School of Medicine
Showing 451-500 of 1,084 Results
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Maya M. Kasowski
Assistant Professor of Pathology, of Medicine (Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine) and, by courtesy, of Genetics
BioI am a clinical pathologist and assistant professor in the Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Genetics (by courtesy) at Stanford. I completed my MD-PhD training at Yale University and my residency training and a post-doctoral fellowship in the Department of Genetics at Stanford University. My experiences as a clinical pathologist and genome scientist have made me passionate about applying cutting-edge technologies to primary patient specimens in order to characterize disease pathologies at the molecular level. The core focus of my lab is to study the mechanisms by which genetic variants influence the risk of disease through effects on intermediate molecular phenotypes.
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Michele Kastelein
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Vaden Health Center
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsAt Stanford University School of Medicine, one of our major goals is to translate research insights into practical advances that enhance and prolong life. We foster a two-way transfer of knowledge between research laboratories and patient-care settings. Our faculty, staff, postdoctoral scholars and students engage in interdisciplinary efforts to turn this knowledge into therapies that treat or prevent disease.
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Tamiko Katsumoto
Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Immunology & Rheumatology
BioTamiko Katsumoto, MD, is a Clinical Associate Professor in the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology at Stanford University. She earned her MD from the University of California, San Francisco. She completed her internal medicine residency and rheumatology fellowship at UCSF, including a postdoc in the immunology lab of Dr. Arthur Weiss. Deeply committed to human and planetary health, she is passionate about educating her patients and colleagues on the merits of sustainable plant-rich diets as a strategy to both improve individual health and mitigate climate change and environmental degradation. She is fascinated by the impact of diet on inflammation and autoimmunity. She serves as the director of the Stanford Immune Related Toxicity Working Group, a multidisciplinary group which aims to improve the quality of care of cancer patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors. She has been investigating the impact of diet on immune-related adverse events. She is also intrigued by the relationship between cancer and autoimmune diseases, including diseases such as scleroderma and dermatomyositis, and the paraneoplastic manifestations of various cancers. She is involved in several clinical trials at Stanford and has spent time at Genentech, where she led several global clinical trials in immunology.
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Daniel Katz
Assistant Professor of Medicine (BMIR)
BioDaniel Katz is an Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR) and the Cardiovascular Medicine Divisions. He practices as an Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiologist. He completed internal medicine residency at Massachusetts General Hospital, general cardiology training at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and then joined Stanford in 2021 for his advanced heart failure training. Since medical school, his research has focused on identifying the various pathophysiologic patterns and mechanisms that lead to the heterogeneous syndrome of heart failure. His efforts leverage high dimensional data in many forms including clinical phenotypes, plasma proteomics, metabolomics, and genetics. He is presently engaged in analysis of multi-omic data from the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) and the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program. His clinical interests include advanced heart failure, transplant cardiology, and mechanical circulatory support.
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Masataka Kawana
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
BioDr. Kawana joined the Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology group in 2018. He completed his internal medicine, cardiovascular medicine, and heart failure training at Stanford. He also completed a postdoctoral research fellowship under Dr. James Spudich in the Department of Biochemistry. He is the Medical Director of Ambulatory Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy Service in the Advanced Heart Failure program. He manages advanced heart failure patients in the clinic, CCU/heart failure service, and post-heart transplant/MCS service. His research interests are in the fundamental mechanism of inherited cardiomyopathies, and he studies the effect of gene mutation on the cardiac sarcomere function using cutting-edge biochemical and biophysical approaches, which would lead to the development of novel pharmacotherapy that directly modulates cardiac muscle protein. He is involved in multiple clinical trials for pharmacotherapy and novel device studies in heart failure and inherited cardiomyopathy.
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Vanessa Kennedy
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy)
BioDr. Kennedy is a board-certified hematologist and medical oncologist who specializes in the treatment of myeloid malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and myelofibrosis (MF). She is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, at Stanford University School of Medicine.
Dr. Kennedy's research focuses on the use of clinical informatics and bioinformatics in understanding cancer biology and improving patient outcomes. She is also actively involved in interventional clinical trials. Her work has been supported by grant funding from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the American Society of Hematology, and the Chan-Zuckerberg Foundation. -
Kian Keyashian
Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Gastroenterology & Hepatology
BioThe management of inflammatory bowel disease continues to evolve, with the introduction of biologic and small molecule therapies and new goals of treatment, with an emphasis on healing the bowel. My career goal since my graduation from IBD fellowship in 2012 has been to improve the outcomes and quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In line with these goals, my research has focused investigating new noninvasive diagnostic test, finding factors early in the disease course that might predict a more aggressive disease course and need for different therapies, and investigating new promising effective medications with less side effects.
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Ali Raza Khaki, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Oncology
BioDr. Khaki is a medical oncologist and clinical assistant professor at Stanford University School of Medicine.
In his clinical practice, he treats patients with all forms of genitourinary cancer, including kidney, bladder, prostate, and testicular. He also regularly attends on the inpatient oncology service at Stanford Hospital.
With each patient, he is devoted to providing exceptional, humanistic care and has been recognized throughout his career for his humanism. As a medical student, he was named to the national Gold Humanism Honor Society and he received the Reza Gandjei Humanism Award as a medical resident at UCSF.
His research interests include novel therapies for genitourinary cancers, with a focus on urothelial cancer outcomes. He also has studied health care utilization and costs for end-of-life care of cancer patients.
Dr. Khaki has earned honors and recognition from the American Association for Cancer Research, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, Conquer Cancer Foundation, and other organizations.
He has authored numerous articles on topics such as immunotherapy for urothelial cancer, management of cancer patients with COVID-19, and utilization of end-of-life care by cancer patients. In addition, he is an editor for HemOnc.org and theMednet, a physician-only online community where members share clinical questions and answers. -
Saad A. Khan, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine (Oncology)
BioDr. Khan is a fellowship-trained cancer specialist with board certification in oncology and hematology. He is an assistant professor in the Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology.
Dr. Khan focuses on the treatment of head and neck cancers, advanced thyroid cancers, and neuroendocrine tumors. He recognizes the broad effects of these conditions on daily living and aims to develop personalized, comprehensive treatment plans that optimize health and quality of life.
Dr. Khan’s research interests include therapeutic clinical trials as well as ways to reduce toxicities that some patients may experience when receiving cancer treatment. His research activities include ongoing clinical trials of targeted and immune therapy for aggressive thyroid cancer.
He has published numerous articles on his research discoveries in peer-reviewed journals such as the JAMA Oncology, Investigational New Drugs, and others. Topics include new drug treatments for small cell lung cancer and for cancers of the head and neck, racial and gender disparities in certain types of cancer, and management of the potentially toxic effects of cancer therapies.
Dr. Khan is a member of the NRG Head and Neck Committee. NRG brings together internationally recognized groups (the first words in their names form the acronym “NRG”) to conduct cancer clinical research and share study results. The objective is to inform clinical decision making and healthcare policy worldwide.
Dr. Khan is a member of the ECOG Head and Neck Core and Thoracic Committees. ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) is part of one of the five groups of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN) Program.
He also is a member of the National Cancer Institute’s Central IRB for Early Phase Clinical Trials.
When not providing patient care or conducting research, Dr. Khan enjoys spending time with his family, hiking, and relaxing at the beach. -
Abha Khandelwal
Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsCardiovascular disease in Pregnancy
Valvular Heart Disease
Cardiomyopathy
Pericardial disease
Heart Disease in South Asians
Women's Cardiovascular Disease -
Sarita Khemani
Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine
BioDr. Sarita Khemani is a Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine and a Neurosurgery Hospital Medicine physician. Her clinical focus is preventing and managing medical complications in hospitalized neurosurgical patients in the postoperative setting. Her interests include the intersection of medicine and technology to optimize a healthy lifespan.
Dr. Khemani is passionate about education and has served as Director of perioperative medicine rotations for Stanford medicine residents, medical students, and physician assistant students. She is the recipient of Department of Medicine Excellence in Teaching Award. Dr. Khemani is also the founder and co-director of Stanford Medicine Clinical Summer Internship, a globally recognized program for premed students. The program provides numerous scholarships to minority/underrepresented students to empower future leaders in medicine.
Dr. Khemani has been an invited speaker at various medical conferences and meetings. In addition, she was invited to speak at the Stanford Neurosurgery Grand Rounds and give the keynote speech at the Stanford Physician Assistant student graduation ceremony. She has appeared as a guest on various media outlets in the US and on international television.
Dr. Khemani is a member of the American College of Physicians and currently serves on the Stanford Hospital Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee and Hospital Medicine Wellness Committee. -
Kiran Kaur Khush, MD
Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Khush's clinical research interests include the evaluation of donors and recipients for heart transplantation; mechanisms of adverse outcomes after heart transplantation, including cardiac allograft vasculopathy and antibody-mediated rejection; and development of non-invasive diagnostic approaches for post-transplant monitoring.
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Joel Killen
Professor (Research) of Medicine (General Internal Medicine), Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy research is focused on the development and evaluation of cigarette smoking prevention and cessation therapies and obesity prevention treatments for children, adolescents and adults.
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Gloria S. Kim
Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMedical education
Health services delivery
Management of chronic disease
Patient and physician satisfaction -
Jackson Kim, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Nephrology
BioDr. Kim is a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Division of Nephrology at Stanford Health Care.
Dr. Kim diagnoses and treats a range of conditions affecting the kidneys, including glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, and genetic kidney disease. He creates a customized, comprehensive treatment plan for every patient he serves.
Dr. Kim has a keen research interest in glomerular kidney disease, particularly glomerulonephritis. He has authored manuscripts, conducted case studies, and published his work in several peer-reviewed journals. -
Juyong Brian Kim
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsThe lifetime risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) is determined by the genetic makeup and exposure to modifiable risk factors. The Cardiovascular Link to Environmental ActioN (CLEAN) Lab is interested in understanding how various environmental pollutants (eg. tobacco, e-cigarettes, air pollution and wildfire) interact with genes to affect the transcriptome, epigenome, and eventually disease phenotype of CVD. The current focus is to investigate how different toxic exposures can adversely remodel the vascular wall leading to increased cardiac events. We intersect human genomic discoveries with animal models of disease, in-vitro and in-vivo systems of exposure, single-cell sequencing technologies to solve these questions. Additionally, we collaborate with various members of the Stanford community to develop biomarkers that will aid with detection and prognosis of CVD. We are passionate about the need to reduce the environmental effects on health through strong advocacy and outreach.
(http://kimlab.stanford.edu) -
Seung K. Kim M.D., Ph.D.
KM Mulberry Professor, Professor of Developmental Biology, of Medicine (Endocrinology) and, by courtesy, of Pediatrics (Endocrinology)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsWe study the development of pancreatic islet cells using molecular, embryologic and genetic methods in several model systems, including mice, pigs, human pancreas, embryonic stem cells, and Drosophila. Our work suggests that critical factors required for islet development are also needed to maintain essential functions of the mature islet. These approaches have informed efforts to generate replacement islets from renewable sources for diabetes.
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Sun Kim, M.D. M.S.
Associate Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsWe are interested in studying the pathophysiological processes that contribute to glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. My current research focuses on characterizing pancreatic beta-cell function in populations with significant insulin resistance and vulnerability to developing diabetes: individuals with schizophrenia, morbid obesity, and history of gestational diabetes.
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W. Ray Kim
Professor - University Medical Line, Medicine - Gastroenterology & Hepatology
BioChronic liver disease is one of the most common causes of premature death in Americans. My career goal is to improve the outcome of individuals with chronic liver disease by identifying the optimal means for diagnosis, monitoring, treatment and prevention. The path I have chosen to achieve this goal is through engagement in clinical epidemiology and patient-oriented, effectiveness research.
Since the development of the MELD score which recognizes the importance of renal function in the prognosis of patients with end stage liver disease, one of the areas that we have had intense interest has been acute and chronic renal injury in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver transplantation represents a unique opportunity for research, because of the potential for reversal of the renal injury as well as access to biological materials. -
Yeuen Kim
Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health
BioYeuen Kim MD MAS is an internal medicine physician with expertise in population health, medical humanities educational interventions, and working with vulnerable populations in urban settings. She trained at Brown University's Program in Liberal Medical Education (AB Comp Lit/French, MD) and completed residency/chief residency in internal medicine at the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center in 2000. She has worked with vulnerable populations in ambulatory and mobile settings as a primary care GMC attending and medical outreach physician, as well as completing a Masters' and fellowship in clinical research at UCSF's Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and SFGH DGIM, where she evaluated electronic referrals to subspecialty clinics from safety settings (Kim, Chen et al, JGIM 2009.) Since 2020, she has worked with the SF and Santa Clara County public health departments to help reduce mortality and improve C-19 and mpox mitigation, especially at residential congregate facilities through better ventilation, public-private collaboration, and addressing determinants of health for essential workers; she has summarized lessons learned from international conferences on COVID19 responses (Sales, Kim et al, AJPH 2021). Since 2013, she has facilitated art gallery-based workshops for physicians and learners to improve observation and communication skills. She co-leads narrative medicine and oncology workshops for medicine residents and students (Edwards, Kim et al, BMJ Educ 2022) and is an adjunct clinical associate professor in Primary care and population health, Medicine.
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Youn H Kim, MD
The Joanne and Peter Haas, Jr., Professor for Cutaneous Lymphoma Research and Professor, by courtesy, of Medicine (Oncology)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsClinical research in cutaneous lymphomas, especially, mycosis fungoides; studies of prognostic factors, long-term survival results, and effects of therapies. Collaborative research with Departments of Pathology and Oncology in basic mechanisms of cutaneous lymphomas. Clinical trials of new investigative therapies for various dermatologic conditions or clinical trials of known therapies for new indications.
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Abby C. King
David and Susan Heckerman Professor and Professor of Epidemiology & Population Health and of Medicine (Stanford Prevention Research Center)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy interests include applications of behavioral theory and social ecological approaches to achieve large scale changes impacting chronic disease prevention and control; expanding the reach and translation of evidence-based interventions through state-of-the-art technologies; exploring social and physical environmental influences on health; applying community participatory research perspectives to address health disparities; and policy-level approaches to health promotion/disease prevention.
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Teri Klein
Professor (Research) of Biomedical Data Science, of Medicine (BMIR) and, by courtesy, of Genetics
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsCo-founder, Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing
NIEHS, Site Visit Reviewer
NIH, Study Section Reviewer -
Joshua W. Knowles
Associate Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsGenetic basis of coronary disease
Genetic basis of insulin resistance
Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) -
Matthew Kohrman
Associate Professor of Anthropology, and by courtesy, of Medicine (Stanford Prevention and Research Center) and Senior Fellow, by courtesy, at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
BioMatthew Kohrman’s research and writing bring anthropological methods to bear on the ways health, culture, and politics are interrelated. Focusing on the People's Republic of China, he engages various intellectual terrains such as governmentality, gender theory, political economy, critical science studies, narrativity, and embodiment. His first monograph, Bodies of Difference: Experiences of Disability and Institutional Advocacy in the Making of Modern China, raises questions about how embodied aspects of human existence, such as our gender, such as our ability to propel ourselves through space as walkers, cyclists and workers, become founts for the building of new state apparatuses of social provision, in particular, disability-advocacy organizations. Over the last decade, Prof. Kohrman has been involved in research aimed at analyzing and intervening in the biopolitics of cigarette smoking among Chinese citizens. This work, as seen in his recently edited volume--Poisonous Pandas: Chinese Cigarette Manufacturing in Critical Historical Perspectives--expands upon heuristic themes of his earlier disability research and engages in novel ways techniques of public health, political philosophy, and spatial history. More recently, he has begun projects linking ongoing interests at the intersection of phenomenology and political economy with questions regarding environmental attunement and the arts.
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Michael Kozal
Senior Associate Dean for Veterans Affairs and Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)
BioDr. Kozal was appointed Senior Associate Dean for Veteran Affairs at Stanford School of Medicine and Chief of Staff at VA Palo Alto Health Care System in 2021. Prior to coming to Stanford, he served as Associate Dean for Veteran Affairs at Yale University School of Medicine and the Chief of Staff at VA Connecticut Healthcare System.
Dr. Kozal is a translational researcher who has focused his research career on three areas: 1) investigating the genetic determinants of HIV and HCV drug resistance, 2) the development of new molecular methods to detect viral mutations, and 3) HIV and HCV clinical trials involving new drugs and diagnostic technology. Dr. Kozal is an expert in microarray and deep sequencing technology receiving patents for his work in genotyping. Dr. Kozal previously directed the Yale HIV Clinical Trials Group and has more than 20 years of experience in running clinical trials, serving as the principal investigator or site investigator on >40 HIV and Hepatitis C trials. He has served on multiple VA and NIH/NCI review panels and is a current a member of the DHHS/NIH Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. -
Fredric Kraemer
Gerald M. Reaven, MD, Professor of Endocrinology, Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsOur research interests are in the general area of cellular lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The work is aimed primarily at understanding the mechanisms regulating cholesterol and triglyceride accumulation in cells. We utilize a variety of techniques from cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology.
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Caitlin Elizabeth Krause
Academic Staff - Hourly - CSL, Medicine
Affiliate, Health and Human PerformanceBioCaitlin Krause is an XR experience designer fostering metaverse fluency.
She focuses on the intersection of technology, innovation, and wellbeing, and founded the XR studio and consultancy MindWise in 2015.
She teaches about digital wellbeing and XR at Stanford University, is a Senior Strategist at the Virtual World Society, and is a creative producer for ScienceVR.
In 2021 she authored the book Designing Wonder: Leading Transformative Experiences in VR. Caitlin has advised global organizations including Google, Meta, Oracle, TED, Evernote, University of San Francisco, ETH Zürich, and the U.S. State Department.
She has created and run numerous collaborative experiences in social XR, fusing presence, storytelling, meditation, and emotional intelligence.
She is a writer and designer for digital therapeutic applications that incorporate haptics and biofeedback.
She holds an MFA from Lesley University and a BA from Duke University. After two decades of teaching and leadership experience, she wrote Mindful By Design (Corwin Press, 2019) helping individuals and teams navigate complexity and change, prioritizing mindful wellbeing, design, and imagination. -
Kristina Kudelko
Clinical Professor, Medicine - Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDrugs and toxins-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension, clinical outcomes research, acute kidney injury in pulmonary arterial hypertension
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Andre Kumar MD, MEd
Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine
BioDr. Andre Kumar is a Clinical Associate Professor in the Stanford Division of Hospital Medicine with a passion for improving patient care through Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS), clinical research, and education. He earned his MD from Tulane University and completed his residency, chief residency, and a Master's in Education at Stanford University.
As a passionate educator and researcher, Dr. Kumar has completed three randomized trials on POCUS and its impact on patient care. He continues to conduct research and teach POCUS on a local and national level, and is committed to improving the science and education that underlie the next generation of diagnostic tools. He is the lead investigator for a multicenter trial related to ultrasound and COVID-19. Dr. Kumar was also an investigator for the ACTT and ACTIV trials for COVID-19, which brought the first COVID-19 therapeutics to patients nationwide. Currently, he serves as the Co-PI at Stanford for the National Institutes of Health RECOVER trial, a $1 billion effort to understand the long-term effects of COVID-19 on patients.
Dr. Kumar has held numerous leadership positions that reflect his commitment to advancing medical education and clinical practice. He is the Director of the Clinical Research Unit for the Division of Hospital Medicine and the Director of the Rathmann Fellowship in Medical Education at Stanford University School of Medicine. In the School of Medicine, he serves as the Co-Director of Clinical Reasoning, Associate Course Director for the Practice of Medicine course. Dr. Kumar is also the Director of the Jane A. Stanford Scholars Program and Co-Founder and Director of the ASPIRE Grant Program in the Stanford Division of Hospital Medicine.
His contributions to medical education have been recognized with several awards, including the Lawrence H. Mathers Award for Exceptional Commitment to Teaching in 2023, the Henry J. Kaiser Foundation Award for Excellence in Clinical Teaching (2018, 2022), and the David A. Rytand Clinical Teaching Award (2018, 2022). Dr. Kumar has contributed to the creation of educational content, including videos for the Stanford Medicine 25 series that cover various aspects of POCUS.
List of publications: https://bit.ly/3eop95i
ClinicalTrials.Gov registration:
https://bit.ly/2TizOmD
https://bit.ly/2zeNBjJ
Media:
https://shorturl.at/rNU46
https://stanfordmedicine.box.com/s/jm3544zdwpihj6bstcv72x76zq9nuzbq
https://bit.ly/33MZa0O
https://bit.ly/3t8HE2u
https://wb.md/2zfjY1N -
Calvin Kuo
Maureen Lyles D'Ambrogio Professor
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsWe study cancer biology, intestinal stem cells (ISC), and angiogenesis. We use primary organoid cultures of diverse tissues and tumor biopsies for immunotherapy modeling, oncogene functional screening and stem cell biology. Angiogenesis projects include blood-brain barrier regulation, stroke therapeutics and anti-angiogenic cancer therapy. ISC projects apply organoid culture and ko mice to injury-inducible vs homeostatic stem cells and symmetric division mechanisms.
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Clair Mariam Kuriakose
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health
BioClair Kuriakose is a Physician Assistant with a clinical background in Pediatric Surgery. She joined Stanford September 2014 as the first Manager of Advanced Practice with the Center for Advanced Practice and officially transitioned to the Executive Director of Advanced Practice on August 2017. Clair is passionate about the value advanced practice providers bring to the complex and ever-changing healthcare industry and truly enjoys collaborating with the various Advanced Practice Providers in the organization to ensure the best care for our patients.
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Allison W. Kurian, M.D., M.Sc.
Professor of Medicine (Oncology) and of Epidemiology and Population Health
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsI aim to understand cancer burden and improve treatment quality at the population level. I have a strong focus on genetic risk assessment and precision oncology. I lead epidemiologic studies of cancer risk factors, clinical trials of novel approaches to cancer risk reduction, and decision analyses of strategies to optimize cancer outcomes.
