Stanford University
Showing 401-450 of 7,809 Results
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Donald Barr
Professor (Teaching) of Pediatrics (General Pediatrics), Emeritus
BioDonald Barr is a Professor of Pediatrics in the Stanford School of Medicine, and Professor by Courtesy in the Graduate School of Education. He teaches in the Undergraduate Program in Human Biology, where he helped to found Human Biology's curriculum in health policy. His research has studied the effect of the organizational structure of the U.S. medical care delivery system on the quality of primary care. He has also studied cultural and linguistic barriers to health care access for low-income patients, and factors associated with higher rates of attrition from pre-medical studies among minority students at Stanford and other universities. The fourth edition of his book, Introduction to U.S. Health Policy: The Organization, Financing, and Delivery of Health Care in America, was published in 2016. The third edition of his book, Health Disparities in the United States: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity and the Social Determinants of Health, was published in 2019. In June 2003 Dr. Barr was awarded the Lloyd W. Dinkelspiel Award for Distinctive Contribution to Undergraduate Education at Stanford University. In 2006 he received the Miriam Aaron Roland Prize, which recognizes Stanford faculty who engage and involve students in integrating academic scholarship with significant and meaningful volunteer service to society.
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Juliana Barr
Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Emerita
Current Research and Scholarly Interests1) ICU Outcomes Research; 2) Clinical pharmacology of sedative-hypnotic agents in ICU patients.
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Clark Barrett
Mizuki Asano and Thomas McGrath Professor
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsAutomated reasoning; satisfiability modulo theories (SMT); formal methods;
formal verification; verification of smart contracts; verification of neural
networks; AI safety; security; hardware design productivity and verification. -
Annelise E. Barron
Associate Professor of Bioengineering
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsBiophysical mechanisms of host defense peptides (a.k.a. antimicrobial peptides) and their peptoid mimics; also, molecular and cellular biophysics of human innate immune responses.
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Brigid Barron
Margaret Jacks Professor of Education
On Partial Leave from 04/01/2026 To 06/30/2026Current Research and Scholarly InterestsCurrent projects include the longitudinal documentation of learner pathways to engagement, studies of families as technology-supported learning teams, and the roles that personal learning networks play in catalyzing and sustaining interest-driven learning She is founder of the YouthLAB at Stanford, and a co-lead of TELOS, a Stanford Graduate School of Education Initiative to investigate how technologies can provide more equitable access to learning opportunities.
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Michele Barry, MD, FACP
Drs. Ben & A. Jess Shenson Professor, Senior Associate Dean, Global Health, Director, Center for Innovation in Global Health, Professor of Medicine, Senior Fellow at the Woods Institute and Professor, by courtesy, of Health Policy
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsAreas of research
Ethical Aspects of research conducted overseas
Clinical Tropical Diseases
Globalization's Impact upon Health Disparities
Human and Planetary Heath
Women Leadership -
Greg Barsh
Professor of Genetics and of Pediatrics, Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsGenetics of color variation
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George Barth
Billie Bennett Achilles Director of Keyboard Programs and Professor (Teaching) of Music
BioSpecial fields: piano and fortepiano, 18th- through 20th-century performance practice, rhetoric and music, the piano music of Beethoven, Chopin, Mozart, Brahms, Ives, and Bartók. Studied with Jon Barlow, Malcolm Bilson, and John Kirkpatrick.
Appearances as recitalist, as soloist with orchestra, and as musicologist throughout the U.S. and Central Europe.
NEH Fellow, 1989.
Publications: Understanding Beethoven: The Mind of the Master (CD-ROM for Oxford/Stanford/Yale Alliance for Lifelong Learning, 2002); The Pianist as Orator: Beethoven and the Transformation of Keyboard Style, 1992; articles and reviews in Early Music, Early Keyboard Studies Newsletter, Humanities, Hungarian Quarterly, Music & Letters, Music Library Association Notes, New Grove Dictionary II.
Recitals: Old First Concerts with Miriam Abramowitsch, mezzo soprano (San Francisco, 2002); Gallery Concerts with Tamara Friedman, fortepiano (Seattle, 2001); Mozart Concertos with the St. Lawrence String Quartet (Cantor Arts Center, Stanford, 2000); Trinity Concerts (Berkeley, 1999); Concerts on the Fringe (Berkeley Festival, 1996); San Francisco Early Music Society (1996). Presenter: Humanities West Symposium Beethoven: Resonant Genius (2003); First International Carl Czerny Symposium (Edmonton, 2002); Juilliard School’s International Symposium on Performing Mozart’s Music (1991); Westfield Center’s Bicentenary Humanities Symposium on Mozarts Nature, Mozarts World (1991); Ira Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies, SJSU (1991).
Recordings: Beethoven Cello Sonatas with Stephen Harrison, cello (Alliance for Lifelong Learning, 2002), Music & Arts, Boston Public Radio.
Lecturer for Stanford Continuing Studies, 2001 (Beethoven’s Cello Sonatas); 1998 (Beethoven Quartet Cycle); Stanford Series in the Arts, 1993 (Bartók). -
Richard Barth
Professor of Radiology (Pediatric Radiology) and, by courtesy, of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Maternal Fetal Medicine)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMagnetic Resonance Imaging and Sonographic diagnosis of fetal anomalies.
Focus interest in the diagnosis and conservative (non-surgical and minimal radiation) management of congenital broncho pulmonary malformations.
Imaging of appendicitis in children.
Sonography of the pediatric testis. -
Kathryn Barton
Associate Professor, Biology
Consulting Professor, BiologyCurrent Research and Scholarly InterestsPlants make new leaves and stems from clusters of undifferentiated cells located at the tips of branches. These cell clusters are called apical meristems. We study transcription factors that control growth and development of apical meristems. Our studies include plants growing in environments rich in water and nutrients as well as in poor environments. The deeper knowledge of plant development gained from these studies will ultimately help increase food security in a changing environment.
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Shawn Barton, MD, PhD
Instructor, Adult Neurology
BioDr. Shawn Barton is a board-certified, fellowship-trained neurologist with the Stanford Health Care Movement Disorders Center. He is also a clinical instructor in the Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences at Stanford University School of Medicine.
Dr. Barton specializes in movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. With a deep understanding of neuroscience, he expertly diagnoses and treats many neurodegenerative and genetic conditions. He provides compassionate care focused on relieving symptoms and improving everyday life.
During his doctoral studies, Dr. Barton investigated drug delivery and the development of novel biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease using preclinical mouse models. As a physician-scientist, his research interests include identifying biomarkers for Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. He also focuses on developing clinical trials to advance potential disease-modifying therapies.
Dr. Barton has published his findings in several peer-reviewed journals, including Science, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, and Journal of Biomolecular NMR. He also has presented at national conferences, including annual meetings of the American Academy of Neurology and the Society of General Internal Medicine. He has shared his research on a range of topics, including identifying methods of increasing blood-brain barrier penetrance for therapeutic delivery and using inhaled fluorescent markers to detect amyloid-beta plaques (a protein known to build up in the brain with Alzheimer’s disease) in the retina.
Dr. Barton is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, and International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. -
Fiona Barwick, PhD, DBSM
Clinical Associate Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences - Sleep Medicine
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsResearch interests focus on expanding sleep education, improving sleep health, optimizing treatment for circadian rhythm disorders, and adapting treatment for insomnia in populations where developmental, medical, psychiatric and cultural factors intersect.
Current research projects include developing and piloting integrated protocols for treating sleep problems that co-occur with medical conditions such as chronic pain or POTS. Ongoing collaborations include delivery of a CBTI protocol in Mandarin via telehealth to patients at Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in China. Past projects include investigation of the link between RLS and the gut microbiome and a survey of student sleep health. -
Preetha Basaviah, M.D.
Clinical Professor, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMedical education, preparation for clerkship curricula and hospital medicine.
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Constantin Basica
Lecturer
BioConstantin Basica is a Romanian composer living in the San Francisco Bay Area, whose current work focuses on symbiotic interrelations between music, video, and performers. His portfolio includes pieces for solo instruments, chamber ensembles, orchestra, electronics, and video. His works have been performed in Europe, North America, and Asia by artists and ensembles such as Ensemble Dal Niente, Ensemble Liminar, ELISION Ensemble, Distractfold, Mocrep, JACK Quartet, Spektral Quartet, kallisti, RAGE Thormbones, line upon line, Retro Disco, Fresh Squeezed Opera, Séverine Ballon, Tony Arnold, Karen Bentley Pollick, and Olga Berar. Among the festivals and conferences that have featured his works are the MATA Festival (NY), Currents New Media Festival (NM), the International Week of New Music (RO), InnerSound New Arts Festival (RO), the International Festival for Video Art and Visual Music (MX), Aveiro Síntese Biennale for Electroacoustic Music (PT), Eureka! Musical Minds of California (CA), the 2017 and 2018 International Computer Music Conference (CN and KR) and the 2016 Sound and Music Computing Conference (DE). He received the ICMA Award for Best Submission from Europe at the 42nd ICMC in Shanghai (CN).
Constantin earned a DMA in Composition at Stanford University under the guidance of Jaroslaw Kapuscinski, Brian Ferneyhough, Mark Applebaum, and Erik Ulman. His previous mentors were Georg Hajdu, Manfred Stahnke, Fredrik Schwenk, and Peter Michael Hamel during his MA and Erasmus Scholarship at the Hamburg University of Music and Theatre (DE), as well as Dan Dediu, Nicolae Coman, Doina Rotaru, and Bogdan Voda during his BA studies in Composition and Conducting at the National University of Music Bucharest (RO).
As an educator, Constantin has taught and conducted workshops at Stanford University, Escuela Superior de Música in Mexico City (MX), the 2016 Sound and Music Computing Summer School in Hamburg (DE), the George Enescu National College of Music and the International Center for Research and Education in Innovative and Creative Technologies (CINETic) in Bucharest (RO).He is the recipient of the 2018 Carolyn Applebaum Memorial Prize and the 2015 Chair’s Award for Excellence in Teaching in the Department of Music at Stanford University. -
Marina Basina
Clinical Professor, Medicine - Endocrinology, Gerontology, & Metabolism
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDiabetes type I and type II, insulin pump therapy, glucose sensor technology, insulin resistance, PCOS, thyroid disorders
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Dorsey Bass
Associate Professor of Pediatrics (Gastroenterology), Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsOur laboratory is interested in the pathophysiology, immunology, and epidemiology of viral gastroenteritis.
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Hannah Bassett
Clinical Associate Professor, Pediatrics
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsUnderstanding how to implement real time patient-centered healthcare cost transparency in the acute care setting and how this transparency effects patient and system-level outcomes.
Understanding how to best decrease unnecessary variation in clinical care through implementation of clinical effectiveness tools. -
Michael Bassik
Associate Professor of Genetics
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsWe are an interdisciplinary lab focused on two major areas:(1) we seek to understand mechanisms of cancer growth and drug resistance in order to find new therapeutic targets(2) we study mechanisms by which macrophages and other cells take up diverse materials by endocytosis and phagocytosis; these substrates range from bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells to drugs and protein toxins. To accomplish these goals, we develop and use new technologies for high-throughput functional genomics.
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Timothy J Batchelor
Clinical Assistant Professor, Emergency Medicine
BioDr. Timothy Batchelor is a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Emergency Medicine at Stanford University, dual fellowship trained in Advanced Emergency Ultrasound and Global Emergency Medicine. Dr. Batchelor completed emergency medicine residency at Lehigh Valley Health Network in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and medical school at Morsani College of Medicine in Tampa, Florida, as a member of the SELECT curriculum. He also has an MBA from University of Massachusetts’ Isenberg School of Management, and is working with private industry to bring imaging technology to health systems equitably. Prior to clinical medicine Dr. Batchelor was a fire service lieutenant, prehospital EMS provider, and accredited EMS and firefighter instructor.
He has ongoing international research in Rwanda looking at the impacts of emergency medicine resident Point-of-Care Ultrasound training, in Costa Rica evaluating ultrasound utilization in austere healthcare settings using geospatial analysis, in Kenya implementing a novel AI-enabled trauma education program for prehospital providers, and in Sri Lanka investigating road traffic accident injuries and how emergency care resources can be leveraged to optimize outcomes.
Domestically Dr. Batchelor is involved in cardiac arrest transesophageal echocardiography research, and how electromagnetic hand motion analysis can augment procedural Point-of-Care Ultrasound training. As founder and content creator of CardinalPOCUS.com, he works to make emergency Point-of-Care Ultrasound training accessible to all. -
Brian T. Bateman
Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Professor and Professor, by courtesy, of Epidemiology and Population Health
BioBrian T. Bateman, MD, MSc is the Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Endowed Professor and Chair of the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine.
Before coming to Stanford, Dr. Bateman served as the Vice Chair for Faculty Development and Chief of the Division of Obstetric Anesthesia in the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School and as Co-Director of the Harvard Program on Perinatal and Pediatric Pharmacoepidemiology in the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital.
Dr. Bateman’s scholarship focuses on the study of medication safety in pregnancy and on predictors and management of maternal morbidity. To address questions in these areas, Dr. Bateman and collaborators at Harvard helped pioneer the use of advanced epidemiological techniques applied to large, routinely collected healthcare utilization data. This research has been funded by multiple R01 grants from the NIH and by grants from the FDA and has been published in leading clinical journals including NEJM, JAMA, BMJ, Lancet, Annals of Internal Medicine, JAMA Pediatrics, JAMA Psychiatry, and Obstetrics and Gynecology. Dr. Bateman’s bibliography contains over 300 publications. This research is frequently cited in clinical reviews and guidelines and has prompted both the FDA and EMA to make labelling changes to medications regarding use in pregnancy. Dr. Bateman is also a founding member of the International Pregnancy Safety Study Consortium (InPress) which is a collaborative effort between investigators from the US and each of the five Nordic countries to pool data for studies evaluating the safety of medications.
Dr. Bateman currently serves as Chairperson of FDA’s Anesthetic and Analgesic Drug Products Advisory Committee after having previously served a 4-year term (2015-2019) as a voting member of this Committee. He was a technical advisor for the recent revision of the Joint Commission’s pain management standards. He has served on expert panels and workshops sponsored by the National Academy of Medicine, the FDA, the NIH, the CDC, and the Department of Health and Human Services, and on multiple grant review committees for the NIH and other funders. He is an Editor for the journal, Anesthesiology, and the textbook, Chestnut’s Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice.
Dr. Bateman’s work has been recognized by a number of awards including his selection in 2017 by the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology as the Gerard Ostheimer lecturer and in 2018 by the American Society of Anesthesiologists as the James E. Cottrell Presidential Scholar Awardee, which is given to one clinical-scientist each year within 10 years of initial faculty appointment for accomplishment in research.
Faculty development and mentorship has been a central focus of Dr. Bateman’s career. He has mentored numerous trainees who have gone on to outstanding academic careers. Throughout his career, he has worked particularly hard to advance the careers of women and underrepresented minorities and to create environments where everyone is welcomed and has an opportunity to advance.
Dr. Bateman is a Phi Beta Kappa graduate Yale College and received his MD from Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, where he was a member of Alpha Omega Alpha and was awarded the Janeway Prize for the highest achievements and abilities in the graduating class. He completed an internship in internal medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and residency and chief residency in anesthesiology at the Massachusetts General Hospital. He completed a Masters in Epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health. -
Glaivy Batsuli, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsHemophilia is a rare inherited X-linked bleeding disorder characterized by the deficiency of blood clotting proteins factor VIII or factor IX. These individuals are at risk for spontaneous bleeds and trauma or surgery-induced bleeding. There have been remarkable advancements in the management of hemophilia to prevent these bleeding episodes and improve quality of life. However, the presence of neutralizing antibodies, called inhibitors, still dictates access to novel therapies such as factor replacement for bleed management and now FDA-approved gene therapies. The Batsuli Lab is focused on elucidating mechanisms of the immune response to blood coagulation proteins in bleeding disorders in order to develop strategies and therapeutics for inhibitor prevention and tolerance induction.
Dr. Batsuli's clinical research interests also include clinical trial participation for novel therapeutics & interventions in bleeding disorders such as hemophilia and von Willebrand disease in addition to coagulation issues & outcomes in ultra-rare bleeding disorders and sickle cell disease. -
Ilenia Battiato
Associate Professor of Energy Science Engineering
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsEnergy and environment (battery systems; superhydrophobicity and drag reduction; carbon sequestration); multiscale, mesoscale and hybrid simulations (multiphase and reactive transport processes); effective medium theories; perturbation methods, homogenization and upscaling.
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Andrew Bauer
Professor of Anthropology
BioAndrew Bauer is an anthropological archaeologist whose research and teaching interests broadly focus on archaeological method and theory, geoarchaeology, and environmental anthropology, including the socio-politics of land use and both symbolic and material aspects of producing spaces, places, and landscapes. Bauer's primary research is based in South India, where he co-directs fieldwork investigating the relationships between landscape history, cultural practices, and institutionalized forms of social inequalities and difference during the region’s Neolithic, Iron Age, Early Historic, and Medieval periods. As an extension of his archaeological work he is also interested in the intersections of landscape histories and modern framings of nature that relate to conservation politics and climate change. He has published broadly on these topics.
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Eugene Bauer
Lucy Becker Professor in Medicine, Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDefining the role of matrix metalloproteinases in connective tissue remodeling of the skin. Defining the macromolecular structures of the cutaneous basement membrane zone. Developing methods for delivery of extracutaneous gene therapy in epidermolysis bullosa.
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Evan Baum, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine
BioDr. Evan Baum is a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Division of Hospital Medicine at Stanford University. He is an academic hospitalist whose work centers on medical education, point-of-care ultrasound, and the integration of innovative technologies into bedside care. He earned his MD from the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and completed his residency at Stanford University.
Dr. Baum is deeply committed to advancing point-of-care ultrasound education and scholarship. He serves as Co-Director of the Longitudinal POCUS Curriculum for internal medicine residents and as Co-Director of Education for the Stanford Hospital Medicine POCUS group, where he leads faculty development initiatives. He has taught at national POCUS CME courses, including at UCSF and UT San Antonio.
His research focuses on clinical and educational applications of POCUS, particularly the use of artificial intelligence to enhance image acquisition, diagnostic accuracy, and trainee learning. He has co-led randomized trials evaluating AI-assisted cardiac ultrasound acquisition and educational outcomes.
Dr. Baum is an active educator across the continuum of training, teaching clinical reasoning, physical diagnosis, and bedside ultrasound to medical students, physician assistant students, and residents. He is a Rathmann Family Foundation Fellow in Medical Education, where he is developing and evaluating a patient-centered communication framework to improve code status discussions.
Through his clinical work, scholarship, and leadership, Dr. Baum seeks to strengthen bedside medicine by combining rigorous education, thoughtful mentorship, and emerging technologies that improve diagnostic precision and patient-centered care. -
Fiona Baumer
Assistant Professor of Neurology (Pediatric Neurology)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsCauses of Disturbed Cognition in Pediatric Epilepsy
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Heidi Baumgartner
Social Science Research Scholar
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsAs the executive director of the ManyBabies global consortium (manybabies.org), I am interested in facilitating Big Team Science practices to address difficult outstanding theoretical and methodological questions about the nature of early development and how it is studied.
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Mohsen Bayati
Carl and Marilynn Thoma Professor in the Graduate School of Business and Professor, by courtesy, of Electrical Engineering and of Radiation Oncology (Radiation Therapy)
Current Research and Scholarly Interests1) Healthcare management: I am interested in improving healthcare delivery using data-driven modeling and decision-making.
2) Network models and message-passing algorithms: I work on graphical modeling ideas motivated from statistical physics and their applications in statistical inference.
3) Personalized decision-making: I work on machine learning and statistical challenges of personalized decision-making. The problems that I have worked on are primarily motivated by healthcare applications. -
Tina Baykaner
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
BioTina Baykaner, MD, MPH is an Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiac Electrophysiology at Stanford University School of Medicine. She completed residency and fellowships in cardiovascular medicine and advanced heart failure at the University of California, San Diego, followed by fellowship training in cardiac electrophysiology at Stanford. She joined the Stanford faculty in 2018 and was promoted to Assistant Professor in 2023.
Dr. Baykaner’s research program focuses on atrial fibrillation (AF), cardio-oncology, and the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into cardiac electrophysiology. She is Principal Investigator of an NIH R01 investigating atrial fibrillation in patients with hematologic malignancies treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and previously led an NIH K23 award focused on personalizing AF management using machine learning. She also serves as co-investigator or consultant on multiple NIH-funded R01 projects in artificial intelligence, ventricular arrhythmias, and digital cardiovascular phenotyping. Her work spans AF mechanisms, ablation outcomes, digital health implementation, and equity in arrhythmia care.
She has authored over 200 peer-reviewed publications, book chapters, and abstracts, including more than 100 original research manuscripts, and has delivered over 100 invited lectures nationally and internationally. She served as a task force member for the 2024 EHRA/HRS/APHRS/LAHRS Expert Consensus Statement on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation and holds editorial leadership roles, including Associate Editor for the Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology and editorial board positions with multiple electrophysiology journals.
Dr. Baykaner is Vice-Chair of the Heart Rhythm Society Digital Education Committee and serves on national program and grant review committees, including NIH/NHLBI study sections. She is actively engaged in mentorship across undergraduate, medical, graduate, and postdoctoral levels, with mentees who have received national awards and progressed to electrophysiology fellowship and faculty positions.
Her clinical practice focuses on catheter ablation of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, supraventricular tachycardias, management of inappropriate sinus tachycardia, cardiac implantable electronic device implantation and extraction, and advanced rhythm management strategies in complex patient populations. -
David Beach
Professor (Teaching) of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus
BioBeach teaches courses in the areas of design and manufacturing. Beach and Craig Milroy co-direct the Product Realization Laboratory which provides 1700 students annually with hands on experiences in product definition, conceptual design, detail design, and prototype creation. The PRL offers courses, mentors and tools in support of integrated designing and making. Pedagogically, Beach believes that creation of experience from which students (and teams of students) can interpret and internalize their own conclusions provides an excellent complement to content based teaching. His goal is to add strength in tacit knowledge which derives from the hands-on synthesis of design, prototype building, presentation and criticism.. The resulting judgment and instinct regarding materials, devices, materials transformation processes, and design process complement classical analytical engineering education to create superior engineers.
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Philip Beachy
The Ernest and Amelia Gallo Professor, Professor of Urology, of Developmental Biology and, by courtesy, of Chemical and Systems Biology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsFunction of Hedgehog proteins and other extracellular signals in morphogenesis (pattern formation), in injury repair and regeneration (pattern maintenance). We study how the distribution of such signals is regulated in tissues, how cells perceive and respond to distinct concentrations of signals, and how such signaling pathways arose in evolution. We also study the normal roles of such signals in stem-cell physiology and their abnormal roles in the formation and expansion of cancer stem cells.
