Wei Cai

All Publications

• High absorptivity nanotextured powders for additive manufacturing. Science advances Tertuliano, O. A., DePond, P. J., Lee, A. C., Hong, J., Doan, D., Capaldi, L., Brongersma, M., Gu, X. W., Matthews, M. J., Cai, W., Lew, A. J. 2024; 10 (36): eadp0003

  Abstract

  The widespread application of metal additive manufacturing (AM) is limited by the ability to control the complex interactions between the energy source and the feedstock material. Here, we develop a generalizable process to introduce nanoscale grooves to the surface of metal powders which increases the powder absorptivity by up to 70% during laser powder bed fusion. Absorptivity enhancements in copper, copper-silver, and tungsten enable energy-efficient manufacturing, with printing of pure copper at relative densities up to 92% using laser energy densities as low as 83 joules per cubic millimeter. Simulations show that the enhanced powder absorptivity results from plasmon-enabled light concentration in nanoscale grooves combined with multiple scattering events. The approach taken here demonstrates a general method to enhance the absorptivity and printability of reflective and refractory metal powders by changing the surface morphology of the feedstock without altering its composition.

  View details for DOI 10.1126/sciadv.adp0003

  View details for PubMedID 39231234

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11373603

• Network Evolution Controlling Strain-Induced Damage and Self-Healing of Elastomers with Dynamic Bonds MACROMOLECULES Yin, Y., Mohanty, S., Cooper, C. B., Bao, Z., Cai, W. 2024

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00409

  View details for Web of Science ID 001250624800001

• Modeling shortest paths in polymeric networks using spatial branching processes JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Zhang, Z., Mohanty, S., Blanchet, J., Cai, W. 2024; 187

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2024.105636

  View details for Web of Science ID 001231186600001

• Enhanced mobility of dislocation network nodes and its effect on dislocation multiplication and strain hardening ACTA MATERIALIA Bertin, N., Cai, W., Aubry, S., Arsenlis, A., Bulatov, V. V. 2024; 271

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.actamat.2024.119884

  View details for Web of Science ID 001229118300001

• Prediction of yield surface of single crystal copper from discrete dislocation dynamics and geometric learning JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Jian, W., Xiao, M., Sun, W., Cai, W. 2024; 186

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2024.105577

  View details for Web of Science ID 001203121700001

• Prediction of effective elastic moduli of rocks using Graph Neural Networks COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING Chung, J., Ahmad, R., Sun, W., Cai, W., Mukerji, T. 2024; 421

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cma.2024.116780

  View details for Web of Science ID 001170655800001

• Anomalous temperature dependence of elastic limit in metallic glasses. Nature communications Wang, Y., Liu, J., Jiang, J. Z., Cai, W. 2024; 15 (1): 171

  Abstract

  Understanding the atomistic mechanisms of inelastic deformation in metallic glasses (MGs) remains challenging due to their amorphous structure, where local carriers of plasticity cannot be easily defined. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we analyzed the onset of inelastic deformation in CuZr MGs, specifically the temperature dependence of the elastic limit, in terms of localized shear transformation (ST) events. We find that although the ST events initiate at lower strain with increasing temperature, the elastic limit increases with temperature in certain temperature ranges. We explain this anomalous behavior through the framework of an energy-strain landscape (ESL) constructed from high-throughput strain-dependent energy barrier calculations for the ST events identified in the MD simulations. The ESL reveals that the anomalous behavior is caused by the transition of ST events from irreversible to reversible with increasing temperature. An analytical formulation is developed to predict this transition and the temperature dependence of the elastic limit.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-44048-7

  View details for PubMedID 38167242

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10761975

• Strong and ductile nanoscale Ti-1Fe dual-phase alloy via deformation twinning SCRIPTA MATERIALIA Liu, C., Chen, J., Wang, Y., Ding, W., Tao, Q., Chen, G., Cai, W., Qin, M., Qu, X. 2023; 237

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2023.115720

  View details for Web of Science ID 001066804100001

• de Koning etal. Reply. Physical review letters de Koning, M., Cai, W., Cazorla, C., Boronat, J. 2023; 131 (18): 189602

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.189602

  View details for PubMedID 37977628

• Strong and ductile niobium-based refractory alloy via deformable zirconia nanoparticles INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS Chen, J., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Ding, W., Tao, Q., Chen, G., Cai, W., Qin, M., Qu, X. 2024; 118

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106451

  View details for Web of Science ID 001109032500001

• Stress-dependent activation entropy in thermally activated cross-slip of dislocations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Wang, Y., Cai, W. 2023; 120 (34): e2222039120

  Abstract

  Cross-slip of screw dislocations in crystalline solids is a stress-driven thermally activated process essential to many phenomena during plastic deformation, including dislocation pattern formation, strain hardening, and dynamic recovery. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has played an important role in determining the microscopic mechanisms of cross-slip. However, due to its limited timescale, MD can only predict cross-slip rates in high-stress or high-temperature conditions. The transition state theory can predict the cross-slip rate over a broad range of stress and temperature conditions, but its predictions have been found to be several orders of magnitude too low in comparison to MD results. This discrepancy can be expressed as an anomalously large activation entropy whose physical origin remains unclear. Here, we resolve this discrepancy by showing that the large activation entropy results from anharmonic effects, including thermal softening, thermal expansion, and soft vibrational modes of the dislocation. We expect these anharmonic effects to be significant in a wide range of stress-driven thermally activated processes in solids.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.2222039120

  View details for PubMedID 37585466

• Evaluating the transferability of machine-learned force fields for material property modeling COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS Mohanty, S., Yoo, S., Kang, K., Cai, W. 2023; 288

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cpc.2023.108723

  View details for Web of Science ID 001122393100001

• Kinetics and mechanism of light-induced phase separation in a mixed-halide perovskite MATTER Peng, S., Wang, Y., Braun, M., Yin, Y., Meng, A. C., Tan, W., Saini, B., Severson, K., Marshall, A. F., Sytwu, K., Baniecki, J. D., Dionne, J., Cai, W., McIntyre, P. C. 2023; 6 (6): 2052-2065

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.matt.2023.04.025

  View details for Web of Science ID 001043983600001

• One dislocation at a time. Nature materials Bulatov, V., Cai, W. 2023; 22 (6): 679-680

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41563-023-01555-8

  View details for PubMedID 37264187

• Direct comparison between experiments and dislocation dynamics simulations of high rate deformation of single crystal copper ACTA MATERIALIA Akhondzadeh, S., Kang, M., Sills, R. B., Ramesh, K. T., Cai, W. 2023; 250

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.actamat.2023.118851

  View details for Web of Science ID 000969242800001

• Computation of effective elastic moduli of rocks using hierarchical homogenization JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Ahmad, R., Liu, M., Ortiz, M., Mukerji, T., Cai, W. 2023; 174

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2023.105268

  View details for Web of Science ID 000951654900001

• Hierarchical Homogenization With Deep-Learning-Based Surrogate Model for Rapid Estimation of Effective Permeability From Digital Rocks JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH Liu, M., Ahmad, R., Cai, W., Mukerji, T. 2023; 128 (2)

  View details for DOI 10.1029/2022JB025378

  View details for Web of Science ID 000936298000001

• Absence of Off-Diagonal Long-Range Order in hcp ^{4}He Dislocation Cores. Physical review letters de Koning, M., Cai, W., Cazorla, C., Boronat, J. 2023; 130 (1): 016001

  Abstract

  The mass transport properties along dislocation cores in hcp ^{4}He are revisited by considering two types of edge dislocations as well as a screw dislocation, using a fully correlated quantum simulation approach. Specifically, we employ the zero-temperature path-integral ground state (PIGS) method together with ergodic sampling of the permutation space to investigate the fundamental dislocation core structures and their off-diagonal long-range order properties. It is found that the Bose-Einstein condensate fraction of such defective ^{4}He systems is practically null (≤10^{-6}), just as in the bulk defect-free crystal. These results provide compelling evidence for the absence of intrinsic superfluidity in dislocation cores in hcp ^{4}He and challenge the superfluid dislocation-network interpretation of the mass-flux-experiment observations, calling for further experimental investigation.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.016001

  View details for PubMedID 36669220

• High energy density flexible and ecofriendly lithium-ion smart battery ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS Kuznetsov, O. A., Mohanty, S., Pigos, E., Chen, G., Cai, W., Harutyunyan, A. R. 2023; 54: 266-275

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ensm.2022.10.023

  View details for Web of Science ID 000878745500004

• Dislocation-position fluctuations in solid He-4 as collective variables in a quantum crystal NPJ QUANTUM MATERIALS de Koning, M., Cai, W. 2022; 7 (1)

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41535-022-00533-8

  View details for Web of Science ID 000904064700001

• Discovery of multimechanisms of screw dislocation interaction in bcc iron from open-ended saddle point searches PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS Wang, X., Wang, Y., Cai, W., Xu, H. 2022; 6 (12)

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.6.123602

  View details for Web of Science ID 000909785500008

• Computational approaches to model X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy from molecular dynamics MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Mohanty, S., Cooper, C. B., Wang, H., Liang, M., Cai, W. 2022; 30 (7)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/1361-651X/ac860c

  View details for Web of Science ID 000849939600001

• Free energy calculation of crystalline solids using normalizing flows MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Ahmad, R., Cai, W. 2022; 30 (6)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/1361-651X/ac7f4b

  View details for Web of Science ID 000828345600001

• Nanoparticle-enhanced absorptivity of copper during laser powder bed fusion ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Tertuliano, O. A., DePond, P. J., Doan, D., Matthews, M. J., Gu, X., Cai, W., Lew, A. J. 2022; 51

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102562

  View details for Web of Science ID 000752324000003

• Correlative image learning of chemo-mechanics in phase-transforming solids. Nature materials Deng, H. D., Zhao, H., Jin, N., Hughes, L., Savitzky, B. H., Ophus, C., Fraggedakis, D., Borbely, A., Yu, Y., Lomeli, E. G., Yan, R., Liu, J., Shapiro, D. A., Cai, W., Bazant, M. Z., Minor, A. M., Chueh, W. C. 2022

  Abstract

  Constitutive laws underlie most physical processes in nature. However, learning such equations in heterogeneous solids (for example, due to phase separation) is challenging. One such relationship is between composition and eigenstrain, which governs the chemo-mechanical expansion in solids. Here we developed a generalizable, physically constrained image-learning framework to algorithmically learn the chemo-mechanical constitutive law at the nanoscale from correlative four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray spectro-ptychography images. We demonstrated this approach on LiXFePO4, a technologically relevant battery positive electrode material. We uncovered the functional form of the composition-eigenstrain relation in this two-phase binary solid across the entire composition range (0≤X≤1), including inside the thermodynamically unstable miscibility gap. The learned relation directly validates Vegard's law of linear response at the nanoscale. Our physics-constrained data-driven approach directly visualizes the residual strain field (by removing the compositional and coherency strain), which is otherwise impossible to quantify. Heterogeneities in the residual strain arise from misfit dislocations and were independently verified by X-ray diffraction line profile analysis. Our work provides the means to simultaneously quantify chemical expansion, coherency strain and dislocations in battery electrodes, which has implications on rate capabilities and lifetime. Broadly, this work also highlights the potential of integrating correlative microscopy and image learning for extracting material properties and physics.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41563-021-01191-0

  View details for PubMedID 35177785

• Phagocytic 'teeth' and myosin-II 'jaw' power target constriction during phagocytosis. eLife Vorselen, D., Barger, S. R., Wang, Y., Cai, W., Theriot, J. A., Gauthier, N. C., Krendel, M. 2021; 10

  Abstract

  Phagocytosis requires rapid actin reorganization and spatially controlled force generation to ingest targets ranging from pathogens to apoptotic cells. How actomyosin activity directs membrane extensions to engulf such diverse targets remains unclear. Here, we combine lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM) with microparticle traction force microscopy (MP-TFM) to quantify actin dynamics and subcellular forces during macrophage phagocytosis. We show that spatially localized forces leading to target constriction are prominent during phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets. This constriction is largely driven by Arp2/3-mediated assembly of discrete actin protrusions containing myosin 1e and 1f ('teeth') that appear to be interconnected in a ring-like organization. Contractile myosin-II activity contributes to late-stage phagocytic force generation and progression, supporting a specific role in phagocytic cup closure. Observations of partial target eating attempts and sudden target release via a popping mechanism suggest that constriction may be critical for resolving complex in vivo target encounters. Overall, our findings present a phagocytic cup-shaping mechanism that is distinct from cytoskeletal remodeling in 2D cell motility and may contribute to mechanosensing and phagocytic plasticity.

  View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.68627

  View details for PubMedID 34708690

• Phagocytic 'teeth' and myosin-II 'jaw' power target constriction during phagocytosis ELIFE Vorselen, D., Barger, S. R., Wang, Y., Cai, W., Theriot, J. A., Gauthier, N. C., Krendel, M. 2021; 10

  View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.68627.sa2

  View details for Web of Science ID 000720139300001

• Bending and precipitate formation mechanisms in epitaxial Ge-core/GeSn-shell nanowires. Nanoscale Meng, A. C., Wang, Y., Braun, M. R., Lentz, J. Z., Peng, S., Cheng, H., Marshall, A. F., Cai, W., McIntyre, P. C. 2021

  Abstract

  Core-shell Ge/GeSn nanowires provide a route to dislocation-free single crystal germanium-tin alloys with desirable light emission properties because the Ge core acts as an elastically compliant substrate during misfitting GeSn shell growth. However, the uniformity of tin incorporation during reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition may be limited by the kinetics of mass transfer to the shell during GeSn growth. The balance between Sn precursor flux and available surfaces for GeSn nucleation and growth determines whether defects are formed and their type. On the one hand, when the Sn precursor delivery is insufficient, local variations in Sn arrival rate at the nanowire surfaces during GeSn growth produce asymmetries in shell growth that induce wire bending. This inhomogeneous elastic dilatation due to the varying composition occurs via deposition of Sn-poor regions on some of the {112} sidewall facets of the nanowires. On the other hand, when the available nanowire surface area is insufficient to accommodate the arriving Sn precursor flux, Sn-rich precipitate formation results. Between these two extremes, there exists a regime of growth conditions and nanowire densities that permits defect-free GeSn shell growth.

  View details for DOI 10.1039/d1nr04220c

  View details for PubMedID 34652350

• Electro-chemo-mechanical charge carrier equilibrium at interfaces. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP Chen, C., Yin, Y., Kang, S. D., Cai, W., Chueh, W. C. 2021

  Abstract

  Electrochemical interfaces involving solids enable charge transfer, electrical transport, and mass storage in energy devices. One central concept that determines the interfacial charge carrier concentration is the space-charge field. The classical theory accounts for electrochemical equilibrium in the absence of mechanical effects; such effects have recently been found critical in many solids, such as materials for lithium-ion and solid-state batteries, perovskite solar cells, and fuel cells. Towards elucidating the interplay between charge carriers and mechanics, we establish a generalized electro-chemo-mechanical space-charge model and categorize the carriers into physically-meaningful four types, based on the signs of the charge number (i.e., polarity) and the partial molar volume (i.e., expansion coefficient). Beyond the electrostatic effects discussed in the literature, our work reveals the importance of elastic effects, as demonstrated by simulations of a composite beam bending experiment. The analysis highlights opportunities to systematically tune the interfacial electrical conductivity and the reaction kinetics of solids through mechanics. Our treatment provides a rational basis for understanding stress-driven phenomena at interfaces in a wide range of solids.

  View details for DOI 10.1039/d1cp02690a

  View details for PubMedID 34643199

• Pipe-diffusion-enriched dislocations and interfaces in SnSe/PbSe heterostructures PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS Hughes, E. T., Haidet, B. B., Bonef, B., Cai, W., Mukherjee, K. 2021; 5 (7)

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.073402

  View details for Web of Science ID 000679200500001

• A critical look at the prediction of the temperature field around a laser-induced melt pool on metallic substrates. Scientific reports Shu, Y., Galles, D., Tertuliano, O. A., McWilliams, B. A., Yang, N., Cai, W., Lew, A. J. 2021; 11 (1): 12224

  Abstract

  The study of microstructure evolution in additive manufacturing of metals would be aided by knowing the thermal history. Since temperature measurements beneath the surface are difficult, estimates are obtained from computational thermo-mechanical models calibrated against traces left in the sample revealed after etching, such as the trace of the melt pool boundary. Here we examine the question of how reliable thermal histories computed from a model that reproduces the melt pool trace are. To this end, we perform experiments in which one of two different laser beams moves with constant velocity and power over a substrate of 17-4PH SS or Ti-6Al-4V, with low enough power to avoid generating a keyhole. We find that thermal histories appear to be reliably computed provided that (a) the power density distribution of the laser beam over the substrate is well characterized, and (b) convective heat transport effects are accounted for. Poor control of the laser beam leads to potentially multiple three-dimensional melt pool shapes compatible with the melt pool trace, and therefore to multiple potential thermal histories. Ignoring convective effects leads to results that are inconsistent with experiments, even for the mild melt pools here.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-91039-z

  View details for PubMedID 34108495

• Oxidation behavior of low-cost CP-Ti powders for additive manufacturing via fluidization CORROSION SCIENCE Ding, W., Wang, Z., Chen, G., Cai, W., Zhang, C., Tao, Q., Qu, X., Qin, M. 2021; 178

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109080

  View details for Web of Science ID 000596663400001

• A novel experimental method for in situ strain measurement during selective laser melting VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL PROTOTYPING Wen, Y., Zhang, B., Liu, S., Cai, W., Wang, P., Lee, C., Ma, J., Qu, X. 2020; 15: 583–95

  View details for DOI 10.1080/17452759.2020.1842137

  View details for Web of Science ID 000596840700006

• Dislocation density-based plasticity model from massive discrete dislocation dynamics database JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Akhondzadeh, S., Sills, R. B., Bertin, N., Cai, W. 2020; 145

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2020.104152

  View details for Web of Science ID 000612237400002

• Growth mode control for direct-gap core/shell Ge/GeSn nanowire light emission MATERIALS TODAY Meng, A. C., Braun, M. R., Wang, Y., Peng, S., Tan, W., Lentz, J., Xue, M., Pakzad, A., Marshall, A. F., Harris, J. S., Cai, W., McIntyre, P. C. 2020; 40: 101–13

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mattod.2020.05.019

  View details for Web of Science ID 000596583700010

• Stress effects on the energy barrier and mechanisms of cross-slip in FCC nickel JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Kuykendall, W. P., Wang, Y., Cai, W. 2020; 144

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2020.104105

  View details for Web of Science ID 000571473500003

• Topological origin of strain induced damage of multi-network elastomers by bond breaking EXTREME MECHANICS LETTERS Yin, Y., Bertin, N., Wang, Y., Bao, Z., Cai, W. 2020; 40

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.eml.2020.100883

  View details for Web of Science ID 000577470700016

• Intrinsic size dependent plasticity in BCC micro-pillars under uniaxial tension and pure torsion EXTREME MECHANICS LETTERS Ryu, I., Gravell, J. D., Cai, W., Nix, W. D., Gao, H. 2020; 40

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.eml.2020.100901

  View details for Web of Science ID 000577470700024

• Selective laser melting of CP-Ti to overcome the low cost and high performance trade-off ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Tao, Q., Wang, Z., Chen, G., Cai, W., Cao, P., Zhang, C., Ding, W., Lu, X., Luo, T., Qu, X., Qin, M. 2020; 34

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101198

  View details for Web of Science ID 000555840800003

• Roadmap on multiscale materials modeling MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING van der Giessen, E., Schultz, P. A., Bertin, N., Bulatov, V. V., Cai, W., Csanyi, G., Foiles, S. M., Geers, M. D., Gonzalez, C., Hutter, M., Kim, W., Kochmann, D. M., LLorca, J., Mattsson, A. E., Rottler, J., Shluger, A., Sills, R. B., Steinbach, I., Strachan, A., Tadmor, E. B. 2020; 28 (4)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/1361-651X/ab7150

  View details for Web of Science ID 000546632200001

• Frontiers in the Simulation of Dislocations ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, VOL 50, 2020 Bertin, N., Sills, R. B., Cai, W., Clarke, D. R. 2020; 50: 437–64

  View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev-matsci-091819015500

  View details for Web of Science ID 000590407100017

• Multivalent Assembly of Flexible Polymer Chains into Supramolecular Nanofibers. Journal of the American Chemical Society Cooper, C. B., Kang, J. n., Yin, Y. n., Yu, Z. n., Wu, H. C., Nikzad, S. n., Ochiai, Y. n., Yan, H. n., Cai, W. n., Bao, Z. n. 2020

  Abstract

  Polymeric materials in nature regularly employ ordered, hierarchical structures in order to perform unique and precise functions. Importantly, these structures are often formed and stabilized by the cooperative summation of many weak interactions as opposed to the independent association of a few strong bonds. Here, we show that synthetic, flexible polymer chains with periodically placed and directional dynamic bonds collectively assemble into supramolecular nanofibers when the overall molecular weight is below the polymer's critical entanglement molecular weight. This causes bulk films of long polymer chains to have faster dynamics than films of shorter polymer chains of identical chemical composition. The formation of nanofibers increases the bulk film modulus by over an order of magnitude and delays the onset of terminal flow by more than 100 °C, while still remaining solution processable. Systematic investigation of different polymer chain architectures and dynamic bonding moieties along with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations illuminate governing structure-function relationships that determine a polymer's capacity to form supramolecular nanofibers. This report of the cooperative assembly of multivalent polymer chains into hierarchical, supramolecular structures contributes to our fundamental understanding of designing biomimetic functional materials.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/jacs.0c07651

  View details for PubMedID 32901473

• Microparticle traction force microscopy reveals subcellular force exertion patterns in immune cell-target interactions. Nature communications Vorselen, D. n., Wang, Y. n., de Jesus, M. M., Shah, P. K., Footer, M. J., Huse, M. n., Cai, W. n., Theriot, J. A. 2020; 11 (1): 20

  Abstract

  Force exertion is an integral part of cellular behavior. Traction force microscopy (TFM) has been instrumental for studying such forces, providing spatial force measurements at subcellular resolution. However, the applications of classical TFM are restricted by the typical planar geometry. Here, we develop a particle-based force sensing strategy for studying cellular interactions. We establish a straightforward batch approach for synthesizing uniform, deformable and tuneable hydrogel particles, which can also be easily derivatized. The 3D shape of such particles can be resolved with superresolution (<50 nm) accuracy using conventional confocal microscopy. We introduce a reference-free computational method allowing inference of traction forces with high sensitivity directly from the particle shape. We illustrate the potential of this approach by revealing subcellular force patterns throughout phagocytic engulfment and force dynamics in the cytotoxic T-cell immunological synapse. This strategy can readily be adapted for studying cellular forces in a wide range of applications.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-13804-z

  View details for PubMedID 31911639

• Phase-field investigation of the stages in radial growth of core-shell Ge/Ge1-xSnx nanowires. Nanoscale Wang, Y., Meng, A. C., McIntyre, P. C., Cai, W. 2019

  Abstract

  Core-shell Ge/Ge1-xSnx nanowires are considered promising silicon-compatible nanomaterials with the potential to achieve a direct band-gap for optoelectronic applications. In this study, we systematically investigated the formation of this heterostructure in the radial direction by the phase field method coupled with elasticity. Our model simulated the shell growth of the wire, capturing the evolution of both the sidewall morphology and the strain distribution. We predicted the minimum chemical potential driving forces required for initiating the Ge1-xSnx shell growth at given tin concentrations. In addition, we studied the dependences of the shell growth rate on the chemical potential, the tin concentration, the sidewall interface kinetics and the mass transport rate respectively. From these analyses, we identified three sequential stages of the growth: the Stage 1 growth at an accelerated rate, the Stage 2 growth at a constant rate, and finally the Stage 3 growth at a reduced rate scaling with . This research improves our current understanding on the growth mechanisms of heterogeneous core-shell nanowires, and provides useful guidelines for optimizing nanowire synthesis pathways.

  View details for DOI 10.1039/c9nr07587a

  View details for PubMedID 31709446

• Stretchable self-healable semiconducting polymer film for active-matrix strain-sensing array. Science advances Oh, J. Y., Son, D., Katsumata, T., Lee, Y., Kim, Y., Lopez, J., Wu, H., Kang, J., Park, J., Gu, X., Mun, J., Wang, N. G., Yin, Y., Cai, W., Yun, Y., Tok, J. B., Bao, Z. 2019; 5 (11): eaav3097

  Abstract

  Skin-like sensory devices should be stretchable and self-healable to meet the demands for future electronic skin applications. Despite recent notable advances in skin-inspired electronic materials, it remains challenging to confer these desired functionalities to an active semiconductor. Here, we report a strain-sensitive, stretchable, and autonomously self-healable semiconducting film achieved through blending of a polymer semiconductor and a self-healable elastomer, both of which are dynamically cross-linked by metal coordination. We observed that by controlling the percolation threshold of the polymer semiconductor, the blend film became strain sensitive, with a gauge factor of 5.75 * 105 at 100% strain in a stretchable transistor. The blend film is also highly stretchable (fracture strain, >1300%) and autonomously self-healable at room temperature. We proceed to demonstrate a fully integrated 5 * 5 stretchable active-matrix transistor sensor array capable of detecting strain distribution through surface deformation.

  View details for DOI 10.1126/sciadv.aav3097

  View details for PubMedID 31723597

• GPU-accelerated dislocation dynamics using subcycling time-integration MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Bertin, N., Aubry, S., Arsenlis, A., Cai, W. 2019; 27 (7)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/1361-651X/ab3a03

  View details for Web of Science ID 000483101800001

• Spherical harmonics method for computing the image stress due to a spherical void JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Cai, W. 2019; 126: 151–67

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2019.01.020

  View details for Web of Science ID 000464090900009

• Strengthening Mechanism of a Single Precipitate in a Metallic Nanocube NANO LETTERS Kiani, M. T., Wang, Y., Bertin, N., Cai, W., Gu, X. 2019; 19 (1): 255–60

  Abstract

  Nano-precipitates play a significant role in the strength, ductility and damage tolerance of metallic alloys through their interaction with crystalline defects, especially dislocations. However, the difficulty of observing the action of individual precipitates during plastic deformation has made it challenging to conclusively determine the mechanisms of the precipitate-defect interaction for a given alloy system, and presents a major bottleneck in the rational design of nanostructured alloys. Here we demonstrate the in situ compression of core-shell nanocubes as a promising platform to determine the precise role of individual precipitates. Each nanocube with a dimension of ~85 nm contains a single spherical precipitate of ~25 nm diameter. The Au-core/Ag-shell nanocubes show a yield strength of 495 MPa with no strain hardening. The deformation mechanism is determined to be surface nucleation of dislocations which easily traverses through the coherent Au-Ag interface. On the other hand, the Au-core/Cu-shell nanocubes show a yield strength of 829 MPa with a pronounced strain hardening rate. Molecular dynamics and dislocation dynamics simulations, in conjunction with TEM analysis, have demonstrated the yield mechanism to be the motion of threading dislocations extending from the semi-coherent Au-Cu interface to the surface, and strain hardening to be caused by a single-armed Orowan looping mechanism. Nanocube compression offers an exciting opportunity to directly compare computational models of defect dynamics with in situ deformation measurements to elucidate the precise mechanisms of precipitate hardening.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03857

  View details for Web of Science ID 000455561300032

  View details for PubMedID 30525680

• Coupling of coherent misfit strain and composition distributions in core–shell Ge/Ge1-xSnx nanowire light emitters Materials Today Nano Meng, A. C. 2019; 5: 100026

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.mtnano.2019.01.001

• High-Throughput Growth of Microscale Gold Bicrystals for Single-Grain-Boundary Studies. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) Gan, L. T., Yang, R. n., Traylor, R. n., Cai, W. n., Nix, W. D., Fan, J. A. 2019: e1902189

  Abstract

  The study of grain boundaries is the foundation to understanding many of the intrinsic physical properties of bulk metals. Here, the preparation of microscale thin-film gold bicrystals, using rapid melt growth, is presented as a model system for studies of single grain boundaries. This material platform utilizes standard fabrication tools and supports the high-yield growth of thousands of bicrystals per wafer, each containing a grain boundary with a unique <111> tilt character. The crystal growth dynamics of the gold grains in each bicrystal are mediated by platinum gradients, which originate from the gold-platinum seeds responsible for gold crystal nucleation. This crystallization mechanism leads to a decoupling between crystal nucleation and crystal growth, and it ensures that the grain boundaries form at the middle of the gold microstructures and possess a uniform distribution of misorientation angles. It is envisioned that these bicrystals will enable the systematic study of the electrical, optical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of individual grain boundary types.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/adma.201902189

  View details for PubMedID 31197897

• Properties of the Eshelby tensor and existence of the equivalent ellipsoidal inclusion solution JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Barnett, D. M., Cai, W. 2018; 121: 71–80

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2018.07.019

  View details for Web of Science ID 000446291200004

• Energy of periodic discrete dislocation networks JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Bertin, N., Cai, W. 2018; 121: 133–46

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2018.07.015

  View details for Web of Science ID 000446291200008

• Predicting stability of nanofin arrays against collapse by phase field modeling JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B Wang, Y., Woytowitz, P., Mui, D., Cai, W. 2018; 36 (5)

  View details for DOI 10.1116/1.5045791

  View details for Web of Science ID 000444809600008

• Dislocation Networks and the Microstructural Origin of Strain Hardening. Physical review letters Sills, R. B., Bertin, N., Aghaei, A., Cai, W. 2018; 121 (8): 085501

  Abstract

  When metals plastically deform, the density of line defects called dislocations increases and the microstructure is continuously refined, leading to the strain hardening behavior. Using discrete dislocation dynamics simulations, we demonstrate the fundamental role of junction formation in connecting dislocation microstructure evolution and strain hardening in face-centered cubic (fcc) Cu. The dislocation network formed consists of line segments whose lengths closely follow an exponential distribution. This exponential distribution is a consequence of junction formation, which can be modeled as a one-dimensional Poisson process. According to the exponential distribution, two non-dimensional parameters control microstructure evolution, with the hardening rate dictated by the rate of stable junction formation. Among the types of junctions in fcc crystals, we find that glissile junctions make the dominant contribution to strain hardening.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.085501

  View details for PubMedID 30192605

• A spectral approach for discrete dislocation dynamics simulations of nanoindentation MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Bertin, N., Glavas, V., Datta, D., Cai, W. 2018; 26 (5)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/1361-651X/aabea1

  View details for Web of Science ID 000456586100001

• Computation of virtual X-ray diffraction patterns from discrete dislocation structures COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE Bertin, N., Cai, W. 2018; 146: 268–77

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.01.037

  View details for Web of Science ID 000427521800032

• Discrete shear band plasticity through dislocation activities in body-centered cubic tungsten nanowires SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Wang, J., Wang, Y., Cai, W., Li, J., Zhang, Z., Mao, S. X. 2018; 8: 4574

  Abstract

  Shear band in metallic crystals is localized deformation with high dislocation density, which is often observed in nanopillar deformation experiments. The shear band dynamics coupled with dislocation activities, however, remains unclear. Here, we investigate the dynamic processes of dislocation and shear band in body-centered cubic (BCC) tungsten nanowires via an integrated approach of in situ nanomechanical testing and atomistic simulation. We find a strong effect of surface orientation on dislocation nucleation in tungsten nanowires, in which {111} surfaces act as favorite sites under high strain. While dislocation activities in a localized region give rise to an initially thin shear band, self-catalyzed stress concentration and dislocation nucleation at shear band interfaces cause a discrete thickening of shear band. Our findings not only advance the current understanding of defect activities and deformation morphology of BCC nanowires, but also shed light on the deformation dynamics in other microscopic crystals where jerky motion of deformation band is observed.

  View details for PubMedID 29545583

• Microstructural origin of resistance-strain hysteresis in carbon nanotube thin film conductors PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Jin, L., Chortos, A., Lian, F., Pop, E., Linder, C., Bao, Z., Cai, W. 2018; 115 (9): 1986–91

  Abstract

  A basic need in stretchable electronics for wearable and biomedical technologies is conductors that maintain adequate conductivity under large deformation. This challenge can be met by a network of one-dimensional (1D) conductors, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or silver nanowires, as a thin film on top of a stretchable substrate. The electrical resistance of CNT thin films exhibits a hysteretic dependence on strain under cyclic loading, although the microstructural origin of this strain dependence remains unclear. Through numerical simulations, analytic models, and experiments, we show that the hysteretic resistance evolution is governed by a microstructural parameter [Formula: see text] (the ratio of the mean projected CNT length over the film length) by showing that [Formula: see text] is hysteretic with strain and that the resistance is proportional to [Formula: see text] The findings are generally applicable to any stretchable thin film conductors consisting of 1D conductors with much lower resistance than the contact resistance in the high-density regime.

  View details for PubMedID 29440431

• Reliability of Single Crystal Silver Nanowire-Based Systems: Stress Assisted Instabilities. ACS nano Ramachandramoorthy, R., Wang, Y., Aghaei, A., Richter, G., Cai, W., Espinosa, H. D. 2017; 11 (5): 4768-4776

  Abstract

  Time-dependent mechanical characterization of nanowires is critical to understand their long-term reliability in applications, such as flexible-electronics and touch screens. It is also of great importance to develop a theoretical framework for experimentation and analysis on the mechanics of nanowires under time-dependent loading conditions, such as stress-relaxation and fatigue. Here, we combine in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM)/transmission electron microscope (TEM) tests with atomistic and phase-field simulations to understand the deformation mechanisms of single crystal silver nanowires held under constant strain. We observe that the nanowires initially undergo stress-relaxation, where the stress reduces with time and saturates after some time period. The stress-relaxation process occurs due to the formation of few dislocations and stacking faults. Remarkably, after a few hours the nanowires rupture suddenly. The reason for this abrupt failure of the nanowire was identified as stress-assisted diffusion, using phase-field simulations. Under a large applied strain, diffusion leads to the amplification of nanowire surface perturbation at long wavelengths and the nanowire fails at the stress-concentrated thin cross-sectional regions. An analytical analysis on the competition between the elastic energy and the surface energy predicts a longer time to failure for thicker nanowires than thinner ones, consistent with our experimental observations. The measured time to failure of nanowires under cyclic loading conditions can also be explained in terms of this mechanism.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acsnano.7b01075

  View details for PubMedID 28437095

• Phase Field Model for Morphological Transition in Nanowire Vapor-Liquid-Solid Growth CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN Wang, Y., McIntyre, P. C., Cai, W. 2017; 17 (4): 2211-2217

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.cgd.7600197

  View details for Web of Science ID 000398884400092

• Highly stretchable polymer semiconductor films through the nanoconfinement effect SCIENCE Xu, J., Wang, S., Wang, G. N., Zhu, C., Luo, S., Jin, L., Gu, X., Chen, S., Feig, V. R., To, J. W., Rondeau-Gagne, S., Park, J., Schroeder, B. C., Lu, C., Oh, J. Y., Wang, Y., Kim, Y., Yan, H., Sinclair, R., Zhou, D., Xue, G., Murmann, B., Linder, C., Cai, W., Tok, J. B., Chung, J. W., Bao, Z. 2017; 355 (6320): 59-?

  Abstract

  Soft and conformable wearable electronics require stretchable semiconductors, but existing ones typically sacrifice charge transport mobility to achieve stretchability. We explore a concept based on the nanoconfinement of polymers to substantially improve the stretchability of polymer semiconductors, without affecting charge transport mobility. The increased polymer chain dynamics under nanoconfinement significantly reduces the modulus of the conjugated polymer and largely delays the onset of crack formation under strain. As a result, our fabricated semiconducting film can be stretched up to 100% strain without affecting mobility, retaining values comparable to that of amorphous silicon. The fully stretchable transistors exhibit high biaxial stretchability with minimal change in on current even when poked with a sharp object. We demonstrate a skinlike finger-wearable driver for a light-emitting diode.

  View details for DOI 10.1126/science.aah4496

  View details for PubMedID 28059762

• Stability of Eshelby dislocations in FCC crystalline nanowires INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY Ryu, S., Cai, W. 2016; 86: 26-36

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijplas.2016.07.012

  View details for Web of Science ID 000386420400002

• Spatiotemporal periodicity of dislocation dynamics in a two-dimensional microfluidic crystal flowing in a tapered channel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Gai, Y., Leong, C. M., Cai, W., Tang, S. K. 2016; 113 (43): 12082-12087

  Abstract

  When a many-body system is driven away from equilibrium, order can spontaneously emerge in places where disorder might be expected. Here we report an unexpected order in the flow of a concentrated emulsion in a tapered microfluidic channel. The velocity profiles of individual drops in the emulsion show periodic patterns in both space and time. Such periodic patterns appear surprising from both a fluid and a solid mechanics point of view. In particular, when the emulsion is considered as a soft crystal under extrusion, a disordered scenario might be expected based on the stochastic nature of dislocation dynamics in microscopic crystals. However, an orchestrated sequence of dislocation nucleation and migration is observed to give rise to a highly ordered deformation mode. This discovery suggests that nanocrystals can be made to deform more controllably than previously thought. It can also lead to novel flow control and mixing strategies in droplet microfluidics.

  View details for PubMedID 27790994

• Dislocation Structure and Mobility in hcp ^{4}He. Physical review letters Landinez Borda, E. J., Cai, W., de Koning, M. 2016; 117 (4): 045301-?

  Abstract

  Using path-integral Monte Carlo simulations, we assess the core structure and mobility of the screw and edge basal-plane dislocations in hcp ^{4}He. Our findings provide key insights into recent interpretations of giant plasticity and mass flow junction experiments. First, both dislocations are dissociated into nonsuperfluid Shockley partial dislocations separated by ribbons of stacking fault, suggesting that they are unlikely to act as one-dimensional channels that may display Lüttinger-liquid-like behavior. Second, the centroid positions of the partial cores are found to fluctuate substantially, even in the absence of applied shear stresses. This implies that the lattice resistance to motion of the partial dislocations is negligible, consistent with the recent experimental observations of giant plasticity. Further results indicate that both the structure of the partial cores and the zero-point fluctuations play a role in this extreme mobility.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.045301

  View details for PubMedID 27494477

• Dislocation Structure and Mobility in hcp He-4 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Borda, E. J., Cai, W., de Koning, M. 2016; 117 (4)

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.045301

  View details for Web of Science ID 000380122800004

• Advanced time integration algorithms for dislocation dynamics simulations of work hardening MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Sills, R. B., Aghaei, A., Cai, W. 2016; 24 (4)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/24/4/045019

  View details for Web of Science ID 000375596400019

• Solute drag on perfect and extended dislocations PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE Sills, R. B., Cai, W. 2016; 96 (10): 895-921

  View details for DOI 10.1080/14786435.2016.1142677

  View details for Web of Science ID 000373883700001

• Spontaneous, Defect-Free Kinking via Capillary Instability during Vapor-Liquid-Solid Nanowire Growth. Nano letters Li, Y., Wang, Y., Ryu, S., Marshall, A. F., Cai, W., McIntyre, P. C. 2016; 16 (3): 1713-1718

  Abstract

  Kinking, a common anomaly in nanowire (NW) vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth, represents a sudden change of the wire's axial growth orientation. This study focuses on defect-free kinking during germanium NW VLS growth, after nucleation on a Ge (111) single crystal substrate, using Au-Ge catalyst liquid droplets of defined size. Statistical analysis of the fraction of kinked NWs reveals the dependence of kinking probability on the wire diameter and the growth temperature. The morphologies of kinked Ge NWs studied by electron microscopy show two distinct, defect-free, kinking modes, whose underlying mechanisms are explained with the help of 3D multiphase field simulations. Type I kinking, in which the growth axis changes from vertical [111] to ⟨110⟩, was observed in Ge NWs with a nominal diameter of ∼20 nm. This size coincides with a critical diameter at which a spontaneous transition from ⟨111⟩ to ⟨110⟩ growth occurs in the phase field simulations. Larger diameter NWs only exhibit Type II kinking, in which the growth axis changes from vertical [111] directly to an inclined ⟨111⟩ axis during the initial stages of wire growth. This is caused by an error in sidewall facet development, which produces a shrinkage in the area of the (111) growth facet with increasing NW length, causing an instability of the Au-Ge liquid droplet at the tip of the NW.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04633

  View details for PubMedID 26837774

• Direct observation of mineral-organic composite formation reveals occlusion mechanism. Nature communications Rae Cho, K., Kim, Y., Yang, P., Cai, W., Pan, H., Kulak, A. N., Lau, J. L., Kulshreshtha, P., Armes, S. P., Meldrum, F. C., De Yoreo, J. J. 2016; 7: 10187-?

  Abstract

  Manipulation of inorganic materials with organic macromolecules enables organisms to create biominerals such as bones and seashells, where occlusion of biomacromolecules within individual crystals generates superior mechanical properties. Current understanding of this process largely comes from studying the entrapment of micron-size particles in cooling melts. Here, by investigating micelle incorporation in calcite with atomic force microscopy and micromechanical simulations, we show that different mechanisms govern nanoscale occlusion. By simultaneously visualizing the micelles and propagating step edges, we demonstrate that the micelles experience significant compression during occlusion, which is accompanied by cavity formation. This generates local lattice strain, leading to enhanced mechanical properties. These results give new insight into the formation of occlusions in natural and synthetic crystals, and will facilitate the synthesis of multifunctional nanocomposite crystals.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/ncomms10187

  View details for PubMedID 26732046

• Anisotropic Size-Dependent Plasticity in Face-Centered Cubic Micropillars Under Torsion JOM Ryu, I., Cai, W., Nix, W. D., Gao, H. 2016; 68 (1): 253-260

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s11837-015-1692-1

  View details for Web of Science ID 000367102800036

• Shape-Controlled, Self-Wrapped Carbon Nanotube 3D Electronics ADVANCED SCIENCE Wang, H., Wang, Y., Tee, B. C., Kim, K., Lopez, J., Cai, W., Bao, Z. 2015; 2 (9)

  Abstract

  The mechanical flexibility and structural softness of ultrathin devices based on organic thin films and low-dimensional nanomaterials have enabled a wide range of applications including flexible display, artificial skin, and health monitoring devices. However, both living systems and inanimate systems that are encountered in daily lives are all 3D. It is therefore desirable to either create freestanding electronics in a 3D form or to incorporate electronics onto 3D objects. Here, a technique is reported to utilize shape-memory polymers together with carbon nanotube flexible electronics to achieve this goal. Temperature-assisted shape control of these freestanding electronics in a programmable manner is demonstrated, with theoretical analysis for understanding the shape evolution. The shape control process can be executed with prepatterned heaters, desirable for 3D shape formation in an enclosed environment. The incorporation of carbon nanotube transistors, gas sensors, temperature sensors, and memory devices that are capable of self-wrapping onto any irregular shaped-objects without degradations in device performance is demonstrated.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/advs.201500103

  View details for Web of Science ID 000368998500004

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5115380

• Shape-Controlled, Self-Wrapped Carbon Nanotube 3D Electronics. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) Wang, H., Wang, Y., Tee, B. C., Kim, K., Lopez, J., Cai, W., Bao, Z. 2015; 2 (9): 1500103

  Abstract

  The mechanical flexibility and structural softness of ultrathin devices based on organic thin films and low-dimensional nanomaterials have enabled a wide range of applications including flexible display, artificial skin, and health monitoring devices. However, both living systems and inanimate systems that are encountered in daily lives are all 3D. It is therefore desirable to either create freestanding electronics in a 3D form or to incorporate electronics onto 3D objects. Here, a technique is reported to utilize shape-memory polymers together with carbon nanotube flexible electronics to achieve this goal. Temperature-assisted shape control of these freestanding electronics in a programmable manner is demonstrated, with theoretical analysis for understanding the shape evolution. The shape control process can be executed with prepatterned heaters, desirable for 3D shape formation in an enclosed environment. The incorporation of carbon nanotube transistors, gas sensors, temperature sensors, and memory devices that are capable of self-wrapping onto any irregular shaped-objects without degradations in device performance is demonstrated.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/advs.201500103

  View details for PubMedID 27980972

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5115380

• Stochastic behaviors in plastic deformation of face-centered cubic micropillars governed by surface nucleation and truncated source operation ACTA MATERIALIA Ryu, I., Cai, W., Nix, W. D., Gao, H. 2015; 95: 176-183

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.05.032

  View details for Web of Science ID 000358626200019

• A Bamboo-Inspired Nanostructure Design for Flexible, Foldable, and Twistable Energy Storage Devices NANO LETTERS Sun, Y., Sills, R. B., Hu, X., Seh, Z. W., Xiao, X., Xui, H., Luo, W., Jin, H., Xin, Y., Li, T., Zhang, Z., Zhou, J., Cai, W., Huang, Y., Cui, Y. 2015; 15 (6): 3899-3906

  Abstract

  Flexible energy storage devices are critical components for emerging flexible electronics. Electrode design is key in the development of all-solid-state supercapacitors with superior electrochemical performances and mechanical durability. Herein, we propose a bamboo-like graphitic carbon nanofiber with a well-balanced macro-, meso-, and microporosity, enabling excellent mechanical flexibility, foldability, and electrochemical performances. Our design is inspired by the structure of bamboos, where a periodic distribution of interior holes along the length and graded pore structure at the cross section not only enhance their stability under different mechanical deformation conditions but also provide a high surface area accessible to the electrolyte and low ion-transport resistance. The prepared nanofiber network electrode recovers its initial state easily after 3-folded manipulation. The mechanically robust membrane is explored as a free-standing electrode for a flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor. Without the need for extra support, the volumetric energy and power densities based on the whole device are greatly improved compared to the state-of-the-art devices. Even under continuous dynamic operations of forceful bending (90°) and twisting (180°), the as-designed device still exhibits stable electrochemical performances with 100% capacitance retention. Such a unique supercapacitor holds great promise for high-performance flexible electronics.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00738

  View details for Web of Science ID 000356316900037

  View details for PubMedID 26011653

• Intrinsic bauschinger effect and recoverable plasticity in pentatwinned silver nanowires tested in tension. Nano letters Bernal, R. A., Aghaei, A., Lee, S., Ryu, S., Sohn, K., Huang, J., Cai, W., Espinosa, H. 2015; 15 (1): 139-146

  Abstract

  Silver nanowires are promising components of flexible electronics such as interconnects and touch displays. Despite the expected cyclic loading in these applications, characterization of the cyclic mechanical behavior of chemically synthesized high-quality nanowires has not been reported. Here, we combine in situ TEM tensile tests and atomistic simulations to characterize the cyclic stress-strain behavior and plasticity mechanisms of pentatwinned silver nanowires with diameters thinner than 120 nm. The experimental measurements were enabled by a novel system allowing displacement-controlled tensile testing of nanowires, which also affords higher resolution for capturing stress-strain curves. We observe the Bauschinger effect, that is, asymmetric plastic flow, and partial recovery of the plastic deformation upon unloading. TEM observations and atomistic simulations reveal that these processes occur due to the pentatwinned structure and emerge from reversible dislocation activity. While the incipient plastic mechanism through the nucleation of stacking fault decahedrons (SFDs) is fully reversible, plasticity becomes only partially reversible as intersecting SFDs lead to dislocation reactions and entanglements. The observed plastic recovery is expected to have implications to the fatigue life and the application of silver nanowires to flexible electronics.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/nl503237t

  View details for PubMedID 25279701

• A three-dimensional phase field model for nanowire growth by the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Wang, Y., Ryu, S., McIntyre, P. C., Cai, W. 2014; 22 (5)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/22/5/055005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000338441700006

• Modeling a distribution of point defects as misfitting inclusions in stressed solids JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Cai, W., Sills, R. B., Barnett, D. M., Nix, W. D. 2014; 66: 154-171

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2014.01.015

  View details for Web of Science ID 000335635400010

• Ideal Shear Strength of a Quantum Crystal PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Landinez Borda, E. J., Cai, W., de Koning, M. 2014; 112 (15)

  Abstract

  Using path-integral Monte Carlo simulations, we compute the ideal shear strength (ISS) on the basal plane of hcp (4)He. The failure mode upon reaching the ISS limit is characterized by the homogeneous nucleation of a stacking fault and it is found to be anisotropic, consistent with Schmid's law of resolved shear stress. Comparing the ISS of hcp (4)He to a large set of classical crystals shows that it closely fits the approximately universal modified Frenkel model of ideal strength. In addition to giving quantitative stress levels for the homogeneous nucleation of extended defects in hcp (4)He, our findings lend support to assumptions in the literature that inherently classical models remain useful for the description of mechanical behavior in quantum crystals.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.155303

  View details for Web of Science ID 000334597300007

  View details for PubMedID 24785047

• Efficient time integration in dislocation dynamics MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Sills, R. B., Cai, W. 2014; 22 (2)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/22/2/025003

  View details for Web of Science ID 000332834600003

• Efficient Time Integrators for Dislocation Dynamics Simulations Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering Sills, R., Cai, W. 2014; 24: 025003
• Stress dependence of cross slip energy barrier for face-centered cubic nickel JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Kang, K., Yin, J., Cai, W. 2014; 62: 181-193

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2013.09.023

  View details for Web of Science ID 000329266600012

• Stress Dependence of Cross Slip Energy Barrier for Face-Centered Cubic Metals Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Kang, K., Yin, J., Cai, W. 2014; 62: 181
• Zipping, entanglement, and the elastic modulus of aligned single-walled carbon nanotube films PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Won, Y., Gao, Y., Panzer, M. A., Xiang, R., Maruyama, S., Kenny, T. W., Cai, W., Goodson, K. E. 2013; 110 (51): 20426-20430

  Abstract

  Reliably routing heat to and from conversion materials is a daunting challenge for a variety of innovative energy technologies--from thermal solar to automotive waste heat recovery systems--whose efficiencies degrade due to massive thermomechanical stresses at interfaces. This problem may soon be addressed by adhesives based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, which promise the revolutionary combination of high through-plane thermal conductivity and vanishing in-plane mechanical stiffness. Here, we report the data for the in-plane modulus of aligned single-walled carbon nanotube films using a microfabricated resonator method. Molecular simulations and electron microscopy identify the nanoscale mechanisms responsible for this property. The zipping and unzipping of adjacent nanotubes and the degree of alignment and entanglement are shown to govern the spatially varying local modulus, thereby providing the route to engineered materials with outstanding combinations of mechanical and thermal properties.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1312253110

  View details for Web of Science ID 000328548600031

  View details for PubMedID 24309375

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3870663

• Conditional convergence in two-dimensional dislocation dynamics MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Kuykendall, W. P., Cai, W. 2013; 21 (5)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/21/5/055003

  View details for Web of Science ID 000321288800003

• Atomistic simulations of grain boundary segregation in nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia and gadolinia-doped ceria solid oxide electrolytes ACTA MATERIALIA Lee, H. B., Prinz, F. B., Cai, W. 2013; 61 (10): 3872-3887

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.03.027

  View details for Web of Science ID 000319304400032

• Plasticity of bcc micropillars controlled by competition between dislocation multiplication and depletion ACTA MATERIALIA Ryu, I., Nix, W. D., Cai, W. 2013; 61 (9): 3233-3241

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.02.011

  View details for Web of Science ID 000318533500009

• Zipping, Entanglement, and the Modulus of Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films Won, Y., Gao, Y., Panzer, Matthew, A., Xiang, R., Maruyama, S., Kenny, Thomas, W., Cai, W. 2013
• Modeling Dislocation Mechanisms of the Acoustic Nonlinearity in Metallic Crystals 9th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM) CASH, W. D., Cai, W. DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC. 2013: 1065–1072

  View details for Web of Science ID 000329292700130

• Modelling plasticity of BCC micro-pillars using dislocation dynamics Acta Materialia Ryu, I., Nix, William, D., Cai, W. 2013; 61: 3233
• On the existence of Eshelby's equivalent ellipsoidal inclusion solution MATHEMATICS AND MECHANICS OF SOLIDS Kuykendall, W. P., Cash, W. D., Barnett, D. M., Cai, W. 2012; 17 (8): 840-847

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1081286511433082

  View details for Web of Science ID 000310878600004

• Nucleation-Controlled Distributed Plasticity in Penta-twinned Silver Nanowires SMALL Filleter, T., Ryu, S., Kang, K., Yin, J., Bernal, R. A., Sohn, K., Li, S., Huang, J., Cai, W., Espinosa, H. D. 2012; 8 (19): 2986-2993

  Abstract

  A unique size-dependent strain hardening mechanism, that achieves both high strength and ductility, is demonstrated for penta-twinned Ag nanowires (NWs) through a combined experimental-computational approach. Thin Ag NWs are found to deform via the surface nucleation of stacking fault decahedrons (SFDs) in multiple plastic zones distributed along the NW. Twin boundaries lead to the formation of SFD chains that locally harden the NW and promote subsequent nucleation of SFDs at other locations. Due to surface undulations, chain reactions of SFD arrays are activated at stress concentrations and terminated as local stress decreases, revealing insensitivity to defects imparted by the twin structures. Thick NWs exhibit lower flow stress and number of distributed plastic zones due to the onset of necking accompanied by more complex dislocation structures.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/smll.201200522

  View details for Web of Science ID 000309454800010

  View details for PubMedID 22829327

• Singular orientations and faceted motion of dislocations in body-centered cubic crystals PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Kang, K., Bulatov, V. V., Cai, W. 2012; 109 (38): 15174-15178

  Abstract

  Dislocation mobility is a fundamental material property that controls strength and ductility of crystals. An important measure of dislocation mobility is its Peierls stress, i.e., the minimal stress required to move a dislocation at zero temperature. Here we report that, in the body-centered cubic metal tantalum, the Peierls stress as a function of dislocation orientation exhibits fine structure with several singular orientations of high Peierls stress-stress spikes-surrounded by vicinal plateau regions. While the classical Peierls-Nabarro model captures the high Peierls stress of singular orientations, an extension that allows dislocations to bend is necessary to account for the plateau regions. Our results clarify the notion of dislocation kinks as meaningful only for orientations within the plateau regions vicinal to the Peierls stress spikes. These observations lead us to propose a Read-Shockley type classification of dislocation orientations into three distinct classes-special, vicinal, and general-with respect to their Peierls stress and motion mechanisms. We predict that dislocation loops expanding under stress at sufficiently low temperatures, should develop well defined facets corresponding to two special orientations of highest Peierls stress, the screw and the M111 orientations, both moving by kink mechanism. We propose that both the screw and the M111 dislocations are jointly responsible for the yield behavior of BCC metals at low temperatures.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1206079109

  View details for Web of Science ID 000309211000029

  View details for PubMedID 22949701

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3458394

• Ab initio kinetic Monte Carlo model of ionic conduction in bulk yttria-stabilized zirconia MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Lee, E., Prinz, F. B., Cai, W. 2012; 20 (6)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/20/6/065006

  View details for Web of Science ID 000308251800006

• Computing dislocation stress fields in anisotropic elastic media using fast multipole expansions MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Yin, J., Barnett, D. M., Fitzgerald, S. P., Cai, W. 2012; 20 (4)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/20/4/045015

  View details for Web of Science ID 000305477800015

• Dislocation dynamics simulation of Frank-Read sources in anisotropic alpha-Fe MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Fitzgerald, S. P., Aubry, S., Dudarev, S. L., Cai, W. 2012; 20 (4)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/20/4/045022

  View details for Web of Science ID 000305477800022

• Contribution of dislocation dipole structures to the acoustic nonlinearity JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS CASH, W. D., Cai, W. 2012; 111 (7)

  View details for DOI 10.1063/1.3699362

  View details for Web of Science ID 000303282403001

• Stress-driven migration of simple low-angle mixed grain boundaries ACTA MATERIALIA Lim, A. T., Haataja, M., Cai, W., Srolovitz, D. J. 2012; 60 (3): 1395-1407

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.11.032

  View details for Web of Science ID 000301157900061

• Plasticity of metal nanowires JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY Weinberger, C. R., Cai, W. 2012; 22 (8): 3277-3292

  View details for DOI 10.1039/c2jm13682a

  View details for Web of Science ID 000299695400001

• Molecular Dynamics Comprehensive Nuclear Materials Cai, W., Li, J., Yip, S. edited by Konings, R. J., M. Elsevier. 2012: 249–265
• Molecular Dynamics Comprehensive Nuclear Materials Cai, W., Li, J., Yip, S. edited by Konings, R. Elsevier. 2012: 249–265
• Predicting the dislocation nucleation rate as a function of temperature and stress JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH Ryu, S., Kang, K., Cai, W. 2011; 26 (18): 2335-2354

  View details for DOI 10.1557/jmr.2011.275

  View details for Web of Science ID 000296083600001

• Molecular dynamics simulations of gold-catalyzed growth of silicon bulk crystals and nanowires JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH Ryu, S., Cai, W. 2011; 26 (17): 2199-2206

  View details for DOI 10.1557/jmr.2011.155

  View details for Web of Science ID 000296083100008

• Equilibrium shape of dislocation shear loops in anisotropic alpha-Fe MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Aubry, S., Fitzgerald, S. P., Dudarev, S. L., Cai, W. 2011; 19 (6)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/19/6/065006

  View details for Web of Science ID 000294048100006

• Energy barrier for homogeneous dislocation nucleation: Comparing atomistic and continuum models SCRIPTA MATERIALIA Aubry, S., Kang, K., Ryu, S., Cai, W. 2011; 64 (11): 1043-1046

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.02.023

  View details for Web of Science ID 000289607400012

• Entropic effect on the rate of dislocation nucleation PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Ryu, S., Kang, K., Cai, W. 2011; 108 (13): 5174-5178

  Abstract

  Dislocation nucleation is essential to our understanding of plastic deformation, ductility, and mechanical strength of crystalline materials. Molecular dynamics simulation has played an important role in uncovering the fundamental mechanisms of dislocation nucleation, but its limited timescale remains a significant challenge for studying nucleation at experimentally relevant conditions. Here we show that dislocation nucleation rates can be accurately predicted over a wide range of conditions by determining the activation free energy from umbrella sampling. Our data reveal very large activation entropies, which contribute a multiplicative factor of many orders of magnitude to the nucleation rate. The activation entropy at constant strain is caused by thermal expansion, with negligible contribution from the vibrational entropy. The activation entropy at constant stress is significantly larger than that at constant strain, as a result of thermal softening. The large activation entropies are caused by anharmonic effects, showing the limitations of the harmonic approximation widely used for rate estimation in solids. Similar behaviors are expected to occur in other nucleation processes in solids.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1017171108

  View details for Web of Science ID 000288894800012

  View details for PubMedID 21402933

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3069194

• Dislocation junctions and jogs in a free-standing FCC thin film MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Lee, S., Aubry, S., Nix, W. D., Cai, W. 2011; 19 (2)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/19/2/025002

  View details for Web of Science ID 000287801400002

• The stability of Lomer-Cottrell jogs in nanopillars SCRIPTA MATERIALIA Weinberger, C. R., Cai, W. 2011; 64 (6): 529-532

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.11.037

  View details for Web of Science ID 000286866200014

• Enhancing ionic conductivity of bulk single-crystal yttria-stabilized zirconia by tailoring dopant distribution PHYSICAL REVIEW B Lee, E., Prinz, F. B., Cai, W. 2011; 83 (5)

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.052301

  View details for Web of Science ID 000287358900001

• Nanoscale patterning controls inorganic-membrane interface structure NANOSCALE Almquist, B. D., Verma, P., Cai, W., Melosh, N. A. 2011; 3 (2): 391-400

  Abstract

  The ability to non-destructively integrate inorganic structures into or through biological membranes is essential to realizing full bio-inorganic integration, including arrayed on-chip patch-clamps, drug delivery, and biosensors. Here we explore the role of nanoscale patterning on the strength of biomembrane-inorganic interfaces. AFM measurements show that inorganic probes functionalized with hydrophobic bands with thicknesses complimentary to the hydrophobic lipid bilayer core exhibit strong attachment in the bilayer. As hydrophobic band thickness increases to 2-3 times the bilayer core the interfacial strength decreases, comparable to homogeneously hydrophobic probes. Analytical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations predict a transition between a 'fused' interface and a 'T-junction' that matches the experimental results, showing lipid disorder and defect formation for thicker bands. These results show that matching biological length scales leads to more intimate bio-inorganic junctions, enabling rational design of non-destructive membrane interfaces.

  View details for DOI 10.1039/c0nr00486c

  View details for Web of Science ID 000287363500006

  View details for PubMedID 20931126

• Entropic Effect on the Rate of Dislocation Nucleation Ryu, S., Kang, K., Cai, W. 2011
• Dislocation contribution to acoustic nonlinearity: The effect of orientation-dependent line energy JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Cash, W. D., Cai, W. 2011; 109 (1)

  View details for DOI 10.1063/1.3530736

  View details for Web of Science ID 000286219300159

• Role of Surface Roughness in Hysteresis during Adhesive Elastic Contact. Philosophical magazine letters Kesari, H., Doll, J. C., Pruitt, B. L., Cai, W., Lew, A. J. 2010; 90 (12): 891-902

  Abstract

  In experiments that involve contact with adhesion between two surfaces, as found in atomic force microscopy or nanoindentation, two distinct contact force (P) vs. indentation-depth (h) curves are often measured depending on whether the indenter moves towards or away from the sample. The origin of this hysteresis is not well understood and is often attributed to moisture, plasticity or viscoelasticity. Here we report experiments that show that hysteresis can exist in the absence of these effects, and that its magnitude depends on surface roughness. We develop a theoretical model in which the hysteresis appears as the result of a series of surface instabilities, in which the contact area grows or recedes by a finite amount. The model can be used to estimate material properties from contact experiments even when the measured P-h curves are not unique.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/09500839.2010.521204

  View details for PubMedID 21152108

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2997691

• Analysis of the elastic strain energy driving force for grain boundary migration using phase field simulation SCRIPTA MATERIALIA Tonks, M., Millett, P., Cai, W., Wolf, D. 2010; 63 (11): 1049-1052

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.07.034

  View details for Web of Science ID 000282866700004

• Size and temperature effects on the fracture mechanisms of silicon nanowires: Molecular dynamics simulations INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY Kang, K., Cai, W. 2010; 26 (9): 1387-1401

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ijplas.2010.02.001

  View details for Web of Science ID 000281918700006

• Numerical tests of nucleation theories for the Ising models PHYSICAL REVIEW E Ryu, S., Cai, W. 2010; 82 (1)

  Abstract

  The classical nucleation theory (CNT) is tested systematically by computer simulations of the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Ising models with a Glauber-type spin flip dynamics. While previous studies suggested potential problems with CNT, our numerical results show that the fundamental assumption of CNT is correct. In particular, the Becker-Döring theory accurately predicts the nucleation rate if the correct droplet free energy function is provided as input. This validates the coarse graining of the system into a one dimensional Markov chain with the largest droplet size as the reaction coordinate. Furthermore, in the 2D Ising model, the droplet free energy predicted by CNT matches numerical results very well, after a logarithmic correction term from Langer's field theory and a constant correction term are added. But significant discrepancies are found between the numerical results and existing theories on the magnitude of the logarithmic correction term in the 3D Ising model. Our analysis underscores the importance of correctly accounting for the temperature dependence of surface energy when comparing numerical results and nucleation theories.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevE.82.011603

  View details for Web of Science ID 000279941800008

  View details for PubMedID 20866625

• Plasticity of metal wires in torsion: Molecular dynamics and dislocation dynamics simulations JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Weinberger, C. R., Cai, W. 2010; 58 (7): 1011-1025

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2010.04.010

  View details for Web of Science ID 000279441700005

• Efficient computation of forces on dislocation segments in anisotropic elasticity MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Yin, J., Barnett, D. M., Cai, W. 2010; 18 (4)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/18/4/045013

  View details for Web of Science ID 000277087400013

• Atomistic simulations of surface segregation of defects in solid oxide electrolytes ACTA MATERIALIA Lee, H. B., Prinz, F. B., Cai, W. 2010; 58 (6): 2197-2206

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000275511700028

• Validity of classical nucleation theory for Ising models PHYSICAL REVIEW E Ryu, S., Cai, W. 2010; 81 (3)

  Abstract

  While the classical nucleation theory (CNT) is widely used to predict the rate of first-order phase transitions, its validity has been questioned due to discrepancies with experiments. We systematically test the individual components of CNT by computer simulations of the Ising models and confirm its fundamental assumptions under a wide range of conditions ( h=0.01-0.13J , T=0.44-0.84Tc in two-dimensions and h=0.30-0.60J , T=0.48-0.62Tc in three dimensions). First, CNT accurately predicts the nucleation rate if the correct droplet free energy is provided. Furthermore, theoretical prediction of droplet free energy matches numerical results very well in the two-dimensional (2D) Ising model, if appropriate correction terms are added. This establishes the 2D Ising model as an important reference point where existing theories can predict nucleation rate accurately with no adjustable parameters.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevE.81.030601

  View details for Web of Science ID 000276199300006

  View details for PubMedID 20365686

• A gold-silicon potential fitted to the binary phase diagram JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER Ryu, S., Cai, W. 2010; 22 (5)

  Abstract

  We develop an empirical interatomic potential model for the gold-silicon binary system that is fitted to the experimental phase diagram. The model is constructed on the basis of the modified embedded-atom-method formalism and its binary phase diagram is computed by efficient free energy methods. The eutectic temperature and eutectic composition of the model match well with the experimental values. We expect the model to be useful for atomistic simulations of gold-catalyzed growth of silicon nanowires.

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0953-8984/22/5/055401

  View details for Web of Science ID 000273730300008

  View details for PubMedID 21386339

• Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of oxygen vacancy diffusion in a solid electrolyte: Computing the electrical impedance using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS Lee, E., Prinz, F. B., Cai, W. 2010; 12 (2): 223-226

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.11.031

  View details for Web of Science ID 000274878400013

• Role of surface roughness in hysteresis during adhesive elastic contact PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE LETTERS Kesari, H., Doll, J. C., Pruitt, B. L., Cai, W., Lew, A. J. 2010; 90 (12): 891-902

  Abstract

  In experiments that involve contact with adhesion between two surfaces, as found in atomic force microscopy or nanoindentation, two distinct contact force (P) vs. indentation-depth (h) curves are often measured depending on whether the indenter moves towards or away from the sample. The origin of this hysteresis is not well understood and is often attributed to moisture, plasticity or viscoelasticity. Here we report experiments that show that hysteresis can exist in the absence of these effects, and that its magnitude depends on surface roughness. We develop a theoretical model in which the hysteresis appears as the result of a series of surface instabilities, in which the contact area grows or recedes by a finite amount. The model can be used to estimate material properties from contact experiments even when the measured P-h curves are not unique.

  View details for DOI 10.1080/09500839.2010.521204

  View details for Web of Science ID 000283319100005

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2997691

• The Validity of Classical Nucleation Theory for Ising Models Physical Review E (Rapid Communications) Ryu, S., Cai, W. 2010; 81: 030601
• Orientation-Dependent Plasticity in Metal Nanowires under Torsion: Twist Boundary Formation and Eshelby Twist NANO LETTERS Weinberger, C. R., Cai, W. 2010; 10 (1): 139-142

  Abstract

  We show that the plastic deformation of nanowires under torsion can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous, regardless of size, depending on the wire orientation. Homogeneous deformation occurs when 110-oriented face-centered-cubic metal wires are twisted, leading to the nucleation of coaxial dislocations, analogous to the Eshelby twist mechanism. Heterogeneous deformation is predicted for 111 and 100 wires under torsion, localized at the twist boundaries. These simulations also reveal the detailed mechanisms of twist boundary formation from dislocation reactions.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/nl903041m

  View details for Web of Science ID 000273428700024

  View details for PubMedID 20030357

• Improved modified embedded-atom method potentials for gold and silicon MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Ryu, S., Weinberger, C. R., Baskes, M. I., Cai, W. 2009; 17 (7)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/17/7/075008

  View details for Web of Science ID 000270055000009

• Modelling dislocations in a free-standing thin film MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Weinberger, C. R., Aubry, S., Lee, S., Nix, W. D., Cai, W. 2009; 17 (7)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/17/7/075007

  View details for Web of Science ID 000270055000008

• Mechanics of Crystalline Nanowires MRS BULLETIN Park, H. S., Cai, W., Espinosa, H. D., Huang, H. 2009; 34 (3): 178-183

  View details for Web of Science ID 000264325100014

• Energy of a Prismatic Dislocation Loop in an Elastic Cylinder MATHEMATICS AND MECHANICS OF SOLIDS Cai, W., Weinberger, C. R. 2009; 14 (1-2): 192-206

  View details for DOI 10.1177/1081286508092611

  View details for Web of Science ID 000262418800015

• Dislocation dynamics simulations in a cylinder International Conference on the Fundamentals of Plastic Deformation (DISLOCATIONS) Weinberger, C. R., Aubry, S., Lee, S., Cai, W. IOP PUBLISHING LTD. 2009

  View details for DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/3/1/012007

  View details for Web of Science ID 000309682300007

• Comparison of thermal properties predicted by interatomic potential models MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Ryu, S., Cai, W. 2008; 16 (8)

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/16/8/085005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000260759100005

• Torsion and bending periodic boundary conditions for modeling the intrinsic strength of nanowires JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Cai, W., Fong, W., Eisen, E., Weinberger, C. R. 2008; 56 (11): 3242-3258

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2008.07.005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000260946700009

• Comparing the strength of f.c.c. and b.c.c. sub-micrometer pillars: Compression experiments and dislocation dynamics simulations Symposium on Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured Materials held TMS 2007 Annual Meeting Greer, J. R., Weinberger, C. R., Cai, W. ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. 2008: 21–25

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2007.08.093

  View details for Web of Science ID 000259844800004

• Surface-controlled dislocation multiplication in metal micropillars PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Weinberger, C. R., Cai, W. 2008; 105 (38): 14304-14307

  Abstract

  Understanding the plasticity and strength of crystalline materials in terms of the dynamics of microscopic defects has been a goal of materials research in the last 70 years. The size-dependent yield stress observed in recent experiments of submicrometer metallic pillars provides a unique opportunity to test our theoretical models, allowing the predictions from defect dynamics simulations to be directly compared with mechanical strength measurements. Although depletion of dislocations from submicrometer face-centered-cubic (FCC) pillars provides a plausible explanation of the observed size-effect, we predict multiplication of dislocations in body-centered-cubic (BCC) pillars through a series of molecular dynamics and dislocation dynamics simulations. Under the combined effects from the image stress and dislocation core structure, a dislocation nucleated from the surface of a BCC pillar generates one or more dislocations moving in the opposite direction before it exits from the surface. The process is repeatable so that a single nucleation event is able to produce a much larger amount of plastic deformation than that in FCC pillars. This self-multiplication mechanism suggests a need for a different explanation of the size dependence of yield stress in FCC and BCC pillars.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0806118105

  View details for Web of Science ID 000259592400016

  View details for PubMedID 18787126

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2567194

• Quantum entanglement of formation between qudits PHYSICAL REVIEW A Ryu, S., Cai, W., Caro, A. 2008; 77 (5)

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.052312

  View details for Web of Science ID 000257023900050

• Computing image stress in an elastic cylinder JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Weinberger, C. R., Cai, W. 2007; 55 (10): 2027-2054

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2007.03.007

  View details for Web of Science ID 000250690200001

• Electronic structure calculations in a uniform magnetic field using periodic supercells JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS Lee, E., Cai, W., Galli, G. A. 2007; 226 (2): 1310-1331

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jcp.2007.05.022

  View details for Web of Science ID 000250209700007

• Enabling strain hardening simulations with dislocation dynamics MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Arsenlis, A., Cai, W., Tang, M., Rhee, M., Oppelstrup, T., Hommes, G., Pierce, T. G., Bulatov, V. V. 2007; 15 (6): 553-595

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/15/6/001

  View details for Web of Science ID 000249392800001

• Brittle and ductile fracture of semiconductor nanowires - molecular dynamics simulations PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE Kang, K., Cai, W. 2007; 87 (14-15): 2169-2189

  View details for DOI 10.1080/14786430701222739

  View details for Web of Science ID 000246814700008

• A hybrid method for computing forces on curved dislocations intersecting free surfaces in three-dimensional dislocation dynamics MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Tang, M., Cai, W., Xu, G., Bulatov, V. V. 2006; 14 (7): 1139-1151

  View details for DOI 10.1088/0965-0393/14/7/003

  View details for Web of Science ID 000242383700003

• Geometric aspects of the ideal shear resistance in simple crystal lattices PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE Bulatov, V. V., Cai, W., Baran, R., Kang, K. 2006; 86 (25-26): 3847-3859

  View details for DOI 10.1080/14786430600643282

  View details for Web of Science ID 000238567000005

• Dislocation multi-junctions and strain hardening NATURE Bulatov, V. V., Hsiung, L. L., Tang, M., Arsenlis, A., Bartelt, M. C., Cai, W., Florando, J. N., Hiratani, M., Rhee, M., Hommes, G., Pierce, T. G., de la Rubia, T. D. 2006; 440 (7088): 1174-1178

  Abstract

  At the microscopic scale, the strength of a crystal derives from the motion, multiplication and interaction of distinctive line defects called dislocations. First proposed theoretically in 1934 (refs 1-3) to explain low magnitudes of crystal strength observed experimentally, the existence of dislocations was confirmed two decades later. Much of the research in dislocation physics has since focused on dislocation interactions and their role in strain hardening, a common phenomenon in which continued deformation increases a crystal's strength. The existing theory relates strain hardening to pair-wise dislocation reactions in which two intersecting dislocations form junctions that tie the dislocations together. Here we report that interactions among three dislocations result in the formation of unusual elements of dislocation network topology, termed 'multi-junctions'. We first predict the existence of multi-junctions using dislocation dynamics and atomistic simulations and then confirm their existence by transmission electron microscopy experiments in single-crystal molybdenum. In large-scale dislocation dynamics simulations, multi-junctions present very strong, nearly indestructible, obstacles to dislocation motion and furnish new sources for dislocation multiplication, thereby playing an essential role in the evolution of dislocation microstructure and strength of deforming crystals. Simulation analyses conclude that multi-junctions are responsible for the strong orientation dependence of strain hardening in body-centred cubic crystals.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nature04658

  View details for Web of Science ID 000237080000041

  View details for PubMedID 16641992

• A non-singular continuum theory of dislocations JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Cai, W., Arsenlis, A., Weinberger, C. R., Bulatov, V. V. 2006; 54 (3): 561-587

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2005.09.005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000236132800005

• Computer Simulations of Dislocations Bulatov, V. V., Cai, W. Oxford University Press. 2006
• Stochastic simulation of dislocation glide in tantalum and Ta-based alloys JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS Deo, C. S., Srolovitz, D. J., Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V. 2005; 53 (6): 1223-1247

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2005.01.003

  View details for Web of Science ID 000229272400001

• Adaptive importance sampling Monte Carlo simulation of rare transition events JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS de Koning, M., Cai, W., Sadigh, B., Oppelstrup, T., Kalos, M. H., Bulatov, V. V. 2005; 122 (7)

  Abstract

  We develop a general theoretical framework for the recently proposed importance sampling method for enhancing the efficiency of rare-event simulations [W. Cai, M. H. Kalos, M. de Koning, and V. V. Bulatov, Phys. Rev. E 66, 046703 (2002)], and discuss practical aspects of its application. We define the success/fail ensemble of all possible successful and failed transition paths of any duration and demonstrate that in this formulation the rare-event problem can be interpreted as a "hit-or-miss" Monte Carlo quadrature calculation of a path integral. The fact that the integrand contributes significantly only for a very tiny fraction of all possible paths then naturally leads to a "standard" importance sampling approach to Monte Carlo (MC) quadrature and the existence of an optimal importance function. In addition to showing that the approach is general and expected to be applicable beyond the realm of Markovian path simulations, for which the method was originally proposed, the formulation reveals a conceptual analogy with the variational MC (VMC) method. The search for the optimal importance function in the former is analogous to finding the ground-state wave function in the latter. In two model problems we discuss practical aspects of finding a suitable approximation for the optimal importance function. For this purpose we follow the strategy that is typically adopted in VMC calculations: the selection of a trial functional form for the optimal importance function, followed by the optimization of its adjustable parameters. The latter is accomplished by means of an adaptive optimization procedure based on a combination of steepest-descent and genetic algorithms.

  View details for DOI 10.1063/1.1844352

  View details for Web of Science ID 000227140000006

  View details for PubMedID 15743217

• Kinetic Monte Carlo method for dislocation migration in the presence of solute PHYSICAL REVIEW B Deo, C. S., Srolovitz, D. J., Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V. 2005; 71 (1)

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.014106

  View details for Web of Science ID 000226735100049

• Modelling Dislocations using a Periodic Supercell Handbook of Materials Modelling Cai, W. edited by Yip, S. Springer. 2005
• Modeling Dislocations using a Periodic Supercell Handbook of Materials Modelling Cai, W. edited by Yip, S. Springer. 2005
• Mobility laws in dislocation dynamics simulations 13th International Conference on the Strength of Materials (ICSMA 13) Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V. ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. 2004: 277–281

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2003.12.085

  View details for Web of Science ID 000226042400059

• Core energy and Peierls stress of a screw dislocation in bcc molybdenum: A periodic-cell tight-binding study PHYSICAL REVIEW B Li, J., Wang, C. Z., CHANG, J. P., Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., Ho, K. M., Yip, S. 2004; 70 (10)

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.104113

  View details for Web of Science ID 000224209300032

• Ab initio calculations in a uniform magnetic field using periodic supercells PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Cai, W., Galli, G. 2004; 92 (18)

  Abstract

  We present a formulation of ab initio electronic structure calculations in a finite magnetic field, which retains the simplicity and efficiency of techniques widely used in first principles molecular dynamics simulations, based on plane-wave basis sets and Fourier transforms. In addition we discuss results obtained with this method for the energy spectrum of interacting electrons in quantum wells, and for the electronic properties of dense fluid deuterium in a uniform magnetic field.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.186402

  View details for Web of Science ID 000221277900044

  View details for PubMedID 15169514

• Dynamic transitions from smooth to rough to twinning in dislocation motion NATURE MATERIALS Marian, J., Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V. 2004; 3 (3): 158-163

  Abstract

  The motion of dislocations in response to stress dictates the mechanical behaviour of materials. However, it is not yet possible to directly observe dislocation motion experimentally at the atomic level. Here, we present the first observations of the long-hypothesized kink-pair mechanism in action using atomistic simulations of dislocation motion in iron. In a striking deviation from the classical picture, dislocation motion at high strain rates becomes rough, resulting in spontaneous self-pinning and production of large quantities of debris. Then, at still higher strain rates, the dislocation stops abruptly and emits a twin plate that immediately takes over as the dominant mode of plastic deformation. These observations challenge the applicability of the Peierls threshold concept to the three-dimensional motion of screw dislocations at high strain rates, and suggest a new interpretation of plastic strength and microstructure of shocked metals.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nmat1072

  View details for Web of Science ID 000189345100017

  View details for PubMedID 14991017

• Massively-parallel dislocation dynamics simulations IUTAM Symposium on Mesocopic Dynamics of Fracture Process and Materials Strength Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., Pierce, T. G., Hiratani, M., Rhee, M., Bartelt, M., Tang, M. SPRINGER. 2004: 1–11

  View details for Web of Science ID 000222604600001

• Dislocation Core Effects on Mobility Dislocations in Solids Cai, W., Bulatov, V., V., Chang, J., Li, J., Yip, S. edited by Nabarro, F. R., N., Hirth, J., P. North-Holland Pub. 2004: 1
• Dislocation Core Effects on Mobility Dislocations in Solids Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., Chang, J., Li, J., Yip, S. North-Holland Pub. 2004: 1–80
• Scalable Line Dynamics in ParaDiS, Conference on High Performance Networking and Computing Bulatov, V., Cai, W., Fier, J., Hiratani, M., Pierce, T., Tang, M. 2004
• Dislocation image stresses at free surfaces by the finite element method Symposium on Thin Films - Stresses and Mechanical Properties X held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting Tang, M. J., Xu, G. S., Cai, W., Bulatov, V. MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY. 2004: 29–33

  View details for Web of Science ID 000189484000005

• Modeling of dislocation-grain boundary interactions in FCC metals Workshop on Modeling and Experimental Validation de Koning, M., Kurtz, R. J., Bulatov, V. V., Henager, C. H., Hoagland, R. G., Cai, W., Nomura, M. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2003: 281–89

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2003.08.008

  View details for Web of Science ID 000187074300017

• Anomalous dislocation multiplication in FCC metals PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS de Koning, M., Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V. 2003; 91 (2)

  Abstract

  Direct atomistic simulations of dislocation multiplication in fcc aluminum reveal an unexpected mechanism, in which a Frank-Read source emits dislocations with Burgers vectors different from that of the source itself. The mechanism is traced to a spontaneous nucleation of partial dislocation loops within the stacking fault. Understanding and a quantitative description of this unusual process are achieved through the development of a continuum model for dislocation nucleation based on the coarse-grained dislocation dynamics approach and a minimal amount of atomistic input.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.025503

  View details for Web of Science ID 000184086000023

  View details for PubMedID 12906487

• Periodic image effects in dislocation modelling PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., CHANG, J. P., Li, J., Yip, S. 2003; 83 (5): 539-567

  View details for DOI 10.1080/0141861021000051109

  View details for Web of Science ID 000181813100001

• Atomistic measures of materials strength and deformation Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Computational Materials Science Li, J., Cai, W., CHANG, J. P., Yip, S. I O S PRESS. 2003: 359–387

  View details for Web of Science ID 000189488000018

• Importance sampling of rare transition events in Markov processes PHYSICAL REVIEW E Cai, W., Kalos, M. H., de Koning, M., Bulatov, V. V. 2002; 66 (4)

  Abstract

  We present an importance sampling technique for enhancing the efficiency of sampling rare transition events in Markov processes. Our approach is based on the design of an importance function by which the absolute probability of sampling a successful transition event is significantly enhanced, while preserving the relative probabilities among different successful transition paths. The method features an iterative stochastic algorithm for determining the optimal importance function. Given that the probability of sampling a successful transition event is enhanced by a known amount, transition rates can be readily computed. The method is illustrated in one- and two-dimensional systems.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.046703

  View details for Web of Science ID 000179176300135

  View details for PubMedID 12443376

• Nodal effects in dislocation mobility PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Bulatov, V. V., Cai, W. 2002; 89 (11)

  Abstract

  We show that, contrary to the prevailing perception, dislocations can become more mobile by zipping together to form junctions. In a series of direct atomistic simulations, the critical stress to move a junction network in a [110] plane of bcc molybdenum is found to be always smaller ( approximately 50%) than that required to move isolated dislocations. Our data support a previously proposed hypothesis about the nature of anomalous slip in bcc transition metals, yet offer a different atomistic mechanism for conservative motion of screw dislocation networks. The same data suggest a hierarchy of motion mechanisms in which lower-dimensional crystal imperfections control the rate of sliding along the low-angle twist boundaries.

  View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.115501

  View details for Web of Science ID 000177676400015

  View details for PubMedID 12225147

• Molecular dynamics simulations of motion of edge and screw dislocations in a metal Meeting of the International Union of Matierals Research Societies (IUMRS) Chang, J. P., Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., Yip, S. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2002: 111–15

  View details for Web of Science ID 000175870500015

• Kinetic Monte Carlo approach to modeling dislocation mobility Meeting of the International Union of Matierals Research Societies (IUMRS) Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., Justo, J. F., Argon, A. S., Yip, S. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2002: 124–30

  View details for Web of Science ID 000175870500017

• Dislocation motion in BCC metals by molecular dynamics International Conference on the Fundamentals of Plastic Deformation CHANG, J. P., Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., Yip, S. ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. 2001: 160–163

  View details for Web of Science ID 000169044600035

• Point defect interaction with dislocations in silicon International Conference on the Fundamentals of Plastic Deformation Justo, J. F., de Koning, M., Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V. ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. 2001: 129–132

  View details for Web of Science ID 000169044600028

• Kinetic Monte Carlo modeling of dislocation motion in BCC metals International Conference on the Fundamentals of Plastic Deformation Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., Yip, S., Argon, A. S. ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. 2001: 270–273

  View details for Web of Science ID 000169044600056

• Anisotropic elastic interactions of a periodic dislocation array PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., CHANG, J. P., Li, J., Yip, S. 2001; 86 (25): 5727-5730

  Abstract

  A method for calculating the anisotropic elastic energy of a dislocation dipole in a periodic cell is derived in which the infinite image summation is absolutely convergent. The core energy of a screw dislocation in Si, extracted from atomistic simulation, is shown to be manifestly system size invariant. Existence of special cell geometry where complete cancellation of elastic interactions occurs is demonstrated.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000169373000022

  View details for PubMedID 11415343

• Parameter-free modelling of dislocation motion: the case of silicon PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE A-PHYSICS OF CONDENSED MATTER STRUCTURE DEFECTS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Bulatov, V. V., Justo, J. F., Cai, W., Yip, S., Argon, A. S., Lenosky, T., de Koning, M., de la Rubia, T. D. 2001; 81 (5): 1257-1281

  View details for Web of Science ID 000168757700015

• Commentary on Atomistic Simulations of Materials Strength and Deformation: Prospects for Mechanistic Insights, Materials Science for the 21st Century Li, J., Cai, W., Chang, J., Yip, S. 2001; A: 220-233
• Atomistic and Mesoscale Modeling of Dislocation Mobility PhD Thesis Cai, W. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2001
• Periodic Boundary Conditions for Dislocation Dynamics Simulations in Three Dimensions Bulatov, V., V., Rhee, M., Cai, W. 2001
• Minimizing boundary reflections in coupled-domain simulations PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Cai, W., de Koning, M., Bulatov, V. V., Yip, S. 2000; 85 (15): 3213-3216

  Abstract

  We propose a time-dependent boundary condition coupling an atomistic simulation system to linear surroundings such that reflection of elastic waves across the boundary is minimized. Interdomain interactions expressed in terms of memory kernel functions within linear-response theory are treated in a natural dynamical manner, albeit numerically. The approach is shown to give significantly reduced phonon reflections at the domain boundaries relative to existing coupling methods. In addition, we demonstrate that the framework is also effective in the context of static relaxation of displacement fields associated with embedded inhomogeneities.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000089807800037

  View details for PubMedID 11019304

• Efficient free-energy calculations by the simulation of nonequilibrium processes COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING de Koning, M., Cai, W., Antonelli, A., Yip, S. 2000; 2 (3): 88-96

  View details for Web of Science ID 000086632500020

• Intrinsic mobility of a dissociated Dislocation in silicon PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., Justo, J. F., Argon, A. S., Yip, S. 2000; 84 (15): 3346-3349

  View details for Web of Science ID 000086404500033

• Vacancy interaction with dislocations in silicon: The shuffle-glide competition PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Justo, J. F., de Koning, M., Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V. 2000; 84 (10): 2172-2175

  View details for Web of Science ID 000085650100031

• Efficient Free-Energy Calculations by the Simulation of Nonequilibrium Processes Computing in Science and Engineering de Koning, M., Cai, W., Antonelli, A., Yip, S. 2000; 2: 88
• Dynamics of dissociated dislocations in Si: A micro-meso simulation methodology Symposium on Multiscale Modelling of Materials, at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., Justo, J. F., Yip, S., Argon, A. S. MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY. 1999: 69–75

  View details for Web of Science ID 000080728000007

• Kinetic Monte Carlo method for dislocation glide in silicon 5th International Conference on Advanced Materials (IUMRS) Cai, W., Bulatov, V. V., Yip, S. SPRINGER. 1999: 175–83

  View details for Web of Science ID 000088287400011

• Kink asymmetry and multiplicity in dislocation cores PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Bulatov, V. V., Justo, J. F., Cai, W., Yip, S. 1997; 79 (25): 5042-5045

  View details for Web of Science ID 000071096100026