Stanford University
Showing 1,451-1,500 of 7,875 Results
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Gary Dahl
Professor of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsHematology/Oncology, Phase I drug studies for childhood cancer, overcoming multidrug resistance in leukemia and solid tumors, biology and treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, early detection of central nervous system leukemia by measuring growth, factor binding proteins.
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Jeremy Dahl
Professor of Radiology (Pediatric Radiology)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy current research encompasses ultrasonic beamforming and image reconstruction methods, with application areas in improving ultrasound image quality in difficult-to-image patients and ultrasound molecular imaging of cancer. My lab also employs beamforming concepts to enhance other areas of ultrasound research.
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Kate Dahl, PhD
Clinical Associate Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences - Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development
Clinical Associate Professor (By courtesy), Pediatrics - NephrologyBioDr. Kate Dahl specializes in working with children and families who are affected by medical illness. She has practiced at Stanford since 2014 and is the primary pediatric psychologist for the kidney transplant team. She also serves as the Director of the Medical Coping and Wellness Clinic in Child Psychiatry. Her work focuses on adjustment to new diagnosis, coping with illness and treatment, and adherence to the medical regimen. Dr. Dahl is particularly interested in the experience of adolescents with chronic medical conditions and leads groups for teens who have received kidney transplants.
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Laura Dahl
Senior Lecturer of Music
BioPianist Laura Dahl is an active international performer and educator, appearing in venues including Carnegie Hall, the Berlin Philharmonic, San Francisco’s Davies Symphony Hall and Stern Grove Festival, Bing Concert Hall at Stanford University, the Carmel Bach Festival, and the Henley Festival in Great Britain. A specialist in collaborative performance and chamber music, Dahl is the founder and artistic director of the Drs. Ben and A. Jess Shenson Recital Series at Stanford University, as well as Music by the Mountain, a chamber music festival in Northern California. Dahl is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Music at Stanford University, where she teaches collaborative and solo piano, chamber music, art song interpretation, and diction. She has also taught at the New National Theatre Young Artists Training Program in Tokyo, Japan.
Dahl’s education featured training on both coasts of the US and in Germany. She was the first musician to be named a German Chancellor’s Scholar of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She lived two years in Germany, studying under pianist Phillip Moll, baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, and pianist and composer Aribert Reimann. Dahl holds degrees from the University of Michigan School of Music and the New England Conservatory of Music, where she was a student of Martin Katz, Eckart Sellheim, and Margo Garrett. A graduate of San Francisco Opera’s Merola Program, Dahl served as Assistant Conductor for Western Opera Theater and was Associate Director of the San Francisco Boys Chorus. She has been a coach at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the New England Conservatory of Music and the University of Michigan Opera Theater. She was an invited fellow at the prestigious Tanglewood Music Center for two years, in addition to studies at the Banff Academy of Singing (Canada) and the Music Academy of the West (Santa Barbara, California). Dahl was born and raised in the western states of Colorado and Montana. -
Peter Dahlberg
Assistant Professor of Photon Science and of Structural Biology
BioPeter Dahlberg received his undergraduate degree at McGill University in 2011 and his Ph.D. in biophysics from the University of Chicago in 2016. He then came to Stanford to work with W. E. Moerner and Wah Chiu to develop correlative light and electron microscopy methods. These methods give highly specific information on the machines that fill cells and make them work. In 2021 he was awarded SLAC’s Panofsky Fellowship to continue his work on correlative microscopy. In 2023 he transitioned to a Staff Scientist role at SLAC and then to assistant professor in 2024 in the departments of Photon Science and Structural Biology. See the group website below for more information.
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Hongjie Dai
The J.G. Jackson and C.J. Wood Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus
BioProfessor Dai’s research spans chemistry, physics, and materials and biomedical sciences, leading to materials with properties useful in electronics, energy storage and biomedicine. Recent developments include near-infrared-II fluorescence imaging, ultra-sensitive diagnostic assays, a fast-charging aluminum battery and inexpensive electrocatalysts that split water into oxygen and hydrogen fuels.
Born in 1966 in Shaoyang, China, Hongjie Dai began his formal studies in physics at Tsinghua U. (B.S. 1989) and applied sciences at Columbia U. (M.S. 1991). He obtained his Ph.D. from Harvard U and performed postdoctoral research with Dr. Richard Smalley. He joined the Stanford faculty in 1997, and in 2007 was named Jackson–Wood Professor of Chemistry. Among many awards, he has been recognized with the ACS Pure Chemistry Award, APS McGroddy Prize for New Materials, Julius Springer Prize for Applied Physics and Materials Research Society Mid-Career Award. He has been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences (NAS), National Academy of Medicine (NAM) and Foreign Member of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The Dai Laboratory has advanced the synthesis and basic understanding of carbon nanomaterials and applications in nanoelectronics, nanomedicine, energy storage and electrocatalysis.
Nanomaterials
The Dai Lab pioneered some of the now-widespread uses of chemical vapor deposition for carbon nanotube (CNT) growth, including vertically aligned nanotubes and patterned growth of single-walled CNTs on wafer substrates, facilitating fundamental studies of their intrinsic properties. The group developed the synthesis of graphene nanoribbons, and of nanocrystals and nanoparticles on CNTs and graphene with controlled degrees of oxidation, producing a class of strongly coupled hybrid materials with advanced properties for electrochemistry, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. The lab’s synthesis of a novel plasmonic gold film has enhanced near-infrared fluorescence up to 100-fold, enabling ultra-sensitive assays of disease biomarkers.
Nanoscale Physics and Electronics
High quality nanotubes from his group’s synthesis are widely used to investigate the electrical, mechanical, optical, electro-mechanical and thermal properties of quasi-one-dimensional systems. Lab members have studied ballistic electron transport in nanotubes and demonstrated nanotube-based nanosensors, Pd ohmic contacts and ballistic field effect transistors with integrated high-kappa dielectrics.
Nanomedicine and NIR-II Imaging
Advancing biological research with CNTs and nano-graphene, group members have developed π–π stacking non-covalent functionalization chemistry, molecular cellular delivery (drugs, proteins and siRNA), in vivo anti-cancer drug delivery and in vivo photothermal ablation of cancer. Using nanotubes as novel contrast agents, lab collaborations have developed in vitro and in vivo Raman, photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging. Lab members have exploited the physics of reduced light scattering in the near-infrared-II (1000-1700nm) window and pioneered NIR-II fluorescence imaging to increase tissue penetration depth in vivo. Video-rate NIR-II imaging can measure blood flow in single vessels in real time. The lab has developed novel NIR-II fluorescence agents, including CNTs, quantum dots, conjugated polymers and small organic dyes with promise for clinical translation.
Electrocatalysis and Batteries
The Dai group’s nanocarbon–inorganic particle hybrid materials have opened new directions in energy research. Advances include electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and water splitting catalysts including NiFe layered-double-hydroxide for oxygen evolution. Recently, the group also demonstrated an aluminum ion battery with graphite cathodes and ionic liquid electrolytes, a substantial breakthrough in battery science. -
Xianjin Dai, PhD, DABR
Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology (Radiation Physics)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsIntelligent Image-guided intervention
AI in Medicine
Medical Image Analysis
Biomedical Physics
Multimodal Imaging
Ultrasound Imaging
Medical Device
Biomedical Optics (Optical, Photoacoustic, OCT) -
Yuqin Dai
Director of Metabolomics
BioDr. Yuqin Dai is the Director of Metabolomics at Stanford ChEM-H. In this role, she collaborates with faculty in the development and execution of experiments aimed at measuring small molecule drug candidates, endogenous and exogenous metabolites in a variety of biomedical R&D contexts. In addition, she provides strategic vision, mentorship, and leadership in the development of new LC/MS analytical methodologies for metabolomics research, the Metabolomics Knowledge Center’s daily operation and growth.
Dr. Dai came to ChEM-H with 20 years of research, marketing and managerial experiences across biotech/pharma and analytical instrument industries. Prior to joining ChEM-H in January of 2020, Dr. Dai worked at Agilent managing strategic collaborations with key opinion leaders in academia and industry for metabolomics research, driving new application marketing opportunities, and developing differential solutions to support new LC/MS and automation product introductions. Before Agilent, Dr. Dai led bioanalytical R&D teams and managed DMPK projects to support drug discovery and development programs at three biotech/pharm companies. She was also extensively involved in new technology assessment and implementation. Dr. Dai received her Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the University of Alberta, Canada, where her research focused on the LC/MS and MALDI/MS instrumentation and method development for proteomics and small molecule applications. -
Gretchen C. Daily
Bing Professor of Environmental Science and Senior Fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment and, by courtesy, at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsLand use, biodiversity dynamics, ecosystem services
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Michael D. Dake
Thelma and Henry Doelger Professor of Cardiovascular Surgery, Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsImproved endovascular procedures and devices to treat aortic lesions, peripheral arterial disease and venous abnormalities. Focused interest in drug-eluting stents and balloons, endovascular stent-grafts, including branched aortic devices and techniques for the endovascular management of aortic dissection. Current clinical research projects include drug-eluting stents for superficial femoral arterial disease and multiple device trials to evaluate stent-grafts for the treatment of aortic lesions.
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Heike Daldrup-Link
Professor of Radiology (General Radiology) and, by courtesy, of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology)
On Partial Leave from 06/08/2026 To 01/11/2027Current Research and Scholarly InterestsAs a physician-scientist involved in the care of pediatric patients and developing novel pediatric molecular imaging technologies, my goal is to link the fields of nanotechnology and medical imaging towards more efficient diagnoses and image-guided therapies. Our research team develops novel imaging techniques for improved cancer diagnosis, for image-guided-drug delivery and for in vivo monitoring of cell therapies in children and young adults.
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Ronald L. Dalman MD
Dr. Walter C. Chidester Professor
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsVascular biology, arterial remodeling, aneurysm development; innovative treatment strategies for AAA, animal models of arterial disease, arterial remodeling and flow changes in spinal cord injury, genetic regulation of arterial aneurysm formation
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William Damon
Professor of Education and Senior Fellow, by courtesy, at the Hoover Istitution
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDevelopment of purpose through the lifespan; educational methods for promoting purpose and the capacity for good work.
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Edward J. Damrose, MD, FACS
Professor of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery (OHNS) and, by courtesy, of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine (MSD)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsAdvanced MRI imaging for laryngeal cancer and swallowing disorders; applications of robotics in microlaryngeal surgery; high speed digital imaging of vocal fold vibration; the effects of hormones and anabolic steroids on vocal function.
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Francesco Nandkumar Dandekar
Clinical Associate Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
BioDr. Dandekar is a Clinical Associate Professor and Associate Director of Sports Psychiatry at Stanford University. After graduating summa cum laude from the University of Southern California with a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering, he earned a Regents Scholarship to complete his M.D. at UC San Diego, where he received the American Academy of Neurology’s Prize for Excellence. During his residency and fellowship at Stanford, Dr. Dandekar provided care to a variety of patients utilizing a combination of medication management, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes (sleep, nutrition, exercise, recovery). Teamed with Clinical Professor Dr. Douglas Noordsy, he helped to incorporate psychiatric services into Stanford's sports psychology program, and continues to see elite athletes as part of the Stanford Sports Psychiatry Clinic. He also specializes in treating physicians, and sees many residents, fellows, and attendings in his private practice. In his free time, he enjoys playing tennis, chess, and guitar.
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Roxana Daneshjou, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Biomedical Data Science and of Dermatology and, by courtesy, of Radiology
BioDr. Daneshjou studied Bioengineering at Rice University before matriculating to Stanford School of Medicine where she completed her MD and a PhD in Genetics with Dr. Russ Altman as part of the medical scientist training program. She completed dermatology residency at Stanford as part of the research track and completed a postdoc in Biomedical Data Science with Dr. James Zou. She currently is the assistant director of the Center of Excellence for Precision Heath & Pharmacogenomics, director of informatics for the Stanford Skin Innovation and Interventional Research Group (SIIRG), a founding member of the Translational AI in Dermatology (TRAIND) group, and a faculty affiliate of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI) and the AI in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI) centers.
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Rebecca Dang
Instructor, Pediatrics
BioDr. Rebecca Dang is an Instructor in the Division of General Pediatrics at Stanford University. She earned her medical degree at Georgetown School of Medicine and completed her pediatric residency at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. She also completed pediatric hospital medicine fellowship and a master’s program in clinical research and epidemiology at Stanford University. Dr. Dang provides clinical care for children on the pediatric ward and newborn nursery.
Dr. Dang’s research interest focuses on high-value pediatric care, which she hopes to improve through building evidence for common, understudied practices. Common practices that are ubiquitous throughout pediatric medicine are temperature measurement and management. Despite temperature measurement and the subsequent detection of ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’ values driving clinical decision making, these temperature thresholds may be outdated or poorly defined. Dr. Dang has led many projects on temperature-related topics, including routine temperature measurement at well-child visits, pediatric temperature percentiles, risk factors for and outcomes of neonatal hypothermia in the newborn nursery, and newborn temperature norms. This work has led to first-author publications in the high-impact journals of Academic Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Journal of Pediatrics, JAMA Network Open, and Hospital Pediatrics. She has secured continual institutional and foundation funding, including a Maternal & Child Health Research Institute clinical trainee award and master’s tuition program, Gerber Foundation main and novice research award, the Department of Pediatrics’ Bridge-to-K Program, and the PEDSnet Scholars Program. -
Linh T Dang
Adjunct Clinical Instructor, Educational Programs and Services (EPS)
BioDr. Linh Dang enjoys practicing full-spectrum primary care. She has a special interest in pediatric and women's health with a particular focus on preventative care.
As a Bay Area native growing up in East San Jose, Dr. Dang especially enjoys working with a diverse population and the most vulnerable and underserved of the community. -
Bruce Daniel
Professor of Radiology (Body Imaging) and, by courtesy, of Bioengineering
Current Research and Scholarly Interests1. MRI of Breast Cancer, particularly new techniques. Currently being explored are techniques including ultra high spatial resolution MRI and contrast-agent-free detection of breast tumors.
2. MRI-guided interventions, especially MRI-compatible remote manipulation and haptics
3. Medical Mixed Reality. Currently being explored are methods of fusing patients and their images to potentially improve breast conserving surgery, and other conditions. -
Kay Daniels
Clinical Professor, Obstetrics & Gynecology - Maternal Fetal Medicine
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsSpecial interest in :
1.Ob simulation as a teaching and training tool
2. Disaster planning for OB units
3. Global women's health with an emphasis in cervical cancer screening -
Kyle Gabriel Daniels
Assistant Professor of Genetics and, by courtesy, of Neurosurgery (Adult Neurosurgery)
BioKyle obtained his BS in Biochemistry from the University of Maryland College Park in 2010, conducting undergraduate research with Dr. Dorothy Beckett, PhD. He obtained his PhD in Biochemistry with a certificate in Structural Biology and Biophysics. His dissertation is titled "Kinetics of Coupled Binding and Conformational Change in Proteins and RNA" and was completed in the laboratory of Dr. Terrence G. Oas, PhD. Kyle performed postdoctoral training with Dr. Wendell A. Lim, PhD at UCSF studying how CAR T cell phenotype is encoded by modular signaling motifs within chimeric antigen receptors.
Kyle's lab is interested in harnessing the principles of modularity to engineer receptors and gene circuits to control cell functions.
The lab will use synthetic biology, medium- and high-throughput screens, and machine learning to: (1) Engineer immune cells to achieve robust and durable responses against various cancer targets, (2) Coordinate behavior of multiple engineered cell types in cancer, autoimmune disease, and payload delivery, (3) Control survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and immune cells, and (4) Explore principles of modularity related to engineering receptors and gene circuits in mammalian cells. -
David Danielson
Adjunct Professor
BioDavid T. Danielson became a Precourt energy scholar at Stanford in 2016. With Stuart Macmillan and Joel Moxley, Dave co-teaches the yearlong course "Energy Transformation Collaborative." This project-based course provides a launchpad for the creation and development of transformational energy ventures. Interdisciplinary student teams research, analyze and refine detailed plans for high-impact opportunities in the context of the new energy venture development framework offered in this course.
Since January 2017, Dave has been managing director of Breakthrough Energy Ventures, a $1 billion fund focused on fighting climate change by investing in clean energy innovation.
From 2012 to 2016, Dave was assistant secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. There, he directed the U.S. government’s innovation strategy in the areas of sustainable transportation, renewable power, energy efficiency and clean-energy manufacturing, investing about $2 billion annually into American clean-energy innovation. He is considered a global expert in the development of next generation clean-energy technologies and the creation of new R&D and organizational models for high-impact clean energy innovation.
Prior to being appointed by President Obama as assistant secretary, Dave was the first hire at DOE’s Advanced Research Projects Agency– Energy (ARPA-E), a funding agency that focuses on the development of high-risk, high-reward clean-energy technologies. Prior to his government service, he was a clean-energy venture capitalist and, as a PhD student at MIT, was the founder and president of the MIT Energy Club. -
Muhammad Najam Dar
Affiliate, Ophthalmology Research/Clinical Trials
BioDr. Muhammad Najam Dar is affiliate researcher at Stanford University and specializing in electrophysiological signal-based ophthalmological solutions. He holds a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering from the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Pakistan, and was awarded the prestigious Erasmus Mundus Fellowship for his doctoral research at City, University of London, United Kingdom.
With a strong interdisciplinary foundation in biomedical signal and image analysis, computer vision, and deep learning, Dr. Dar has made significant contributions to both academia and industry. His research focuses on developing cutting-edge AI-driven diagnostic tools, wearable smart device signal processing, and systemic workflow optimizations for healthcare applications. His work integrates machine learning, medical imaging, and human-centered design to advance next-generation ophthalmological and biomedical solutions.
Beyond research, Dr. Dar has extensive experience in teaching, mentorship, and academic leadership, fostering innovation in AI-driven healthcare among the next generation of engineers and scientists. His ability to bridge theoretical knowledge with real-world applications makes him an invaluable asset in advancing biomedical engineering, artificial intelligence in healthcare, and translational research. Dr. Dar aims to become a leader in AI-driven healthcare solutions by advancing cutting-edge research, fostering industry collaborations, integrating design thinking into innovative medical technologies, mentoring and inspiring students and peers, empowering them to to drive transformative advancements in healthcare and improve lives globally. -
Corinna Darian-Smith, PhD
Professor of Comparative Medicine
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy lab looks at the organization and function of central neural pathways that underlie directed manual behavior. We are specifically interested in how these pathways adapt following injury, and use a combination of approaches in monkeys to identify mechanisms mediating neural reorganization and behavioral recovery.
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Linda Darling-Hammond
Charles E. Ducommun Professor in the School of Education, Emerita
BioLinda Darling-Hammond is the Charles E. Ducommun Professor of Education Emeritus at Stanford University and founding president of the Learning Policy Institute, created to provide high-quality research for policies that enable equitable and empowering education for each and every child. At Stanford she founded the Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education and served as faculty sponsor for the Stanford Teacher Education Program, which she helped to redesign.
Darling-Hammond is past president of the American Educational Research Association and recipient of its awards for Distinguished Contributions to Research, Lifetime Achievement, Research Review, and Research-to-Policy. She is also a member of the American Association of Arts and Sciences and of the National Academy of Education. From 1994–2001, she was executive director of the National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future, whose 1996 report What Matters Most: Teaching for America’s Future was named one of the most influential reports affecting U.S. education in that decade. In 2006, Darling-Hammond was named one of the nation’s ten most influential people affecting educational policy. In 2008, she directed President Barack Obama's Education Policy Transition Team. She is currently President of the California State Board of Education.
Darling-Hammond began her career as a public school teacher and co-founded both a preschool and a public high school. She served as Director of the RAND Corporation’s education program and as an endowed professor at Columbia University, Teachers College before coming to Stanford. She has consulted widely with federal, state and local officials and educators on strategies for improving education policies and practices and is the recipient of 14 honorary degrees in the U.S. and internationally. Among her more than 600 publications are a number of award-winning books, including The Right to Learn, Teaching as the Learning Profession, Preparing Teachers for a Changing World and The Flat World and Education: How America's Commitment will Determine our Future. She received an Ed.D. from Temple University (with highest distinction) and a B.A. from Yale University (magna cum laude). -
Gary Darmstadt
Sue Alvarez Professor of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine and Professor (Teaching), by courtesy, of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsI have extensive experience in the development of global health innovations and in working to test and scale-up health interventions. At Stanford University, I am playing a leading role in developing global women and children’s health research and educational programs, including the establishment of a Global Center for Gender Equality at Stanford University. My research focuses on advancing child health and development in low resource settings and advancing gender equality and health globally, and includes several applications of artificial intelligence. Before joining Stanford, I was Senior Fellow at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), where I led the development of initiatives to address gender inequalities and empower women and girls. Prior to this role, I served as the BMGF Director of Family Health, leading strategy development and implementation across maternal, newborn and child health, nutrition, and family planning. In this role, I was responsible for investments ranging from scientific discovery to intervention development and delivery of interventions at scale. I worked closely with the Discovery team to shape discovery and development investments and was a co-founder of the Saving Lives at Birth Development Grand Challenge, the Putting Women and Girls at the Center of Development Grand Challenge, and the Healthy Birth, Growth and Development initiative. Based on these experiences, I understand how to identify knowledge gaps and generate evidence of impact for new interventions, and how to utilize evidence to influence the policy dialogue leading to programmatic adoption and scale-up of interventions in low income settings. As Director of Family Health, I also co-led the development and implementation of the BMGF global health strategy for India, which cuts across multiple health and development sectors. Before joining BMGF, I was Associate Professor and Founding Director of the International Center for Advancing Neonatal Health in the Department of International Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. I led the development of newborn health research, including numerous facility- and community-based maternal and child health research trials. Before joining Johns Hopkins, I was Senior Research Advisor for the $50M Saving Newborn Lives program of Save the Children-US, where I led the development and implementation of the global research strategy for newborn health and survival.
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Beth Darnall, PhD
Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine (Adult Pain) and, by courtesy, of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (General Psychiatry & Psychology (Adult))
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsThe Stanford Pain Relief Innovations Lab is dedicated to better characterizing and treating pain with patient-centered solutions. We specialize in the conduct of large-scale acute and chronic pain clinical trials that aim to (1) expand and scale access to behavioral medicine via digital and brief treatments; (2) reduce opioid risks via reduction for some and improved opioid access for others; (3) equip healthcare providers with brief behavioral medicine interventions to optimize health outcomes.
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Barnabas Daru
Assistant Professor of Biology and Center Fellow, by courtesy, at the Woods Institute for the Environment
BioBarnabas Daru is an Assistant Professor of Biology. He is interested in the ecology and biogeography of plants across ecological scales. He studied botany in Johannesburg, and was a postdoctoral researcher at Harvard, where he worked on new uses of herbarium specimens for understanding plant ecology and evolution in the Anthropocene, the epoch of profound human impact on Earth. Current research in the Daru lab addresses the role of phylogeny in: 1) understanding how species are distributed, 2) conserving unique communities, and 3) understanding changing distributions in the Anthropocene.
