School of Medicine
Showing 2,201-2,300 of 2,306 Results
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Hannah Wright
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health
BioHannah Wright, MMS, PA-C has been a practicing physician assistant since 2010. She received her PA education at Stanford and earned a Master of Medical Science degree from Saint Francis University. She has worked in Family Practice, Internal Medicine, Gynecology. Since 2013 she has worked in the Stanford Express Care Clinic. She is also a Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine and Director of Clerkship Education in the Stanford Masters of Science in PA Studies Program.
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Bryan Wu, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine
BioDr. Wu is a board-certified cardiologist at Stanford Health Care. He is also a clinical assistant professor in the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. His areas of clinical focus include general and preventive cardiology with a particular interest in cardiac imaging. Dr. Wu has board certification in echocardiography, cardiovascular CT, and cardiac nuclear imaging.
Dr. Wu speaks fluent Chinese and Spanish and embraces racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity in his clinical care. He has international clinical/research experiences in Italy and Mexico, and truly enjoys meeting and working with people from distinctive backgrounds.
Dr. Wu is passionate about clinical research. He has pursued scholarly work on the utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring for antihypertensive therapy and statins to help patients from low socioeconomic backgrounds improve their medication adherence. He is also involved in research on advanced cardiac imaging and has actively investigated the applications of cardiac CT in electrophysiology interventions.
Dr. Wu’s research has been published in peer-reviewed journals such as the International Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Vascular Surgery. He has presented his work at regional and national meetings, including the American Heart Association’s annual Scientific Sessions.
Dr. Wu is a member of the American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, and American Medical Association. -
Joseph C. Wu, MD, PhD
Director, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Simon H. Stertzer, MD, Professor and Professor of Radiology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDrug discovery, drug screening, and disease modeling using iPSC.
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Joy Wu
Gerald M. Reaven, MD Professor of Endocrinology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy laboratory focuses on the pathways that regulate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into the osteoblast and adipocyte lineages. We are also studying the role of osteoblasts in the hematopoietic and cancer niches in the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Sean M. Wu
Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and, by courtesy, of Pediatrics
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy lab seeks to identify mechanisms regulating cardiac lineage commitment during embryonic development and the biology of cardiac progenitor cells in development and disease. We believe that by understanding the transcriptional and epigenetic basis of cardiomyocyte growth and differentiation, we can identify the most effective ways to repair diseased adult hearts. We employ mouse and human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells as well as rodents as our in vivo models for investigation.
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Timothy Ting-Hsuan Wu
MD Student, expected graduation Spring 2025
Ph.D. Student in Biochemistry, admitted Summer 2021
MSTP Student
Casual - Non-Exempt, Medicine - Med/Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care MedicineCurrent Research and Scholarly InterestsMolecular and cellular basis of lung development, renewal and disease;
Single cell analysis of SARS-CoV-2 lung infection;
Vascular inflammation and immune dysregulation in pulmonary hypertension. -
Min Xie
Postdoctoral Fellow, Primary Care and Population Health
BioCausal inference using natural experiments with focuses on public health policy and medical intervention
Also work on development economics topics of financial and education intervention
PhD in economics, Heidelberg University
personal webpage: https://minxie.netlify.app/ -
Bo Xiong
Postdoctoral Scholar, Biomedical Informatics
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsAI, LLMs, Knowledge Graphs, Biomedical Ontologies
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Shiqin Xu
Senior Program Manager, HEART Lab, Medicine - Med/Cardiovascular Medicine
Current Role at StanfordSenior Program Manager, HEART Lab
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Phillip C. Yang, MD
Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Yang is a physician-scientist whose research interest focuses on clinical translation of the fundamental molecular and cellular processes of myocardial restoration. His research employs novel in vivo multi-modality molecular and cellular imaging technology to translate the basic innovation in cardiovascular pluripotent stem cell biologics. Dr. Yang is currently a PI on the NIH/NHLBI funded CCTRN UM1 grant, which is designed to conduct multi-center clinical trial on novel biological therapy.
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Seema Yasmin
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health
BioSeema Yasmin is an Emmy Award-winning journalist, poet, medical doctor and author. Yasmin served as an officer in the Epidemic Intelligence Service at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention where she investigated disease outbreaks and was principal investigator on a number of CDC studies. Yasmin trained in journalism at the University of Toronto and in medicine at the University of Cambridge.
Yasmin was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in breaking news in 2017 with a team from The Dallas Morning News for coverage of a mass shooting, and recipient of an Emmy for her reporting on neglected diseases. She received multiple grants from the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting for coverage of gender based violence in India and the aftermath of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa. In 2017, Yasmin was a John S. Knight Fellow in Journalism at Stanford University investigating the spread of health misinformation and disinformation during public health crises. Previously she was a science correspondent at The Dallas Morning News, medical analyst for CNN, and professor of public health at the University of Texas at Dallas. She teaches crisis management and crisis communication at the UCLA Anderson School of Management as a Visiting Assistant Professor.
She is the author of eight non-fiction, fiction, poetry and childrens books, including: What the Fact?! Finding the Truth in All the Noise (Simon and Schuster, 2022); Viral BS: Medical Myths and Why We Fall For Them (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2021); Muslim Women Are Everything: Stereotype-Shattering Stories of Courage, Inspiration and Adventure (HarperCollins, 2020); If God Is A Virus: Poems (Haymarket, 2021); Unbecoming: A Novel (Simon and Schuster, 2024); Djinnology: An Illuminated Compendium of Spirits and Stories from the Muslim World (Chronicle, 2024); and The ABCs of Queer History (Workman Books, 2024). Her writing appears in The New York Times, Rolling Stone, WIRED, Scientific American and other outlets.
Yasmin’s unique expertise in epidemics and communications has been called upon by the Vatican, the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, the Aspen Institute, the Skoll Foundation, the Biden White House, and others. She teaches a new paradigm for trust-building and evidence-based communication to leadership at the World Health Organization and CDC. In 2019, she was the inaugural director of the Stanford Health Communication Initiative.
Her scholarly work focuses on the spread of scientific misinformation and disinformation, information equity, and the varied susceptibilities of different populations to false information about health and science. In 2020, she received a fellowship from the Emerson Collective for her work on inequitable access to health information. She teaches multimedia storytelling to medical students in the REACH program. -
Gwen Yeo
Sr Research Scholar, Medicine - Family & Community Medicine
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsEthnicity and Dementia
Ethnogeriatric Education
Ethnogeriatric Care -
Alan Yeung, MD
Li Ka Shing Professor in Cardiology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsCoronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in men and women in the United States. Our group is interested in studying both the early and late phases of atherosclerosis so that we can better develop prevention and treatment strategies.
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Celina Yong, MD, MBA, MSc
Associate Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
BioCelina Yong, MD, MBA, MSc, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI, is an Associate Professor in the Stanford School of Medicine and Director of Interventional Cardiology at the VA Palo Alto Medical Center. Dr. Yong leads an active health services research program focused on using novel scalable approaches to understand and resolve inequities in cardiovascular care, as well as in the workforce. In her clinical practice, Dr. Yong performs complex coronary and structural procedures and is actively involved in clinical trials of novel device and drug therapies for cardiovascular disease.
Prior to joining the Stanford faculty, Dr. Yong completed an MSc in Health Policy, Planning and Financing from the London School of Economics and MBA from Oxford as a Marshall Scholar. She completed her MD at Stanford, followed by internal medicine residency at University of California, San Francisco and cardiology and interventional cardiology fellowships at Stanford, including serving as Chief Fellow. -
Shady Younis
Instructor, Medicine - Immunology & Rheumatology
BioShady Younis, PhD is an instructor at the division of Immunology and Rheumatology at Stanford University. He received his PhD in Medical Sciences from Uppsala University in Sweden. He later joined Dr. William Robinson’s Lab at Stanford University as Wallenberg postdoctoral fellow, where he characterized the pathogenic role of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. His current research aimed at elucidating the underlying triggers of pathogenic B cell responses in a spectrum of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and multiple sclerosis (MS). He uses computational methodologies alongside cutting-edge high-throughput sequencing technologies to characterize the autoreactive B and T cells. The overarching research objective of his research is to unravel the mechanistic roles of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) reactivation in activating and transforming autoreactive B cells in the development of autoimmunity.
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Grace Chen Yu
Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health
BioDr. Yu is a modern-day version of the “old-fashioned family doc” who delights in caring for patients from “cradle to grave,” while also promoting the health of her community and developing the future leaders of family medicine. On any particular day, one might find her counseling a long-time smoker on quitting, draining an abscess in clinic, delivering a baby, doing a phone (or sometimes home) visit with one of her elderly patients, lecturing about High-Value Health Care, facilitating a diabetes group visit, singing the praises of coordinated primary care to politicians, discussing end-of-life options with a hospitalized patient, or sharing some of her stories as mother-doctor-teacher with one of her advisees. In 2016, adding one more hat to the mix, Dr. Yu became Program Director of the 24-resident Stanford Health Care - O’Connor Hospital Family Medicine Residency Program. Whereas the old-fashioned family doc was a master at caring for patients at different ages and stages of life, as a modern-day family physician, Dr. Yu is committed to researching ways to do so more effectively and efficiently. She considers it a privilege to be a part of her patients' lives and hopes to help both her patients and her trainees find a path to better health and happiness. To keep herself in great health, Dr. Yu enjoys playing the piano, photography, scuba diving, adventure travel (all the more adventurous with her three children in tow!), and spending time with her family and friends.
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Ilana Rachel Yurkiewicz
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health
BioDr. Yurkiewicz is a primary care doctor with fellowship training and board certification in internal medicine, oncology, and hematology. She is a clinical assistant professor of primary care and population health in the Department of Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine.
She provides expert, compassionate clinical care for patients, advocates for them as a medical journalist, and researches ways to improve their lives through better health and quality of life.
She has a special interest and expertise in cancer survivorship and improving transitions between oncology and primary care. Her practice is uniquely focused on providing comprehensive care for patients with a history of cancer as well as those carrying genetic diagnoses of elevated risk.
For each patient, her goal is to provide thoughtful, compassionate, and holistic care.
As a journalist, she strives to bridge the gaps between academic medicine and everyday lives. She has been a regular columnist for Scientific American and MDEdge. Her writing has appeared in numerous publications and been reprinted in The Atlantic and The Best American Science and Nature Writing anthology. Dr. Yurkiewicz holds the position of Physician-Journalist in Residence at Stanford University School of Medicine.
Dr. Yurkiewicz is the author of the book Fragmented: A Doctor’s Quest to Piece Together American Health Care from the publisher W.W. Norton.
She has co-authored research articles that appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine, American Journal of Clinical Oncology, Genetics in Medicine, and other peer-reviewed publications. She also has served as an editorial board member of the journal Hematology News.
An additional interest of Dr. Yurkiewicz is bioethics. She interned with the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, conducted extensive research, and published her discoveries in the New England Journal of Medicine, Penn Bioethics Journal, and Ivy Journal of Ethics.
She has presented her research discoveries to her peers at meetings of the Society of General Internal Medicine, American Society of Hematology, Society of Hospital Medicine, National Society of Genetic Counselors, and elsewhere.
She is a member of the American College of Physicians and an associate member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and American Society of Hematology. -
Roham Zamanian
Professor of Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine)
Current Research and Scholarly Interests1. Development and evaluation of prognostic and diagnostic integral biomarkers in PAH.
2. Prevalence and Treatment of Insulin Resistance in PAH.
3. Role of inflammation and proteomic signature in PAH
4. Development of novel therapeutics (bench to bedside) including FK506 & Elastase Inhibition in PAH.
5. Assessment of Vasoreactivity (gain and loss) in pulmonary arterial hypertension
6. Assessment of microvascular function in PAH. -
James L. Zehnder, M.D.
Professor of Pathology (Research) and of Medicine (Hematology)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy main research and clinical interests include molecular pathogenesis of acquired cytopenias, genetic testing for inherited non-malignant hematologic disorders, next-generation sequencing approaches to T and B cell clonality testing, somatic mutations in cancer and assessment of minimal residual disease in cancer patients.
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Xianghao Zhan
Postdoctoral Scholar, Biomedical Informatics
BioXianghao Zhan is a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford Department of Biomedical Data Science, working on multi-modal biomedical data fusion, multi-omics analysis and spatial transcriptomics foundation models. He is mentored by Prof. Olivier Gevaert. Previously, he obtained his Ph.D. from Stanford Bioengineering with a Ph.D. minor in Biomeidcal Data Science in June 2024. During his Ph.D. at Stanford, he also obtained his M.S in Bioengineering in 2021 and his M.S in Statistics in 2023 both at Stanford. Before that he got B. Eng. in Control Science and Engineering (Automation) and his B. Art in English Language and Literature with Summa Cum Laude at Chu Kochen Honors College, Zhejiang University, China, in 2019.
Under the guidance of Prof. Oliver Gevaert and Prof. David B. Camarillo, his PhD research mainly focuses on the optimization of computational modeling of traumatic brain injury with machine learning and animal modeling based on biomechanical and radiological data. His research interests and projects also extend to the data mining of free-text clinical notes with natural language processing, biomedical data fusion for COVID-19 patient outcome prediction, machine learning reliability quantification with conformal prediction, reliability-based semi-supervised learning, and domain adaptation for biomedical sensory systems (with artificial olfaction systems and surface electromyography systems). He has published 21 peer-reviewed articles as a first/co-first author (IF 144.1) in such journals as NPJ Digital Medicine, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical and Health Informatics, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Journal of Sport and Health Science, Journal of Biomechanics, with 5 first-author journal articles under review. He has been a peer reviewer for 24 journals including Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Journal of Neurotrauma, Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering, Communication Medicine, Scientific Reports.
In addition to his research, he has two master degrees while pursuing his Ph.D. degree: BIOE 2021 and STATS 2023. He has taken more than 10 data science and machine learning courses at Stanford with course project experiences and technical background with UNet-based image segmentation, BERT, Transformer-XL, DeepSEA, BPNet, VAE/SSVAE, flow model, energy-based model cycle-GAN, CNN-based image classification, LSTM-based clinical event prediction, Bi-LSTM-based neural machine translation, BERT, DCT/DWT/STFT, PCA, DRCA, NFL, convex optimization.
His research is recognized by the field and he was awarded with IET Postgraduate Research Award for an Outstanding Researcher (one awardee across the globe, first Chinese), Siebel Scholar Class of 2024, IET Healthcare Technology William James Award (one awardee across the globe), Stanford Interdisciplinary Graduate Fellowship (highest honor for interdisciplinary Stanford graduates), Pfeiffer Research Foundation Fellow, AMIA Trainee Award (six awardees, the only Chinese), American Society of Neurotrauma Trainee Award (20 awardees, the only Chinese), Chu Kochen Scholarship (12 undergrad awardees each year), Ten most Preeminent Students of Zhejiang University (10 awardees each year), Chinese National Scholarship (Top 0.2%).
He is dedicated to support underrepresented minorities. He has been a program leader for Stanford Summer Research Program and mentored 3 undergrads from the underrepresented minorities. He has been a research mentor at Foothill College for two years and mentored latino students from local community college. Additionally, he is a sports fan with 15 Stanford Intramural champions (12 volleyball, 3 tennis) and two medals from regional volleyball tournaments. He enjoys the sport passion and team spirits as a captain. -
Huaiyu Zhang
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine
BioDr. Zhang obtained her MS in Neuroscience from the University of Southern California and earned her PhD in Clinical Psychology from Emory University. She completed both her predoctoral internship and postdoctoral fellowship at Emory University School of Medicine. Prior to joining Stanford in 2023, Dr. Zhang supported survivors of interpersonal violence at the University of California San Francisco Trauma Recovery Center for over seven years. Dr. Zhang embraces an integrative, contextualized, evidence-informed, and strength-based approach to teaching, supervision, and clinical care. She provides services in English and Mandarin.
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Mengrui Zhang
Senior Biostatistician, Med/Quantitative Sciences Unit
BioMengrui’s research focuses on leveraging advanced statistical and machine-learning techniques to extract meaningful insights from complex biological datasets. His research interests include bioinformatics, deep learning/machine learning, statistical testing, high-dimensional data, non-parametric modeling, time series analysis, and spatial statistics. Additionally, he is also interested in developing new methods, tools, and pipelines for various kinds of biological datasets, especially in single cell, RNA-Seq, metagenomics, and proteomics to support drug discovery and development.
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Tian Yi Zhang, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Hematology)
BioDr. Zhang is a board-certified hematologist. She is also an assistant professor of hematology at Stanford University School of Medicine. In addition to her medical degree, she holds a PhD in cellular and molecular immunology.
In her clinical practice, she treats patients with all forms of hematological malignancies, offering specialized expertise in acute myeloid leukemia, including therapy-resistant cases. For each patient, she develops a personalized care plan encompassing novel treatment options.
Her research activities include conducting early phase clinical trials, investigator initiated clinical trials (IITs), studying the immune repertoire in patients with myeloid malignancies, and exploring cholesterol metabolic dependencies of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
She was the recipient of an A.P. Giannini Foundation fellowship award, which supports innovative research. The award helped fund Dr. Zhang’s study of how AML cells interact with other cells in bone marrow. A significant finding confirmed that AML cells secrete a protein that suppresses the production of red blood cells, the same protein that causes inflammation in disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease.
Her many other honors include the National Cancer Institute Career Development (K08) Award, the American Society of Hematology (ASH) Research Training Award for Fellows, Stanford Cancer Institute - American Cancer Society (SCI-ACS) Pilot Grant and Best ASH Abstract Award two years in a row. She also has earned recognition from the National Institutes of Health and American College of Physicians.
She has published her research findings on topics such as advanced therapy for high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and reversal of bone marrow failure induced by AML. Her work has appeared in Leukemia & Lymphoma, Science Translational Medicine, Cancer Research, the Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal of Immunology, and elsewhere.
Dr. Zhang is a member of the American Association of Cancer Research and American Society of Hematology. She advises and mentors Stanford medical students, residents and fellows. She delivers invited lectures to faculty and fellows. In addition, she has been an invited speaker on the topic of acute myeloid leukemia at the Association of Northern California Oncologists Update on Hematological Malignancies. -
Hong Zheng
Research Engineer, Med/BMIR-ITI Institute
BioMy research focuses on understanding the multi-omic landscape (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, etc.) and immune responses in human diseases (cancer, aging, and infectious diseases, etc.), and identifying robust gene signatures and targets for disease diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics.
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Jiayan Zhou
Postdoctoral Scholar, Cardiovascular Medicine
BioI am a postdoctoral scholar and a research associate leading the identification of the genes responsible for cardiovascular disease in the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System. My research work has been focused on precision public health.
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Margaret J. Zhou, MD, MS
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Gastroenterology & Hepatology
BioDr. Margaret Zhou is a board-certified, fellowship-trained gastroenterologist with Stanford Health Care. She also holds an appointment as clinical assistant professor at Stanford University School of Medicine.
She specializes in therapeutic endoscopy with expertise in treating Barrett’s esophagus and disorders of the pancreas and bile duct. In particular, she offers advanced endoscopic interventions to prevent, detect, and manage gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. These interventions include endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic ablation, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and endoscopic ultrasound. She is also interested in the management of esophageal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Dr. Zhou has published widely on improving the detection of precancerous lesions and cancers of the GI tract. She is particularly interested in prevention, early detection, and outcomes in Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal cancer, and stomach cancer. In addition, she has published on new technologies and the use of artificial intelligence in GI. Her research has been published in multiple journals including Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology; and Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.
Dr. Zhou is an active member of multiple national GI societies. She currently serves on the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Clinical Guidelines Committee and AGA Trainee and Early Career Committee. She also serves as an Associate Editor for Evidence-Based GI, an American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) journal. -
Han Zhu
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
BioDr. Zhu is an Assistant Professor of Medicine whose clinical and research expertise focuses on cardio-oncology and cardio-immunology. She specializes in the cardiovascular care of patients undergoing therapies for cancer, with a particular focus on the effects of immunotherapies on the heart. She received a bioengineering degree from MIT, medical degree from Case Western Reserve University, and completed clinical cardiology fellowship and internal medicine residency training at Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Zhu’s laboratory focuses on myocarditis, cardiac inflammation, and the effects of cancer therapeutics on the cardiovascular system. Her current research employs clinical data, bio-banked samples, and in vivo/in vitro preclinical models in combination with single-cell technologies to study immune-based toxicities in the heart. Dr. Zhu's clinic sees cardio-oncology and cardio-immunology patients and her lab focuses on devising new methods for minimizing cardiovascular complications in the cancer and autoimmune patient populations.
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Alex Nathaniel Zimmet
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Infectious Diseases
BioDr. Zimmet is a board-certified Infectious Disease specialist with a focus on caring for immunocompromised patients, including those who have undergone solid organ or bone marrow transplantation. He has a special interest in antimicrobial stewardship and quality improvement in these populations.
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Susan Ziolkowski, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Nephrology
BioDr. Ziolkowski is a board-certified nephrologist with a passion for caring for persons with chronic kidney disease. She is a clinical assistant professor in the Stanford Department of Medicine’s Division of Nephrology and has a special focus on treating patients with cancer and kidney disease. She is active both in research and teaching endeavors to further advance this field.
She provides patient care at the Stanford Health Care kidney clinics in Palo Alto and Emeryville. For each patient, she prepares a care plan that is comprehensive, compassionate, and personalized to individual needs. Her goal is to help every patient achieve the best possible health and quality of life.
Dr. Ziolkowski has co-authored articles on her research findings in the American Journal of Kidney Disease, Journal of Renal Nutrition, Peritoneal Dialysis International, and other journals. She has made presentations to her peers at meetings of the American Society of Nephrology, National Association for Research in Science Teaching, and other professional organizations.
She enjoys running, yoga, skiing and getting outdoors. -
Andrew Zolopa
Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) at the Stanford University Medical Center, Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Zolopas research applies a variety of clinical epidemiologic methods in an effort to optimize antiretroviral therapy and understand the impact of drug resistance on response to ARV. Areas of focus include the clinical application of resistance testing in optimizing antiretroviral therapy, clinical cohorts, trials of antiretroviral therapies and population-based epidemiologic evaluation of HIV resistance and efficacy of ARV therapy. More recently studies focused on premature aging in HIV.