Stanford University
Showing 4,301-4,350 of 7,810 Results
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Crystal Mackall
Ernest and Amelia Gallo Family Professor and Professor of Pediatrics and of Medicine
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsRecent clinical studies, by us and others, have demonstrated that genetically engineered T cells can eradicate cancers resistant to all other therapies. We are identifying new targets for these therapeutics, exploring pathways of resistance to current cell therapies and creating next generation platforms to overcome therapeutic resistance. We have discovered novel insights into the biology of human T cell exhaustion and developed approaches to prevent and reverse this phenomenon.
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Kristen Klepac MacKenzie, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor, Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine
BioDr. Kristen MacKenzie is a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine. Dr. MacKenzie graduated AOA with a MD from UCSF and then completed her anesthesia residency and pain medicine fellowships at Stanford. She works at the Stanford Pain Management Center with specialty interests in chronic pelvic and abdominal pain, as well as peripartum pain. She is the co-director for the Stanford Pelvic Pain Program as well as part of the Stanford Pelvic Health Center for interdisciplinary, multimodal care.
She completed a Stanford Faculty Medical Humanities Fellowship, focusing on the role of communication and the arts in modern medicine. She serves as the co-director for the Women's Sexual Dysfunction Case Conference as well as the Pain Division representative to the Stanford Anesthesia Communications Council. She enjoys being able to spend time with learners and participates in the Women in Medicine mentoring program annually.
She is active in the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM), and for the 2025-2026 year is serving as the Women in Pain Medicine Shared Interest Group (SIG) Co-Chair as well as the Media & Public Relations SIG Chair.
Outside of work, she enjoys being outdoors in the Bay Area, trail running, and spending time with her husband and two boys.
Clinical focus:
Pelvic pain, due to multiple causes including:
Dyspareunia
Painful Bladder Syndrome/ Interstitial cystitis/ Dysuria
Endometriosis
Fibroids
Pelvis Congestion Syndrome
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Pudendal Nerve Pain
Rectal/Anal Pain
Vulvar Pain/ Vulvodynia/ Vaginismus
Nerve entrapment syndromes, including hernia nerve entrapment
Post-partum and Peri-partum pain
Abdominal pain
Musculoskeletal pain
New Patients: Please have your primary treating provider place a referral to Stanford Pain Clinic and specify Pelvic Pain, Dr. MacKenzie. -
Sean Mackey, M.D., Ph.D.
Redlich Professor, Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine (Adult Pain) and, by courtesy, of Neurology and Neurological Sciences
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMultiple NIH funded projects to characterize CNS mechanisms of human pain. Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and chronic pain self-management within the context of opioid reduction (PCORI funded). Single session pain catastrophizing treatment: comparative efficacy & mechanisms (NIH R01). Development and implementation of an open-source learning healthcare system, CHOIR (http://choir/stanford.edu), to optimize pain care and innovative research in real-world patients.
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Thomas MaCurdy
Professor of Economics, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research
BioThomas MaCurdy is a Senior Fellow at the Stanford Institute of Economic Policy Research, and he further holds appointments as a Professor of Economics and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. MaCurdy has published numerous articles and reports in professional journals and general-interest public policy venues, and he has served in an editorial capacity for several journals. He is a widely-recognized economist and expert in applied econometrics, who has developed and implemented a wide range of empirical approaches analyzing the impacts of policy in the areas of healthcare and social service programs. MaCurdy directs numerous projects supporting the activities and operations of the Center of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Congressional Budget Office (CBO), General Accounting Office (GAO), and Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), and Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission (MACPAC), and he has served as a member of several standing technical review committees for many federal and state government agencies (e.g., CBO, Census, BLS, California Health Benefits Review Program). MaCurdy currently supervises several empirical projects that support CMS regulatory policy responsible for the establishment of Healthcare Exchanges under the Affordable Care Act.
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Ali Madani
Lecturer
BioAli Madani is Mellon Fellow in the Humanities and Lecturer in English at Stanford.
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Daniel V. Madison
Member, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsOur underlying forms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression, and in particular the function and plasticity of Parvalbumin-containing interneurons in neocortex. In the past few years, we have used a combinatorial approach to comparing physiological and anatomical plasticity-induced changes in synapses using electrode recording and Array Tomography in the same neurons.
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Patricia Madson
Senior Lecturer in Drama
BioPatricia Ryan Madson is the author of IMPROV WISDOM: DON’T PREPARE, JUST
SHOW UP (Random House, 2005) and a professor Emerita from Stanford University where
she taught from 1977-2005. In the Drama Department she served as the head of the
undergraduate acting program and developed the improvisation program. In 1998 she was
the winner of the Lloyd W. Dinkelspiel Award for Outstanding Innovation in
Undergraduate Education at Stanford. She founded and coached the Stanford Improvisors
and taught beginning and advanced level courses in Improvisation for undergraduate as
well as adults in Stanford's Continuing Studies Program. In 1996 she founded the
Creativity Initiative at Stanford, an interdisciplinary alliance of faculty who share the
belief that creativity can be taught. Patricia has taught Design Improv for the School of
Engineering, and was a guest lecturer for the Stanford Technology Ventures Program and
for the Mayfield Fellows program.
She taught regularly for the Esalen Institute, and has given workshops for the California
Institute for Integral Studies, the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, the National
Association of Drama Therapists, the Western Psychological Association, Duke
University East Asian Studies Center, Wellness in the Workplace for BC University and
the Meaningful Life Therapy Association in Japan.
Her corporate clients have included: IDEO, Google, Gap Inc.'s Executive Leadership
Team, The Lucille and David Packard Foundation, the Banff Centre for Leadership, the
National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance (NCIIA), Hewlett Packard, Digital
Impact, The Woods Institute for the Environment, the International Society for
Performance Improvement (ISPI), the Santa Fe Leadership Center, the Association for
YMCA rofessionals, Sun Microsystems Japan Division, Extempo Systems,
Apple Computers, Adobe Systems, the Piedmont School District, and Price Waterhouse.
Batchelor of Arts in Philosophy, Westhampton College of the U. of Richmond,
1963 Masters of Arts in Theater, Wayne State University, 1965
Web pages:www.improvwisdom.com
Linked In: Patricia Ryan Madson
FACEBOOK: patricia.ryan.madson TWITTER: patryanmadson
patryan@stanford.edu or improvwisdom@gmail.com -
Merritt Maduke
Professor of Molecular and Cellular Physiology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMolecular mechanisms of ion chnanels & transporters studied by integration of structural and electrophysiological methods.
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Holden Maecker
Professor (Research) of Microbiology and Immunology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsI'm interested in immune monitoring of T cell responses to chronic pathogens and cancer, and the correlation of T cell response signatures with disease protection.
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Beatriz Magaloni
Graham H. Stuart Professor of International Relations and Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsComparative Politics, Political Economy, Latin American Politics
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Paul M. Maggio, MD, MBA, FACS
Clinical Professor, Surgery - General Surgery
BioDr. Paul Maggio is a Professor of Surgery, Chief Quality Officer for Stanford Health Care, and Associate Dean for Quality and Clinical Affairs in the Stanford School of Medicine. He trained in General Surgery at Brown University and obtained advanced training in Adult Surgical Critical Care and Trauma at the University of Michigan. He holds a Master of Business Administration from the University of Michigan and is triple board certified in General Surgery, Critical Care, and Medical Informatics. His clinical focus is on Acute Care Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, and his academic career has been centered on quality improvement, patient safety, and the application of systems engineering to enhance the delivery of healthcare.
Dr. Maggio participates in the National Committee on Healthcare Engineering for the American College of Surgeons and has served on the Baldrige Board of Examiners to recognize organizations with the highest presidential honor for performance excellence. Dr. Maggio received the SHC Board of Hospital Director’s Denise O’Leary Award for Clinical Excellence in 2013 -
David Magnus, Ph.D.
Thomas A. Raffin Professor of Medicine and Biomedical Ethics and Professor (Teaching) of Medicine (Primary Care and Population Health)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsGenetic testing, gene therapy, genetically engineered organisms, and the history of eugenics. Stem cell research and cloning, and egg procurement. Examining ethical issues in reproductive technologies. Organ transplantation including donation after cardiac death, ethics of listing decisions. End of life issues in both adults and children.
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Kenneth Mahaffey
Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
BioClinical Focus: Cardiovascular Medicine: Atrial Fibrillation; Chronic CAD; ACS;
Research Focus:
My primary research interest is the design and conduct of multicenter clinical trials and analyses of important clinical cardiac issues using large patient databases. My research focuses on novel anticoagulation agents for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes and atrial fibrillation, the study of agents targeted to protect the myocardium during reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction, and the evaluation of cardiovascular safety of diabetic therapies. I am also interested in the methodology of clinical trials. Current research activities include standardization of the definition of myocardial infarction used in clinical trials, the adjudication of suspected clinical endpoint events by Clinical Event Committees (CEC), and the efficient operational conduct of large multinational clinical trials.
Administrative Focus: Associate Dean, Clinical Research School of Medicine; Vice Chair of Clinical Research Department of Medicine; Director Stanford Center for Clinical Research; Member of the Stanford IRB
Professional Training:
1985 Stanford University, BS Chemistry
1989 University of Washington, MD
1993 University of Arizona, Internship/Residency/Chief Residency
1996 Duke University, Fellowship in Cardiology
1996 Duke University, Faculty in Cardiology
2013 Stanford University, Faculty Cardiovascular Medicine -
Raghu Mahajan
Visiting Assistant Professor
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy research interests are wide-ranging:
1) In the context of gravity, how does spacetime emerge from its dual quantum system? How does the dual quantum system encode the answers to questions that involve local physics in semi-classical gravity? How do you avoid the "firewall" paradox in the context of black-hole evaporation?
2) How do you calculate electrical and heat currents in strongly-coupled many-body systems? How do you explain the linear-in-temperature resistivity in high-temperature cuprates?
3) Use tensor network methods to study electrical and heat transport and also the real-time dynamics of systems out of thermal equilibrium. -
Vinit B. Mahajan, MD, PhD
Professor of Ophthalmology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsOur focus is the development of personalized medicine for eye diseases through translation of our discoveries in proteomics, genomics, and phenomics in humans, mice and tissue culture models.
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Abdelkader Mahammedi
Clinical Associate Professor, Radiology
BioDr. Abdelkader Mahammedi is Associate Professor of Neuroradiology at the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine. He completed medical school at the University of Algiers in Algeria, and then continued a postdoctoral research fellowship in Diagnostic Radiology at Johns Hopkins Hospital under the mentorship of Dr. Stanley Siegelman. Prior to becoming a specialist neuroradiologist, Dr. Mahammedi completed a Neuroradiology fellowship at the Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute after having completed residencies in both Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology. His specialty interests include brain tumors, stroke, small vessel disease, head and neck imaging, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Dr. Mahammedi has contributed to over 30 peer-reviewed publications, including lead authoring multiple articles in high-impact journals. During the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, he led and collaborated with multiple institutions from Italy, Spain, and Brazil. His work was considered the first and largest study in the literature that systematically characterized neurological symptoms and neuroimaging features in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, which was published in the journal Radiology. Recently, he has published the most recent multicenter and global COVID-19-related articles, which were featured by the international media in more than 25 languages including 200 newspapers, CNN, BBC, NPR, local televised broadcasts, and the 2020 RSNA Press Release. He co-authored multiple books, including “Imaging Appearance of Migraine and Tension Type Headache” and "Humanizing BrainTumors: Strategies for You and Your Physician" which was published in 2022. Dr. Mahammedi has received numerous awards and honors, including being selected as a semi-finalist for the prestigious Cornelius Dyke Award of the American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR) 2021, and Best Case Award at the American Institute of Radiologic Pathology (AIRP) in Neuroradiology. In 2014, he was recognized as one of the authors with top-cited articles for his work in the Journal of Thoracic Imaging at the Society of Thoracic Imaging (STR) meeting, where he introduced a new technique for early detection of pulmonary hypertension on CT scans.
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Kelly Mahaney
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery
BioDr. Mahaney is a Pediatric Neurosurgeon with clinical interest in Hydrocephalus, Craniovertebral Junction abnormalities, Spasticity, Spinal dysraphism and Myelomeningocele, Central Nervous System tumors, and Pediatric Epilepsy surgery. She completed residency training at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics and subspecialty Pediatric Neurosurgery training at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto and the Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital. She is interested in advancing Neuro-endoscopic techniques in Pediatric Neurosurgical practice. Dr. Mahaney's research focuses on delineating the role of iron in the development of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
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Cormac Maher, MD, FAANS, FAAP, FACS
Botha Chan Endowed Professor
BioDr. Maher is a board-certified, fellowship-trained neurosurgeon with Stanford Health Care and is chief of neurosurgery at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford. He is also the Botha Chan Endowed Professor in the Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Stanford University School of Medicine.
Dr. Maher specializes in treating children who have neurological disorders — conditions of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. In his adult practice, he offers particular expertise in treating Chiari malformation, which involves a portion of the brain pushing down into the spinal canal, and tethered spinal cord. Dr. Maher has served on many national organization committees for research and training in neurosurgery.
Dr. Maher has published more than 190 articles in peer-reviewed journals, including Journal of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery, and Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. He has also served on the editorial boards for publications and organizations including the Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group. He has performed ad hoc review for many other journals and grant review for organizations including the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS).
Dr. Maher has delivered hundreds of presentations at symposiums and conferences for national and international audiences. He is also a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, AANS, and American College of Surgeons. -
Katharine (Kate) Maher
Professor of Earth System Science, Senior Fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment and Professor, by courtesy, of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsHydrology, reactive transport modeling and environmental geochemistry
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Gail Mahood
Professor of Geological Sciences, Emerita
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsOrigin and evolution of silicic magmas expressed in rhyolitic volcanic centers and shallow plutons; geologic histories of calderas; high-precision Ar-Ar geochronology applied to caldera-forming eruptions and flood basalts; formation of lithium deposits in volcanic environments; volcanic hazards in eastern California and western Saudi Arabia, geothermal systems; geoarchaeology
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Danielle Mai
Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering and, by courtesy, of Materials Science and Engineering
BioDanielle J. Mai joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at Stanford in January 2020. She earned her B.S.E. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Michigan and her M.S. and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign under the guidance of Prof. Charles M. Schroeder. Dr. Mai was an Arnold O. Beckman Postdoctoral Fellow in Prof. Bradley D. Olsen's group at MIT, where she engineered materials with selective biomolecular transport properties, elucidated mechanisms of toughness and extensibility in entangled associative hydrogels, and developed high-throughput methods for the discovery of polypeptide materials. The Mai Lab engineers biopolymers, which are the building blocks of life. Specifically, the group integrates precise biopolymer engineering with multi-scale experimental characterization to advance biomaterials development and to enhance fundamental understanding of soft matter physics. Dr. Mai's work has been recognized through the AIChE 35 Under 35 Award (2020), APS DPOLY/UKPPG Lecture Exchange (2021), Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Program Award (2022), ACS PMSE Arthur K. Doolittle Award (2023), and MIT Technology Review List of 35 Innovators Under 35 (2023).
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Richard D. Mainwaring
Clinical Professor, Cardiothoracic Surgery
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsProfessional Interests: Pediatric cardiovascular surgery, surgery for adults with congenital heart disease
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Anurag Mairal
Adjunct Professor, Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine
Adjunct Professor, Medicine - Cardiovascular MedicineBioDr. Anurag Mairal is an Adjunct Professor of Medicine and the Director, Global Outreach Programs at Stanford Mussallem Center for Biodesign, Stanford University. He is also a Faculty Fellow and Lead for Technology Innovation and Impact at Center for Innovation in Global Health. In these roles, he leads initiatives focused on applying the biodesign process to resource-constrained settings globally. Further, he facilitates opportunities for students, faculty and fellows at Stanford to work on global healthcare needs. He is founding co-Director for MED 232, Global Health: Scaling Health Technology Innovations in Low Resource Settings, and was part of the founding faculty team for BIOE 371, Global Biodesign: Medical Technology in an International Context, graduate-level courses offered to engineering, business, and medical students at Stanford University. Earlier, he served as Associate Director for the Stanford-India Biodesign and Singapore-Stanford Biodesign programs. He serves as the Founding Chair of BME IDEA APAC, a community of medtech innovation programs in Asia Pacific, partnering closely with the industry and academia in the region. He is also an Honorary Professor at University of Cape Town, South Africa. Concurrently, he is a co-founder and Executive Vice President of Orbees Medical, a SF Bay Area-based strategy consulting firm serving global healthcare industry, with a focus on medtech, pharmaceutical, and digital health industry.
Dr. Mairal has an extensive background in medical technology development and commercialization, collaborating with partners in the U.S., India, China, and other emerging markets to advance product development, manufacturing, and distribution. Recently, he took a sabbatical for two years to take a senior leadership role at PATH, a major global health nonprofit based in Seattle. In this role, he oversaw research and development, commercialization, and implementation of technologies in PATH’s medical devices, diagnostics, and digital health divisions. Previously, he held several positions at Johnson & Johnson, including Business Development Director and Product Director for structural heart, cardiology, and peripheral vascular products at Cordis. Before joining J&J, he was a Group Leader and a Process Development Manager at Membrane Technology and Research (MTR). At MTR, he was responsible for business development, strategic alliances, and product development in the bioseparations area. An active mentor to entrepreneurs and industry professionals, he serves as the chair of PATH’s Bay Area Leadership Council; co-chair of the global advisory board at EPPIC Global Network; chair of Faculty Alumni Network and member of the Board Executive Committee at IIT Bombay Heritage Foundation; and President of Sewa International - Bay Area.
Dr. Mairal earned a PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Colorado at Boulder and an MBA from the Haas School of Business at the University of California at Berkeley. He also holds an MS in chemical engineering from the Indian Institution of Technology in Mumbai and a BS in chemical engineering from National Institute of Technology, Raipur. Dr. Mairal was a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Twente, Netherlands and at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. At BerkeleyHaas, he was a founding co-Chairman of the South Asia Business Conference and Chair of the Biotech Panel for the Asia Business Conference. His work has been published in more than 30 publications, and he has seven issued patents. -
Amrapali Maitra
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine
BioAmrapali Maitra is a clinician, educator, and scholar with training from Harvard and Stanford as well as a Paul and Daisy Soros Fellow for New Americans (2013). Her clinical practice emphasizes humanism and attention to health equity through structural competency. As an educator, she is committed to diversity and inclusion in the learning environment for pre-medical, medical, and graduate medical trainees, as well as centering patients as teachers. Her scholarship focuses on intimate partner violence, trauma-informed care, medical education, and the humanities.
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Ravi Majeti MD, PhD
Director, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia and D. K. Ludwig Professor and Professor of Medicine (Hematology/Stem Cell Institute)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsThe Majeti lab focuses on the molecular/genomic characterization and therapeutic targeting of leukemia stem cells in human hematologic malignancies, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our lab uses experimental hematology methods, stem cell assays, genome editing, and bioinformatics to define and investigate drivers of leukemia stem cell behavior. As part of these studies, we have led the development and application of robust xenotransplantation assays for human hematopoietic cells.
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Dr. Arun Majumdar
Dean, Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, Jay Precourt Professor, Professor of Mechanical Eng, of Energy Science & Eng, of Photon Science, Sr Fellow at Woods & Professor, by court, of Materials Science & Eng
BioDr. Arun Majumdar is the inaugural Dean of the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability. He is the Jay Precourt Provostial Chair Professor at Stanford University, a faculty member of the Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Science and Engineering, a Senior Fellow and former Director of the Precourt Institute for Energy and Senior Fellow (courtesy) of the Hoover Institution. He is also a faculty in Department of Photon Science at SLAC.
In October 2009, Dr. Majumdar was nominated by President Obama and confirmed by the Senate to become the Founding Director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E), where he served until June 2012 and helped ARPA-E become a model of excellence and innovation for the government with bipartisan support from Congress and other stakeholders. Between March 2011 and June 2012, he also served as the Acting Under Secretary of Energy, enabling the portfolio of Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Reliability, Office of Nuclear Energy and the Office of Fossil Energy, as well as multiple cross-cutting efforts such as Sunshot, Grid Modernization Team and others that he had initiated. Furthermore, he was a Senior Advisor to the Secretary of Energy, Dr. Steven Chu, on a variety of matters related to management, personnel, budget, and policy. In 2010, he served on Secretary Chu's Science Team to help stop the leak of the Deep Water Horizon (BP) oil spill.
Dr. Majumdar serves as the Chair of the Advisory Board of the US Secretary of Energy, Jennifer Granholm. He led the Agency Review Team for the Department of Energy, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission during the Biden-Harris Presidential transition. He served as the Vice Chairman of the Advisory Board of US Secretary of Energy, Dr. Ernest Moniz, and was also a Science Envoy for the US Department of State with focus on energy and technology innovation in the Baltics and Poland. He also serves on numerous advisory boards and boards of businesses, investment groups and non-profit organizations.
After leaving Washington, DC and before joining Stanford, Dr. Majumdar was the Vice President for Energy at Google, where he assembled a team to create technologies and businesses at the intersection of data, computing and electricity grid.
Dr. Majumdar is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences, US National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His research in the past has involved the science and engineering of nanoscale materials and devices, especially in the areas of energy conversion, transport and storage as well as biomolecular analysis. His current research focuses on redox reactions and systems that are fundamental to a sustainable energy future, multidimensional nanoscale imaging and microscopy, and an effort to leverage modern AI techniques to develop and deliver energy and climate solutions.
Prior to joining the Department of Energy, Dr. Majumdar was the Almy & Agnes Maynard Chair Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering at University of California–Berkeley and the Associate Laboratory Director for energy and environment at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He also spent the early part of his academic career at Arizona State University and University of California, Santa Barbara.
Dr. Majumdar received his bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay in 1985 and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1989.
