School of Medicine
Showing 12,701-12,800 of 12,886 Results
-
Fanglin Zhang, MD., PhD.
Clinical Associate Professor, Adult Neurology
BioDr. Zhang is a Clinical Associate Professor of Neurology and Neurological Sciences at Stanford University, where she is dedicated to diagnosing and treating complex neurological disorders in both inpatient and outpatient settings. She is a board-certified, fellowship-trained neurologist and clinical neurophysiologist. Dr. Zhang prioritizes building strong partnerships with her patients, focusing on overcoming neurological diseases and enhancing their quality of life through patient-centered and evidence-based medicine. Her approach emphasizes collaboration and communication, ensuring that her patients are actively involved in their care and treatment plans.
As a clinician educator, Dr. Zhang takes great pleasure in mentoring trainees. She serves as the site director for both the Stanford Neurology Residency Program and the Neurohospitalist Fellowship Program. Additionally, she is the Education Director at Stanford Health Care Tri-Valley Neurology.
Dr. Zhang is passionate about conducting innovative clinical research, with her findings published in numerous peer-reviewed journals. She is also deeply committed to community service and global health, dedicating her time and expertise to initiatives that aim to improve health outcomes and access to care for diverse populations. -
Hao Zhang
Clinical Assistant Professor, Radiation Oncology - Radiation Physics
BioHao Zhang is a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology at Stanford University. He earned his PhD in Biomedical Engineering from Stony Brook University, followed by a two-year postdoctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins University. After completing his clinical physics training through the Stanford University Medical Physics Residency Program, he served as an Assistant Attending Physicist and Assistant Member at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center for five years.
His research interests include the development of novel imaging techniques, mathematical modeling of imaging systems and their underlying physics, integration of sophisticated models into iterative or deep learning-based reconstruction methods, and the translation of these approaches to clinical applications in both diagnostic imaging and image-guided radiation therapy. -
Harrison G. Zhang
MD Student, expected graduation Spring 2028
Ph.D. Student in Biomedical Data Science, admitted Autumn 2025
MSTP Student
Grad Student, Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI)BioHarrison is an MD-PhD student at Stanford University advancing precision medicine and global health using machine learning and genomics. He studied statistics and biology at Columbia University, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and awarded Magna Cum Laude with Highest Honors in Field for his academic achievements.
-
Huaiyu Zhang
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine
Clinical Assistant Professor (By courtesy), Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesBioDr. Zhang obtained her MS in Neuroscience from the University of Southern California and earned her PhD in Clinical Psychology from Emory University. She completed both her predoctoral internship and postdoctoral fellowship at Emory University School of Medicine. Prior to joining Stanford in 2023, Dr. Zhang supported survivors of interpersonal violence at the University of California San Francisco Trauma Recovery Center for over seven years. Dr. Zhang embraces an integrative, contextualized, evidence-informed, and strength-based approach to teaching, supervision, and clinical care. She provides services in English and Mandarin.
-
Ke-You (Yoyo) Zhang
Clinical Assistant Professor, Pediatrics - Gastroenterology
BioDr. Ke-You "Yoyo" Zhang is a board-certified pediatric transplant hepatologist and clinical assistant professor at Stanford University School of Medicine. She serves as Medical Director of both the Intestinal Transplant Program at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital and the Vascularized Composite Tissue Transplant Program at Stanford Hospital. Dr. Zhang specializes in pediatric intestinal and liver transplantation, with research interests at the intersection of transplant immunology, stem cell therapeutics, and precision medicine.
A graduate of the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Dr. Zhang completed her pediatrics residency and fellowships in pediatric gastroenterology and transplant hepatology at Stanford. She has authored numerous peer-reviewed publications on topics including pediatric liver and intestinal transplantation, acute rejection, and pancreatitis, and she is a frequent invited speaker at international conferences. Dr. Zhang also directs clinical trials advancing novel therapies for intestinal transplant patients and holds leadership roles in national transplant and hepatology societies.
Her work is recognized with the 2025 Early Career Clinical Excellence Award from Stanford's Department of Pediatrics. Dr. Zhang is deeply committed to improving outcomes and quality of life for children with complex gastrointestinal and liver diseases through innovative, multidisciplinary care. -
Lu Zhang
Postdoctoral Scholar, Endocrinology and Metabolism
BioLu is a postdoctoral research scholar in Dr. Anna Gloyn's Translational Genomics of Diabetes Lab. During her master's and doctoral studies, she focused on epigenomics and single-cell multi-omics analysis, with an emphasis on 3D genomics. Her research included developing Hi-Tag, a chromatin conformation capture technique designed for use with small cell samples. This method provides valuable insights into the organization of chromatin in the cell. She has built strong expertise in combining different types of biological data, including RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, chromatin interaction data, and single-cell data. She has contributed to several research projects as a co-author, including studies that used genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and GTEX data to connect multi-omics data with functional genomics. These experiences have helped her gain a deep understanding of how to integrate different types of genomic data to solve complex biological problems. Currently, Lu is focused on applying her research skills to diabetes.
-
Mengrui Zhang
Senior Biostatistician, Med/Quantitative Sciences Unit
BioMengrui’s research focuses on leveraging advanced statistical and machine-learning techniques to extract meaningful insights from complex biological datasets. His research interests include bioinformatics, deep learning/machine learning, statistical testing, high-dimensional data, non-parametric modeling, time series analysis, and spatial statistics. Additionally, he is also interested in developing new methods, tools, and pipelines for various kinds of biological datasets, especially in single cell, RNA-Seq, metagenomics, and proteomics to support drug discovery and development.
-
Niushen Zhang
Clinical Associate Professor, Adult Neurology
BioDr. Niushen Zhang is a board-certified neurologist and Chief of the Headache and Facial Pain Division in the Department of Neurology. She has a special interest in developing personalized treatment plans for headache patients which incorporate the use of complementary and integrative medicine. She is the Chair of the Complementary and Integrative Medicine Special Interest Section of the American Headache Society (AHS). Her research interests include the connection between the gut microbiome and migraine and the impact of diet and nutrition on migraine. In addition, she participates in clinical trials of new headache treatments for migraine and cluster headache. Dr. Zhang is also actively involved in medical education. She is the Director of the Headache Fellowship Program at Stanford. She serves as the Co-Chair of the Headache Fellowship Directors Committee for the American Headache Society (AHS). She is also a curriculum developer for AHS's REACH Program. She spearheaded the design and creation of the AHS National Headache Fellowship Opportunities website which serves as a central resource for all headache fellowship applicants and promotes the AAN's unified fellowship application timeline.
Dr. Zhang graduated from Yale University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology. She earned an MD from the New York University School of Medicine. She completed neurology residency and fellowship in headache and facial pain at Stanford University. -
Peng Zhang
Visiting Postdoctoral Scholar, Cardiovascular Institute Operations
BioI am a visiting postdoctoral scholar at Stanford University, specializing in Dr. Nguyen’s lab. I am a PhD in Integrative Medicine with research focus on elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying immune-metabolic disorders, including but not limited to cardiovascular diseases, bone diseases, and autoimmune diseases. My work integrates traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theories with modern biomedical approaches, employing techniques such as multi-omics analysis, network pharmacology, and in vivo/in vitro disease modeling to explore novel therapeutic strategies and biomarker discovery.
-
Ray Rui Zhang
Adjunct Clinical Instructor, Radiology - Rad/Nuclear Medicine
BioBackground:
Ray Zhang grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He attended to UC Berkeley, where he majored in Chemical Biology. He then joined the Medical Scientist Training Program at the University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, and earned his combined MD and PhD degrees. He completed his doctoral studies in the field of molecular imaging in the laboratories of Jamey Weichert and John Kuo, developing novel radiotracers for targeted cancer imaging and therapy.
His career interest involves continued leadership, activism, and translational research in the area of molecular imaging and therapy.
-------------------------------
Education and Training:
Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto CA
Resident Physician, Department of Radiology (2020 - present)
Loyola Medical Center, Maywood IL
Resident Physician, Internal Medicine (6/2019-6/2020)
University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
M.D. (7/2011-5/2019)
Ph.D. Cellular and Molecular Biology (8/2013 – 6/2017)
Dissertation: Next Generation Alkylphosphocholine Analogs for Multimodality Imaging and Therapy of Cancer
Advisor: Jamey Weichert, Ph.D., John Kuo, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S.
Project: Synthesis, characterization and preclinical imaging of tumor-targeted platform agents for intraoperative fluorescence-guided surgery, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and targeted radiotherapy
University of California, Berkeley CA
B.S., Highest Honors, Chemical Biology (2006 – 2009)
William C. Braye Scholar 2006-2009
----------------------------------
Honors and Leadership Positions:
Lovell Memorial Scholarship for Excellence in Academic Radiology (2019)
Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin. Madison, WI
Seminar Chair, Medical Scientist Training Program (2014-2015)
University of Wisconsin. Madison, WI
Keynote Speaker at Gray Matters Fundraiser Event
Foundation in Support for Brain Cancer. Madison WI (2014)
Secretary, Asian Pacific American Medical Student Association (2013-2014)
University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health. Madison, WI
Treasurer, Asian Pacific American Medical Student Association (2012-2013)
University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health. Madison, WI
Medical Scientist Training Program (2011-2019)
University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health. Madison, WI
Co-founder, American Physician Scientist Association, Wisconsin Chapter (2013-2014)
University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health. Madison, WI
Treasurer, American Physician Scientist Association, Wisconsin Chapter (2013-2014)
University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health. Madison, WI
Teaching Assitant/Mentorship Achievement Award in Biological Sciences (2014)
Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology. University of Wisconsin-Madison
SPARK Research Fellow, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer and Research Institute (2007-2008)
Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
Highest Honors in Chemical Biology (2009)
University of California, Berkeley
Dean’s List (2006-2009)
University of California, Berkeley
William C. Braye Scholarship for Excellence in Chemistry (2006-2009)
University of California, Berkeley
--------------------------
Publications/Patents:
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=yfG6A8MAAAAJ&hl=en -
Sha Zhang
Research Administrator, Medicine - Med/Immunology & Rheumatology
Current Role at StanfordFinancial Analyst
-
Shu Zhang
Postdoctoral Scholar, Pathology
BioMy research interest is the correlation between tumor heterogeneity and ecDNA, especially related to drug resistance.
-
Tian Yi Zhang, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Hematology)
BioDr. Zhang is a board-certified hematologist. She is also an assistant professor of hematology at Stanford University School of Medicine. In addition to her medical degree, she holds a PhD in cellular and molecular immunology.
In her clinical practice, she treats patients with all forms of hematological malignancies, offering specialized expertise in acute myeloid leukemia, including therapy-resistant cases. For each patient, she develops a personalized care plan encompassing novel treatment options.
Her research activities include conducting early phase clinical trials, investigator initiated clinical trials (IITs), studying the immune repertoire in patients with myeloid malignancies, and exploring cholesterol metabolic dependencies of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
She was the recipient of an A.P. Giannini Foundation fellowship award, which supports innovative research. The award helped fund Dr. Zhang’s study of how AML cells interact with other cells in bone marrow. A significant finding confirmed that AML cells secrete a protein that suppresses the production of red blood cells, the same protein that causes inflammation in disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease.
Her many other honors include the National Cancer Institute Career Development (K08) Award, the American Society of Hematology (ASH) Research Training Award for Fellows, Stanford Cancer Institute - American Cancer Society (SCI-ACS) Pilot Grant and Best ASH Abstract Award two years in a row. She also has earned recognition from the National Institutes of Health and American College of Physicians.
She has published her research findings on topics such as advanced therapy for high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and reversal of bone marrow failure induced by AML. Her work has appeared in Leukemia & Lymphoma, Science Translational Medicine, Cancer Research, the Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal of Immunology, and elsewhere.
Dr. Zhang is a member of the American Association of Cancer Research and American Society of Hematology. She advises and mentors Stanford medical students, residents and fellows. She delivers invited lectures to faculty and fellows. In addition, she has been an invited speaker on the topic of acute myeloid leukemia at the Association of Northern California Oncologists Update on Hematological Malignancies. -
Weiruo Zhang
Affiliate, Biomedical Data Science
BioDr. Zhang is currently a research engineer at the Department of Biomedical Data Science, and the data manager in the Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Stanford. Dr. Zhang completed her M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, both from Stanford University. Her Ph.D. studies focused on developing machine learning (ML) algorithms for metabolomics data analysis using graph theory. She received Young Scientist Award from the Metabolomics Society for her algorithm on metabolic network analysis delineating the effects of genetic mutants and drug treatment on the metabolome. Her postdoctoral studies at the Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, integrated radiomic, genomic, transcriptomic, histopathologic and clinical data that identified a prognostic metabolic regulation biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer. She has developed open-source computational tools that have been appreciated by the broad research community and industry, including the CELESTA algorithm which has been incorporated into commercial analytical platform of NanoString. Dr. Zhang's research has made significant impacts in the fields of spatial multi-omics and cancer systems biology, and she has authored and co-authored publications including Cell, Nature Methods, Nature Communications etc.
Dr. Zhang's current research at Stanford primarily focuses on developing and implementing ML/AI approaches to integrate and analyze multi-modality data, including spatial multi-omics, radiologic imaging, histopathologic images and clinical data. Her research aims at bridging the gap between underlying disease molecular/cellular biology and clinical assessment to improve diagnostics, prognostics and treatment strategies. -
Wubing Zhang
Postdoctoral Scholar, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsI'm interested in developing innovative methods and integrating multi-omics data to understand tumor-immune regulation and identify potential targets for cancer therapy.
-
Yanxian Zhang
Postdoctoral Scholar, Endocrinology and Metabolism
BioThrough my academic training and research experience, I have cultivated a strong foundation in engineering and molecular biology. My work involves integrating diverse concepts from disciplines such as chemical engineering, protein engineering, supramolecular chemistry, and biophysics to address complex biomedical challenges. As a graduate student with Dr. Jie Zheng, my research focused on both natural and synthetic macromolecules. My research involved utilizing polymer chemistry to design biocompatible multifunctional hydrogels, as well as investigating the thermodynamics of amyloid proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Leveraging my expertise in thermodynamics and supramolecular chemistry, I contributed to the study of understanding protein misfolding and aggregation. I identified sequence-independent inhibitors to prevent protein misfolding and developed a rational strategy for inhibitor design, enabling cross-interaction activity and the fluorescent detection of amyloids. Driven by a strong interest in translational research, I pursued postdoctoral training here at Stanford School of Medicine. In Dr. Danny Hung-Chieh Chou's lab at Stanford University, I received comprehensive training in peptide engineering and molecular biology. I am dedicated to addressing formulation challenges for insulin with stable ultra-concentrated and ultra-fast properties, aimed at miniaturizing insulin pumps and advancing the next-generation of insulin automatic delivery systems. This work is supported by the JDRF postdoctoral fellowship. Furthermore, I am working on therapeutics development and have successfully developed an insulin derivative that acts as a full insulin receptor antagonist. This development holds promise as a candidate for treating the rare disease of hyperinsulinism. Throughout my postdoctoral training, I have gained proficiency in grant writing, public speaking, and mentoring students. These experiences have significantly strengthened my skills as an independent investigator. Looking forward, my research goal is to develop innovative strategies that support the functionality and delivery of biological therapies.
-
Yu Zhang
Assistant Professor (Research) of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Public Mental Health and Population Sciences)
BioDr. Yu Zhang's research operates at the intersection of AI, translational neuroscience, and precision medicine. His work focuses on unraveling the complex neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits, behavioral dysfunctions, and therapeutic responses in mental health disorders. By integrating advanced machine learning techniques with multimodal brain imaging modalities (e.g., fMRI, DTI, EEG), Dr. Zhang aims to identify neural signatures that reveal the heterogeneity of mental disorders across individuals. A central goal of his research is the development and validation of robust neurobiomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy, refine prognostic assessments, and guide personalized treatment strategies. His work systematically characterizes brain function and dysfunction to optimize therapeutic interventions, including pharmacological treatments, psychotherapy, and neurostimulation. He is particularly focused on conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and related dimentia, mood disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., ADHD, ASD), where individualized approaches are essential for improving patient outcomes.
Dr. Zhang has received multiple grants including the NIH R01, R21, Eagles Autism Foundation Translational Grant, Alzheimer's Association Research Grant (AARG), and the Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience and the Rosenkranz Foundation Grants. Beyond foundational research, Dr. Zhang is committed to bridging the gap between computational innovation and clinical application. By collaborating with clinicians, neuroscientists, and engineers, he strives to translate data-driven insights into actionable tools for real-world healthcare settings. His long-term vision is to enable mental health diagnostics and treatment to be guided by objective, biologically grounded biomarkers, thereby enhancing quality of life and long-term outcomes for individuals with psychiatric and neurological conditions.
The Stanford Precision NeuroIntelligence (SPNI) Lab, led by Dr. Zhang, is dedicated to advancing research in AI-driven neuroimaging and precision psychiatry. The lab develops and applies cutting-edge machine learning and deep learning methods to uncover neurobiological mechanisms associated with cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions, as well as treatment responses in mental health conditions. Its mission is to identify translational biomarkers that support precision diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted interventions for mood disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. -
Yuan Zhang
Basic Life Research Scientist, Psych/Major Laboratories and Clinical & Translational Neurosciences Incubator
Current Role at StanfordBasic Life Research Scientist
-
Zeyuan Zhang
Postdoctoral Scholar, Hematology-Oncology
BioZeyuan Zhang, Ph.D., is a Postdoctoral Scholar at Stanford University in the laboratory of Glaivy Batusli, where he is conducting research on the evolution of antibody development against the coagulation protein factor IX in hemophilia B disease models. He earned his Ph.D. in Biomedical Science from the University of Iowa, focusing on cell and developmental biology.
Dr. Zhang’s research centers on the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic disease, with particular emphasis on organelle dysfunction in obesity. His work has provided insights into GSNOR enzymatic activity, lysosomal dysfunction, and inflammatory stress in metabolic regulation. He has also investigated transcriptional mechanisms contributing to obesity-associated hepatic dysfunction and adipose tissue homeostasis. Prior to joining Stanford, he worked as a Scientist I at Altos Labs, where he studied hepatocyte-specific rejuvenation reprogramming in fatty liver disease.
His technical expertise includes multi-omics approaches, RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, high-resolution respirometry, advanced imaging techniques, and in vivo mouse models. He also has extensive experience in primary cell isolation and histological analysis.
Dr. Zhang is interested in translational research that connects molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies, with the goal of developing innovative treatments for metabolic diseases. -
Man Zhao
Postdoctoral Scholar, Radiation Biology
BioMy research primarily focuses on the molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and therapeutic targets underlying cancer metabolism, particularly the m6A demethylase FTO. I am also actively exploring the interplay between tumor metabolism and tumor immunity, with the goal of identifying novel metabolic vulnerabilities for cancer treatment.
-
Renee Zhao
Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering and, by courtesy, of Bioengineering and of Materials Science and Engineering
BioRuike Renee Zhao is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University, where she directs the Soft Intelligent Materials Laboratory. Originally from the historic city of Xi'an, she earned her BS from Xi'an Jiaotong University in 2012. She then pursued Solid Mechanics at Brown University, obtaining her MS in 2014 and PhD in 2016. Following her doctoral studies, she completed postdoctoral training at MIT (2016–2018) before serving as an Assistant Professor at The Ohio State University (2018–2021).
Renee’s research focuses on developing stimuli-responsive soft composites for multifunctional robotic systems with integrated shape-changing, assembly, sensing, and navigation capabilities. By integrating mechanics, material science, and advanced material manufacturing, her work enables innovations in soft robotics, miniaturized biomedical devices, robotic surgery, origami systems, active metamaterials, and general deployable morphing structures.
Her contributions have been recognized with honors and awards, including the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE), DARPA Young Faculty Award (YFA, 2025), ARO Early Career Program (ECP) Award (2023), AFOSR Young Investigator Research Program (YIP) Award (2023), Eshelby Mechanics Award for Young Faculty (2022), ASME Henry Hess Early Career Publication Award (2022), ASME Pi Tau Sigma Gold Medal (2022), ASME Applied Mechanics Division Journal of Applied Mechanics Award (2021), NSF CAREER Award (2020), and ASME Applied Mechanics Division Haythornthwaite Research Initiation Award (2018). She is also recognized as a National Academy of Sciences Kavli Fellow and was named one of MIT Technology Review's 35 Innovators Under 35. -
Tianyu Zhao
Postdoctoral Scholar, Radiation Biology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsHow p53 affects the tissue homeostasis in lung cancer and injury.
-
Yanan Zhao
Postdoctoral Scholar, Psychiatry
BioYanan completed her Ph.D. degree at Fudan University, where she uncovered the mechanisms of sleep transitions from the evolutionary point of view in Dr Zhili Huang’s lab, with a combination of optogenetics, in vivo electrophysiology, fiber photometry, polysomnography, immunohistochemistry and so on. In the de Lecea lab, Yanan is now curious about how sleep regulates the balance between DNA damage and repair with approaches of imaging. At the same time, she is interested in larger scale imaging during different brain states. Outside the lab, Yanan enjoys biking and exploring the sunny bay area.
-
Yihan Zhao
Masters Student in Biomedical Data Science, admitted Autumn 2024
Bio* Part-time Adult, Lover for Hiking, Photograph, Jazz, Surfing, Pool
* AI4Health
* How Human make better AI? How AI make better Human?
* I want to make: Anticancer Drugs, Contraceptive for Male, Artificial Womb, Weight Loss Pills
Don't create opium, create a forest, create air and water -
Moss Zhao
Instructor, Neurosurgery
BioDr. Moss Zhao is an Instructor at Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University. He develops cutting-edge and clinically viable imaging technologies to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases across the lifespan. His specific areas of expertise include physiological modeling, arterial spin labeling, Bayesian inference, PET/MRI, and artificial intelligence. His scientific contributions could significantly improve the early detection of strokes and dementia as well as enrich the knowledge of brain development in the first two decades of life.
Dr. Zhao received his DPhil at St Cross College of University of Oxford under the supervision of Prof. Michael Chappell. As an alumni mentor, he supports the career development of students of his alma mater. Since 2016, he has presented his work to more than 3000 delegates at international conferences and held leadership positions in professional societies. His research and teaching are supported by the American Heart Association, the National Institutes of Health, and the European Cooperation in Science and Technology. -
Hong Zheng
Research Engineer, Med/BMIR-ITI Institute
BioMy research focuses on understanding the multi-omic landscape (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, etc.) and immune responses in human diseases (cancer, aging, and infectious diseases, etc.), and identifying robust gene signatures and targets for disease diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics.
