., Chang, S. E., Feng, A., Dhingra, S., Shah, M., Lee, A. S., Chinthrajah, S., Sindher, T., Mallajosyula, V., Gao, F., Sigal, N., Kowli, S., Gupta, S., Pellegrini, K., Tharp, G., Maysel-Auslender, S., Bosinger, S., Maecker, H. T., Boyd, S. D., Davis, M. M., Utz, P. J., Suthar, M. S., Khatri, P., Nadeau, K. C., Pulendran, B. 2021

    Abstract

    The emergency use authorization of two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in less than a year since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, represents a landmark in vaccinology1,2. Yet, how mRNA vaccines stimulate the immune system to elicit protective immune responses is unknown. Here we used a systems biological approach to comprehensively profile the innate and adaptive immune responses in 56 healthy volunteers vaccinated with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine. Vaccination resulted in robust production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the parent strain and the variant of concern, B.1.351, but no induction of autoantibodies, and significant increases in antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells after the second dose. The innate response induced within the first 2 days of booster vaccination was profoundly increased, relative to the response at corresponding times after priming. Thus, there was a striking increase in the: (i) frequency of CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes; (ii) concentration of IFN- y in the plasma, which correlated with enhanced pSTAT3 and pSTAT1 levels in monocytes and T cells; and (iii) transcriptional signatures of innate responses characteristic of antiviral vaccine responses against pandemic influenza, HIV and Ebola, within 2 days following booster vaccination compared to primary vaccination. Consistent with these observations, single-cell transcriptomics analysis of 242,479 leukocytes demonstrated a ~100-fold increase in the frequency of a myeloid cluster, enriched in a signature of interferon-response transcription factors (TFs) and reduced in AP-1 TFs, one day after secondary immunization, at day 21. Finally, we delineated distinct molecular pathways of innate activation that correlate with CD8 T cell and nAb responses and identified an early monocyte-related signature that was associated with the breadth of the nAb response against the B1.351 variant strain. Collectively, these data provide insights into the immune responses induced by mRNA vaccines and demonstrate their capacity to stimulate an enhanced innate response following booster immunization.

    View details for DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-438662/v1

    View details for PubMedID 34013244

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC8132234

  • Gene Expression-Based Diagnosis of Infections in Critically Ill Patients-Prospective Validation of the SepsisMetaScore in a Longitudinal Severe Trauma Cohort. Critical care medicine Thair, S., Mewes, C., Hinz, J., Bergmann, I., Buttner, B., Sehmisch, S., Meissner, K., Quintel, M., Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P., Mansur, A. 2021

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis of infections is pivotal in critically ill patients. Innovative gene expression-based approaches promise to deliver precise, fast, and clinically practicable diagnostic tools to bedside. This study aimed to validate the SepsisMetaScore, an 11-gene signature previously reported by our study group, in a representative longitudinal cohort of trauma patients.DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study.SETTING: Surgical ICUs of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany.PATIENTS: Critically ill patients with severe traumatic injuries.INTERVENTIONS: None.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Paired box gene (PAXgene) RNA blood tubes were drawn at predefined time points over the course of disease. The performance of the SepsisMetaScore was tested using targeted polymerase chain reaction and compared with Procalcitonin using area under the receiver operating characteristics analyses. The SepsisMetaScore showed significant differences between infected and noninfected patients (n = 52). It was able to accurately discriminate infectious from noninfectious acute inflammation with an area under the receiver operating characteristics of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.85-0.99) and significantly outperformed Procalcitonin (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.42-0.64) early in the course of infection (p = 0.014).CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the clinical utility for diagnosis of infections with higher accuracy using the SepsisMetaScore compared with Procalcitonin in a prospective cohort of severe trauma patients. Future studies should assess whether the SepsisMetaScore may substantially improve clinical practice by accurate differentiation of infections from sterile inflammation and identification of patients at risk for sepsis. Our results support further investigation of the SepsisMetaScore for the development of tailored precision treatment of critically ill patients.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005027

    View details for PubMedID 33883455

  • Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a microcosm of challenges and opportunities for translational bioinformatics in pediatric research. Current opinion in pediatrics Murphy Jones, L., Khatri, P. 2021

    Abstract

    PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Despite significant progress in our understanding and clinical management of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), significant challenges remain. Here, we review recently published studies on the clinical diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of MIS-C, highlighting key gaps in research progress that are a microcosm for challenges in translational pediatric research. We then discuss potential solutions in the realm of translational bioinformatics.RECENT FINDINGS: Current case definitions are inconsistent and do not capture the underlying pathophysiology of MIS-C, which remains poorly understood. Although overall mortality is low, some patients rapidly decompensate, and a test to identify those at risk for severe outcomes remains an unmet need. Treatment consists of various combinations of immunoglobulins, corticosteroids, and biologics, based on extrapolated data and expert opinion, while the benefits remain unclear as we await the completion of clinical trials.SUMMARY: The small size and heterogeneity of the pediatric population contribute to unmet needs because of financial and logistical constraints of the current research infrastructure focused on eliminating most sources of heterogeneity, leading to ungeneralizable results. Data sharing and meta-analysis of gene expression shows promise to accelerate progress in the field of MIS-C as well as other childhood diseases beyond the current pandemic.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001012

    View details for PubMedID 33871421

  • Multi-cohort analysis of host immune response identifies conserved protective and detrimental modules associated with severity across viruses. Immunity Zheng, H., Rao, A. M., Dermadi, D., Toh, J., Murphy Jones, L., Donato, M., Liu, Y., Su, Y., Dai, C. L., Kornilov, S. A., Karagiannis, M., Marantos, T., Hasin-Brumshtein, Y., He, Y. D., Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J., Heath, J. R., Khatri, P. 2021

    Abstract

    Viral infections induce a conserved host response distinct from bacterial infections. We hypothesized that the conserved response is associated with disease severity and is distinct between patients with different outcomes. To test this, we integrated 4,780 blood transcriptome profiles from patients aged 0 to 90 years infected with one of 16 viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, chikungunya, and influenza, across 34 cohorts from 18 countries, and single-cell RNA sequencing profiles of 702,970 immune cells from 289 samples across three cohorts. Severe viral infection was associated with increased hematopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. We identified protective and detrimental gene modules that defined distinct trajectories associated with mild versus severe outcomes. The interferon response was decoupled from the protective host response in patients with severe outcomes. These findings were consistent, irrespective of age and virus, and provide insights to accelerate the development of diagnostics and host-directed therapies to improve global pandemic preparedness.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.002

    View details for PubMedID 33765435

  • Transcriptomic similarities and differences in host response between SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. iScience Thair, S. A., He, Y. D., Hasin-Brumshtein, Y., Sakaram, S., Pandya, R., Toh, J., Rawling, D., Remmel, M., Coyle, S., Dalekos, G. N., Koutsodimitropoulos, I., Vlachogianni, G., Gkeka, E., Karakike, E., Damoraki, G., Antonakos, N., Khatri, P., Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J., Sweeney, T. E. 2021; 24 (1): 101947

    Abstract

    The pandemic 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) shares certain clinical characteristics with other acute viral infections. We studied the whole-blood transcriptomic host response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using RNAseq from 24 healthy controls and 62 prospectively enrolled patients with COVID-19. We then compared these data to non-COVID-19 viral infections, curated from 23 independent studies profiling 1,855 blood samples covering six viruses (influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), Ebola, dengue). We show gene expression changes in COVID-19 versus non-COVID-19 viral infections are highly correlated (r= 0.74, p< 0.001). However, we also found 416 genes specific to COVID-19. Inspection of top genes revealed dynamic immune evasion and counter host responses specific to COVID-19. Statistical deconvolution of cell proportions maps many cell type proportions concordantly shifting. Discordantly increased in COVID-19 were CD56bright natural killer cells and M2 macrophages. The concordant and discordant responses mapped out here provide a window to explore the pathophysiology of the host response to SARS-CoV-2.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101947

    View details for PubMedID 33437935

  • SIMON: Open-Source Knowledge Discovery Platform. Patterns (New York, N.Y.) Tomic, A., Tomic, I., Waldron, L., Geistlinger, L., Kuhn, M., Spreng, R. L., Dahora, L. C., Seaton, K. E., Tomaras, G., Hill, J., Duggal, N. A., Pollock, R. D., Lazarus, N. R., Harridge, S. D., Lord, J. M., Khatri, P., Pollard, A. J., Davis, M. M. 2021; 2 (1): 100178

    Abstract

    Data analysis and knowledge discovery has become more and more important in biology and medicine with the increasing complexity of biological datasets, but the necessarily sophisticated programming skills and in-depth understanding of algorithms needed pose barriers to most biologists and clinicians to perform such research. We have developed a modular open-source software, SIMON, to facilitate the application of 180+ state-of-the-art machine-learning algorithms to high-dimensional biomedical data. With an easy-to-use graphical user interface, standardized pipelines, and automated approach for machine learning and other statistical analysis methods, SIMON helps to identify optimal algorithms and provides a resource that empowers non-technical and technical researchers to identify crucial patterns in biomedical data.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100178

    View details for PubMedID 33511368

  • A multi-scale integrated analysis identifies KRT8 as a pan-cancer early biomarker. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing Scott, M. K., Limaye, M., Schaffert, S., West, R., Ozawa, M. G., Chu, P., Nair, V. S., Koong, A. C., Khatri, P. 2021; 26: 297–308

    Abstract

    An early biomarker would transform our ability to screen and treat patients with cancer. The large amount of multi-scale molecular data in public repositories from various cancers provide unprecedented opportunities to find such a biomarker. However, despite identification of numerous molecular biomarkers using these public data, fewer than 1% have proven robust enough to translate into clinical practice. One of the most important factors affecting the successful translation to clinical practice is lack of real-world patient population heterogeneity in the discovery process. Almost all biomarker studies analyze only a single cohort of patients with the same cancer using a single modality. Recent studies in other diseases have demonstrated the advantage of leveraging biological and technical heterogeneity across multiple independent cohorts to identify robust disease biomarkers. Here we analyzed 17149 samples from patients with one of 23 cancers that were profiled using either DNA methylation, bulk and single-cell gene expression, or protein expression in tumor and serum. First, we analyzed DNA methylation profiles of 9855 samples across 23 cancers from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We then examined the gene expression profile of the most significantly hypomethylated gene, KRT8, in 6781 samples from 57 independent microarray datasets from NCBI GEO. KRT8 was significantly over-expressed across cancers except colon cancer (summary effect size=1.05; p < 0.0001). Further, single-cell RNAseq analysis of 7447 single cells from lung tumors showed that genes that significantly correlated with KRT8 (p < 0.05) were involved in p53-related pathways. Immunohistochemistry in tumor biopsies from 294 patients with lung cancer showed that high protein expression of KRT8 is a prognostic marker of poor survival (HR = 1.73, p = 0.01). Finally, detectable KRT8 in serum as measured by ELISA distinguished patients with pancreatic cancer from healthy controls with an AUROC=0.94. In summary, our analysis demonstrates that KRT8 is (1) differentially expressed in several cancers across all molecular modalities and (2) may be useful as a biomarker to identify patients that should be further tested for cancer.

    View details for PubMedID 33691026

  • Multicohort Analysis Identifies Monocyte Gene Signatures to Accurately Monitor Subset-Specific Changes in Human Diseases. Frontiers in immunology Vallania, F., Zisman, L., Macaubas, C., Hung, S., Rajasekaran, N., Mason, S., Graf, J., Nakamura, M., Mellins, E. D., Khatri, P. 2021; 12: 659255

    Abstract

    Monocytes are crucial regulators of inflammation, and are characterized by three distinct subsets in humans, of which classical and non-classical are the most abundant. Different subsets carry out different functions and have been previously associated with multiple inflammatory conditions. Dissecting the contribution of different monocyte subsets to disease is currently limited by samples and cohorts, often resulting in underpowered studies and poor reproducibility. Publicly available transcriptome profiles provide an alternative source of data characterized by high statistical power and real-world heterogeneity. However, most transcriptome datasets profile bulk blood or tissue samples, requiring the use of in silico approaches to quantify changes in cell levels. Here, we integrated 853 publicly available microarray expression profiles of sorted human monocyte subsets from 45 independent studies to identify robust and parsimonious gene expression signatures, consisting of 10 genes specific to each subset. These signatures maintain their accuracy regardless of disease state in an independent cohort profiled by RNA-sequencing and are specific to their respective subset when compared to other immune cells from both myeloid and lymphoid lineages profiled across 6160 transcriptome profiles. Consequently, we show that these signatures can be used to quantify changes in monocyte subsets levels in expression profiles from patients in clinical trials. Finally, we show that proteins encoded by our signature genes can be used in cytometry-based assays to specifically sort monocyte subsets. Our results demonstrate the robustness, versatility, and utility of our computational approach and provide a framework for the discovery of new cellular markers.

    View details for DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659255

    View details for PubMedID 34054824

  • Formulating a Gene Signature for Diagnosis of Autoimmune and Infectious Diseases Gupta, R., Rao, A. M., Jones, L., Khatri, P., ASSOC COMP MACHINERY ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. 2021
  • Blood-based host biomarker diagnostics in active case finding for pulmonary tuberculosis: EClinicalMedicine, published by The Lancet Martinez, F., Verma, R., Cesar, P., Leite, A., Santos, ., Rafaele, Bruna, Persing, D., Södersten, E., Gnanashanmugam, D., Khatri, P., Croda, J., Andrews, J., et al 2021
  • A multi-scale integrated analysis identifies KRT8 as a pan-cancer early biomarker Scott, M. D., Ozawa, M. G., Chu, P., Limaye, M., Nair, V. S., Schaffert, S., Koong, A. C., West, R., Khatri, P., Altman, R. B., Dunker, A. K., Hunter, L., Ritchie, M. D., Murray, T., Klein, T. E. WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD. 2021: 297-308
  • Systems vaccinology of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in humans. Nature Arunachalam, P. S., Scott, M. K., Hagan, T., Li, C., Feng, Y., Wimmers, F., Grigoryan, L., Trisal, M., Edara, V. V., Lai, L., Chang, S. E., Feng, A., Dhingra, S., Shah, M., Lee, A. S., Chinthrajah, S., Sindher, S. B., Mallajosyula, V., Gao, F., Sigal, N., Kowli, S., Gupta, S., Pellegrini, K., Tharp, G., Maysel-Auslender, S., Hamilton, S., Aoued, H., Hrusovsky, K., Roskey, M., Bosinger, S. E., Maecker, H. T., Boyd, S. D., Davis, M. M., Utz, P. J., Suthar, M. S., Khatri, P., Nadeau, K. C., Pulendran, B. 2021

    Abstract

    The emergency use authorization of two mRNA vaccines in less than a year since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 represents a landmark in vaccinology1,2. Yet, how mRNA vaccines stimulate the immune system to elicit protective immune responses is unknown. Here we used a systems vaccinology approach to comprehensively profile the innate and adaptive immune responses of 56 healthy volunteers vaccinated with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine. Vaccination resulted in robust production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the parent Wuhan strain and, to a lesser extent, the B.1.351 strain, and significant increases in antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells after the second dose. Booster vaccination stimulated a strikingly enhanced innate immune response compared to primary vaccination, evidenced by a greater: (i) frequency of CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes; (ii) concentration of plasma IFN-g; (iii) transcriptional signature of innate antiviral immunity. Consistent with these observations, single-cell transcriptomics analysis demonstrated a ~100-fold increase in the frequency of a myeloid cell cluster, enriched in interferon-response transcription factors (TFs) and reduced in AP-1 TFs, following secondary immunization. Finally, we identified distinct innate pathways associated with CD8 T cell and nAb responses, and show that a monocyte-related signature correlates with the nAb response against the B.1.351 variant strain. Collectively, these data provide insights into immune responses induced by mRNA vaccination and demonstrate its capacity to prime the innate immune system to mount a more potent response following booster immunization.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41586-021-03791-x

    View details for PubMedID 34252919

  • Signatures of immune dysfunction in HIV and HCV infection share features with chronic inflammation in aging and persist after viral reduction or elimination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Lopez Angel, C. J., Pham, E. A., Du, H. n., Vallania, F. n., Fram, B. J., Perez, K. n., Nguyen, T. n., Rosenberg-Hasson, Y. n., Ahmed, A. n., Dekker, C. L., Grant, P. M., Khatri, P. n., Maecker, H. T., Glenn, J. S., Davis, M. M., Furman, D. n. 2021; 118 (14)

    Abstract

    Chronic inflammation is thought to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in aging, but whether similar mechanisms underlie dysfunction in infection-associated chronic inflammation is unclear. Here, we profiled the immune proteome, and cellular composition and signaling states in a cohort of aging individuals versus a set of HIV patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy therapy or hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients before and after sofosbuvir treatment. We found shared alterations in aging-associated and infection-associated chronic inflammation including T cell memory inflation, up-regulation of intracellular signaling pathways of inflammation, and diminished sensitivity to cytokines in lymphocytes and myeloid cells. In the HIV cohort, these dysregulations were evident despite viral suppression for over 10 y. Viral clearance in the HCV cohort partially restored cellular sensitivity to interferon-α, but many immune system alterations persisted for at least 1 y posttreatment. Our findings indicate that in the HIV and HCV cohorts, a broad remodeling and degradation of the immune system can persist for a year or more, even after the removal or drastic reduction of the pathogen load and that this shares some features of chronic inflammation in aging.

    View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.2022928118

    View details for PubMedID 33811141

  • Diagnostic accuracy study of a novel blood-based assay for identification of TB in people living with HIV. Journal of clinical microbiology Sodersten, E., Ongarello, S., Mantsoki, A., Wyss, R., Persing, D. H., Banderby, S., Meuzelaar, L. S., Prieto, J., Gnanashanmugam, D., Khatri, P., Schumacher, S. G., Denkinger, C. M. 2020

    Abstract

    A non-sputum triage test to rule out TB disease is a WHO high-priority diagnostic and a combinatory score based on a 3-gene host-signature has shown promise in discriminating TB from other illnesses. We evaluated the accuracy of an early-prototype cartridge-assay ("Xpert MTB Host Response", or Xpert-MTB-HR-Prototype) of this 3-gene signature on bio-banked blood-samples from PLHIV against a comprehensive microbiological reference standard (CMRS) and against Xpert MTB/RIF on first sputum alone. We depict results based on performance targets set by WHO in comparison with a laboratory-based CRP assay. Of 201 patients included, 67 were culture-positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis AUC for the Xpert-MTB-HR-Prototype was 0·89 (CI 0·83-0·94) against the CMRS and 0·94 (CI 0·89-0·98) against Xpert MTB/RIF. Considering Xpert-MTB-HR-Prototype as a triage test (at nearest upper value of sensitivity to 90%), specificity was 55·8% (CI 47·2-64·1) compared to the CMRS and 85·9% (CI 79·3-90·7) compared to Xpert MTB/RIF as confirmatory tests. Considering Xpert-MTB-HR-Prototype as a stand-alone diagnostic test, at a specificity near 95%, the test achieved a sensitivity of 65·7% (CI 53·7-75·9) while CRP achieved a sensitivity of only 13·6% (CI 7·3-23·4). In this first accuracy study of a prototype blood-based host-marker assay, we show the possible value of the assay for triage and diagnosis in PLHIV.

    View details for DOI 10.1128/JCM.01643-20

    View details for PubMedID 33298607

  • Data Heterogeneity: The Enzyme to Catalyze Translational Bioinformatics? Journal of medical Internet research Cahan, E. M., Khatri, P. 2020; 22 (8): e18044

    Abstract

    Up to 95% of novel interventions demonstrating significant effects at the bench fail to translate to the bedside. In recent years, the windfalls of "big data" have afforded investigators more substrate for research than ever before. However, issues with translation have persisted: although countless biomarkers for diagnostic and therapeutic targeting have been proposed, few of these generalize effectively. We assert that inadequate heterogeneity in datasets used for discovery and validation causes their nonrepresentativeness of the diversity observed in real-world patient populations. This nonrepresentativeness is contrasted with advantages rendered by the solicitation and utilization of data heterogeneity for multisystemic disease modeling. Accordingly, we propose the potential benefits of models premised on heterogeneity to promote the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Triple Aim. In an era of personalized medicine, these models can confer higher quality clinical care for individuals, increased access to effective care across all populations, and lower costs for the health care system.

    View details for DOI 10.2196/18044

    View details for PubMedID 32784182

  • Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans. Science (New York, N.Y.) Arunachalam, P. S., Wimmers, F., Mok, C. K., Perera, R. A., Scott, M., Hagan, T., Sigal, N., Feng, Y., Bristow, L., Tak-Yin Tsang, O., Wagh, D., Coller, J., Pellegrini, K. L., Kazmin, D., Alaaeddine, G., Leung, W. S., Chan, J. M., Chik, T. S., Choi, C. Y., Huerta, C., Paine McCullough, M., Lv, H., Anderson, E., Edupuganti, S., Upadhyay, A. A., Bosinger, S. E., Maecker, H. T., Khatri, P., Rouphael, N., Peiris, M., Pulendran, B. 2020

    Abstract

    COVID-19 represents a global crisis, yet major knowledge gaps remain about human immunity to SARS-CoV-2. We analyzed immune responses in 76 COVID-19 patients and 69 healthy individuals from Hong Kong and Atlanta. In PBMCs of COVID-19 patients, there was reduced expression of HLA-DR and pro-inflammatory cytokines by myeloid cells, and impaired mTOR-signaling and IFN-alpha production by plasmacytoid DCs. In contrast, there were enhanced plasma levels of inflammatory mediators, including EN-RAGE, TNFSF14, and oncostatin-M, which correlated with disease severity and increased bacterial products in human plasma. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed no type-I IFN, reduced HLA-DR in myeloid cells of severe patients, and transient expression of IFN-stimulated genes. This was consistent with bulk PBMC transcriptomics, and transient, low plasma IFN-alpha levels during infection. These results reveal mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/science.abc6261

    View details for PubMedID 32788292

  • Cellular senescence impairs the reversibility of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Science translational medicine van der Feen, D. E., Bossers, G. P., Hagdorn, Q. A., Moonen, J., Kurakula, K., Szulcek, R., Chappell, J., Vallania, F., Donato, M., Kok, K., Kohli, J. S., Petersen, A. H., van Leusden, T., Demaria, M., Goumans, M. T., De Boer, R. A., Khatri, P., Rabinovitch, M., Berger, R. M., Bartelds, B. 2020; 12 (554)

    Abstract

    Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in congenital cardiac shunts can be reversed by hemodynamic unloading (HU) through shunt closure. However, this reversibility potential is lost beyond a certain point in time. The reason why PAH becomes irreversible is unknown. In this study, we used MCT+shunt-induced PAH in rats to identify a dichotomous reversibility response to HU, similar to the human situation. We compared vascular profiles of reversible and irreversible PAH using RNA sequencing. Cumulatively, we report that loss of reversibility is associated with a switch from a proliferative to a senescent vascular phenotype and confirmed markers of senescence in human PAH-CHD tissue. In vitro, we showed that human pulmonary endothelial cells of patients with PAH are more vulnerable to senescence than controls in response to shear stress and confirmed that the senolytic ABT263 induces apoptosis in senescent, but not in normal, endothelial cells. To support the concept that vascular cell senescence is causal to the irreversible nature of end-stage PAH, we targeted senescence using ABT263 and induced reversal of the hemodynamic and structural changes associated with severe PAH refractory to HU. The factors that drive the transition from a reversible to irreversible pulmonary vascular phenotype could also explain the irreversible nature of other PAH etiologies and provide new leads for pharmacological reversal of end-stage PAH.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw4974

    View details for PubMedID 32727916

  • Response to: 'Successful treatment of plasma exchange for refractory systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis complicated with macrophage activation syndrome and severe lung disease' by Sato et al. Annals of the rheumatic diseases Saper, V. E., Chen, G., Guillerman, R. P., Khatri, P., Cron, R. Q., Mellins, E. D. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217426

    View details for PubMedID 32317313

  • A generalizable 29-mRNA neural-network classifier for acute bacterial and viral infections. Nature communications Mayhew, M. B., Buturovic, L., Luethy, R., Midic, U., Moore, A. R., Roque, J. A., Shaller, B. D., Asuni, T., Rawling, D., Remmel, M., Choi, K., Wacker, J., Khatri, P., Rogers, A. J., Sweeney, T. E. 2020; 11 (1): 1177

    Abstract

    Improved identification of bacterial and viral infections would reduce morbidity from sepsis, reduce antibiotic overuse, and lower healthcare costs. Here, we develop a generalizable host-gene-expression-based classifier for acute bacterial and viral infections. We use training data (N=1069) from 18 retrospective transcriptomic studies. Using only 29 preselected host mRNAs, we train a neural-network classifier with a bacterial-vs-other area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) 0.92 (95% CI 0.90-0.93) and a viral-vs-other AUROC 0.92 (95% CI 0.90-0.93). We then apply this classifier, inflammatix-bacterial-viral-noninfected-version 1(IMX-BVN-1), without retraining, to an independent cohort (N=163). In this cohort, IMX-BVN-1 AUROCs are: bacterial-vs.-other 0.86 (95% CI 0.77-0.93), and viral-vs.-other 0.85 (95% CI 0.76-0.93). In patients enrolled within 36h of hospital admission (N=70), IMX-BVN-1 AUROCs are: bacterial-vs.-other 0.92 (95% CI 0.83-0.99), and viral-vs.-other 0.91 (95% CI 0.82-0.98). With further study, IMX-BVN-1 could provide a tool for assessing patients with suspected infection and sepsis at hospital admission.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-020-14975-w

    View details for PubMedID 32132525

  • T cell-inducing vaccine durably prevents mucosal SHIV infection even with lower neutralizing antibody titers. Nature medicine Arunachalam, P. S., Charles, T. P., Joag, V. n., Bollimpelli, V. S., Scott, M. K., Wimmers, F. n., Burton, S. L., Labranche, C. C., Petitdemange, C. n., Gangadhara, S. n., Styles, T. M., Quarnstrom, C. F., Walter, K. A., Ketas, T. J., Legere, T. n., Jagadeesh Reddy, P. B., Kasturi, S. P., Tsai, A. n., Yeung, B. Z., Gupta, S. n., Tomai, M. n., Vasilakos, J. n., Shaw, G. M., Kang, C. Y., Moore, J. P., Subramaniam, S. n., Khatri, P. n., Montefiori, D. n., Kozlowski, P. A., Derdeyn, C. A., Hunter, E. n., Masopust, D. n., Amara, R. R., Pulendran, B. n. 2020

    Abstract

    Recent efforts toward an HIV vaccine focus on inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies, but eliciting both neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and cellular responses may be superior. Here, we immunized macaques with an HIV envelope trimer, either alone to induce nAbs, or together with a heterologous viral vector regimen to elicit nAbs and cellular immunity, including CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells. After ten vaginal challenges with autologous virus, protection was observed in both vaccine groups at 53.3% and 66.7%, respectively. A nAb titer >300 was generally associated with protection but in the heterologous viral vector + nAb group, titers <300 were sufficient. In this group, protection was durable as the animals resisted six more challenges 5 months later. Antigen stimulation of T cells in ex vivo vaginal tissue cultures triggered antiviral responses in myeloid and CD4+ T cells. We propose that cellular immune responses reduce the threshold of nAbs required to confer superior and durable protection.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41591-020-0858-8

    View details for PubMedID 32393800

  • Integrated, multicohort analysis reveals unified signature of systemic lupus erythematosus. JCI insight Haynes, W. A., Haddon, D. J., Diep, V. K., Khatri, A. n., Bongen, E. n., Yiu, G. n., Balboni, I. n., Bolen, C. R., Mao, R. n., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P. n. 2020; 5 (4)

    Abstract

    Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that follows an unpredictable disease course and affects multiple organs and tissues. We performed an integrated, multicohort analysis of 7,471 transcriptomic profiles from 40 independent studies to identify robust gene expression changes associated with SLE. We identified a 93-gene signature (SLE MetaSignature) that is differentially expressed in the blood of patients with SLE compared with healthy volunteers; distinguishes SLE from other autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases; and persists across diverse tissues and cell types. The SLE MetaSignature correlated significantly with disease activity and other clinical measures of inflammation. We prospectively validated the SLE MetaSignature in an independent cohort of pediatric patients with SLE using a microfluidic quantitative PCR (qPCR) array. We found that 14 of the 93 genes in the SLE MetaSignature were independent of IFN-induced and neutrophil-related transcriptional profiles that have previously been associated with SLE. Pathway analysis revealed dysregulation associated with nucleic acid biosynthesis and immunometabolism in SLE. We further refined a neutropoiesis signature and identified underappreciated transcripts related to immune cells and oxidative stress. In our multicohort, transcriptomic analysis has uncovered underappreciated genes and pathways associated with SLE pathogenesis, with the potential to advance clinical diagnosis, biomarker development, and targeted therapeutics for SLE.

    View details for DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.122312

    View details for PubMedID 31971918

  • Response to: 'Effectiveness and safety of ruxolitinib for the treatment of refractory systemic idiopathic juvenile arthritis like associated with interstitial lung disease: case report' by Bader-Meunier et al. Annals of the rheumatic diseases Saper, V. E., Chen, G. n., Khatri, P. n., Mellins, E. D. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217000

    View details for PubMedID 32054603

  • High-throughput quantitative histology in systemic sclerosis skin disease using computer vision. Arthritis research & therapy Correia, C. n., Mawe, S. n., Lofgren, S. n., Marangoni, R. G., Lee, J. n., Saber, R. n., Aren, K. n., Cheng, M. n., Teaw, S. n., Hoffmann, A. n., Goldberg, I. n., Cowper, S. E., Khatri, P. n., Hinchcliff, M. n., Mahoney, J. M. 2020; 22 (1): 48

    Abstract

    Skin fibrosis is the clinical hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc), where collagen deposition and remodeling of the dermis occur over time. The most widely used outcome measure in SSc clinical trials is the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS), which is a semi-quantitative assessment of skin stiffness at seventeen body sites. However, the mRSS is confounded by obesity, edema, and high inter-rater variability. In order to develop a new histopathological outcome measure for SSc, we applied a computer vision technology called a deep neural network (DNN) to stained sections of SSc skin. We tested the hypotheses that DNN analysis could reliably assess mRSS and discriminate SSc from normal skin.We analyzed biopsies from two independent (primary and secondary) cohorts. One investigator performed mRSS assessments and forearm biopsies, and trichrome-stained biopsy sections were photomicrographed. We used the AlexNet DNN to generate a numerical signature of 4096 quantitative image features (QIFs) for 100 randomly selected dermal image patches/biopsy. In the primary cohort, we used principal components analysis (PCA) to summarize the QIFs into a Biopsy Score for comparison with mRSS. In the secondary cohort, using QIF signatures as the input, we fit a logistic regression model to discriminate between SSc vs. control biopsy, and a linear regression model to estimate mRSS, yielding Diagnostic Scores and Fibrosis Scores, respectively. We determined the correlation between Fibrosis Scores and the published Scleroderma Skin Severity Score (4S) and between Fibrosis Scores and longitudinal changes in mRSS on a per patient basis.In the primary cohort (n = 6, 26 SSc biopsies), Biopsy Scores significantly correlated with mRSS (R = 0.55, p = 0.01). In the secondary cohort (n = 60 SSc and 16 controls, 164 biopsies; divided into 70% training and 30% test sets), the Diagnostic Score was significantly associated with SSc-status (misclassification rate = 1.9% [training], 6.6% [test]), and the Fibrosis Score significantly correlated with mRSS (R = 0.70 [training], 0.55 [test]). The DNN-derived Fibrosis Score significantly correlated with 4S (R = 0.69, p = 3 × 10- 17).DNN analysis of SSc biopsies is an unbiased, quantitative, and reproducible outcome that is associated with validated SSc outcomes.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/s13075-020-2127-0

    View details for PubMedID 32171325

  • Pilot study of a novel serum mRNA gene panel for diagnosis of acute septic arthritis. World journal of orthopedics Schultz, B. J., Sweeney, T., DeBaun, M. R., Remmel, M., Midic, U., Khatri, P., Gardner, M. J. 2019; 10 (12): 424–33

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Septic arthritis is an orthopedic emergency requiring immediate surgical intervention. Current diagnostic standard of care is an invasive joint aspiration. Aspirations provide information about the inflammatory cells in the sample within a few hours, but there is often ambiguity about whether the source is infectious (e.g. bacterial) or non-infectious (e.g. gout). Cultures can take days to result, so decisions about surgery are often made with incomplete data. Novel diagnostics are thus needed. The "Sepsis MetaScore" (SMS) is an 11-mRNA host immune blood signature that can distinguish between infectious and non-infectious acute inflammation. It has been validated in multiple cohorts across heterogeneous clinical settings.AIM: To study whether the SMS holds diagnostic validity in determining the etiology of acute arthritis.METHODS: We conducted a blinded, prospective, non-interventional clinical study of the SMS. All patients undergoing work-up for a septic primary joint were enrolled. Patients proceeded through the normal standard-of-care pathway, including joint aspiration and inflammatory labs [white blood cell (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP)]. Venous blood was also drawn into PAX gene RNA-stabilizing tubes and mRNAs were measured using Nano String nCounter. SMS was calculated blinded to clinical results.RESULTS: A total of 20 samples were included, of which 11 were infected based on aspiration or intra-operative cultures. The SMS had an area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of 0.87 for separating infectious from non-infectious conditions. For comparison, the AUROCs for ESR = 0.58, CRP = 0.6, and WBC = 0.59. At 100% sensitivity for infection, the specificity of the SMS was 40%, meaning nearly half of non-septic patients could have been ruled out for further intervention.CONCLUSION: In this pilot study, SMS showed a high level of diagnostic accuracy in predicting septic joints compared to other diagnostic biomarkers. This quick blood test could be an important tool for early, accurate identification of acute septic joints and need for emergent surgery, improving clinical care and healthcare spending.

    View details for DOI 10.5312/wjo.v10.i12.424

    View details for PubMedID 31908991

  • Sex Differences in the Blood Transcriptome Identify Robust Changes in Immune Cell Proportions with Aging and Influenza Infection. Cell reports Bongen, E., Lucian, H., Khatri, A., Fragiadakis, G. K., Bjornson, Z. B., Nolan, G. P., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P. 2019; 29 (7): 1961

    Abstract

    Sex differences in autoimmunity and infection suggest that a better understanding of molecular sex differences will improve the diagnosis and treatment of immune-related disease. We identified 144 differentially expressed genes, referred to as immune sex expression signature (iSEXS), between human males and females using an integrated multi-cohort analysis of blood transcriptome profiles from six discovery cohorts from five continents with 458 healthy individuals. We validated iSEXS in 11 additional cohorts of 524 peripheral blood samples. When we separated iSEXS into genes located on sex chromosomes (XY-iSEXS) or autosomes (autosomal-iSEXS), both modules distinguished males and females. iSEXS reflects sex differences in immune cell proportions, with female-associated genes showing higher expression by CD4+ Tcells and male-associated genes showing higher expression by myeloid cells. Autosomal-iSEXS detected an increase in monocytes with age in females, reflected sex-differential immune cell dynamics during influenza infection, and predicted antibody response in males, but not females.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.019

    View details for PubMedID 31722210

  • Cytokine Signatures Differentiate Systemic Sclerosis Patients at High versus Low Risk for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Kolstad, K., Khatri, A., Donato, M., Chang, S., Li, S., Steen, V., Utz, P., Khatri, P., Chung, L. WILEY. 2019
  • Multiplex Serum Analysis Identifies Potential Biomarkers of Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Macrophage Activation Syndrome, and Associated Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis: Evidence for Independently-regulated Hyperinflammatory and Eosinophilic Inflammation Chen, G., Schulert, G., De Jesus, A., Saper, V., Schneider, C., Trapnell, B., Grom, A. A., Goldbach-Mansky, R., Mellins, E., Khatri, P., Canna, S. WILEY. 2019
  • Transplantation Alters Function and Clonality of Cytomegalovirus-Responsive T Cells Higdon, L. E., Schaffert, S., Saligrama, N., Davis, M. M., Khatri, P., Maltzman, J. S. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2019
  • Computational and Systems Immunology: A Student's Perspective. Trends in immunology Good, Z., Glanville, J., Gee, M. H., Davis, M. M., Khatri, P. 2019

    Abstract

    The big data revolution has transformed the landscape of immunology research. As inaugural students of Stanford's new Computational and Systems Immunology PhD track, we share our experiences and advice with other institutions considering a similar program.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.it.2019.06.006

    View details for PubMedID 31288986

  • Increased monocyte count as a cellular biomarker for poor outcomes in fibrotic diseases: a retrospective, multicentre cohort study LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE Scott, M. D., Quinn, K., Li, Q., Carroll, R., Warsinske, H., Vallania, F., Chen, S., Carns, M. A., Aren, K., Sun, J., Koloms, K., Lee, J., Baral, J., Kropski, J., Zhao, H., Herzog, E., Martinez, F. J., Moore, B. B., Hinchcliff, M., Denny, J., Kaminski, N., Herazo-Maya, J. D., Shah, N. H., Khatri, P. 2019; 7 (6): 497–508
  • Single-cell technologies - studying rheumatic diseases one cell at a time NATURE REVIEWS RHEUMATOLOGY Cheung, P., Khatri, P., Utz, P. J., Kuo, A. J. 2019; 15 (6): 340–54
  • Single cell immune profiling in transplantation research AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Higdon, L. E., Schaffert, S., Khatri, P., Maltzman, J. S. 2019; 19 (5): 1278–87

    View details for DOI 10.1111/ajt.15316

    View details for Web of Science ID 000471342300007

  • CD22 blockade restores homeostatic microglial phagocytosis in ageing brains NATURE Pluvinage, J. V., Haney, M. S., Smith, B. H., Sun, J., Iram, T., Bonanno, L., Li, L., Lee, D. P., Morgens, D. W., Yang, A. C., Shuken, S. R., Gate, D., Scott, M., Khatri, P., Luo, J., Bertozzi, C. R., Bassik, M. C., Wyss-Coray, T. 2019; 568 (7751): 187-+
  • CD22 blockade restores homeostatic microglial phagocytosis in ageing brains. Nature Pluvinage, J. V., Haney, M. S., Smith, B. A., Sun, J., Iram, T., Bonanno, L., Li, L., Lee, D. P., Morgens, D. W., Yang, A. C., Shuken, S. R., Gate, D., Scott, M., Khatri, P., Luo, J., Bertozzi, C. R., Bassik, M. C., Wyss-Coray, T. 2019

    Abstract

    Microglia maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system through phagocytic clearance of protein aggregates and cellular debris. This function deteriorates during ageing and neurodegenerative disease, concomitant with cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms of impaired microglial homeostatic function and the cognitive effects of restoring this function remain unknown. We combined CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens with RNAsequencing analysis to discover age-related genetic modifiers of microglial phagocytosis. These screens identified CD22, a canonical Bcell receptor, as a negative regulator of phagocytosis that is upregulated on aged microglia. CD22 mediates the anti-phagocytic effect of alpha2,6-linked sialic acid, and inhibition of CD22 promotes the clearance of myelin debris, amyloid-beta oligomers and alpha-synuclein fibrils in vivo. Long-term central nervous system delivery of an antibody that blocks CD22 function reprograms microglia towards a homeostatic transcriptional state and improves cognitive function in aged mice. These findings elucidate a mechanism of age-related microglial impairment and a strategy to restore homeostasis in the ageing brain.

    View details for PubMedID 30944478

  • Host-response-based gene signatures for tuberculosis diagnosis: A systematic comparison of 16 signatures PLOS MEDICINE Warsinske, H., Vashisht, R., Khatri, P. 2019; 16 (4)
  • Increased monocyte count as a cellular biomarker for poor outcomes in fibrotic diseases: a retrospective, multicentre cohort study. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine Scott, M. K., Quinn, K., Li, Q., Carroll, R., Warsinske, H., Vallania, F., Chen, S., Carns, M. A., Aren, K., Sun, J., Koloms, K., Lee, J., Baral, J., Kropski, J., Zhao, H., Herzog, E., Martinez, F. J., Moore, B. B., Hinchcliff, M., Denny, J., Kaminski, N., Herazo-Maya, J. D., Shah, N. H., Khatri, P. 2019

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need for biomarkers to better stratify patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by risk for lung transplantation allocation who have the same clinical presentation. We aimed to investigate whether a specific immune cell type from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis could identify those at higher risk of poor outcomes. We then sought to validate our findings using cytometry and electronic health records.METHODS: We first did a discovery analysis with transcriptome data from the Gene Expression Omnibus at the National Center for Biotechnology Information for 120 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We estimated percentages of 13 immune cell types using statistical deconvolution, and investigated the association of these cell types with transplant-free survival. We validated these results using PBMC samples from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in two independent cohorts (COMET and Yale). COMET profiled monocyte counts in 45 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from March 12, 2010, to March 10, 2011, using flow cytometry; we tested if increased monocyte count was associated with the primary outcome of disease progression. In the Yale cohort, 15 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (with five healthy controls) were classed as high risk or low risk from April 28, 2014, to Aug 20, 2015, using a 52-gene signature, and we assessed whether monocyte percentage (measured by cytometry by time of flight) was higher in high-risk patients. We then examined complete blood count values in the electronic health records (EHR) of 45 068 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or myelofibrosis from Stanford (Jan 01, 2008, to Dec 31, 2015), Northwestern (Feb 15, 2001 to July 31, 2017), Vanderbilt (Jan 01, 2008, to Dec 31, 2016), and Optum Clinformatics DataMart (Jan 01, 2004, to Dec 31, 2016) cohorts, and examined whether absolute monocyte counts of 0·95 K/muL or greater were associated with all-cause mortality in these patients.FINDINGS: In the discovery analysis, estimated CD14+ classical monocyte percentages above the mean were associated with shorter transplant-free survival times (hazard ratio [HR] 1·82, 95% CI 1·05-3·14), whereas higher percentages of T cells and B cells were not (0·97, 0·59-1·66; and 0·78, 0·45-1·34 respectively). In two validation cohorts (COMET trial and the Yale cohort), patients with higher monocyte counts were at higher risk for poor outcomes (COMET Wilcoxon p=0·025; Yale Wilcoxon p=0·049). Monocyte counts of 0·95 K/muL or greater were associated with mortality after adjusting for forced vital capacity (HR 2·47, 95% CI 1·48-4·15; p=0·0063), and the gender, age, and physiology index (HR 2·06, 95% CI 1·22-3·47; p=0·0068) across the COMET, Stanford, and Northwestern datasets). Analysis of medical records of 7459 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis showed that patients with monocyte counts of 0·95 K/muL or greater were at increased risk of mortality with lung transplantation as a censoring event, after adjusting for age at diagnosis and sex (Stanford HR=2·30, 95% CI 0·94-5·63; Vanderbilt 1·52, 1·21-1·89; Optum 1·74, 1·33-2·27). Likewise, higher absolute monocyte count was associated with shortened survival in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy across all three cohorts, and in patients with systemic sclerosis or myelofibrosis in two of the three cohorts.INTERPRETATION: Monocyte count could be incorporated into the clinical assessment of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other fibrotic disorders. Further investigation into the mechanistic role of monocytes in fibrosis might lead to insights that assist the development of new therapies.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and US National Library of Medicine.

    View details for PubMedID 30935881

  • Discovery of Distinct Immune Phenotypes Using Machine Learning in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension CIRCULATION RESEARCH Sweatt, A. J., Hedlin, H. K., Balasubramanian, V., Hsi, A., Blum, L. K., Robinson, W. H., Haddad, F., Hickey, P. M., Condliffe, R., Lawrie, A., Nicolls, M. R., Rabinovitch, M., Khatri, P., Zamanian, R. T. 2019; 124 (6): 904–19
  • A clinically meaningful metric of immune age derived from high-dimensional longitudinal monitoring. Nature medicine Alpert, A., Pickman, Y., Leipold, M., Rosenberg-Hasson, Y., Ji, X., Gaujoux, R., Rabani, H., Starosvetsky, E., Kveler, K., Schaffert, S., Furman, D., Caspi, O., Rosenschein, U., Khatri, P., Dekker, C. L., Maecker, H. T., Davis, M. M., Shen-Orr, S. S. 2019

    Abstract

    Immune responses generally decline with age. However, the dynamics of this process at the individual level have not been characterized, hindering quantification of an individual's immune age. Here, we use multiple 'omics' technologies to capture population- and individual-level changes in the human immune system of 135 healthy adult individuals of different ages sampled longitudinally over a nine-year period. We observed high inter-individual variability in the rates of change of cellular frequencies that was dictated by their baseline values, allowing identification of steady-state levels toward which a cell subset converged and the ordered convergence of multiple cell subsets toward an older adult homeostasis. These data form a high-dimensional trajectory of immune aging (IMM-AGE) that describes a person's immune status better than chronological age. We show that the IMM-AGE score predicted all-cause mortality beyond well-established risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study, establishing its potential use in clinics for identification of patients at risk.

    View details for PubMedID 30842675

  • A clinically meaningful metric of immune age derived from high-dimensional longitudinal monitoring NATURE MEDICINE Alpert, A., Pickman, Y., Leipold, M., Rosenberg-Hasson, Y., Ji, X., Gaujoux, R., Rabani, H., Starosvetsky, E., Kveler, K., Schaffert, S., Furman, D., Caspi, O., Rosenschein, U., Khatri, P., Dekker, C. L., Maecker, H. T., Davis, M. M., Shen-Orr, S. S. 2019; 25 (3): 487-+
  • Single cell immune profiling in transplantation research. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Higdon, L. E., Schaffert, S., Khatri, P., Maltzman, J. S. 2019

    Abstract

    Recently developed single-cell profiling technologies hold promise to provide new insights including analysis of population heterogeneity and linkage of antigen receptors with gene expression. These technologies produce complex data sets that require knowledge of bioinformatics for appropriate analysis. In this minireview, we discuss several single-cell immune profiling technologies for gene and protein expression, including cytometry by time-of-flight, RNA sequencing, and antigen receptor sequencing, as well as key considerations for analysis that apply to each. Because of the critical importance of data analysis for high parameter single cell analysis, we discuss essential factors in analysis of these data, including quality control, quantification, examples of methods for high dimensional analysis, immune repertoire analysis, and preparation of analysis pipelines. We provide examples of, and suggestions for, application of these innovative methods to transplantation research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for PubMedID 30768832

  • A 20-Gene Set Predictive of Progression to Severe Dengue. Cell reports Robinson, M., Sweeney, T. E., Barouch-Bentov, R., Sahoo, M. K., Kalesinskas, L., Vallania, F., Sanz, A. M., Ortiz-Lasso, E., Albornoz, L. L., Rosso, F., Montoya, J. G., Pinsky, B. A., Khatri, P., Einav, S. 2019; 26 (5): 1104

    Abstract

    There is a need to identify biomarkers predictive of severe dengue. Single-cohort transcriptomics has not yielded generalizable results or parsimonious, predictive gene sets. We analyzed blood samples of dengue patients from seven gene expression datasets (446 samples, five countries) using an integrated multi-cohort analysis framework and identified a 20-gene set that predicts progression to severe dengue. We validated the predictive power of this 20-gene set in three retrospective dengue datasets (84 samples, three countries) and a prospective Colombia cohort (34 patients), with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.89, 100% sensitivity, and 76% specificity. The 20-gene dengue severity scores declined during the diseasecourse, suggesting an infection-triggered host response. This 20-gene set is strongly associated with the progression to severe dengue and represents a predictive signature, generalizable across ages, host genetic factors, and virus strains, with potential implications for the development of a host response-based dengue prognostic assay.

    View details for PubMedID 30699342

  • A 20-Gene Set Predictive of Progression to Severe Dengue CELL REPORTS Robinson, M., Sweeney, T. E., Barouch-Bentov, R., Sahoo, M., Kalesinskas, L., Vallania, F., Maria Sanz, A., Ortiz-Lasso, E., Luis Albornoz, L., Rosso, F., Montoya, J. G., Pinsky, B. A., Khatri, P., Einav, S. 2019; 26 (5): 1104-+
  • MECHANISMS DRIVING ALTERED V Delta 2+Gamma Delta T CELL FUNCTION DURING RECURRENT MALARIA INFECTION Dantzler, K. W., Klemm, S., Polidoro, R., Rao, A., Junquiera, C., Dvorak, M., Rek, J., Kamya, M., Cheung, P., Kuo, A., Dorsey, G., Feeney, M., Lieberman, J., Khatri, P., Greenleaf, W., Jagannathan, P. AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE. 2019: 111
  • FHIT, a Novel Modifier Gene in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Prosseda, S., Tian, X., Kuramoto, K., Boehm, M., Sudheendra, D., Miyagawa, K., Zhang, F., Solow-Cordero, D., Saldivar, J. C., Austin, E. D., Loyd, J. E., Wheeler, L., Andruska, A., Donato, M., Wang, L., Huebner, K., Metzger, R. J., Khatri, P., Spiekerkoetter, E. 2019; 199 (1): 83-98
  • Data analytics for precision medicine GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE: INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, 3RD EDITION Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P., Tsalik, E. L., Woods, C. W. 2019: 25–33
  • Cell-centred meta-analysis reveals baseline predictors of anti-TNFα non-response in biopsy and blood of patients with IBD. Gut Gaujoux, R. n., Starosvetsky, E. n., Maimon, N. n., Vallania, F. n., Bar-Yoseph, H. n., Pressman, S. n., Weisshof, R. n., Goren, I. n., Rabinowitz, K. n., Waterman, M. n., Yanai, H. n., Dotan, I. n., Sabo, E. n., Chowers, Y. n., Khatri, P. n., Shen-Orr, S. S. 2019; 68 (4): 604–14

    Abstract

    Although anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) therapies represent a major breakthrough in IBD therapy, their cost-benefit ratio is hampered by an overall 30% non-response rate, adverse side effects and high costs. Thus, finding predictive biomarkers of non-response prior to commencing anti-TNFα therapy is of high value.We analysed publicly available whole-genome expression profiles of colon biopsies obtained from multiple cohorts of patients with IBD using a combined computational deconvolution-meta-analysis paradigm which allows to estimate immune cell contribution to the measured expression and capture differential regulatory programmes otherwise masked due to variation in cellular composition. Insights from this in silico approach were experimentally validated in biopsies and blood samples of three independent test cohorts.We found the proportion of plasma cells as a robust pretreatment biomarker of non-response to therapy, which we validated in two independent cohorts of immune-stained colon biopsies, where a plasma cellular score from inflamed biopsies was predictive of non-response with an area under the curve (AUC) of 82%. Meta-analysis of the cell proportion-adjusted gene expression data suggested that an increase in inflammatory macrophages in anti-TNFα non-responding individuals is associated with the upregulation of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) and chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-chemokine ligand 7 (CCL7) -axes. Blood gene expression analysis of an independent cohort, identified TREM-1 downregulation in non-responders at baseline, which was predictive of response with an AUC of 94%.Our study proposes two clinically feasible assays, one in biopsy and one in blood, for predicting non-response to anti-TNFα therapy prior to initiation of treatment. Moreover, it suggests that mechanism-driven novel drugs for non-responders should be developed.

    View details for PubMedID 29618496

  • Host-response-based gene signatures for tuberculosis diagnosis: A systematic comparison of 16 signatures. PLoS medicine Warsinske, H. n., Vashisht, R. n., Khatri, P. n. 2019; 16 (4): e1002786

    Abstract

    The World Health Organization (WHO) and Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) have published target product profiles (TPPs) calling for non-sputum-based diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis (ATB) disease and for predicting the progression from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to ATB. A large number of host-derived blood-based gene-expression biomarkers for diagnosis of patients with ATB have been proposed to date, but none have been implemented in clinical settings. The focus of this study is to directly compare published gene signatures for diagnosis of patients with ATB across a large, diverse list of publicly available gene expression datasets, and evaluate their performance against the WHO/FIND TPPs.We searched PubMed, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and ArrayExpress in June 2018. We included all studies irrespective of study design and enrollment criteria. We found 16 gene signatures for the diagnosis of ATB compared to other clinical conditions in PubMed. For each signature, we implemented a classification model as described in the corresponding original publication of the signature. We identified 24 datasets containing 3,083 transcriptome profiles from whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples of healthy controls or patients with ATB, LTBI, or other diseases from 14 countries in GEO. Using these datasets, we calculated weighted mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), specificity at 90% sensitivity, and negative predictive value (NPV) for each gene signature across all datasets. We also compared the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), heterogeneity in DOR, and false positive rate (FPR) for each signature using bivariate meta-analysis. Across 9 datasets of patients with culture-confirmed diagnosis of ATB, 11 signatures had weighted mean AUROC > 0.8, and 2 signatures had weighted mean AUROC ≤ 0.6. All but 2 signatures had high NPV (>98% at 2% prevalence). Two gene signatures achieved the minimal WHO TPP for a non-sputum-based triage test. When including datasets with clinical diagnosis of ATB, there was minimal reduction in the weighted mean AUROC and specificity of all but 3 signatures compared to when using only culture-confirmed ATB data. Only 4 signatures had homogeneous DOR and lower FPR when datasets with clinical diagnosis of ATB were included; other signatures either had heterogeneous DOR or higher FPR or both. Finally, 7 of 16 gene signatures predicted progression from LTBI to ATB 6 months prior to sputum conversion with positive predictive value > 6% at 2% prevalence. Our analyses may have under- or overestimated the performance of certain ATB diagnostic signatures because our implementation may be different from the published models for those signatures. We re-implemented published models because the exact models were not publicly available.We found that host-response-based diagnostics could accurately identify patients with ATB and predict individuals with high risk of progression from LTBI to ATB prior to sputum conversion. We found that a higher number of genes in a signature did not increase the accuracy of the signature. Overall, the Sweeney3 signature performed robustly across all comparisons. Our results provide strong evidence for the potential of host-response-based diagnostics in achieving the WHO goal of ending tuberculosis by 2035, and host-response-based diagnostics should be pursued for clinical implementation.

    View details for PubMedID 31013272

  • Single-cell technologies - studying rheumatic diseases one cell at a time. Nature reviews. Rheumatology Cheung, P. n., Khatri, P. n., Utz, P. J., Kuo, A. J. 2019

    Abstract

    Cells, the basic units of life, have striking differences at transcriptomic, proteomic and epigenomic levels across tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms. The coordination of individual immune cells is essential for the generation of effective immune responses to pathogens while immune tolerance is maintained to protect the host. In rheumatic diseases, when immune responses are dysregulated, pathologically important cells might represent only a small fraction of the immune system. Interrogation of the contributions of individual immune cells to pathogenesis and disease progression should therefore reveal important insights into the complicated aetiology of rheumatic diseases. Technological advances are enabling the high-dimensional dissection of single cells at multiple omics levels, which could facilitate the identification of dysregulated molecular mechanisms in patients with rheumatic diseases and the discovery of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers. The single-cell technologies that have been developed over the past decade and the experimental platforms that enable multi-omics integrative analyses have already made inroads into immunology-related fields of study and have potential for use in rheumatology. Layers of omics data derived from single cells are likely to fundamentally change our understanding of the molecular pathways that underpin the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases.

    View details for PubMedID 31065108

  • Pregnancy-Induced Alterations in NK Cell Phenotype and Function. Frontiers in immunology Le Gars, M., Seiler, C., Kay, A. W., Bayless, N. L., Starosvetsky, E., Moore, L., Shen-Orr, S. S., Aziz, N., Khatri, P., Dekker, C. L., Swan, G. E., Davis, M. M., Holmes, S., Blish, C. A. 2019; 10: 2469

    Abstract

    Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to complications of influenza A virus infection, which may result from pregnancy-induced changes in the function of immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. To better understand NK cell function during pregnancy, we assessed the ability of the two main subsets of NK cells, CD56dim, and CD56bright NK cells, to respond to influenza-virus infected cells and tumor cells. During pregnancy, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells displayed enhanced functional responses to both infected and tumor cells, with increased expression of degranulation markers and elevated frequency of NK cells producing IFN-gamma. To better understand the mechanisms driving this enhanced function, we profiled CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells from pregnant and non-pregnant women using mass cytometry. NK cells from pregnant women displayed significantly increased expression of several functional and activation markers such as CD38 on both subsets and NKp46 on CD56dim NK cells. NK cells also displayed diminished expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 during pregnancy. Overall, these data demonstrate that functional and phenotypic shifts occur in NK cells during pregnancy that can influence the magnitude of the immune response to both infections and tumors.

    View details for DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02469

    View details for PubMedID 31708922

  • Emergent high fatality lung disease in systemic juvenile arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases Saper, V. E., Chen, G. n., Deutsch, G. H., Guillerman, R. P., Birgmeier, J. n., Jagadeesh, K. n., Canna, S. n., Schulert, G. n., Deterding, R. n., Xu, J. n., Leung, A. N., Bouzoubaa, L. n., Abulaban, K. n., Baszis, K. n., Behrens, E. M., Birmingham, J. n., Casey, A. n., Cidon, M. n., Cron, R. Q., De, A. n., De Benedetti, F. n., Ferguson, I. n., Fishman, M. P., Goodman, S. I., Graham, T. B., Grom, A. A., Haines, K. n., Hazen, M. n., Henderson, L. A., Ho, A. n., Ibarra, M. n., Inman, C. J., Jerath, R. n., Khawaja, K. n., Kingsbury, D. J., Klein-Gitelman, M. n., Lai, K. n., Lapidus, S. n., Lin, C. n., Lin, J. n., Liptzin, D. R., Milojevic, D. n., Mombourquette, J. n., Onel, K. n., Ozen, S. n., Perez, M. n., Phillippi, K. n., Prahalad, S. n., Radhakrishna, S. n., Reinhardt, A. n., Riskalla, M. n., Rosenwasser, N. n., Roth, J. n., Schneider, R. n., Schonenberg-Meinema, D. n., Shenoi, S. n., Smith, J. A., Sönmez, H. E., Stoll, M. L., Towe, C. n., Vargas, S. O., Vehe, R. K., Young, L. R., Yang, J. n., Desai, T. n., Balise, R. n., Lu, Y. n., Tian, L. n., Bejerano, G. n., Davis, M. M., Khatri, P. n., Mellins, E. D. 2019

    Abstract

    To investigate the characteristics and risk factors of a novel parenchymal lung disease (LD), increasingly detected in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA).In a multicentre retrospective study, 61 cases were investigated using physician-reported clinical information and centralised analyses of radiological, pathological and genetic data.LD was associated with distinctive features, including acute erythematous clubbing and a high frequency of anaphylactic reactions to the interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitor, tocilizumab. Serum ferritin elevation and/or significant lymphopaenia preceded LD detection. The most prevalent chest CT pattern was septal thickening, involving the periphery of multiple lobes ± ground-glass opacities. The predominant pathology (23 of 36) was pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and/or endogenous lipoid pneumonia (PAP/ELP), with atypical features including regional involvement and concomitant vascular changes. Apparent severe delayed drug hypersensitivity occurred in some cases. The 5-year survival was 42%. Whole exome sequencing (20 of 61) did not identify a novel monogenic defect or likely causal PAP-related or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)-related mutations. Trisomy 21 and young sJIA onset increased LD risk. Exposure to IL-1 and IL-6 inhibitors (46 of 61) was associated with multiple LD features. By several indicators, severity of sJIA was comparable in drug-exposed subjects and published sJIA cohorts. MAS at sJIA onset was increased in the drug-exposed, but was not associated with LD features.A rare, life-threatening lung disease in sJIA is defined by a constellation of unusual clinical characteristics. The pathology, a PAP/ELP variant, suggests macrophage dysfunction. Inhibitor exposure may promote LD, independent of sJIA severity, in a small subset of treated patients. Treatment/prevention strategies are needed.

    View details for DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216040

    View details for PubMedID 31562126

  • Discovery of Distinct Immune Phenotypes Using Machine Learning in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation research Sweatt, A. J., Hedlin, H. K., Balasubramanian, V. n., Hsi, A. n., Blum, L. K., Robinson, W. H., Haddad, F. n., Hickey, P. M., Condliffe, R. A., Lawrie, A. n., Nicolls, M. R., Rabinovitch, M. n., Khatri, P. n., Zamanian, R. T. 2019

    Abstract

    Accumulating evidence implicates inflammation in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and therapies targeting immunity are under investigation, though it remains unknown if distinct immune phenotypes exist.Identify PAH immune phenotypes based on unsupervised analysis of blood proteomic profiles.In a prospective observational study of Group 1 PAH patients evaluated at Stanford University (discovery cohort, n=281) and University of Sheffield (validation cohort, n=104) between 2008-2014, we measured a circulating proteomic panel of 48 cytokines, chemokines, and factors using multiplex immunoassay. Unsupervised machine learning (consensus clustering) was applied in both cohorts independently to classify patients into proteomic immune clusters, without guidance from clinical features. To identify central proteins in each cluster, we performed partial correlation network analysis. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were subsequently compared across clusters. Four PAH clusters with distinct proteomic immune profiles were identified in the discovery cohort. Cluster 2 (n=109) had low cytokine levels similar to controls. Other clusters had unique sets of upregulated proteins central to immune networks- cluster 1 (n=58)(TRAIL, CCL5, CCL7, CCL4, MIF), cluster 3 (n=77)(IL-12, IL-17, IL-10, IL-7, VEGF), and cluster 4 (n=37)(IL-8, IL-4, PDGF-β, IL-6, CCL11). Demographics, PAH etiologies, comorbidities, and medications were similar across clusters. Non-invasive and hemodynamic surrogates of clinical risk identified cluster 1 as high-risk and cluster 3 as low-risk groups. Five-year transplant-free survival rates were unfavorable for cluster 1 (47.6%, CI 35.4-64.1%) and favorable for cluster 3 (82.4%, CI 72.0-94.3%)(across-cluster p<0.001). Findings were replicated in the validation cohort, where machine learning classified four immune clusters with comparable proteomic, clinical, and prognostic features.Blood cytokine profiles distinguish PAH immune phenotypes with differing clinical risk that are independent of World Health Organization Group 1 subtypes. These phenotypes could inform mechanistic studies of disease pathobiology and provide a framework to examine patient responses to emerging therapies targeting immunity.

    View details for PubMedID 30661465

  • High-throughput Drug Screen to Reverse Phenotype of Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Ipsc Derived Vascular Cells Combined with Bioinformatics Uncovers Promising Therapies Gu, M., Donate, M., Miao, Y., Mao, S., Saito, T., Otsuki, S., Wang, L., Harper, R., Sa, S., Khatri, P., Rabinovitch, M. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2018: E70
  • Comparison of the Transcriptomic Signature of Pediatric Vs. Adult CML and Normal Bone Marrow Stem Cells Chae, H., Murphy, L. C., Donato, M., Lee, A. G., Sweet-Cordero, E., Abidi, P., Bittencourt, H., Lacayo, N. J., Dahl, G., Aftandilian, C., Davis, K. L., Huang, M., Sumarsono, N., Redell, M., Fu, C. H., Chen, I. L., Alonzo, T. A., Eklund, E. A., Gotlib, J. R., Khatri, P., Hijiya, N., Sakamoto, K. M. AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY. 2018
  • Early life immunity in the era of systems biology: understanding development and disease. Genome medicine Schaffert, S., Khatri, P. 2018; 10 (1): 88

    Abstract

    Systems immunology has the potential to offer invaluable insights into the development of the immune system. Two recent studies offer an in-depth view of both the dynamics of immune system development and the heritability of the levels of key immune modulators at birth.

    View details for PubMedID 30470248

  • Early life immunity in the era of systems biology: understanding development and disease GENOME MEDICINE Schaffert, S., Khatri, P. 2018; 10
  • Leveraging heterogeneity across multiple datasets increases cell-mixture deconvolution accuracy and reduces biological and technical biases. Nature communications Vallania, F., Tam, A., Lofgren, S., Schaffert, S., Azad, T. D., Bongen, E., Haynes, W., Alsup, M., Alonso, M., Davis, M., Engleman, E., Khatri, P. 2018; 9 (1): 4735

    Abstract

    In silico quantification of cell proportions from mixed-cell transcriptomics data (deconvolution) requires a reference expression matrix, called basis matrix. We hypothesize that matrices created using only healthy samples from a single microarray platform would introduce biological and technical biases in deconvolution. We show presence of such biases in two existing matrices, IRIS and LM22, irrespective of deconvolution method. Here, we present immunoStates, a basis matrix built using 6160 samples with different disease states across 42 microarray platforms. We find that immunoStates significantly reduces biological and technical biases. Importantly, we find that different methods have virtually no or minimal effect once the basis matrix is chosen. We further show that cellular proportion estimates using immunoStates are consistently more correlated with measured proportions than IRIS and LM22, across all methods. Our results demonstrate the need and importance of incorporating biological and technical heterogeneity in a basis matrix for achieving consistently high accuracy.

    View details for PubMedID 30413720

  • Leveraging heterogeneity across multiple datasets increases cell-mixture deconvolution accuracy and reduces biological and technical biases NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Vallania, F., Tam, A., Lofgren, S., Schaffert, S., Azad, T. D., Bongen, E., Haynes, W., Alsup, M., Alonso, M., Davis, M., Engleman, E., Khatri, P. 2018; 9
  • Single-cell epigenetics - Chromatin modification atlas unveiled by mass cytometry CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY Cheung, P., Vallania, F., Dvorak, M., Chang, S. E., Schaffert, S., Donato, M., Rao, A. M., Mao, R., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P., Kuo, A. J. 2018; 196: 40–48
  • Author Correction: A multi-cohort study of the immune factors associated with M. tuberculosis infection outcomes. Nature Roy Chowdhury, R., Vallania, F., Yang, Q., Lopez Angel, C. J., Darboe, F., Penn-Nicholson, A., Rozot, V., Nemes, E., Malherbe, S. T., Ronacher, K., Walzl, G., Hanekom, W., Davis, M. M., Winter, J., Chen, X., Scriba, T. J., Khatri, P., Chien, Y. 2018

    Abstract

    The spelling of author Qianting Yang was corrected; the affiliation of author Stephanus T. Malherbe was corrected; and graphs in Fig. 4b and c were corrected owing to reanalysis of the data into the correct timed intervals.

    View details for PubMedID 30377311

  • Assessment of Validity of a Blood-Based 3-Gene Signature Score for Progression and Diagnosis of Tuberculosis, Disease Severity, and Treatment Response. JAMA network open Warsinske, H. C., Rao, A. M., Moreira, F. M., Santos, P. C., Liu, A. B., Scott, M., Malherbe, S. T., Ronacher, K., Walzl, G., Winter, J., Sweeney, T. E., Croda, J., Andrews, J. R., Khatri, P. 2018; 1 (6): e183779

    Abstract

    The World Health Organization identified the need for a non-sputum-based triage test to identify those in need of further tuberculosis (TB) testing.To determine whether the 3-gene TB score can be a diagnostic tool throughout the course of TB disease, from latency to diagnosis to treatment response, and posttreatment residual inflammation.This nested case-control study analyzed the 3-gene TB score in 3 cohorts, each focusing on a different stage of TB disease: (1) the Adolescent Cohort Study profiled whole-blood samples from adolescents with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, some of which progressed to active TB (ATB), using RNA sequencing; (2) the Brazil Active Screen Study collected whole blood from an actively screened case-control cohort of adult inmates from 2 prisons in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, for ATB from January 2016 to February 2016; and (3) the Catalysis Treatment Response Cohort (CTRC) identified culture-positive adults in primary health care clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, from 2005 to 2007 and collected whole blood for RNA sequencing from patients with ATB at diagnosis and weeks 1, 4, and 24. The CTRC patients also had positron emission tomography-computed tomography scans at diagnosis, week 4, and week 24. Analyses were performed from September 2017 to June 2018.A 3-gene messenger RNA expression score, measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction or RNA sequencing, was evaluated for distinguishing the following: individuals who progressed to ATB from those who did not, individuals with ATB from those without, and individuals with slower treatment response during TB therapy.Patients evaluated in this study included 144 adolescents from the Adolescent Cohort Study (aged 12-18 years; 96 female and 48 male), 81 adult prison inmates from the Brazil Active Screen Study (aged 20-72 years; 81 male), and 138 adult community members from the CTRC (aged 17-64 years; 81 female and 57 male). The 3-gene TB score identified progression from latent M tuberculosis infection to ATB 6 months prior to sputum conversion with 86% sensitivity and 84% specificity (area under the curve [AUC], 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.96) and patients with ATB in the Brazil Active Screen Study cohort (AUC, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78-0.95) and CTRC (AUC, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99). It also identified CTRC patients with failed treatment at the end of treatment (AUC, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.83-1.00). Collectively, across all cohorts, the 3-gene TB score identified patients with ATB with 90% sensitivity, 70% specificity, and 99.3% negative predictive value at 4% prevalence.Across 3 independent prospective cohorts, the 3-gene TB score approaches the World Health Organization target product profile benchmarks for non-sputum-based triage test with high negative predictive value. This gene expression diagnostic approach should be considered for further validation and future implementation.

    View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3779

    View details for PubMedID 30646264

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6324428

  • Assessment of Validity of a Blood-Based 3-Gene Signature Score for Progression and Diagnosis of Tuberculosis, Disease Severity, and Treatment Response JAMA NETWORK OPEN Warsinske, H. C., Rao, A. M., Moreira, F. F., Santos, P. P., Liu, A. B., Scott, M., Malherbe, S. T., Ronacher, K., Walzl, G., Winter, J., Sweeney, T. E., Croda, J., Andrews, J. R., Khatri, P. 2018; 1 (6)
  • A multi-cohort study of the immune factors associated with M. tuberculosis infection outcomes NATURE Chowdhury, R., Vallania, F., Yang, Q., Angel, C., Darboe, F., Penn-Nicholson, A., Rozot, V., Nemes, E., Malherbe, S. T., Ronacher, K., Walzl, G., Hanekom, W., Davis, M. M., Winter, J., Chen, X., Scriba, T. J., Khatri, P., Chien, Y. 2018; 560 (7720): 644-+
  • A multi-cohort study of the immune factors associated with M. tuberculosis infection outcomes. Nature Roy Chowdhury, R., Vallania, F., Yang, Q., Lopez Angel, C. J., Darboe, F., Penn-Nicholson, A., Rozot, V., Nemes, E., Malherbe, S. T., Ronacher, K., Walzl, G., Hanekom, W., Davis, M. M., Winter, J., Chen, X., Scriba, T. J., Khatri, P., Chien, Y. 2018

    Abstract

    Most infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) manifest as a clinically asymptomatic, contained state, known as latent tuberculosis infection, that affects approximately one-quarter of the global population1. Although fewer than one in ten individuals eventually progress to active disease2, tuberculosis is a leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide3. Despite intense efforts, immune factors that influence the infection outcomes remain poorly defined. Here we used integrated analyses of multiple cohorts to identify stage-specific host responses to Mtb infection. First, using high-dimensional mass cytometry analyses and functional assays of a cohort of South African adolescents, we show that latent tuberculosis is associated with enhanced cytotoxic responses, which are mostly mediated by CD16 (also known as FcgammaRIIIa) and natural killer cells, and continuous inflammation coupled with immune deviations in both T and B cell compartments.Next, using cell-type deconvolution of transcriptomic data from several cohorts of different ages, genetic backgrounds, geographical locations and infection stages, we show that although deviations in peripheral B and T cell compartments generally start at latency, they are heterogeneous across cohorts. However, an increase in the abundance of circulating natural killer cells in tuberculosis latency, with a corresponding decrease during active disease and a return to baseline levels upon clinical cure are features that are common to all cohorts. Furthermore, by analysing three longitudinal cohorts, we find that changes inperipheral levels of natural killer cells can inform disease progression and treatment responses, and inversely correlate with the inflammatory state of the lungs of patients with active tuberculosis. Together, our findings offer crucial insights into the underlying pathophysiology of tuberculosis latency, and identify factors that may influence infection outcomes.

    View details for PubMedID 30135583

  • Fragile Histidine Triad (FHIT), a Novel Modifier Gene in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine Dannewitz Prosseda, S., Tian, X., Kuramoto, K., Boehm, M., Sudheendra, D., Miyagawa, K., Zhang, F., Solow-Cordero, D., Saldivar, J. C., Austin, E. D., Loyd, J. E., Wheeler, L., Andruska, A., Donato, M., Wang, L., Huebner, K., Metzger, R. J., Khatri, P., Spiekerkoetter, E. 2018

    Abstract

    RATIONALE: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by progressive narrowing of pulmonary arteries resulting in right heart failure and death. Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor type-2 (BMPR2) mutations account for most familial PAH (FPAH) forms while reduced BMPR2 is present in many idiopathic PAH (IPAH) forms, suggesting dysfunctional BMPR2 signaling to be a key feature of PAH. Modulating BMPR2 signaling is therapeutically promising, yet how BMPR2 is downregulated in PAH is unclear.OBJECTIVES: We intended to identify and pharmaceutically target BMPR2 modifier genes to improve PAH.METHODS: We combined siRNA High Throughput Screening (HTS) of >20,000 genes with a multi-cohort analysis of publicly available PAH RNA expression data to identify clinically relevant BMPR2-modifiers. After confirming gene dysregulation in PAH patient tissue, we determined the functional roles of BMPR2-modifiers in vitro and tested the repurposed drug Enzastaurin for its propensity to improve experimental PH.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We discovered Fragile Histidine Triad (FHIT) as a novel BMPR2-modifier. BMPR2 and FHIT expression were reduced in PAH patients. FHIT reductions were associated with endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunction, rescued by Enzastaurin through a dual mechanism: upregulation of FHIT as well as miR17-5 repression. Fhit-/- mice had exaggerated hypoxic PH and failed to recover in normoxia. Enzastaurin reversed PH in the Sugen5416/Hypoxia/Normoxia rat model, by improving Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP), RV hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis and vascular remodeling.CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of the novel BMPR2 modifier FHIT in PH and the clinical value of the repurposed drug Enzastaurin as a potential novel therapeutic strategy to improve PAH.

    View details for PubMedID 30107138

  • Future Research Directions in Pneumonia NHLBI Working Group Report AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Dela Cruz, C. S., Wunderink, R. G., Christiani, D. C., Cormier, S. A., Crothers, K., Doerschuk, C. M., Evans, S. E., Goldstein, D. R., Khatri, P., Kobzik, L., Kolls, J. K., Levy, B. D., Metersky, M. L., Niederman, M. S., Nusrat, R., Orihuela, C. J., Peyrani, P., Prince, A. S., Ramirez, J. A., Ridge, K. M., Sethi, S., Suratt, B. T., Sznajder, J. I., Tsalik, E. L., Walkey, A. J., Yende, S., Aggarwal, N. R., Caler, E. V., Mizgerd, J. P. 2018; 198 (2): 256–63

    Abstract

    Pneumonia is a complex pulmonary disease in need of new clinical approaches. Although triggered by a pathogen, pneumonia often results from dysregulations of host defense that likely precede infection. The coordinated activities of immune resistance and tissue resilience then dictate whether and how pneumonia progresses or resolves. Inadequate or inappropriate host responses lead to more severe outcomes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and to organ dysfunction beyond the lungs and over extended time frames after pathogen clearance, some of which increase the risk for subsequent pneumonia. Improved understanding of such host responses will guide the development of novel approaches for preventing and curing pneumonia and for mitigating the subsequent pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications of pneumonia. The NHLBI assembled a working group of extramural investigators to prioritize avenues of host-directed pneumonia research that should yield novel approaches for interrupting the cycle of unhealthy decline caused by pneumonia. This report summarizes the working group's specific recommendations in the areas of pneumonia susceptibility, host response, and consequences. Overarching goals include the development of more host-focused clinical approaches for preventing and treating pneumonia, the generation of predictive tools (for pneumonia occurrence, severity, and outcome), and the elucidation of mechanisms mediating immune resistance and tissue resilience in the lung. Specific areas of research are highlighted as especially promising for making advances against pneumonia.

    View details for PubMedID 29546996

  • Single-cell epigenetics - Chromatin modification atlas unveiled by mass cytometry. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) Cheung, P., Vallania, F., Dvorak, M., Chang, S. E., Schaffert, S., Donato, M., Rao, A., Mao, R., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P., Kuo, A. J. 2018

    Abstract

    Modifications of histone proteins are fundamental to the regulation of epigenetic phenotypes. Dysregulations of histone modifications have been linked to the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases. However, identifying differential histone modifications in patients with immune-mediated diseases has been challenging, in part due to the lack of a powerful analytic platform to study histone modifications in the complex human immune system. We recently developed a highly multiplexed platform, Epigenetic landscape profiling using cytometry by Time-Of-Flight (EpiTOF), to analyze the global levels of a broad array of histone modifications in single cells using mass cytometry. In this review, we summarize the development of EpiTOF and discuss its potential applications in biomedical research. We anticipate that this platform will provide new insights into the roles of epigenetic regulation in hematopoiesis, immune cell functions and immune system aging, and reveal aberrant epigenetic patterns associated with immune-mediated diseases.

    View details for PubMedID 29960011

  • KLRD1-expressing natural killer cells predict influenza susceptibility GENOME MEDICINE Bongen, E., Vallania, F., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P. 2018; 10: 45

    Abstract

    Influenza infects tens of millions of people every year in the USA. Other than notable risk groups, such as children and the elderly, it is difficult to predict what subpopulations are at higher risk of infection. Viral challenge studies, where healthy human volunteers are inoculated with live influenza virus, provide a unique opportunity to study infection susceptibility. Biomarkers predicting influenza susceptibility would be useful for identifying risk groups and designing vaccines.We applied cell mixture deconvolution to estimate immune cell proportions from whole blood transcriptome data in four independent influenza challenge studies. We compared immune cell proportions in the blood between symptomatic shedders and asymptomatic nonshedders across three discovery cohorts prior to influenza inoculation and tested results in a held-out validation challenge cohort.Natural killer (NK) cells were significantly lower in symptomatic shedders at baseline in both discovery and validation cohorts. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) were higher in symptomatic shedders at baseline in discovery cohorts. Although the HSPCs were higher in symptomatic shedders in the validation cohort, the increase was statistically nonsignificant. We observed that a gene associated with NK cells, KLRD1, which encodes CD94, was expressed at lower levels in symptomatic shedders at baseline in discovery and validation cohorts. KLRD1 expression in the blood at baseline negatively correlated with influenza infection symptom severity. KLRD1 expression 8 h post-infection in the nasal epithelium from a rhinovirus challenge study also negatively correlated with symptom severity.We identified KLRD1-expressing NK cells as a potential biomarker for influenza susceptibility. Expression of KLRD1 was inversely correlated with symptom severity. Our results support a model where an early response by KLRD1-expressing NK cells may control influenza infection.

    View details for PubMedID 29898768

  • Unsupervised Analysis of Transcriptomics in Bacterial Sepsis Across Multiple Datasets Reveals Three Robust Clusters CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Sweeney, T. E., Azad, T. D., Donato, M., Haynes, W. A., Perumal, T. M., Henao, R., Bermejo-Martin, J. F., Almansa, R., Tamayo, E., Howrylak, J. A., Choi, A., Parnell, G. P., Tang, B., Nichols, M., Woods, C. W., Ginsburg, G. S., Kingsmore, S. F., Omberg, L., Mangravite, L. M., Wong, H. R., Tsalik, E. L., Langley, R. J., Khatri, P. 2018; 46 (6): 915-925
  • Validation of the Sepsis MetaScore for Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis JOURNAL OF THE PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY Sweeney, T. E., Wynn, J. L., Cernada, M., Serna, E., Wong, H. R., Baker, H. V., Vento, M., Khatri, P. 2018; 7 (2): 129-135
  • Single-Cell Chromatin Modification Profiling Reveals Increased Epigenetic Variations with Aging CELL Cheung, P., Vallania, F., Warsinske, H. C., Donato, M., Schaffert, S., Chang, S. E., Dvorak, M., Dekker, C. L., Davis, M. M., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P., Kuo, A. J. 2018; 173 (6): 1385-+
  • Single-Cell Chromatin Modification Profiling Reveals Increased Epigenetic Variations with Aging. Cell Cheung, P., Vallania, F., Warsinske, H. C., Donato, M., Schaffert, S., Chang, S. E., Dvorak, M., Dekker, C. L., Davis, M. M., Utz, P. J., Khatri, P., Kuo, A. J. 2018

    Abstract

    Post-translational modifications of histone proteins and exchanges of histone variants of chromatin are central to the regulation of nearly all DNA-templated biological processes. However, the degree and variability of chromatin modifications in specific human immune cells remain largely unknown. Here, we employ a highly multiplexed mass cytometry analysis to profile the global levels of a broad array of chromatin modifications in primary human immune cells at the single-cell level. Our data reveal markedly different cell-type- and hematopoietic-lineage-specific chromatin modification patterns. Differential analysis between younger and older adults shows that aging is associated with increased heterogeneity between individuals and elevated cell-to-cell variability in chromatin modifications. Analysis of a twin cohort unveils heritability of chromatin modifications and demonstrates that aging-related chromatin alterations are predominantly driven by non-heritable influences. Together, we present a powerful platform for chromatin and immunology research. Our discoveries highlight the profound impacts of aging on chromatin modifications.

    View details for PubMedID 29706550

  • Interpretation of biological experiments changes with evolution of the Gene Ontology and its annotations SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Tomczak, A., Mortensen, J. M., Winnenburg, R., Liu, C., Alessi, D. T., Swamy, V., Vallania, F., Lofgren, S., Haynes, W., Shah, N. H., Musen, M. A., Khatri, P. 2018; 8: 5115

    Abstract

    Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis is ubiquitously used for interpreting high throughput molecular data and generating hypotheses about underlying biological phenomena of experiments. However, the two building blocks of this analysis - the ontology and the annotations - evolve rapidly. We used gene signatures derived from 104 disease analyses to systematically evaluate how enrichment analysis results were affected by evolution of the GO over a decade. We found low consistency between enrichment analyses results obtained with early and more recent GO versions. Furthermore, there continues to be a strong annotation bias in the GO annotations where 58% of the annotations are for 16% of the human genes. Our analysis suggests that GO evolution may have affected the interpretation and possibly reproducibility of experiments over time. Hence, researchers must exercise caution when interpreting GO enrichment analyses and should reexamine previous analyses with the most recent GO version.

    View details for PubMedID 29572502

  • A community approach to mortality prediction in sepsis via gene expression analysis NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Sweeney, T. E., Perumal, T. M., Henao, R., Nichols, M., Howrylak, J. A., Choi, A. M., Bermejo-Martin, J. F., Almansa, R., Tamayo, E., Davenport, E. E., Burnham, K. L., Hinds, C. J., Knight, J. C., Woods, C. W., Kingsmore, S. F., Ginsburg, G. S., Wong, H. R., Parnell, G. P., Tang, B., Moldawer, L. L., Moore, F. E., Omberg, L., Khatri, P., Tsalik, E. L., Mangravite, L. M., Langley, R. J. 2018; 9: 694

    Abstract

    Improved risk stratification and prognosis prediction in sepsis is a critical unmet need. Clinical severity scores and available assays such as blood lactate reflect global illness severity with suboptimal performance, and do not specifically reveal the underlying dysregulation of sepsis. Here, we present prognostic models for 30-day mortality generated independently by three scientific groups by using 12 discovery cohorts containing transcriptomic data collected from primarily community-onset sepsis patients. Predictive performance is validated in five cohorts of community-onset sepsis patients in which the models show summary AUROCs ranging from 0.765-0.89. Similar performance is observed in four cohorts of hospital-acquired sepsis. Combining the new gene-expression-based prognostic models with prior clinical severity scores leads to significant improvement in prediction of 30-day mortality as measured via AUROC and net reclassification improvement index These models provide an opportunity to develop molecular bedside tests that may improve risk stratification and mortality prediction in patients with sepsis.

    View details for PubMedID 29449546

  • Antigen Identification for Orphan T Cell Receptors Expressed on Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes CELL Gee, M. H., Han, A., Lofgren, S. M., Beausang, J. F., Mendoza, J. L., Birnbaum, M. E., Bethune, M. T., Fischer, S., Yang, X., Gomez-Eerland, R., Bingham, D. B., Sibener, L. V., Fernandes, R. A., Velasco, A., Baltimore, D., Schumacher, T. N., Khatri, P., Quake, S. R., Davis, M. M., Garcia, K. 2018; 172 (3): 549-+

    Abstract

    The immune system can mount T cell responses against tumors; however, the antigen specificities of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are not well understood. We used yeast-display libraries of peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) to screen for antigens of "orphan" T cell receptors (TCRs) expressed on TILs from human colorectal adenocarcinoma. Four TIL-derived TCRs exhibited strong selection for peptides presented in a highly diverse pHLA-A∗02:01 library. Three of the TIL TCRs were specific for non-mutated self-antigens, two of which were present in separate patient tumors, and shared specificity for a non-mutated self-antigen derived from U2AF2. These results show that the exposed recognition surface of MHC-bound peptides accessible to the TCR contains sufficient structural information to enable the reconstruction of sequences of peptide targets for pathogenic TCRs of unknown specificity. This finding underscores the surprising specificity of TCRs for their cognate antigens and enables the facile indentification of tumor antigens through unbiased screening.

    View details for PubMedID 29275860

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5786495

  • Gene annotation bias impedes biomedical research SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Haynes, W. A., Tomczak, A., Khatri, P. 2018; 8: 1362

    Abstract

    We found tremendous inequality across gene and protein annotation resources. We observed that this bias leads biomedical researchers to focus on richly annotated genes instead of those with the strongest molecular data. We advocate that researchers reduce these biases by pursuing data-driven hypotheses.

    View details for PubMedID 29358745

  • Multicohort Analysis of Whole-Blood Gene Expression Data Does Not Form a Robust Diagnostic for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Critical care medicine Sweeney, T. E., Thomas, N. J., Howrylak, J. A., Wong, H. R., Rogers, A. J., Khatri, P. n. 2018; 46 (2): 244–51

    Abstract

    To identify a novel, generalizable diagnostic for acute respiratory distress syndrome using whole-blood gene expression arrays from multiple acute respiratory distress syndrome cohorts of varying etiologies.We performed a systematic search for human whole-blood gene expression arrays of acute respiratory distress syndrome in National Institutes of Health Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress. We also included the Glue Grant gene expression cohorts.We included investigator-defined acute respiratory distress syndrome within 48 hours of diagnosis and compared these with relevant critically ill controls.We used multicohort analysis of gene expression to identify genes significantly associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome, both with and without adjustment for clinical severity score. We performed gene ontology enrichment using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery and cell type enrichment tests for both immune cells and pneumocyte gene expression. Finally, we selected a gene set optimized for diagnostic power across the datasets and used leave-one-dataset-out cross validation to assess robustness of the model.We identified datasets from three adult cohorts with sepsis, one pediatric cohort with acute respiratory failure, and two datasets of adult patients with trauma and burns, for a total of 148 acute respiratory distress syndrome cases and 268 critically ill controls. We identified 30 genes that were significantly associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (false discovery rate < 20% and effect size >1.3), many of which had been previously associated with sepsis. When metaregression was used to adjust for clinical severity scores, none of these genes remained significant. Cell type enrichment was notable for bands and neutrophils, suggesting that the gene expression signature is one of acute inflammation rather than lung injury per se. Finally, an attempt to develop a generalizable diagnostic gene set for acute respiratory distress syndrome showed a mean area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of only 0.63 on leave-one-dataset-out cross validation.The whole-blood gene expression signature across a wide clinical spectrum of acute respiratory distress syndrome is likely confounded by systemic inflammation, limiting the utility of whole-blood gene expression studies for uncovering a generalizable diagnostic gene signature.

    View details for PubMedID 29337789

  • Unsupervised Analysis of Transcriptomics in Bacterial Sepsis Across Multiple Datasets Reveals Three Robust Clusters. Critical care medicine Sweeney, T. E., Azad, T. D., Donato, M. n., Haynes, W. A., Perumal, T. M., Henao, R. n., Bermejo-Martin, J. F., Almansa, R. n., Tamayo, E. n., Howrylak, J. A., Choi, A. n., Parnell, G. P., Tang, B. n., Nichols, M. n., Woods, C. W., Ginsburg, G. S., Kingsmore, S. F., Omberg, L. n., Mangravite, L. M., Wong, H. R., Tsalik, E. L., Langley, R. J., Khatri, P. n. 2018

    Abstract

    To find and validate generalizable sepsis subtypes using data-driven clustering.We used advanced informatics techniques to pool data from 14 bacterial sepsis transcriptomic datasets from eight different countries (n = 700).Retrospective analysis.Persons admitted to the hospital with bacterial sepsis.None.A unified clustering analysis across 14 discovery datasets revealed three subtypes, which, based on functional analysis, we termed "Inflammopathic, Adaptive, and Coagulopathic." We then validated these subtypes in nine independent datasets from five different countries (n = 600). In both discovery and validation data, the Adaptive subtype is associated with a lower clinical severity and lower mortality rate, and the Coagulopathic subtype is associated with higher mortality and clinical coagulopathy. Further, these clusters are statistically associated with clusters derived by others in independent single sepsis cohorts.The three sepsis subtypes may represent a unifying framework for understanding the molecular heterogeneity of the sepsis syndrome. Further study could potentially enable a precision medicine approach of matching novel immunomodulatory therapies with septic patients most likely to benefit.

    View details for PubMedID 29537985

  • A Human Genome-wide RNAi Screen Reveals Diverse Modulators that Mediate IRE1α-XBP1 Activation. Molecular cancer research : MCR Yang, Z. n., Zhang, J. n., Jiang, D. n., Khatri, P. n., Solow-Cordero, D. E., Toesca, D. A., Koumenis, C. n., Denko, N. C., Giaccia, A. J., Le, Q. T., Koong, A. C. 2018

    Abstract

    Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways is linked to multiple human diseases including cancer. The inositol-requiring kinase 1 (IRE1)-X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) pathway is the most evolutionarily conserved of the three major signaling branches of the UPR. Here, we performed a genome-wide siRNA screen to obtain a systematic assessment of genes integrated in the IRE1-XBP1 axis. We monitored the expression of an XBP1-luciferase chimeric protein in which luciferase was fused in-frame with the spliced (active) form of XBP1. Using cells expressing this reporter construct, we identified 162 genes for which siRNA inhibition resulted in alteration in XBP1 splicing. These genes express diverse types of proteins modulating a wide range of cellular processes. Pathway analysis identified a set of genes implicated in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Several genes including BCL10, GCLM, and IGF1R correlated with worse relapse-free survival (RFS) in an analysis of patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, in this cohort of 1908 patients, only high GCLM expression correlated with worse RFS in both TNBC and non-TNBC patients. Altogether, our study revealed unidentified roles of novel pathways regulating the UPR and these findings may serve as a paradigm for exploring novel therapeutic opportunities based on modulating the UPR.Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies novel genes/pathways that modulate IRE1-XBP1 signaling in human tumor cells and leads to the development of improved therapeutic approaches targeting the UPR.

    View details for PubMedID 29440447

  • Inflammatory macrophage-associated 3-gene signature predicts subclinical allograft injury and graft survival. JCI insight Azad, T. D., Donato, M. n., Heylen, L. n., Liu, A. B., Shen-Orr, S. S., Sweeney, T. E., Maltzman, J. S., Naesens, M. n., Khatri, P. n. 2018; 3 (2)

    Abstract

    Late allograft failure is characterized by cumulative subclinical insults manifesting over many years. Although immunomodulatory therapies targeting host T cells have improved short-term survival rates, rates of chronic allograft loss remain high. We hypothesized that other immune cell types may drive subclinical injury, ultimately leading to graft failure. We collected whole-genome transcriptome profiles from 15 independent cohorts composed of 1,697 biopsy samples to assess the association of an inflammatory macrophage polarization-specific gene signature with subclinical injury. We applied penalized regression to a subset of the data sets and identified a 3-gene inflammatory macrophage-derived signature. We validated discriminatory power of the 3-gene signature in 3 independent renal transplant data sets with mean AUC of 0.91. In a longitudinal cohort, the 3-gene signature strongly correlated with extent of injury and accurately predicted progression of subclinical injury 18 months before clinical manifestation. The 3-gene signature also stratified patients at high risk of graft failure as soon as 15 days after biopsy. We found that the 3-gene signature also distinguished acute rejection (AR) accurately in 3 heart transplant data sets but not in lung transplant. Overall, we identified a parsimonious signature capable of diagnosing AR, recognizing subclinical injury, and risk-stratifying renal transplant patients. Our results strongly suggest that inflammatory macrophages may be a viable therapeutic target to improve long-term outcomes for organ transplantation patients.

    View details for PubMedID 29367465

  • Pediatric Sepsis Endotypes Among Adults With Sepsis CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Wong, H. R., Sweeney, T. E., Hart, K. W., Khatri, P., Lindsell, C. J. 2017; 45 (12): e1289–e1291

    Abstract

    Recent transcriptomic studies describe two subgroups of adults with sepsis differentiated by a sepsis response signature. The implied biology and related clinical associations are comparable with recently reported pediatric sepsis endotypes, labeled "A" and "B." We classified adults with sepsis using the pediatric endotyping strategy and the sepsis response signature and determined how endotype assignment, sepsis response signature membership, and age interact with respect to mortality.Retrospective analysis of publically available transcriptomic data representing critically ill adults with sepsis from which the sepsis response signature groups were derived and validated.Multiple ICUs.Adults with sepsis.None.Transcriptomic data were conormalized into a single dataset yielding 549 unique cases with sepsis response signature assignments. Each subject was assigned to endotype A or B using the expression data for the 100 endotyping genes. There were 163 subjects (30%) assigned to endotype A and 386 to endotype B. There was a weak, positive correlation between endotype assignment and sepsis response signature membership. Mortality rates were similar between patients assigned endotype A and those assigned endotype B. A multivariable logistic regression model fit to endotype assignment, sepsis response signature membership, age, and the respective two-way interactions revealed that endotype A, sepsis response signature 1 membership, older age, and the interactions between them were associated with mortality. Subjects coassigned to endotype A, and sepsis response signature 1 had the highest mortality.Combining the pediatric endotyping strategy with sepsis response signature membership might provide complementary, age-dependent, biological, and prognostic information.

    View details for PubMedID 28991828

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5693699

  • Higher Baseline Monocyte Count Is Associated with More Extensive Skin Involvement and Higher Mortality in Systemic Sclerosis Mohan, V., Khatri, P., Theodore, S., Charles, J., Hau Pham, Nair, D., Scott, M., Reveille, J. D., Mayes, M. D., Assassi, S. WILEY. 2017
  • Unique transcriptomic response to sepsis is observed among patients of different age groups PLOS ONE Raymond, S. L., Lopez, M., Baker, H. V., Larson, S. D., Efron, P. A., Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P., Moldawer, L. L., Wynn, J. L. 2017; 12 (9): e0184159

    Abstract

    Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially at the extremes of age. To understand the human age-specific transcriptomic response to sepsis, a multi-cohort, pooled analysis was conducted on adults, children, infants, and neonates with and without sepsis. Nine public whole-blood gene expression datasets (636 patients) were employed. Age impacted the transcriptomic host response to sepsis. Gene expression from septic neonates and adults was more dissimilar whereas infants and children were more similar. Neonates showed reductions in inflammatory recognition and signaling pathways compared to all other age groups. Likewise, adults demonstrated decreased pathogen sensing, inflammation, and myeloid cell function, as compared to children. This may help to explain the increased incidence of sepsis-related organ failure and death in adults. The number of dysregulated genes in septic patients was proportional to age and significantly differed among septic adults, children, infants, and neonates. Overall, children manifested a greater transcriptomic intensity to sepsis as compared to the other age groups. The transcriptomic magnitude for adults and neonates was dramatically reduced as compared to children and infants. These findings suggest that the transcriptomic response to sepsis is age-dependent, and diagnostic and therapeutic efforts to identify and treat sepsis will have to consider age as an important variable.

    View details for PubMedID 28886074

  • Multicohort analysis reveals baseline transcriptional predictors of influenza vaccination responses SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY Avey, S., Cheung, F., Fermin, D., Frelinger, J., Gaujoux, R., Gottardo, R., Khatri, P., Kleinstein, S. H., Kotliarov, Y., Meng, H., Sauteraud, R., Shen-Orr, S. S., Tsang, J. S., Vallania, F., Anguiano, E., Baisch, J., Baldwin, N., Belshe, R. B., Blevins, T. P., Chaussabel, D., Davis, M. M., Fikrig, E., Grill, D. E., Hafler, D. A., Henrich, E., Joshi, S. R., Kaech, S. M., Kennedy, R. B., Mohanty, S., Montgomery, R. R., Oberg, A. L., Obermoser, G., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Palucka, A., Pascual, V., Poland, G. A., Pulendran, B., Reinherz, E. L., Shaw, A. C., Siconolfi, B., Stuart, K. D., Tsang, S., Ueda, I., Wilson, J., Zapata, H. J., HIPC-CHI Signatures Project Team, HIPC-I Consortium 2017; 2 (14)
  • A B-Cell Gene Signature Correlates With the Extent of Gluten-Induced Intestinal Injury in Celiac Disease. Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology Garber, M. E., Saldanha, A., Parker, J. S., Jones, W. D., Kaukinen, K., Laurila, K., Lähdeaho, M., Khatri, P., Khosla, C., Adelman, D. C., Mäki, M. 2017; 4 (1): 1-17

    Abstract

    Celiac disease (CeD) provides an opportunity to study autoimmunity and the transition in immune cells as dietary gluten induces small intestinal lesions.Seventy-three celiac disease patients on a long-term, gluten-free diet ingested a known amount of gluten daily for 6 weeks. A peripheral blood sample and intestinal biopsy specimens were taken before and 6 weeks after initiating the gluten challenge. Biopsy results were reported on a continuous numeric scale that measured the villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio to quantify gluten-induced intestinal injury. Pooled B and T cells were isolated from whole blood, and RNA was analyzed by DNA microarray looking for changes in peripheral B- and T-cell gene expression that correlated with changes in villus height to crypt depth, as patients maintained a relatively healthy intestinal mucosa or deteriorated in the face of a gluten challenge.Gluten-dependent intestinal damage from baseline to 6 weeks varied widely across all patients, ranging from no change to extensive damage. Genes differentially expressed in B cells correlated strongly with the extent of intestinal damage. A relative increase in B-cell gene expression correlated with a lack of sensitivity to gluten whereas their relative decrease correlated with gluten-induced mucosal injury. A core B-cell gene module, representing a subset of B-cell genes analyzed, accounted for the correlation with intestinal injury.Genes comprising the core B-cell module showed a net increase in expression from baseline to 6 weeks in patients with little to no intestinal damage, suggesting that these individuals may have mounted a B-cell immune response to maintain mucosal homeostasis and circumvent inflammation. DNA microarray data were deposited at the GEO repository (accession number: GSE87629; available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/).

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.01.011

    View details for PubMedID 28508029

  • AGE-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESPONSE TO SEPSIS Raymond, S. L., Mira, J. C., Stortz, J. A., Lopez, M., Baker, H. V., Larson, S. D., Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P., Moldawer, L. L., Wynn, J. L. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2017: 92
  • Validation of the Sepsis MetaScore for Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society Sweeney, T. E., Wynn, J. L., Cernada, M., Serna, E., Wong, H. R., Baker, H. V., Vento, M., Khatri, P. 2017

    Abstract

    Neonates are at increased risk for developing sepsis, but this population often exhibits ambiguous clinical signs that complicate the diagnosis of infection. No biomarker has yet shown enough diagnostic accuracy to rule out sepsis at the time of clinical suspicion.We show that a gene-expression-based signature is an accurate objective measure of the risk of sepsis in a neonate or preterm infant, and it substantially improves diagnostic accuracy over that of commonly used laboratory-based testing. Implementation might decrease inappropriate antibiotic use.Neonatal sepsis can have devastating consequences, but accurate diagnosis is difficult. As a result, up to 200 neonates with suspected sepsis are treated with empiric antibiotics for every 1 case of microbiologically confirmed sepsis. These unnecessary antibiotics enhance bacterial antibiotic resistance, increase economic costs, and alter gut microbiota composition. We recently reported an 11-gene diagnostic test for sepsis (Sepsis MetaScore) based on host whole-blood gene expression in children and adults, but this test has not been evaluated in neonates.We identified existing gene expression microarray-based cohorts of neonates with sepsis. We then tested the accuracy of the Sepsis MetaScore both alone and in combination with standard diagnostic laboratory tests in diagnosing sepsis.We found 3 cohorts with a total of 213 samples from control neonates and neonates with sepsis. The Sepsis MetaScore had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.92-0.93 in all 3 cohorts. We also found that, as a diagnostic test for sepsis, it outperformed standard laboratory measurements alone and, when used in combination with another test(s), resulted in a significant net reclassification index (0.3-0.69) in 5 of 6 comparisons. The mean point estimates for sensitivity and specificity were 95% and 60%, respectively, which, if confirmed prospectively and applied in a high-risk cohort, could reduce inappropriate antibiotic usage substantially.The Sepsis MetaScore had excellent diagnostic accuracy across 3 separate cohorts of neonates from 3 different countries. Further prospective targeted study will be needed before clinical application.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jpids/pix021

    View details for PubMedID 28419265

  • Host-response biomarkers: A disease-defining diagnostic for sepsis Sweeney, T., Khatri, P. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. 2017
  • The authors reply. Critical care medicine Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P. 2017; 45 (4): e457-e458

    View details for DOI 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002269

    View details for PubMedID 28291107

  • Chemical Space Mimicry for Drug Discovery JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING Yuan, W., Jiang, D., Nambiar, D. K., Liew, L. P., Hay, M. P., Bloomstein, J., Lu, P., Turner, B., Le, Q., Tibshirani, R., Khatri, P., Moloney, M. G., Koong, A. C. 2017; 57 (4): 875-882

    Abstract

    We describe a new library generation method, Machine-based Identification of Molecules Inside Characterized Space (MIMICS), that generates sets of molecules inspired by a text-based input. MIMICS-generated libraries were found to preserve distributions of properties while simultaneously increasing structural diversity. Newly identified MIMICS-generated compounds were found to be bioactive as inhibitors of specific components of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the VEGFR2 pathway in cell-based assays, thus confirming the applicability of this methodology toward drug design applications. Wider application of MIMICS could facilitate the efficient utilization of chemical space.

    View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00754

    View details for Web of Science ID 000400204900023

    View details for PubMedID 28257191

  • Gene Expression Analysis to Assess the Relevance of Rodent Models to Human Lung Injury. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology Sweeney, T. E., Lofgren, S., Khatri, P., Rogers, A. J. 2017

    Abstract

    Rationale The relevance of animal models to human diseases is an area of intense scientific debate. The degree to which mouse models of lung injury recapitulate human lung injury has never been assessed. Integrating data from both human and animal expression studies allows for increased statistical power and identification of conserved differential gene expression across organisms and conditions. Objectives Comprehensive integration of gene expression data in experimental ALI in rodents compared to humans. Methods We performed two separate gene expression multi-cohort analyses to determine differential gene expression in experimental animal and human lung injury. We used correlational and pathway analyses combined with external in vitro gene expression data to identify both potential drivers of underlying inflammation and therapeutic drug candidates. Main Results We identified 21 animal lung tissue datasets and 3 human lung injury BAL datasets. We show that the meta-signatures of animal and human experimental ALI are significantly correlated despite these widely varying experimental conditions. The gene expression changes among mice and rats across diverse injury models (ozone, VILI, LPS) are significantly correlated with human models of lung injury (Pearson r 0.33-0.45, P<1e-16). Neutrophil signatures are enriched in both animal and human lung injury. Predicted therapeutic targets, peptide ligand signatures, and pathway analyses are also all highly overlapping. Conclusions Gene expression changes are similar in animal and human experimental ALI, and provide several physiologic and therapeutic insights to the disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0395OC

    View details for PubMedID 28324666

  • The authors reply. Critical care medicine Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P. 2017; 45 (3)

    View details for DOI 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002219

    View details for PubMedID 28212246

  • Septic Cardiomyopathy: Getting to the Heart of the Matter. Critical care medicine Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P. 2017; 45 (3): 556-557

    View details for DOI 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002239

    View details for PubMedID 28212222

  • An integrative approach unveils FOSL1 as an oncogene vulnerability in KRAS-driven lung and pancreatic cancer. Nature communications Vallejo, A., Perurena, N., Guruceaga, E., Mazur, P. K., Martinez-Canarias, S., Zandueta, C., Valencia, K., Arricibita, A., Gwinn, D., Sayles, L. C., Chuang, C., Guembe, L., Bailey, P., Chang, D. K., Biankin, A., Ponz-Sarvise, M., Andersen, J. B., Khatri, P., Bozec, A., Sweet-Cordero, E. A., Sage, J., Lecanda, F., Vicent, S. 2017; 8: 14294-?

    Abstract

    KRAS mutated tumours represent a large fraction of human cancers, but the vast majority remains refractory to current clinical therapies. Thus, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms triggered by KRAS oncogene may yield alternative therapeutic strategies. Here we report the identification of a common transcriptional signature across mutant KRAS cancers of distinct tissue origin that includes the transcription factor FOSL1. High FOSL1 expression identifies mutant KRAS lung and pancreatic cancer patients with the worst survival outcome. Furthermore, FOSL1 genetic inhibition is detrimental to both KRAS-driven tumour types. Mechanistically, FOSL1 links the KRAS oncogene to components of the mitotic machinery, a pathway previously postulated to function orthogonally to oncogenic KRAS. FOSL1 targets include AURKA, whose inhibition impairs viability of mutant KRAS cells. Lastly, combination of AURKA and MEK inhibitors induces a deleterious effect on mutant KRAS cells. Our findings unveil KRAS downstream effectors that provide opportunities to treat KRAS-driven cancers.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ncomms14294

    View details for PubMedID 28220783

  • Methods to increase reproducibility in differential gene expression via meta-analysis. Nucleic acids research Sweeney, T. E., Haynes, W. A., Vallania, F., Ioannidis, J. P., Khatri, P. 2017; 45 (1)

    Abstract

    Findings from clinical and biological studies are often not reproducible when tested in independent cohorts. Due to the testing of a large number of hypotheses and relatively small sample sizes, results from whole-genome expression studies in particular are often not reproducible. Compared to single-study analysis, gene expression meta-analysis can improve reproducibility by integrating data from multiple studies. However, there are multiple choices in designing and carrying out a meta-analysis. Yet, clear guidelines on best practices are scarce. Here, we hypothesized that studying subsets of very large meta-analyses would allow for systematic identification of best practices to improve reproducibility. We therefore constructed three very large gene expression meta-analyses from clinical samples, and then examined meta-analyses of subsets of the datasets (all combinations of datasets with up to N/2 samples and K/2 datasets) compared to a 'silver standard' of differentially expressed genes found in the entire cohort. We tested three random-effects meta-analysis models using this procedure. We showed relatively greater reproducibility with more-stringent effect size thresholds with relaxed significance thresholds; relatively lower reproducibility when imposing extraneous constraints on residual heterogeneity; and an underestimation of actual false positive rate by Benjamini-Hochberg correction. In addition, multivariate regression showed that the accuracy of a meta-analysis increased significantly with more included datasets even when controlling for sample size.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/nar/gkw797

    View details for PubMedID 27634930

  • Comprehensive Analysis of the Unfolded Protein Response in Breast Cancer Subtypes. JCO precision oncology Jiang, D., Turner, B., Song, J., Li, R., Diehn, M., Le, Q., Khatri, P., Koong, A. C. 2017; 2017

    Abstract

    Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are associated with a worse prognosis and patients with TNBC have fewer therapeutic options than patients with non-TNBC. Recently, the IRE1alpha-XBP1 branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) was implicated in TNBC prognosis on the basis of a relatively small patient population, suggesting the diagnostic and therapeutic value of this pathway in TNBCs. In addition, the IRE1alpha-XBP1 and hypoxia-induced factor 1 alpha (HIF1alpha) pathways have been identified as interacting partners in TNBC, suggesting a novel mechanism of regulation. To comprehensively evaluate and validate these findings, we investigated the relative activities and relevance to patient survival of the UPR and HIF1alpha pathways in different breast cancer subtypes in large populations of patients.Materials and Methods: We performed a comprehensive analysis of gene expression and survival data from large cohorts of patients with breast cancer. The patients were stratified based on the average expression of the UPR or HIF1alpha gene signatures.Results: We identified a strong positive association between the XBP1 gene signature and estrogen receptor-positive status or the HIF1alpha gene signature, as well as the predictive value of the XBP1 gene signature for survival of patients who are estrogen receptor negative, or have TNBC or HER2+. In contrast, another important UPR branch, the ATF4/CHOP pathway, lacks prognostic value in breast cancer in general. Activity of the HIF1alpha pathway is correlated with patient survival in all the subtypes evaluated.Conclusion: These findings clarify the relevance of the UPR pathways in different breast cancer subtypes and underscore the potential therapeutic importance of the IRE1alpha-XBP1 branch in breast cancer treatment.

    View details for PubMedID 29888341

  • Comprehensive Analysis of the Unfolded Protein Response in Breast Cancer Subtypes JCO PRECISION ONCOLOGY Jiang, D., Turner, B., Song, J., Li, R., Diehn, M., Quynh-Thu Le, Khatri, P., Koong, A. C. 2017; 1
  • Generalizable Biomarkers in Critical Care: Toward Precision Medicine. Critical care medicine Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P. n. 2017; 45 (6): 934–39

    View details for PubMedID 28509729

  • Benchmarking Sepsis Gene Expression Diagnostics Using Public Data CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P. 2017; 45 (1): 1-10

    Abstract

    In response to a need for better sepsis diagnostics, several new gene expression classifiers have been recently published, including the 11-gene "Sepsis MetaScore," the "FAIM3-to-PLAC8" ratio, and the Septicyte Lab. We performed a systematic search for publicly available gene expression data in sepsis and tested each gene expression classifier in all included datasets. We also created a public repository of sepsis gene expression data to encourage their future reuse.We searched National Institutes of Health Gene Expression Omnibus and EBI ArrayExpress for human gene expression microarray datasets. We also included the Glue Grant trauma gene expression cohorts.We selected clinical, time-matched, whole blood studies of sepsis and acute infections as compared to healthy and/or noninfectious inflammation patients. We identified 39 datasets composed of 3,241 samples from 2,604 patients.All data were renormalized from raw data, when available, using consistent methods.Mean validation areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for discriminating septic patients from patients with noninfectious inflammation for the Sepsis MetaScore, the FAIM3-to-PLAC8 ratio, and the Septicyte Lab were 0.82 (range, 0.73-0.89), 0.78 (range, 0.49-0.96), and 0.73 (range, 0.44-0.90), respectively. Paired-sample t tests of validation datasets showed no significant differences in area under the receiver operating characteristic curves. Mean validation area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for discriminating infected patients from healthy controls for the Sepsis MetaScore, FAIM3-to-PLAC8 ratio, and Septicyte Lab were 0.97 (range, 0.85-1.0), 0.94 (range, 0.65-1.0), and 0.71 (range, 0.24-1.0), respectively. There were few significant differences in any diagnostics due to pathogen type.The three diagnostics do not show significant differences in overall ability to distinguish noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome from sepsis, though the performance in some datasets was low (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, < 0.7) for the FAIM3-to-PLAC8 ratio and Septicyte Lab. The Septicyte Lab also demonstrated significantly worse performance in discriminating infections as compared to healthy controls. Overall, public gene expression data are a useful tool for benchmarking gene expression diagnostics.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002021

    View details for Web of Science ID 000390619000001

    View details for PubMedID 27681387

  • Integrated, multicohort analysis of systemic sclerosis identifies robust transcriptional signature of disease severity. JCI insight Lofgren, S., Hinchcliff, M., Carns, M., Wood, T., Aren, K., Arroyo, E., Cheung, P., Kuo, A., Valenzuela, A., Haemel, A., Wolters, P. J., Gordon, J., Spiera, R., Assassi, S., Boin, F., Chung, L., Fiorentino, D., Utz, P. J., Whitfield, M. L., Khatri, P. 2016; 1 (21)

    Abstract

    Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease with the highest case-fatality rate of all connective tissue diseases. Current efforts to determine patient response to a given treatment using the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) are complicated by interclinician variability, confounding, and the time required between sequential mRSS measurements to observe meaningful change. There is an unmet critical need for an objective metric of SSc disease severity. Here, we performed an integrated, multicohort analysis of SSc transcriptome data across 7 datasets from 6 centers composed of 515 samples. Using 158 skin samples from SSc patients and healthy controls recruited at 2 centers as a discovery cohort, we identified a 415-gene expression signature specific for SSc, and validated its ability to distinguish SSc patients from healthy controls in an additional 357 skin samples from 5 independent cohorts. Next, we defined the SSc skin severity score (4S). In every SSc cohort of skin biopsy samples analyzed in our study, 4S correlated significantly with mRSS, allowing objective quantification of SSc disease severity. Using transcriptome data from the largest longitudinal trial of SSc patients to date, we showed that 4S allowed us to objectively monitor individual SSc patients over time, as (a) the change in 4S of a patient is significantly correlated with change in the mRSS, and (b) the change in 4S at 12 months of treatment could predict the change in mRSS at 24 months. Our results suggest that 4S could be used to distinguish treatment responders from nonresponders prior to mRSS change. Our results demonstrate the potential clinical utility of a novel robust molecular signature and a computational approach to SSc disease severity quantification.

    View details for DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.89073

    View details for PubMedID 28018971

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5161207

  • Complement pathway amplifies caspase-11-dependent cell death and endotoxin-induced sepsis severity. journal of experimental medicine Napier, B. A., Brubaker, S. W., Sweeney, T. E., Monette, P., Rothmeier, G. H., Gertsvolf, N. A., Puschnik, A., Carette, J. E., Khatri, P., Monack, D. M. 2016; 213 (11): 2365-2382

    Abstract

    Cell death and release of proinflammatory mediators contribute to mortality during sepsis. Specifically, caspase-11-dependent cell death contributes to pathology and decreases in survival time in sepsis models. Priming of the host cell, through TLR4 and interferon receptors, induces caspase-11 expression, and cytosolic LPS directly stimulates caspase-11 activation, promoting the release of proinflammatory cytokines through pyroptosis and caspase-1 activation. Using a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome-wide screen, we identified novel mediators of caspase-11-dependent cell death. We found a complement-related peptidase, carboxypeptidase B1 (Cpb1), to be required for caspase-11 gene expression and subsequent caspase-11-dependent cell death. Cpb1 modifies a cleavage product of C3, which binds to and activates C3aR, and then modulates innate immune signaling. We find the Cpb1-C3-C3aR pathway induces caspase-11 expression through amplification of MAPK activity downstream of TLR4 and Ifnar activation, and mediates severity of LPS-induced sepsis (endotoxemia) and disease outcome in mice. We show C3aR is required for up-regulation of caspase-11 orthologues, caspase-4 and -5, in primary human macrophages during inflammation and that c3aR1 and caspase-5 transcripts are highly expressed in patients with severe sepsis; thus, suggesting that these pathways are important in human sepsis. Our results highlight a novel role for complement and the Cpb1-C3-C3aR pathway in proinflammatory signaling, caspase-11 cell death, and sepsis severity.

    View details for PubMedID 27697835

  • Robust classification of bacterial and viral infections via integrated host gene expression diagnostics. Science translational medicine Sweeney, T. E., Wong, H. R., Khatri, P. 2016; 8 (346): 346ra91-?

    Abstract

    Improved diagnostics for acute infections could decrease morbidity and mortality by increasing early antibiotics for patients with bacterial infections and reducing unnecessary antibiotics for patients without bacterial infections. Several groups have used gene expression microarrays to build classifiers for acute infections, but these have been hampered by the size of the gene sets, use of overfit models, or lack of independent validation. We used multicohort analysis to derive a set of seven genes for robust discrimination of bacterial and viral infections, which we then validated in 30 independent cohorts. We next used our previously published 11-gene Sepsis MetaScore together with the new bacterial/viral classifier to build an integrated antibiotics decision model. In a pooled analysis of 1057 samples from 20 cohorts (excluding infants), the integrated antibiotics decision model had a sensitivity and specificity for bacterial infections of 94.0 and 59.8%, respectively (negative likelihood ratio, 0.10). Prospective clinical validation will be needed before these findings are implemented for patient care.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf7165

    View details for PubMedID 27384347

  • Integrative, multi-cohort analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-positive and negative tumor samples to identify gene-signatures associated with EBV oncogenesis Maloney, E., Bongen, E., Vallania, F., Kotecha, N., Khatri, P., MMartinez, O. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2016: S263
  • Coordination of stress signals by the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 promotes pancreatic cancer. Genes & development Reynoird, N., Mazur, P. K., Stellfeld, T., Flores, N. M., Lofgren, S. M., Carlson, S. M., Brambilla, E., Hainaut, P., Kaznowska, E. B., Arrowsmith, C. H., Khatri, P., Stresemann, C., Gozani, O., Sage, J. 2016; 30 (7): 772-785

    Abstract

    Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal form of cancer with few therapeutic options. We found that levels of the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 (SET and MYND domain 2) are elevated in PDAC and that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 restricts PDAC growth. We further identified the stress response kinase MAPKAPK3 (MK3) as a new physiologic substrate of SMYD2 in PDAC cells. Inhibition of MAPKAPK3 impedes PDAC growth, identifying a potential new kinase target in PDAC. Finally, we show that inhibition of SMYD2 cooperates with standard chemotherapy to treat PDAC cells and tumors. These findings uncover a pivotal role for SMYD2 in promoting pancreatic cancer.

    View details for DOI 10.1101/gad.275529.115

    View details for PubMedID 26988419

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4826394

  • Genome-wide expression for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a multicohort analysis. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine Sweeney, T. E., Braviak, L., Tato, C. M., Khatri, P. 2016; 4 (3): 213-224

    Abstract

    Active pulmonary tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose and treatment response is difficult to effectively monitor. A WHO consensus statement has called for new non-sputum diagnostics. The aim of this study was to use an integrated multicohort analysis of samples from publically available datasets to derive a diagnostic gene set in the peripheral blood of patients with active tuberculosis.We searched two public gene expression microarray repositories and retained datasets that examined clinical cohorts of active pulmonary tuberculosis infection in whole blood. We compared gene expression in patients with either latent tuberculosis or other diseases versus patients with active tuberculosis using our validated multicohort analysis framework. Three datasets were used as discovery datasets and meta-analytical methods were used to assess gene effects in these cohorts. We then validated the diagnostic capacity of the three gene set in the remaining 11 datasets.A total of 14 datasets containing 2572 samples from 10 countries from both adult and paediatric patients were included in the analysis. Of these, three datasets (N=1023) were used to discover a set of three genes (GBP5, DUSP3, and KLF2) that are highly diagnostic for active tuberculosis. We validated the diagnostic power of the three gene set to separate active tuberculosis from healthy controls (global area under the ROC curve (AUC) 0·90 [95% CI 0·85-0·95]), latent tuberculosis (0·88 [0·84-0·92]), and other diseases (0·84 [0·80-0·95]) in eight independent datasets composed of both children and adults from ten countries. Expression of the three-gene set was not confounded by HIV infection status, bacterial drug resistance, or BCG vaccination. Furthermore, in four additional cohorts, we showed that the tuberculosis score declined during treatment of patients with active tuberculosis.Overall, our integrated multicohort analysis yielded a three-gene set in whole blood that is robustly diagnostic for active tuberculosis, that was validated in multiple independent cohorts, and that has potential clinical application for diagnosis and monitoring treatment response. Prospective laboratory validation will be required before it can be used in a clinical setting.National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Library of Medicine, the Stanford Child Health Research Institute, the Society for University Surgeons, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00048-5

    View details for PubMedID 26907218

  • META-ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS PHENOTYPES IDENTIFIES A GENE SIGNATURE THAT CORRELATES WITH COPD DISEASE STATUS. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing Scott, M., Vallania, F., Khatri, P. 2016; 22: 266-275

    Abstract

    The utility of multi-cohort two-class meta-analysis to identify robust differentially expressed gene signatures has been well established. However, many biomedical applications, such as gene signatures of disease progression, require one-class analysis. Here we describe an R package, MetaCorrelator, that can identify a reproducible transcriptional signature that is correlated with a continuous disease phenotype across multiple datasets. We successfully applied this framework to extract a pattern of gene expression that can predict lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tissue. Our results point to a disregulation in the oxidation state of the lungs of patients with COPD, as well as underscore the classically recognized inammatory state that underlies this disease.

    View details for PubMedID 27896981

  • Hospital-acquired Pneumonia: A Host of Factors. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P. n. 2016; 194 (11): 1309–11

    View details for PubMedID 27905845

  • Blood transcriptional signatures for tuberculosis diagnosis: a glass half-empty perspective - Authors' reply. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P. n. 2016; 4 (6): e29

    View details for PubMedID 27304800

  • EMPOWERING MULTI-COHORT GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS TO INCREASE REPRODUCIBILITY. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing Haynes, W. A., Vallania, F., Liu, C., Bongen, E., Tomczak, A., Andres-Terrè, M., Lofgren, S., Tam, A., Deisseroth, C. A., Li, M. D., Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P. 2016; 22: 144-153

    Abstract

    A major contributor to the scientific reproducibility crisis has been that the results from homogeneous, single-center studies do not generalize to heterogeneous, real world populations. Multi-cohort gene expression analysis has helped to increase reproducibility by aggregating data from diverse populations into a single analysis. To make the multi-cohort analysis process more feasible, we have assembled an analysis pipeline which implements rigorously studied meta-analysis best practices. We have compiled and made publicly available the results of our own multi-cohort gene expression analysis of 103 diseases, spanning 615 studies and 36,915 samples, through a novel and interactive web application. As a result, we have made both the process of and the results from multi-cohort gene expression analysis more approachable for non-technical users.

    View details for PubMedID 27896970

  • Integrated, Multi-cohort Analysis Identifies Conserved Transcriptional Signatures across Multiple Respiratory Viruses IMMUNITY Andres-Terre, M., McGuire, H. M., Pouliot, Y., Bongen, E., Sweeney, T. E., Tato, C. M., Khatri, P. 2015; 43 (6): 1199-1211

    Abstract

    Respiratory viral infections are a significant burden to healthcare worldwide. Many whole genome expression profiles have identified different respiratory viral infection signatures, but these have not translated to clinical practice. Here, we performed two integrated, multi-cohort analyses of publicly available transcriptional data of viral infections. First, we identified a common host signature across different respiratory viral infections that could distinguish (1) individuals with viral infections from healthy controls and from those with bacterial infections, and (2) symptomatic from asymptomatic subjects prior to symptom onset in challenge studies. Second, we identified an influenza-specific host response signature that (1) could distinguish influenza-infected samples from those with bacterial and other respiratory viral infections, (2) was a diagnostic and prognostic marker in influenza-pneumonia patients and influenza challenge studies, and (3) was predictive of response to influenza vaccine. Our results have applications in the diagnosis, prognosis, and identification of drug targets in viral infections.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.003

    View details for Web of Science ID 000366846600022

    View details for PubMedID 26682989

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4684904

  • Comprehensive Validation of the FAIM3:PLAC8 Ratio in Time-matched Public Gene Expression Data. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine Sweeney, T. E., Khatri, P. 2015; 192 (10): 1260-1261

    View details for DOI 10.1164/rccm.201507-1321LE

    View details for PubMedID 26568247

  • The center for expanded data annotation and retrieval. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association Musen, M. A., Bean, C. A., Cheung, K., Dumontier, M., Durante, K. A., Gevaert, O., Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Khatri, P., Kleinstein, S. H., O'Connor, M. J., Pouliot, Y., Rocca-Serra, P., Sansone, S., Wiser, J. A. 2015; 22 (6): 1148-1152

    Abstract

    The Center for Expanded Data Annotation and Retrieval is studying the creation of comprehensive and expressive metadata for biomedical datasets to facilitate data discovery, data interpretation, and data reuse. We take advantage of emerging community-based standard templates for describing different kinds of biomedical datasets, and we investigate the use of computational techniques to help investigators to assemble templates and to fill in their values. We are creating a repository of metadata from which we plan to identify metadata patterns that will drive predictive data entry when filling in metadata templates. The metadata repository not only will capture annotations specified when experimental datasets are initially created, but also will incorporate links to the published literature, including secondary analyses and possible refinements or retractions of experimental interpretations. By working initially with the Human Immunology Project Consortium and the developers of the ImmPort data repository, we are developing and evaluating an end-to-end solution to the problems of metadata authoring and management that will generalize to other data-management environments.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocv048

    View details for PubMedID 26112029

  • Combined inhibition of BET family proteins and histone deacetylases as a potential epigenetics-based therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nature medicine Mazur, P. K., Herner, A., Mello, S. S., Wirth, M., Hausmann, S., Sánchez-Rivera, F. J., Lofgren, S. M., Kuschma, T., Hahn, S. A., Vangala, D., Trajkovic-Arsic, M., Gupta, A., Heid, I., Noël, P. B., Braren, R., Erkan, M., Kleeff, J., Sipos, B., Sayles, L. C., Heikenwalder, M., Heßmann, E., Ellenrieder, V., Esposito, I., Jacks, T., Bradner, J. E., Khatri, P., Sweet-Cordero, E. A., Attardi, L. D., Schmid, R. M., Schneider, G., Sage, J., Siveke, J. T. 2015; 21 (10): 1163-1171

    Abstract

    Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal human cancers and shows resistance to any therapeutic strategy used. Here we tested small-molecule inhibitors targeting chromatin regulators as possible therapeutic agents in PDAC. We show that JQ1, an inhibitor of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family of proteins, suppresses PDAC development in mice by inhibiting both MYC activity and inflammatory signals. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor SAHA synergizes with JQ1 to augment cell death and more potently suppress advanced PDAC. Finally, using a CRISPR-Cas9-based method for gene editing directly in the mouse adult pancreas, we show that de-repression of p57 (also known as KIP2 or CDKN1C) upon combined BET and HDAC inhibition is required for the induction of combination therapy-induced cell death in PDAC. SAHA is approved for human use, and molecules similar to JQ1 are being tested in clinical trials. Thus, these studies identify a promising epigenetic-based therapeutic strategy that may be rapidly implemented in fatal human tumors.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/nm.3952

    View details for PubMedID 26390243

  • SMYD3 links methylation of MAP3K2 to Ras-driven tumors Mazur, P. K., Reynoird, N., Khatri, P., Butte, A. J., Wilkinson, A., Garcia, B., Liu, S., Vermeulen, M., Jansen, P. C., Tummino, P. J., Kruger, R. G., Van Aller, G. S., Barbash, O., Huddleston, M., Gozani, O., Sage, J. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2015
  • A comprehensive time-course-based multicohort analysis of sepsis and sterile inflammation reveals a robust diagnostic gene set SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE Sweeney, T. E., Shidham, A., Wong, H. R., Khatri, P. 2015; 7 (287)

    Abstract

    Although several dozen studies of gene expression in sepsis have been published, distinguishing sepsis from a sterile systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is still largely up to clinical suspicion. We hypothesized that a multicohort analysis of the publicly available sepsis gene expression data sets would yield a robust set of genes for distinguishing patients with sepsis from patients with sterile inflammation. A comprehensive search for gene expression data sets in sepsis identified 27 data sets matching our inclusion criteria. Five data sets (n = 663 samples) compared patients with sterile inflammation (SIRS/trauma) to time-matched patients with infections. We applied our multicohort analysis framework that uses both effect sizes and P values in a leave-one-data set-out fashion to these data sets. We identified 11 genes that were differentially expressed (false discovery rate ≤1%, inter-data set heterogeneity P > 0.01, summary effect size >1.5-fold) across all discovery cohorts with excellent diagnostic power [mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), 0.87; range, 0.7 to 0.98]. We then validated these 11 genes in 15 independent cohorts comparing (i) time-matched infected versus noninfected trauma patients (4 cohorts), (ii) ICU/trauma patients with infections over the clinical time course (3 cohorts), and (iii) healthy subjects versus sepsis patients (8 cohorts). In the discovery Glue Grant cohort, SIRS plus the 11-gene set improved prediction of infection (compared to SIRS alone) with a continuous net reclassification index of 0.90. Overall, multicohort analysis of time-matched cohorts yielded 11 genes that robustly distinguish sterile inflammation from infectious inflammation.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa5993

    View details for Web of Science ID 000354433900010

    View details for PubMedID 25972003

  • A COMPREHENSIVE TIME-BASED META-ANALYSIS OF SIRS AND SEPSIS REVEALS A ROBUST DISCRIMINATORY GENE SET 44th Critical Care Congress of the Society-of-Critical-Care-Medicine Sweeney, T., Shidham, A., Wong, H., Khatri, P. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2014
  • A drug repositioning approach identifies tricyclic antidepressants as inhibitors of small cell lung cancer and other neuroendocrine tumors Jahchan, N. S., Dudley, J. T., Mazur, P. K., Flores, N., Yang, D., Palmerton, A., Zmoos, A., Vaka, D., Tran, K. T., Zhou, M., Krasinska, K., Riess, J. W., Neal, J. W., Khatri, P., Park, K. S., Butte, A. J., Sage, J. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2014
  • SMYD3 links lysine methylation of MAP3K2 to Ras-driven cancer. Nature Mazur, P. K., Reynoird, N., Khatri, P., Jansen, P. W., Wilkinson, A. W., Liu, S., Barbash, O., Van Aller, G. S., Huddleston, M., Dhanak, D., Tummino, P. J., Kruger, R. G., Garcia, B. A., Butte, A. J., Vermeulen, M., Sage, J., Gozani, O. 2014; 510 (7504): 283-287

    Abstract

    Deregulation of lysine methylation signalling has emerged as a common aetiological factor in cancer pathogenesis, with inhibitors of several histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) being developed as chemotherapeutics. The largely cytoplasmic KMT SMYD3 (SET and MYND domain containing protein 3) is overexpressed in numerous human tumours. However, the molecular mechanism by which SMYD3 regulates cancer pathways and its relationship to tumorigenesis in vivo are largely unknown. Here we show that methylation of MAP3K2 by SMYD3 increases MAP kinase signalling and promotes the formation of Ras-driven carcinomas. Using mouse models for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma, we found that abrogating SMYD3 catalytic activity inhibits tumour development in response to oncogenic Ras. We used protein array technology to identify the MAP3K2 kinase as a target of SMYD3. In cancer cell lines, SMYD3-mediated methylation of MAP3K2 at lysine 260 potentiates activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signalling module and SMYD3 depletion synergizes with a MEK inhibitor to block Ras-driven tumorigenesis. Finally, the PP2A phosphatase complex, a key negative regulator of the MAP kinase pathway, binds to MAP3K2 and this interaction is blocked by methylation. Together, our results elucidate a new role for lysine methylation in integrating cytoplasmic kinase-signalling cascades and establish a pivotal role for SMYD3 in the regulation of oncogenic Ras signalling.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/nature13320

    View details for PubMedID 24847881

  • A Meta-analysis of Lung Cancer Gene Expression Identifies PTK7 as a Survival Gene in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer research Chen, R., Khatri, P., Mazur, P. K., Polin, M., Zheng, Y., Vaka, D., Hoang, C. D., Shrager, J., Xu, Y., Vicent, S., Butte, A. J., Sweet-Cordero, E. A. 2014; 74 (10): 2892-2902

    Abstract

    Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide and it continues to lack effective treatment. The increasingly large and diverse public databases of lung cancer gene expression constitute a rich source of candidate oncogenic drivers and therapeutic targets. To define novel targets for lung adenocarcinoma, we conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of genes specifically overexpressed in adenocarcinoma. We identified an 11-gene signature that was overexpressed consistently in adenocarcinoma specimens relative to normal lung tissue. Six genes in this signature were specifically overexpressed in adenocarcinoma relative to other subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Among these genes was the little studied protein tyrosine kinase PTK7. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that PTK7 is highly expressed in primary adenocarcinoma patient samples. RNA interference-mediated attenuation of PTK7 decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis in a subset of adenocarcinoma cell lines. Further, loss of PTK7 activated the MKK7-JNK stress response pathway and impaired tumor growth in xenotransplantation assays. Our work defines PTK7 as a highly and specifically expressed gene in adenocarcinoma and a potential therapeutic target in this subset of NSCLC. Cancer Res; 74(10); 2892-902. ©2014 AACR.

    View details for DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-2775

    View details for PubMedID 24654231

  • A drug repositioning approach identifies tricyclic antidepressants as inhibitors of small cell lung cancer. Jahchan, N., Joel, D., Mazur, P., Neal, J., Khatri, P., Butte, A., Sage, J. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2014
  • Multiplex meta-analysis of medulloblastoma expression studies with external controls. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing Morgan, A. A., Achrol, A. S., Li, M. D., Khatri, P. J., Cheshier, S. H. 2014: 99-109

    Abstract

    We propose and discuss a method for doing gene expression meta-analysis (multiple datasets) across multiplex measurement modalities measuring the expression of many genes simultaneously (e.g. microarrays and RNAseq) using external control samples and a method of heterogeneity detection to identify and filter on comparable gene expression measurements. We demonstrate this approach on publicly available gene expression datasets from samples of medulloblastoma and normal cerebellar tissue and identify some potential new targets in the treatment of medulloblastoma.

    View details for PubMedID 24297537

  • Integrated multi-cohort transcriptional meta-analysis of neurodegenerative diseases. Acta neuropathologica communications Li, M. D., Burns, T. C., Morgan, A. A., Khatri, P. 2014; 2: 93-?

    Abstract

    Neurodegenerative diseases share common pathologic features including neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and protein aggregation, suggesting common underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration. We undertook a meta-analysis of public gene expression data for neurodegenerative diseases to identify a common transcriptional signature of neurodegeneration.Using 1,270 post-mortem central nervous system tissue samples from 13 patient cohorts covering four neurodegenerative diseases, we identified 243 differentially expressed genes, which were similarly dysregulated in 15 additional patient cohorts of 205 samples including seven neurodegenerative diseases. This gene signature correlated with histologic disease severity. Metallothioneins featured prominently among differentially expressed genes, and functional pathway analysis identified specific convergent themes of dysregulation. MetaCore network analyses revealed various novel candidate hub genes (e.g. STAU2). Genes associated with M1-polarized macrophages and reactive astrocytes were strongly enriched in the meta-analysis data. Evaluation of genes enriched in neurons revealed 70 down-regulated genes, over half not previously associated with neurodegeneration. Comparison with aging brain data (3 patient cohorts, 221 samples) revealed 53 of these to be unique to neurodegenerative disease, many of which are strong candidates to be important in neuropathogenesis (e.g. NDN, NAP1L2). ENCODE ChIP-seq analysis predicted common upstream transcriptional regulators not associated with normal aging (REST, RBBP5, SIN3A, SP2, YY1, ZNF143, IKZF1). Finally, we removed genes common to neurodegeneration from disease-specific gene signatures, revealing uniquely robust immune response and JAK-STAT signaling in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Our results implicate pervasive bioenergetic deficits, M1-type microglial activation and gliosis as unifying themes of neurodegeneration, and identify numerous novel genes associated with neurodegenerative processes.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/s40478-014-0093-y

    View details for PubMedID 25187168

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4167139

  • A Drug Repositioning Approach Identifies Tricyclic Antidepressants as Inhibitors of Small Cell Lung Cancer and Other Neuroendocrine Tumors CANCER DISCOVERY Jahchan, N. S., Dudley, J. T., Mazur, P. K., Flores, N., Yang, D., Palmerton, A., Zmoos, A., Vaka, D., Tran, K. Q., Zhou, M., Krasinska, K., Riess, J. W., Neal, J. W., Khatri, P., Park, K. S., Butte, A. J., Sage, J. 2013; 3 (12): 1364-1377

    Abstract

    Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine subtype of lung cancer with high mortality. We used a systematic drug repositioning bioinformatics approach querying a large compendium of gene expression profiles to identify candidate U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs to treat SCLC. We found that tricyclic antidepressants and related molecules potently induce apoptosis in both chemonaïve and chemoresistant SCLC cells in culture, in mouse and human SCLC tumors transplanted into immunocompromised mice, and in endogenous tumors from a mouse model for human SCLC. The candidate drugs activate stress pathways and induce cell death in SCLC cells, at least in part by disrupting autocrine survival signals involving neurotransmitters and their G protein-coupled receptors. The candidate drugs inhibit the growth of other neuroendocrine tumors, including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and Merkel cell carcinoma. These experiments identify novel targeted strategies that can be rapidly evaluated in patients with neuroendocrine tumors through the repurposing of approved drugs.Our work shows the power of bioinformatics-based drug approaches to rapidly repurpose FDA-approved drugs and identifies a novel class of molecules to treat patients with SCLC, a cancer for which no effective novel systemic treatments have been identified in several decades. In addition, our experiments highlight the importance of novel autocrine mechanisms in promoting the growth of neuroendocrine tumor cells.

    View details for DOI 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0183

    View details for Web of Science ID 000328257500023

    View details for PubMedID 24078773

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3864571

  • A common rejection module (CRM) for acute rejection across multiple organs identifies novel therapeutics for organ transplantation. journal of experimental medicine Khatri, P., Roedder, S., Kimura, N., De Vusser, K., Morgan, A. A., Gong, Y., Fischbein, M. P., Robbins, R. C., Naesens, M., Butte, A. J., Sarwal, M. M. 2013; 210 (11): 2205-2221

    Abstract

    Using meta-analysis of eight independent transplant datasets (236 graft biopsy samples) from four organs, we identified a common rejection module (CRM) consisting of 11 genes that were significantly overexpressed in acute rejection (AR) across all transplanted organs. The CRM genes could diagnose AR with high specificity and sensitivity in three additional independent cohorts (794 samples). In another two independent cohorts (151 renal transplant biopsies), the CRM genes correlated with the extent of graft injury and predicted future injury to a graft using protocol biopsies. Inferred drug mechanisms from the literature suggested that two FDA-approved drugs (atorvastatin and dasatinib), approved for nontransplant indications, could regulate specific CRM genes and reduce the number of graft-infiltrating cells during AR. We treated mice with HLA-mismatched mouse cardiac transplant with atorvastatin and dasatinib and showed reduction of the CRM genes, significant reduction of graft-infiltrating cells, and extended graft survival. We further validated the beneficial effect of atorvastatin on graft survival by retrospective analysis of electronic medical records of a single-center cohort of 2,515 renal transplant patients followed for up to 22 yr. In conclusion, we identified a CRM in transplantation that provides new opportunities for diagnosis, drug repositioning, and rational drug design.

    View details for DOI 10.1084/jem.20122709

    View details for PubMedID 24127489

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3804941

  • Identification of novel biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer Szabo, L. A., Khatri, P., Liu, X., Hu, Z., Ling, B., Butte, A. J. AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. 2013
  • Cross-Species Functional Analysis of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Identifies a Critical Role for CLCF1 and IL-6 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer In Vivo CANCER RESEARCH Vicent, S., Sayles, L. C., Vaka, D., Khatri, P., Gevaert, O., Chen, R., Zheng, Y., Gillespie, A. K., Clarke, N., Xu, Y., Shrager, J., Hoang, C. D., Plevritis, S., Butte, A. J., Sweet-Cordero, E. A. 2012; 72 (22): 5744-5756

    Abstract

    Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) have been reported to support tumor progression by a variety of mechanisms. However, their role in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains poorly defined. In addition, the extent to which specific proteins secreted by CAFs contribute directly to tumor growth is unclear. To study the role of CAFs in NSCLCs, a cross-species functional characterization of mouse and human lung CAFs was conducted. CAFs supported the growth of lung cancer cells in vivo by secretion of soluble factors that directly stimulate the growth of tumor cells. Gene expression analysis comparing normal mouse lung fibroblasts and mouse lung CAFs identified multiple genes that correlate with the CAF phenotype. A gene signature of secreted genes upregulated in CAFs was an independent marker of poor survival in patients with NSCLC. This secreted gene signature was upregulated in normal lung fibroblasts after long-term exposure to tumor cells, showing that lung fibroblasts are "educated" by tumor cells to acquire a CAF-like phenotype. Functional studies identified important roles for CLCF1-CNTFR and interleukin (IL)-6-IL-6R signaling in promoting growth of NSCLCs. This study identifies novel soluble factors contributing to the CAF protumorigenic phenotype in NSCLCs and suggests new avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies.

    View details for DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1097

    View details for PubMedID 22962265

  • A Peripheral Blood Diagnostic Test for Acute Rejection in Renal Transplantation AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION Li, L., Khatri, P., Sigdel, T. K., Tran, T., Ying, L., Vitalone, M. J., Chen, A., Hsieh, S., Dai, H., Zhang, M., Naesens, M., Zarkhin, V., Sansanwal, P., Chen, R., Mindrinos, M., Xiao, W., Benfield, M., Ettenger, R. B., Dharnidharka, V., Mathias, R., Portale, A., McDonald, R., Harmon, W., Kershaw, D., Vehaskari, V. M., Kamil, E., Baluarte, H. J., Warady, B., Davis, R., Butte, A. J., Salvatierra, O., Sarwal, M. M. 2012; 12 (10): 2710-2718

    Abstract

    Monitoring of renal graft status through peripheral blood (PB) rather than invasive biopsy is important as it will lessen the risk of infection and other stresses, while reducing the costs of rejection diagnosis. Blood gene biomarker panels were discovered by microarrays at a single center and subsequently validated and cross-validated by QPCR in the NIH SNSO1 randomized study from 12 US pediatric transplant programs. A total of 367 unique human PB samples, each paired with a graft biopsy for centralized, blinded phenotype classification, were analyzed (115 acute rejection (AR), 180 stable and 72 other causes of graft injury). Of the differentially expressed genes by microarray, Q-PCR analysis of a five gene-set (DUSP1, PBEF1, PSEN1, MAPK9 and NKTR) classified AR with high accuracy. A logistic regression model was built on independent training-set (n = 47) and validated on independent test-set (n = 198)samples, discriminating AR from STA with 91% sensitivity and 94% specificity and AR from all other non-AR phenotypes with 91% sensitivity and 90% specificity. The 5-gene set can diagnose AR potentially avoiding the need for invasive renal biopsy. These data support the conduct of a prospective study to validate the clinical predictive utility of this diagnostic tool.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04253.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000309180000018

    View details for PubMedID 23009139

  • Non-HLA Antibodies to Immunogenic Epitopes Predict the Evolution of Chronic Renal Allograft Injury JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY Sigdel, T. K., Li, L., Tran, T. Q., Khatri, P., Naesens, M., Sansanwal, P., Dai, H., Hsieh, S., Sarwal, M. M. 2012; 23 (4): 750-763

    Abstract

    Chronic allograft injury (CAI) results from a humoral response to mismatches in immunogenic epitopes between the donor and recipient. Although alloantibodies against HLA antigens contribute to the pathogenesis of CAI, alloantibodies against non-HLA antigens likely contribute as well. Here, we used high-density protein arrays to identify non-HLA antibodies in CAI and subsequently validated a subset in a cohort of 172 serum samples collected serially post-transplantation. There were 38 de novo non-HLA antibodies that significantly associated with the development of CAI (P<0.01) on protocol post-transplant biopsies, with enrichment of their corresponding antigens in the renal cortex. Baseline levels of preformed antibodies to MIG (also called CXCL9), ITAC (also called CXCL11), IFN-γ, and glial-derived neurotrophic factor positively correlated with histologic injury at 24 months. Measuring levels of these four antibodies could help clinicians predict the development of CAI with >80% sensitivity and 100% specificity. In conclusion, pretransplant serum levels of a defined panel of alloantibodies targeting non-HLA immunogenic antigens associate with histologic CAI in the post-transplant period. Validation in a larger, prospective transplant cohort may lead to a noninvasive method to predict and monitor for CAI.

    View details for DOI 10.1681/ASN.2011060596

    View details for Web of Science ID 000302333300022

    View details for PubMedID 22302197

  • Ten Years of Pathway Analysis: Current Approaches and Outstanding Challenges PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Khatri, P., Sirota, M., Butte, A. J. 2012; 8 (2)

    Abstract

    Pathway analysis has become the first choice for gaining insight into the underlying biology of differentially expressed genes and proteins, as it reduces complexity and has increased explanatory power. We discuss the evolution of knowledge base-driven pathway analysis over its first decade, distinctly divided into three generations. We also discuss the limitations that are specific to each generation, and how they are addressed by successive generations of methods. We identify a number of annotation challenges that must be addressed to enable development of the next generation of pathway analysis methods. Furthermore, we identify a number of methodological challenges that the next generation of methods must tackle to take advantage of the technological advances in genomics and proteomics in order to improve specificity, sensitivity, and relevance of pathway analysis.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002375

    View details for Web of Science ID 000300729900019

    View details for PubMedID 22383865

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3285573

  • Profiling of Autoantibodies in IgA Nephropathy, an Integrative Antibiomics Approach CLINICAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY Sigdel, T. K., Woo, S. H., Dai, H., Khatri, P., Li, L., Myers, B., Sarwal, M. M., Lafayette, R. A. 2011; 6 (12): 2775-2784

    Abstract

    IgG commonly co-exists with IgA in the glomerular mesangium of patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) with unclear clinical relevance. Autoantibody (autoAb) biomarkers to detect and track progression of IgAN are an unmet clinical need. The objective of the study was to identify IgA-specific autoAbs specific to IgAN.High-density protein microarrays were evaluated IgG autoAbs in the serum of IgAN patients (n = 22) and controls (n = 10). Clinical parameters, including annual GFR and urine protein measurements, were collected on all patients over 5 years. Bioinformatic data analysis was performed to select targets for further validation by immunohistochemistry (IHC).One hundred seventeen (1.4%) specific antibodies were increased in IgAN. Among the most significant were the autoAb to the Ig family of proteins. IgAN-specific autoAbs (approximately 50%) were mounted against proteins predominantly expressed in glomeruli and tubules, and selected candidates were verified by IHC. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of our study demonstrated that IgG autoAb levels (matriline 2, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2W, DEAD box protein, and protein kinase D1) might be used in combination with 24-hour proteinuria to improve prediction of the progression of IgAN (area under the curve = 0.86, P = 0.02).IgAN is associated with elevated IgG autoAbs to multiple proteins in the kidney. This first analysis of the repertoire of autoAbs in IgAN identifies novel, immunogenic protein targets that are highly expressed in the kidney glomerulus and tubules that may bear relevance in the pathogenesis and progression of IgAN.

    View details for DOI 10.2215/CJN.04600511

    View details for Web of Science ID 000297948900009

    View details for PubMedID 22157707

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3255376

  • Progressive histological damage in renal allografts is associated with expression of innate and adaptive immunity genes KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL Naesens, M., Khatri, P., Li, L., Sigdel, T. K., Vitalone, M. J., Chen, R., Butte, A. J., Salvatierra, O., Sarwal, M. M. 2011; 80 (12): 1364-1376

    Abstract

    The degree of progressive chronic histological damage is associated with long-term renal allograft survival. In order to identify promising molecular targets for timely intervention, we examined renal allograft protocol and indication biopsies from 120 low-risk pediatric and adolescent recipients by whole-genome microarray expression profiling. In data-driven analysis, we found a highly regulated pattern of adaptive and innate immune gene expression that correlated with established or ongoing histological chronic injury, and also with development of future chronic histological damage, even in histologically pristine kidneys. Hence, histologically unrecognized immunological injury at a molecular level sets the stage for the development of chronic tissue injury, while the same molecular response is accentuated during established and worsening chronic allograft damage. Irrespective of the hypothesized immune or nonimmune trigger for chronic allograft injury, a highly orchestrated regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses was found in the graft at the molecular level. This occurred months before histologic lesions appear, and quantitatively below the diagnostic threshold of classic T-cell or antibody-mediated rejection. Thus, measurement of specific immune gene expression in protocol biopsies may be warranted to predict the development of subsequent chronic injury in histologically quiescent grafts and as a means to titrate immunosuppressive therapy.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ki.2011.245

    View details for Web of Science ID 000297541900014

    View details for PubMedID 21881554

  • Applications of Translational Bioinformatics in Transplantation CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Khatri, P., Sarwal, M. M., Butte, A. J. 2011; 90 (2): 323-327

    View details for DOI 10.1038/clpt.2011.120

    View details for Web of Science ID 000292974900027

    View details for PubMedID 21716268

  • Biomarkers in solid organ transplantation: establishing personalized transplantation medicine. Genome medicine Roedder, S., Vitalone, M., Khatri, P., Sarwal, M. M. 2011; 3 (6): 37-?

    Abstract

    Technological advances in molecular and in silico research have enabled significant progress towards personalized transplantation medicine. It is now possible to conduct comprehensive biomarker development studies of transplant organ pathologies, correlating genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic information from donor and recipient with clinical and histological phenotypes. Translation of these advances to the clinical setting will allow assessment of an individual patient's risk of allograft damage or accommodation. Transplantation biomarkers are needed for active monitoring of immunosuppression, to reduce patient morbidity, and to improve long-term allograft function and life expectancy. Here, we highlight recent pre- and post-transplantation biomarkers of acute and chronic allograft damage or adaptation, focusing on peripheral blood-based methodologies for non-invasive application. We then critically discuss current findings with respect to their future application in routine clinical transplantation medicine. Complement-system-associated SNPs present potential biomarkers that may be used to indicate the baseline risk for allograft damage prior to transplantation. The detection of antibodies against novel, non-HLA, MICA antigens, and the expression of cytokine genes and proteins and cytotoxicity-related genes have been correlated with allograft damage and are potential post-transplantation biomarkers indicating allograft damage at the molecular level, although these do not have clinical relevance yet. Several multi-gene expression-based biomarker panels have been identified that accurately predicted graft accommodation in liver transplant recipients and may be developed into a predictive biomarker assay.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/gm253

    View details for PubMedID 21658299

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3218811

  • Functional Pathway Analysis for Understanding Immunologic Signature of Rejection: Current Approaches and Outstanding Challenges IMMUNOLOGIC SIGNATURES OF REJECTION Khatri, P., Sarwal, M. M., Marincola, F. M., Wang, E. 2011: 239-256
  • Comparison of multiplex meta analysis techniques for understanding the acute rejection of solid organ transplants AMIA Summit on Translational Bioinformatics Morgan, A. A., Khatri, P., Jones, R. H., Sarwal, M. M., Butte, A. J. BIOMED CENTRAL LTD. 2010

    Abstract

    Combining the results of studies using highly parallelized measurements of gene expression such as microarrays and RNAseq offer unique challenges in meta analysis. Motivated by a need for a deeper understanding of organ transplant rejection, we combine the data from five separate studies to compare acute rejection versus stability after solid organ transplantation, and use this data to examine approaches to multiplex meta analysis.We demonstrate that a commonly used parametric effect size estimate approach and a commonly used non-parametric method give very different results in prioritizing genes. The parametric method providing a meta effect estimate was superior at ranking genes based on our gold-standard of identifying immune response genes in the transplant rejection datasets.Different methods of multiplex analysis can give substantially different results. The method which is best for any given application will likely depend on the particular domain, and it remains for future work to see if any one method is consistently better at identifying important biological signal across gene expression experiments.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000290218700006

    View details for PubMedID 21044364

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2967747

  • A microarray analysis of the effects of moderate hypothermia and rewarming on gene expression by human hepatocytes (HepG2) CELL STRESS & CHAPERONES Sonna, L. A., Kuhlmeier, M. M., Khatri, P., Chen, D., Lilly, C. M. 2010; 15 (5): 687-702

    Abstract

    The gene expression changes produced by moderate hypothermia are not fully known, but appear to differ in important ways from those produced by heat shock. We examined the gene expression changes produced by moderate hypothermia and tested the hypothesis that rewarming after hypothermia approximates a heat-shock response. Six sets of human HepG2 hepatocytes were subjected to moderate hypothermia (31 degrees C for 16 h), a conventional in vitro heat shock (43 degrees C for 30 min) or control conditions (37 degrees C), then harvested immediately or allowed to recover for 3 h at 37 degrees C. Expression analysis was performed with Affymetrix U133A gene chips, using analysis of variance-based techniques. Moderate hypothermia led to distinct time-dependent expression changes, as did heat shock. Hypothermia initially caused statistically significant, greater than or equal to twofold changes in expression (relative to controls) of 409 sequences (143 increased and 266 decreased), whereas heat shock affected 71 (35 increased and 36 decreased). After 3 h of recovery, 192 sequences (83 increased, 109 decreased) were affected by hypothermia and 231 (146 increased, 85 decreased) by heat shock. Expression of many heat shock proteins was decreased by hypothermia but significantly increased after rewarming. A comparison of sequences affected by thermal stress without regard to the magnitude of change revealed that the overlap between heat and cold stress was greater after 3 h of recovery than immediately following thermal stress. Thus, while some overlap occurs (particularly after rewarming), moderate hypothermia produces extensive, time-dependent gene expression changes in HepG2 cells that differ in important ways from those induced by heat shock.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s12192-010-0181-2

    View details for Web of Science ID 000280781800021

    View details for PubMedID 20526826

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3006613

  • Cell type-specific gene expression differences in complex tissues NATURE METHODS Shen-Orr, S. S., Tibshirani, R., Khatri, P., Bodian, D. L., Staedtler, F., Perry, N. M., Hastie, T., Sarwal, M. M., Davis, M. M., Butte, A. J. 2010; 7 (4): 287-289

    Abstract

    We describe cell type-specific significance analysis of microarrays (csSAM) for analyzing differential gene expression for each cell type in a biological sample from microarray data and relative cell-type frequencies. First, we validated csSAM with predesigned mixtures and then applied it to whole-blood gene expression datasets from stable post-transplant kidney transplant recipients and those experiencing acute transplant rejection, which revealed hundreds of differentially expressed genes that were otherwise undetectable.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/NMETH.1439

    View details for Web of Science ID 000276150600017

    View details for PubMedID 20208531

  • Meta-Analysis of Solid Organ Transplant Data Sets Identifies Differentially Expressed microRNAs Common in Heart, Kidney and Liver Allografts 10th American Transplant Congress Khatri, P., Jones, R. H., Butte, A. J., Sarwal, M. M. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2010: 61–61
  • Extracting cell-type-specific gene expression differences from complex tissues Shen-Orr, S., Tibshirani, R., Khatri, P., Gaidarski, A., Bodian, D., Staedtler, F., Perry, N., Hastie, T., Sarwal, M., Davis, M., Butte, A. AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS. 2010
  • NetPath: a public resource of curated signal transduction pathways GENOME BIOLOGY Kandasamy, K., Mohan, S. S., Raju, R., Keerthikumar, S., Kumar, G. S., Venugopal, A. K., Telikicherla, D., Navarro, J. D., Mathivanan, S., Pecquet, C., Gollapudi, S. K., Tattikota, S. G., Mohan, S., Padhukasahasram, H., Subbannayya, Y., Goel, R., Jacob, H. K., Zhong, J., Sekhar, R., Nanjappa, V., Balakrishnan, L., Subbaiah, R., Ramachandra, Y. L., Rahiman, B. A., Prasad, T. S., Lin, J., Houtman, J. C., Desiderio, S., Renauld, J., Constantinescu, S. N., Ohara, O., Hirano, T., Kubo, M., Singh, S., Khatri, P., Draghici, S., Bader, G. D., Sander, C., Leonard, W. J., Pandey, A. 2010; 11 (1)

    Abstract

    We have developed NetPath as a resource of curated human signaling pathways. As an initial step, NetPath provides detailed maps of a number of immune signaling pathways, which include approximately 1,600 reactions annotated from the literature and more than 2,800 instances of transcriptionally regulated genes - all linked to over 5,500 published articles. We anticipate NetPath to become a consolidated resource for human signaling pathways that should enable systems biology approaches.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/gb-2010-11-1-r3

    View details for Web of Science ID 000276433600011

    View details for PubMedID 20067622

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2847715

  • Predicting Novel Human Gene Ontology Annotations Using Semantic Analysis IEEE-ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS Done, B., Khatri, P., Done, A., Draghici, S. 2010; 7 (1): 91-99

    Abstract

    The correct interpretation of many molecular biology experiments depends in an essential way on the accuracy and consistency of the existing annotation databases. Such databases are meant to act as repositories for our biological knowledge as we acquire and refine it. Hence, by definition, they are incomplete at any given time. In this paper, we describe a technique that improves our previous method for predicting novel GO annotations by extracting implicit semantic relationships between genes and functions. In this work, we use a vector space model and a number of weighting schemes in addition to our previous latent semantic indexing approach. The technique described here is able to take into consideration the hierarchical structure of the Gene Ontology (GO) and can weight differently GO terms situated at different depths. The prediction abilities of 15 different weighting schemes are compared and evaluated. Nine such schemes were previously used in other problem domains, while six of them are introduced in this paper. The best weighting scheme was a novel scheme, n2tn. Out of the top 50 functional annotations predicted using this weighting scheme, we found support in the literature for 84 percent of them, while 6 percent of the predictions were contradicted by the existing literature. For the remaining 10 percent, we did not find any relevant publications to confirm or contradict the predictions. The n2tn weighting scheme also outperformed the simple binary scheme used in our previous approach.

    View details for DOI 10.1109/TCBB.2008.29

    View details for Web of Science ID 000274063600008

    View details for PubMedID 20150671

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3712327

  • Using gene arrays in diagnosis of rejection CURRENT OPINION IN ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION Khatri, P., Sarwal, M. M. 2009; 14 (1): 34-39

    Abstract

    In the last decade, microarray technology has revolutionized biological research by allowing the screening of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously. This article reviews recent studies in organ transplantation using microarrays and highlights the issues that should be addressed in order to use microarrays in diagnosis of rejection.Microarrays have been useful in identifying potential biomarkers for chronic rejection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, novel pathways for induction of tolerance, and genes involved in protecting the graft from the host immune system. Microarray analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronic antibody-mediated rejection has identified potential noninvasive biomarkers. In a recent study, correlation of pathogenesis-based transcripts with histopathologic lesions is a promising step towards inclusion of microarrays in clinics for organ transplants.Despite promising results in diagnosis of histopathologic lesions using microarrays, the low dynamic range of microarrays and large measured expression changes within the probes for the same gene continue to cast doubts on their readiness for diagnosis of rejection. More studies must be performed to resolve these issues. Dominating expression of globin genes in whole blood poses another challenge for identification of noninvasive biomarkers. In addition, studies are also needed to demonstrate effects of different immunosuppression therapies and their outcomes.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/MOT.0b013e32831e13d0

    View details for Web of Science ID 000264312900007

    View details for PubMedID 19337144

  • A novel signaling pathway impact analysis BIOINFORMATICS Tarca, A. L., Draghici, S., Khatri, P., Hassan, S. S., Mittal, P., Kim, J., Kim, C. J., Kusanovic, J. P., Romero, R. 2009; 25 (1): 75-82

    Abstract

    Gene expression class comparison studies may identify hundreds or thousands of genes as differentially expressed (DE) between sample groups. Gaining biological insight from the result of such experiments can be approached, for instance, by identifying the signaling pathways impacted by the observed changes. Most of the existing pathway analysis methods focus on either the number of DE genes observed in a given pathway (enrichment analysis methods), or on the correlation between the pathway genes and the class of the samples (functional class scoring methods). Both approaches treat the pathways as simple sets of genes, disregarding the complex gene interactions that these pathways are built to describe.We describe a novel signaling pathway impact analysis (SPIA) that combines the evidence obtained from the classical enrichment analysis with a novel type of evidence, which measures the actual perturbation on a given pathway under a given condition. A bootstrap procedure is used to assess the significance of the observed total pathway perturbation. Using simulations we show that the evidence derived from perturbations is independent of the pathway enrichment evidence. This allows us to calculate a global pathway significance P-value, which combines the enrichment and perturbation P-values. We illustrate the capabilities of the novel method on four real datasets. The results obtained on these data show that SPIA has better specificity and more sensitivity than several widely used pathway analysis methods.SPIA was implemented as an R package available at http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/ontoexpress/

    View details for DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn577

    View details for Web of Science ID 000261996400012

    View details for PubMedID 18990722

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2732297

  • Identifying Uncertainty Regions in Support Vector Machines using Geometric Margin and Convex Hulls 2008 IEEE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOLS 1-8 Voichita, C., Khatri, P., Draghici, S. 2008: 3319-3324
  • A systems biology approach for pathway level analysis GENOME RESEARCH Draghici, S., Khatri, P., Tarca, A. L., Amin, K., Done, A., Voichita, C., Georgescu, C., Romero, R. 2007; 17 (10): 1537-1545

    Abstract

    A common challenge in the analysis of genomics data is trying to understand the underlying phenomenon in the context of all complex interactions taking place on various signaling pathways. A statistical approach using various models is universally used to identify the most relevant pathways in a given experiment. Here, we show that the existing pathway analysis methods fail to take into consideration important biological aspects and may provide incorrect results in certain situations. By using a systems biology approach, we developed an impact analysis that includes the classical statistics but also considers other crucial factors such as the magnitude of each gene's expression change, their type and position in the given pathways, their interactions, etc. The impact analysis is an attempt to a deeper level of statistical analysis, informed by more pathway-specific biology than the existing techniques. On several illustrative data sets, the classical analysis produces both false positives and false negatives, while the impact analysis provides biologically meaningful results. This analysis method has been implemented as a Web-based tool, Pathway-Express, freely available as part of the Onto-Tools (http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu).

    View details for DOI 10.1101/gr.6202607

    View details for Web of Science ID 000249869200015

    View details for PubMedID 17785539

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1987343

  • Onto-Tools: new additions and improvements in 2006 NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH Khatri, P., Voichita, C., Kattan, K., Ansari, N., Khatri, A., Georgescu, C., Tarca, A. L., Draghici, S. 2007; 35: W206-W211

    Abstract

    Onto-Tools is a freely available web-accessible software suite, composed of an annotation database and nine complementary data-mining tools. This article describes a new tool, Onto-Express-to-go (OE2GO), as well as some new features implemented in Pathway-Express and Onto-Miner over the past year. Pathway-Express (PE) has been enhanced to identify significantly perturbed pathways in a given condition using the differentially expressed genes in the input. OE2GO is a tool for functional profiling using custom annotations. The development of this tool was aimed at the researchers working with organisms for which annotations are not yet available in the public domain. OE2GO allows researchers to use either annotation data from the Onto-Tools database, or their own custom annotations. By removing the necessity to use any specific database, OE2GO makes the functional profiling available for all organisms, with annotations using any ontology. The Onto-Tools are freely available at http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/projects.htm.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/nar/gkm327

    View details for Web of Science ID 000255311500039

    View details for PubMedID 17584796

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1933142

  • Semantic analysis of genome annotations using weighting schemes 2007 IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Done, B., Khatri, P., Done, A., Draghici, S. 2007: 212-218
  • A system biology approach for the steady-state analysis of gene signaling networks PROGRESS IN PATTERN RECOGNITION, IMAGE ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS Khatri, P., Draghici, S., Tarca, A. L., Hassan, S. S., Romero, R. 2007; 4756: 32-41
  • Babel's tower revisited: a universal resource for cross-referencing across annotation databases BIOINFORMATICS Draghici, S., Sellamuthu, S., Khatri, P. 2006; 22 (23): 2934-2939

    Abstract

    Annotation databases are widely used as public repositories of biological knowledge. However, most of these resources have been developed by independent groups which used different designs and different identifiers for the same biological entities. As we show in this article, incoherent name spaces between various databases represent a serious impediment to using the existing annotations at their full potential. Navigating between various such name spaces by mapping IDs from one database to another is a very important issue which is not properly addressed at the moment.We have developed a web-based resource, Onto-Translate (OT), which effectively addresses this problem. OT is able to map onto each other different types of biological entities from the following annotation databases: Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL, NREF, PIR, Gene Ontology, KEGG, Entrez Gene, GenBank, GenPept, IMAGE, RefSeq, UniGene, OMIM, PDB, Eukaryotic Promoter Database, HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee and NetAffx. Currently, OT is able to perform 462 types of mappings between 29 different types of IDs from 17 databases concerning 53 organisms. Among these, over 300 types of translations and 15 types of IDs are not currently supported by any other tool or resource. On average, OT is able to correctly map between 96 and 99% of the biological entities provided as input. In terms of speed, sets of approximately 20 000 IDs can be translated in <30 s, in most cases.OT is a part of Onto-Tools, which is freely available at http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/Projects.html

    View details for DOI 10.1093/bioinofrmatics/btl372

    View details for Web of Science ID 000242246300015

    View details for PubMedID 17068090

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2435247

  • New Onto-Tools: Promoter-Express, nsSNPCounter and Onto-Translate NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH Khatri, P., Desai, V., Tarca, A. L., Sellamuthu, S., Wildman, D. E., Romero, R., Draghici, S. 2006; 34: W626-W631

    Abstract

    The Onto-Tools suite is composed of an annotation database and eight complementary, web-accessible data mining tools: Onto-Express, Onto-Compare, Onto-Design, Onto-Translate, Onto-Miner, Pathway-Express, Promoter-Express and nsSNPCounter. Promoter-Express is a new tool added to the Onto-Tools ensemble that facilitates the identification of transcription factor binding sites active in specific conditions. nsSNPCounter is another new tool that allows computation and analysis of synonymous and non-synonymous codon substitutions for studying evolutionary rates of protein coding genes. Onto-Translate has also been enhanced to expand its scope and accuracy by fully utilizing the capabilities of the Onto-Tools database. Currently, Onto-Translate allows arbitrary mappings between 28 types of IDs for 53 organisms. Onto-Tools are freely available at http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/Projects.html.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/nar/gkl213

    View details for Web of Science ID 000245650200126

    View details for PubMedID 16845086

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1538776

  • Reliability and reproducibility issues in DNA microarray measurements TRENDS IN GENETICS Draghici, S., Khatri, P., Eklund, A. C., Szallasi, Z. 2006; 22 (2): 101-109

    Abstract

    DNA microarrays enable researchers to monitor the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. However, the current technology has several limitations. Here we discuss problems related to the sensitivity, accuracy, specificity and reproducibility of microarray results. The existing data suggest that for relatively abundant transcripts the existence and direction (but not the magnitude) of expression changes can be reliably detected. However, accurate measurements of absolute expression levels and the reliable detection of low abundance genes are difficult to achieve. The main problems seem to be the sub-optimal design or choice of probes and some incorrect probe annotations. Well-designed data-analysis approaches can rectify some of these problems.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.tig.2005.12.005

    View details for Web of Science ID 000235576900009

    View details for PubMedID 16380191

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2386979

  • Ontological analysis of gene expression data: current tools, limitations, and open problems BIOINFORMATICS Khatri, P., Draghici, S. 2005; 21 (18): 3587-3595

    Abstract

    Independent of the platform and the analysis methods used, the result of a microarray experiment is, in most cases, a list of differentially expressed genes. An automatic ontological analysis approach has been recently proposed to help with the biological interpretation of such results. Currently, this approach is the de facto standard for the secondary analysis of high throughput experiments and a large number of tools have been developed for this purpose. We present a detailed comparison of 14 such tools using the following criteria: scope of the analysis, visualization capabilities, statistical model(s) used, correction for multiple comparisons, reference microarrays available, installation issues and sources of annotation data. This detailed analysis of the capabilities of these tools will help researchers choose the most appropriate tool for a given type of analysis. More importantly, in spite of the fact that this type of analysis has been generally adopted, this approach has several important intrinsic drawbacks. These drawbacks are associated with all tools discussed and represent conceptual limitations of the current state-of-the-art in ontological analysis. We propose these as challenges for the next generation of secondary data analysis tools.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti565

    View details for Web of Science ID 000231694600001

    View details for PubMedID 15994189

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2435250

  • A semantic analysis of the annotations of the human genome BIOINFORMATICS Khatri, P., Done, B., Rao, A., Done, A., Draghici, S. 2005; 21 (16): 3416-3421

    Abstract

    The correct interpretation of any biological experiment depends in an essential way on the accuracy and consistency of the existing annotation databases. Such databases are ubiquitous and used by all life scientists in most experiments. However, it is well known that such databases are incomplete and many annotations may also be incorrect. In this paper we describe a technique that can be used to analyze the semantic content of such annotation databases. Our approach is able to extract implicit semantic relationships between genes and functions. This ability allows us to discover novel functions for known genes. This approach is able to identify missing and inaccurate annotations in existing annotation databases, and thus help improve their accuracy. We used our technique to analyze the current annotations of the human genome. From this body of annotations, we were able to predict 212 additional gene-function assignments. A subsequent literature search found that 138 of these gene-functions assignments are supported by existing peer-reviewed papers. An additional 23 assignments have been confirmed in the meantime by the addition of the respective annotations in later releases of the Gene Ontology database. Overall, the 161 confirmed assignments represent 75.95% of the proposed gene-function assignments. Only one of our predictions (0.4%) was contradicted by the existing literature. We could not find any relevant articles for 50 of our predictions (23.58%). The method is independent of the organism and can be used to analyze and improve the quality of the data of any public or private annotation database.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti538

    View details for Web of Science ID 000231360600012

    View details for PubMedID 15955782

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2435251

  • Recent additions and improvements to the Onto-Tools NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH Khatri, P., Sellamuthu, S., Malhotra, P., Amin, K., Done, A., Draghici, S. 2005; 33: W762-W765

    Abstract

    The Onto-Tools suite is composed of an annotation database and six seamlessly integrated, web-accessible data mining tools: Onto-Express, Onto-Compare, Onto-Design, Onto-Translate, Onto-Miner and Pathway-Express. The Onto-Tools database has been expanded to include various types of data from 12 new databases. Our database now integrates different types of genomic data from 19 sequence, gene, protein and annotation databases. Additionally, our database is also expanded to include complete Gene Ontology (GO) annotations. Using the enhanced database and GO annotations, Onto-Express now allows functional profiling for 24 organisms and supports 17 different types of input IDs. Onto-Translate is also enhanced to fully utilize the capabilities of the new Onto-Tools database with an ultimate goal of providing the users with a non-redundant and complete mapping from any type of identification system to any other type. Currently, Onto-Translate allows arbitrary mappings between 29 types of IDs. Pathway-Express is a new tool that helps the users find the most interesting pathways for their input list of genes. Onto-Tools are freely available at http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/Projects.html.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/nar/gki472

    View details for Web of Science ID 000230271400156

    View details for PubMedID 15980579

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1160233

  • Identification of genomic signatures for the design of assays for the detection and monitoring of anthrax threats PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING 2005 Draghici, S., Khatri, P., Liu, Y. H., CHASE, K. J., Bode, E. A., Kulesh, D. A., Wasieloski, L. P., Norwood, D. A., Reifman, J. 2005: 248-259

    Abstract

    Sequences that are present in a given species or strain while absent from or different in any other organisms can be used to distinguish the target organism from other related or un-related species. Such DNA signatures are particularly important for the identification of genetic source of drug resistance of a strain or for the detection of organisms that can be used as biological agents in warfare or terrorism. Most approaches used to find DNA signatures are laboratory based, require a great deal of effort and can only distinguish between two organisms at a time. We propose a more efficient and cost-effective bioinformatics approach that allows identification of genomic fingerprints for a target organism. We validated our approach using a custom microarray, using sequences identified as DNA fingerprints of Bacillus anthracis. Hybridization results showed that the sequences found using our algorithm were truly unique to B. anthracis and were able to distinguish B. anthracis from its close relatives B. cereus and B. thuringiensis.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000230169100021

    View details for PubMedID 15759631

  • A novel bioinformatics technique for predicting condition-specific transcription factor binding sites PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2005 IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Desai, V., Khatri, P., Done, A., Fridman, A., Tainsky, M., Draghici, S. 2005: 202-207
  • Onto-Tools: an ensemble of web-accessible, ontology-based tools for the functional design and interpretation of high-throughput gene expression experiments NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH Khatri, P., Bhavsar, P., Bawa, G., Draghici, S. 2004; 32: W449-W456

    Abstract

    The Onto-Tools suite is composed of an annotation database and five seamlessly integrated web-accessible data mining tools: Onto-Express (OE), Onto-Compare (OC), Onto-Design (OD), Onto-Translate (OT) and Onto-Miner (OM). OM is a new tool that provides a unified access point and an application programming interface for most annotations available. Our database has been enhanced with more than 120 new commercial microarrays and annotations for Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster and Carnorhabditis elegans. The Onto-Tools have been redesigned to provide better biological insight, improved performance and user convenience. The new features implemented in OE include support for gene names, LocusLink IDs and Gene Ontology (GO) IDs, ability to specify fold changes for the input genes, links to the KEGG pathway database and detailed output files. OC allows comparisons of the functional bias of more than 170 commercial microarrays. The latest version of OD allows the user to specify keywords if the exact GO term is not known as well as providing more details than the previous version. OE, OC and OD now have an integrated GO browser that allows the user to customize the level of abstraction for each GO category. The Onto-Tools are available online at http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/Projects.html.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/nar/gkh409

    View details for Web of Science ID 000222273100090

    View details for PubMedID 15215428

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC441547

  • Onto-Tools, the toolkit of the modern biologist: Onto-Express, Onto-Compare, Onto-Design and Onto-Translate NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH Draghici, S., Khatri, P., Bhavsar, P., Shah, A., Krawetz, S. A., Tainsky, M. A. 2003; 31 (13): 3775-3781

    Abstract

    Onto-Tools is a set of four seamlessly integrated databases: Onto-Express, Onto-Compare, Onto-Design and Onto-Translate. Onto-Express is able to automatically translate lists of genes found to be differentially regulated in a given condition into functional profiles characterizing the impact of the condition studied upon various biological processes and pathways. OE constructs functional profiles (using Gene Ontology terms) for the following categories: biochemical function, biological process, cellular role, cellular component, molecular function and chromosome location. Statistical significance values are calculated for each category. Once the initial exploratory analysis identified a number of relevant biological processes, specific mechanisms of interactions can be hypothesized for the conditions studied. Currently, many commercial arrays are available for the investigation of specific mechanisms. Each such array is characterized by a biological bias determined by the extent to which the genes present on the array represent specific pathways. Onto-Compare is a tool that allows efficient comparisons of any sets of commercial or custom arrays. Using Onto-Compare, a researcher can determine quickly which array, or set of arrays, covers best the hypotheses studied. In many situations, no commercial arrays are available for specific biological mechanisms. Onto-Design is a tool that allows the user to select genes that represent given functional categories. Onto-Translate allows the user to translate easily lists of accession numbers, UniGene clusters and Affymetrix probes into one another. All tools above are seamlessly integrated. The Onto-Tools are available online at http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/Projects.html.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/nar/gkg624

    View details for Web of Science ID 000183832900108

    View details for PubMedID 12824416

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC169030

  • Assessing the functional bias of commercial microarrays using the onto-compare database BIOTECHNIQUES Draghici, S., Khatri, P., Shah, A., Tainsky, M. A. 2003: 55-61

    Abstract

    Microarrays are at the center of a revolution in biotechnology, allowing researchers to screen tens of thousands of genes simultaneously. Typically, they have been used in exploratory research to help formulate hypotheses. In most cases, this phase is followed by a more focused, hypothesis-driven stage in which certain specific biological processes and pathways are thought to be involved. Since a single biological process can still involve hundreds of genes, microarrays are still the preferred approach as proven by the availability of focused arrays from several manufacturers. Because focused arrays from different manufacturers use different sets of genes, each array will represent any given regulatory pathway to a different extent. We argue that a functional analysis of the arrays available should be the most important criterion used in the array selection. We developed Onto-Compare as a database that can provide this functionality, based on the Gene Ontology Consortium nomenclature. We used this tool to compare several arrays focused on apoptosis, oncogenes, and tumor suppressors. We considered arrays from BD Biosciences Clontech, PerkinElmer, Sigma-Genosys, and SuperArray. We showed that among the oncogene arrays, the PerkinElmer MICROMAX oncogene microarray has a better representation of oncogenesis, protein phosphorylation, and negative control of cell proliferation. The comparison of the apoptosis arrays showed that most apoptosis-related biological processes are equally well represented on the arrays considered. However, functional categories such as immune response, cell-cell signaling, cell-surface receptor linked signal transduction, and interleukins are better represented on the Sigma-Genoys Panorama human apoptosis array. At the same time, processes such as cell cycle control, oncogenesis, and negative control of cell proliferation are better represented on the BD Biosciences Clontech Atlas Select human apoptosis array.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000181595900009

    View details for PubMedID 12664686

  • Global functional profiling of gene expression GENOMICS Draghici, S., Khatri, P., Martins, R. P., Ostermeier, G. C., Krawetz, S. A. 2003; 81 (2): 98-104

    Abstract

    The typical result of a microarray experiment is a list of tens or hundreds of genes found to be differentially regulated in the condition under study. Independent of the methods used to select these genes, the common task faced by any researcher is to translate these lists of genes into a better understanding of the biological phenomena involved. Currently, this is done through a tedious combination of searches through the literature and a number of public databases. We developed Onto-Express (OE) as a novel tool able to automatically translate such lists of differentially regulated genes into functional profiles characterizing the impact of the condition studied. OE constructs functional profiles (using Gene Ontology terms) for the following categories: biochemical function, biological process, cellular role, cellular component, molecular function, and chromosome location. Statistical significance values are calculated for each category. We demonstrate the validity and the utility of this comprehensive global analysis of gene function by analyzing two breast cancer datasets from two separate laboratories. OE was able to identify correctly all biological processes postulated by the original authors, as well as discover novel relevant mechanisms.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S0888-7543(02)00021-6

    View details for Web of Science ID 000181532700002

    View details for PubMedID 12620386

  • Spermatozoal RNA profiles of normal fertile men LANCET Ostermeier, G. C., Dix, D. J., Miller, D., Khatri, P., Krawetz, S. A. 2002; 360 (9335): 772-777

    Abstract

    Findings from several studies support the conclusion that spermatozoa contain a complex repertoire of mRNAs. Even though these mRNAs are thought to provide an insight into past events of spermatogenesis, their complexity and function have yet to be established. Our aim was to determine whether we could use spermatozoal mRNAs to generate a genetic fingerprint of normal fertile men.We used a suite of microarrays containing 27016 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) to investigate cDNAs from a pool of 19 testes, cDNAs from a pool of nine individual ejaculate spermatozoal mRNAs, and cDNAs constructed from spermatozoal mRNAs from a single ejaculate. We also used ontological data mining to determine the function of the genes identified in each EST profile.The cDNAs from the testes, pooled ejaculate, and single ejaculate hybridised to 7157, 3281, and 2780 ESTs, respectively. The testicular population contained all of the ESTs identified by the cDNAs from the pooled and individual ejaculate. The pooled ejaculate population contained all but four ESTs identified from the individual ejaculate. A subset of the spermatozoal mRNAs was associated with embryo development.The microarray data from testes and spermatozoa (pooled and individual) were concordant, supporting the view that a spermatozoal mRNA fingerprint can be obtained from normal fertile men. Thus, profiling can be used to monitor past events-ie, gene expression of spermatogenesis. Moreover, the data suggest that, in addition to delivering the paternal genome, spermatozoa provide the zygote with a unique suite of paternal mRNAs. Ejaculate spermatozoa can now be used as a non-invasive proxy for investigations of testis-specific infertility.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000177933000019

    View details for PubMedID 12241836

  • Profiling gene expression using onto-express GENOMICS Khatri, P., Draghici, S., Ostermeier, G. C., Krawetz, S. A. 2002; 79 (2): 266-270

    Abstract

    Gene expression profiles obtained through microarray or data mining analyses often exist as vast data strings. To interpret the biology of these genetic profiles, investigators must analyze this data in the context of other information such as the biological, biochemical, or molecular function of the translated proteins. This is particularly challenging for a human analyst because large quantities of less than relevant data often bury such information. To address this need we implemented an automated routine, called Onto-Express (http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu:8080), to systematically translate genetic fingerprints into functional profiles. Using strings of accession or cluster identification numbers, Onto-Express searches the public databases and returns tables that correlate expression profiles with the cytogenetic locations, biochemical and molecular functions, biological processes, cellular components, and cellular roles of the translated proteins. The profiles created by Onto-Express fundamentally increase the value of gene expression analyses by facilitating the translation of quantitative value sets to records that contain biological implications.

    View details for DOI 10.1006/geno.2002.6698

    View details for Web of Science ID 000173628100016

    View details for PubMedID 11829497