Pediatrics


Showing 601-700 of 844 Results

  • Jack Percelay

    Jack Percelay

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics

    BioJack Percelay has a 25+ year career in pediatric hospital medicine, beginning before the term hospitalist was invented when he started as an "in-house pediatrician in 1991 at several Bay Area hospitals after a brief career as a civilian primary care pediatrician at local and international US military bases. He has spent the majority of his career in community hospitals where his practice has run the gamut from the general pediatric ward and emergency room, to the PICU and intensive care nurseries, delivery room, and specialized neurologic and neurosurgical units. His work has taken him from San Francisco to New York City with brief stints in Hawaii. In 2015 he moved to Seattle Children's Hospital where he was an Associate Division Chief of Hospital Medicine, and in 2018 returned to the Bay Area joining the Stanford faculty.

    He served as the founding chair of the AAP Section on Hospital Medicine, and has also served as the Chair of the AAP Committee on Hospital Care. He served for seven years as the pediatric board member for the Society of Hospital Medicine and has been recognized as a Master of Hospital Medicine by SHM. Additionally, he was an inaugural board member of the American Board of Pediatrics Pediatric Hospital Medicine Subspecialty Board. Areas of interest include pediatric hospital medicine systems of care, patient and family-centered care, BRUEs, billing and coding, and hospitalist roles in the PICU.

  • Trung Hoang Minh Pham

    Trung Hoang Minh Pham

    Assistant Professor of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases) and of Microbiology and Immunology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsUncovering mechanisms of tissue immunity and immunophysiology during persistent infection

    The immune system safeguards the health of complex organisms by rapidly eliminating invading pathogens, curbing infection-induced tissue disruptions, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Many bacterial pathogens evade host antimicrobial mechanisms and persist in infected tissues at low levels for long periods of time even in the presence of innate and adaptive immune resistance. During persistent infection, the immune system simultaneously orchestrates antimicrobial responses to contain the pathogen, repairs damaged tissue, regulates nutrient resources, and maintains other tissue physiological functions to ensure host survival. Failure of any of these tasks leads to uncontrolled infection, devastating disease, and even death. The goals of our research are to understand:

    1)What are the innate and adaptive immune cellular mechanisms that contain pathogens during persistent infection?
    2)How are tissue physiological functions, such as tissue repair and nutrient regulation, maintained during persistent infection?
    3)How do pathogens survive innate and adaptive antimicrobial mechanisms in infected tissues?
    4)How does persistent infection impact host immunity to secondary infections of a similar or different pathogen?

    Through investigating these fundamental questions, we may be able to decode the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that can be harnessed to eradicate infections, promote tissue resilience, and restore health after an infectious insult. We integrate immunology, tissue biology, microbiology, and genetics to uncover the mechanisms of tissue immunity and immunophysiology during persistent infection from the molecular to organismal level.

    Current areas of research:
    •Development, maintenance, and plasticity of macrophage functional diversity in infected tissue
    •Tissue repair and nutrient regulation during persistent infection
    •Cellular dynamics and bacterial persistence in lymphoid organs

  • Benjamin Pinsky

    Benjamin Pinsky

    Professor of Pathology, of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and, by courtesy, of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases)

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDevelopment and application of molecular assays for the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases.

  • Terry Platchek

    Terry Platchek

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics
    Clinical Professor, Emergency Medicine
    Clinical Professor (By courtesy), Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health
    Clinical Professor, Emergency Medicine

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Platchek's research interest focuses on improving value in healthcare delivery using healthcare model design thinking and a "Lean" business strategy. Dr. Platchek is also interested in effective methods for engaging clinicians in systems-based clinical improvement efforts.

  • Matthew Porteus

    Matthew Porteus

    Sutardja Chuk Professor of Definitive and Curative Medicine

    BioDr. Porteus was raised in California and was a local graduate of Gunn High School before completing A.B. degree in “History and Science” at Harvard University where he graduated Magna Cum Laude and wrote an thesis entitled “Safe or Dangerous Chimeras: The recombinant DNA controversy as a conflict between differing socially constructed interpretations of recombinant DNA technology.” He then returned to the area and completed his combined MD, PhD at Stanford Medical School with his PhD focused on understanding the molecular basis of mammalian forebrain development with his PhD thesis entitled “Isolation and Characterization of TES-1/DLX-2: A Novel Homeobox Gene Expressed During Mammalian Forebrain Development.” After completion of his dual degree program, he was an intern and resident in Pediatrics at Boston Children’s Hospital and then completed his Pediatric Hematology/Oncology fellowship in the combined Boston Chidlren’s Hospital/Dana Farber Cancer Institute program. For his fellowship and post-doctoral research he worked with Dr. David Baltimore at MIT and CalTech where he began his studies in developing homologous recombination as a strategy to correct disease causing mutations in stem cells as definitive and curative therapy for children with genetic diseases of the blood, particularly sickle cell disease. Following his training with Dr. Baltimore, he took an independent faculty position at UT Southwestern in the Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry before again returning to Stanford in 2010 as an Associate Professor. During this time his work has been the first to demonstrate that gene correction could be achieved in human cells at frequencies that were high enough to potentially cure patients and is considered one of the pioneers and founders of the field of genome editing—a field that now encompasses thousands of labs and several new companies throughout the world. His research program continues to focus on developing genome editing by homologous recombination as curative therapy for children with genetic diseases but also has interests in the clonal dynamics of heterogeneous populations and the use of genome editing to better understand diseases that affect children including infant leukemias and genetic diseases that affect the muscle. Clinically, Dr. Porteus attends at the Lucille Packard Children’s Hospital where he takes care of pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

  • Allison Pribnow

    Allison Pribnow

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Pediatrics - Hematology & Oncology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsSolid Tumors, Bone Sarcomas, Global Oncology, Health Disparities

  • James Priest

    James Priest

    Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor, Pediatrics - Cardiology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsThe Priest lab seeks a better understanding of the genetics and pathogenesis of congenital heart disease using translational genomics, big-data, and vertebrate models of cardiac development.

  • Lance Prince

    Lance Prince

    Philip Sunshine, MD, Professor of Neonatology

    BioLawrence (Lance) S. Prince, MD, PhD, is the Philip Sunshine Endowed Professor of Pediatrics at Stanford School of Medicine. Dr. Prince was previously a Professor of Pediatrics and Chief of the Division of Neonatology at the University of California, San Diego and Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego.

    Dr. Prince has a long and distinguished career mentoring clinical and scientific trainees and students, many of whom have gone on to establish their own successful careers as academic physician investigators. As a physician scientist, Dr. Prince leads a basic science laboratory focusing on the mechanisms regulating developmental immunology and lung injury and repair. Dr. Prince received a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from University of Miami, an MD/PhD with a focus in Cell Biology from University of Alabama at Birmingham, and postdoctoral fellowship, Pediatrics residency, and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Fellowship training at the University of Iowa. Before arriving in California, Dr. Prince was an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Vanderbilt University.

    Dr. Prince’s research interests include the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling lung development and the maturation of the fetal and neonatal immune systems. He has a particular clinical interest in managing and treating neonatal lung diseases, especially bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in babies born extremely preterm. Dr. Prince’s research team focuses primarily on the development of innate immunity during fetal life as it impacts health and disease in preterm infants. The laboratory is investigating how microbes including Group B streptococcus exploit the unique features of neonatal macrophages to avoid immune detection and cause disease, as well as leading a number of clinical and translational investigations.

  • Charles G. Prober, MD

    Charles G. Prober, MD

    Professor of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases) and, by courtesy, of Microbiology and Immunology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy research interest is in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of infections in children. Much of this research has focused on viral infections, especially those caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). I have conducted a number of studies concerned with the epidemiology of HSV-2 infections in pregnant women, their partners, and neonates.

  • Jochen Profit

    Jochen Profit

    Wendy J. Tomlin-Hess Endowed Professor

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsFunded by NIH R01 grants:

    1) Development and application of composite measure of NICU quality - Baby-MONITOR

    2) High reliability, safety culture and caregiver resilience as modifiers of care quality

    3) Modifiable racial/ethnic disparities in quality of care delivery

    4) Effectiveness of regionalized care delivery systems for preterm newborns

  • Jennifer Anne Rabbitts

    Jennifer Anne Rabbitts

    Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine (Pediatric) and, by courtesy, of Pediatrics

    BioJennifer Rabbitts, MD is Professor and Chief of Pediatric Pain Management at Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Rabbitts directs an NIH-funded research laboratory focused on improving long-term pain and health outcomes in children and adolescents undergoing surgery. Her research is devoted to understanding and preventing chronic postsurgical pain, a disabling condition affecting 20% youth undergoing major surgery. Her current research studies investigate the role of biopsychosocial mechanisms including child psychosocial factors, parental/family factors, and psychophysical processes underlying acute to chronic pain transition. Current clinical trials focus on testing feasibility and efficacy of psychosocial and complementary and integrative interventions to improve acute postsurgical pain and prevent transition to chronic pain.

    Dr Rabbitts is passionate about mentoring, and is a PI for the NIH HEAL PAIN Training grant in Maternal and Child Pain and Health at Stanford. She serves as section editor for Psychology, Psychiatry and Brain Neuroscience Section for Pain Medicine, and serves on the editorial boards for Pediatric Anesthesia and Journal of Pain.

    Read more about the Rabbitts Lab and opportunities here: https://rabbittslab.stanford.edu/

  • Marlene Rabinovitch

    Marlene Rabinovitch

    Dwight and Vera Dunlevie Professor of Pediatric Cardiology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsOur research program seeks to identify the cellular and molecular programs regulating vascular and lung development, through the use of cultured cells and tissues and mouse and rat models. We then determine how these programs are perturbed by genetic abnormalities or injurious processes associated with disease, focusing on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a fatal complication in children with heart defects, and a condition of unknown etiology primarily in young women.

  • Nilima Ragavan

    Nilima Ragavan

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics - Neonatology

    BioDr Nilima Ragavan is a Neonatologist and Clinical Professor at the Stanford University School of Medicine. She is an experienced clinician who has expertise in the care of critically ill newborns.She is the Neonatal Outreach Medical director for Stanford Children's health, Co director of the Mid Coastal California Perinatal Outreach Program, and the Medical director of the Special care Nursery at Stanford Children's Health.She serves as a mentor to junior faculty. Dr Ragavan is passionate about education, and social justice. She has worked in and promoted social organizations in the fields of education, health care, livelihood and women's empowerment in India.She founded a group called Teach to Heal to promote cross cultural education and has led several multidisciplinary medical teams to India, as well as organized and conducted international neonatal and perinatal conferences.

  • Alireza Raissadati, MD, PhD

    Alireza Raissadati, MD, PhD

    Instructor, Pediatrics - Cardiology
    Fellow in Pediatrics - Cardiology

    BioDr. Raissadati is a Pediatric Cardiology Attending Physician at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital specializing in Advanced Cardiac Therapies. With dual PhDs in medicine and biotechnology, his research focuses on developing non-invasive molecular tools to understand and treat heart failure and transplant rejection, with the goal of identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for acute rejection and vasculopathy of the heart transplant.

  • Nitya Rajeshuni

    Nitya Rajeshuni

    Clinical Instructor, Pediatrics - Critical Care

    BioDr. Rajeshuni is a Clinical Instructor in the Department of Pediatrics at Stanford University. She is faculty with the Stanford Center for Asian Health Research and Education (CARE), the Center for Innovation in Global Health (CIGH), and the Maternal Child Health Research Institute (MCHRI). Dr. Rajeshuni earned her BS, MS in Epidemiology and Clinical Research, and MD from Stanford University. She completed residency training at the University of Pennsylvania and a Biodesign innovation fellowship at Harvard University.

    Her research centers on advancing health equity among racial and ethnic minorities, with a particular focus on Asian populations. She investigates health disparities, access to care, and the implementation and evaluation of public and digital health solutions in the U.S. and low- and middle-income countries. Current projects include studying the impacts of maternal education and intimate partner violence on child outcomes. Her broader interests encompass promoting resilience and well-being in vulnerable communities worldwide and leveraging digital health to reduce health disparities. She is a recipient of a career development award through the CHIME Health Equity Scholars program funded by PCORI and will be studying the effects of social supports on resilience in pregnant people of minority descent. Her global collaborations include work with NGO Arogya World on diabetes prevention in India as a collaborator and member of the Board. She is also the Director of South Asia Outreach at Stanford CARE. She also serves as a Product Advisor to healthcare startup Yuimedi.

    Dr. Rajeshuni is deeply committed to teaching and mentorship. At Stanford, she serves as Associate Program Director for CARE Scholars and the Team Science Fellowship, year-long data science programs that provide emerging researchers with structured mentorship, advanced analytical skills, and interdisciplinary collaboration to drive health equity research. She is Faculty Co-Director of FAMMED 210: The Healer’s Art, an international program offering a reflective, experiential course designed to nurture compassion, resilience, and the humanistic values essential to medicine. She mentors graduate, undergraduate, and high school students at Stanford and beyond, and serves as Faculty Advisor in the Department of Human Biology.

    Outside academia, Dr. Rajeshuni is an accomplished vocalist, performing professionally with world music ensembles Wobbly World and San Francisco’s Peña Pachamama Carnaval Arts Program.

  • Sneha Ramakrishna

    Sneha Ramakrishna

    Assistant Professor of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology)

    BioSneha Ramakrishna obtained her B. A. from the University of Chicago and her M.D. from the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University. In medical school, through the Howard Hughes Medical Research Scholar Award, she joined Dr. Crystal Mackall’s laboratory, where she designed and developed various GD2 CAR-Ts and tested them in preclinical models. During her residency training in Pediatrics at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, she cared for some of the first patients treated with CD19 CAR T cells, learning the power of this therapy first-hand. During her fellowship in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the Johns Hopkins/National Cancer Institute combined program, she worked with Dr. Terry Fry. She evaluated the mechanism of CD22 CAR T cell relapse in patients by developing an antigen escape model and establishing a deeper understanding of the effects of antigen density on CAR-T phenotype, expansion, and persistence (Fry…Ramakrishna…Mackall Nat Med, 2018; Ramakrishna, et al., Clinical Cancer Research, 2019). Since arriving at Stanford, Dr. Ramakrishna leads an interdisciplinary team that designs, develops, and successfully implements a robust correlative science platform for our novel CAR-T therapies. Analyzing patient samples from our first-in-human GD2 CAR-T trial (NCT04196413) treating a universally fatal cancer, diffuse midline glioma (DMG), we identified that intracerebroventricular CAR-T administration correlates with enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced immunosuppressive cell populations in cerebrospinal fluid as compared to intravenous CAR-T administration (Majzner*, Ramakrishna*, et al., Nature 2022 *co-first authors). Her research program evaluates unique sets of patient samples using novel single-cell immune profiling to identify the drivers of CAR-T success or failure. Building on these findings, her team assesses approaches to enhance CAR-T efficacy and translate these findings to the clinic.

    Clinically, Dr. Ramakrishna cares for children with solid tumors and treats hematologic, solid, and brain tumor pediatric patients with CAR T cell therapies in the Cancer Cellular Therapies program.

  • Julia Raney

    Julia Raney

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Pediatrics - Adolescent Medicine

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsAdolescents are dying from drug overdoses at unprecedented rates, largely secondary to fentanyl contamination in the drug supply. A Youth Overdose Prevention Toolkit for school-based health centers is needed to combat this trend. The toolkit should include key stakeholder-informed harm reduction approaches that focus on reducing injury or death from fentanyl and other opioids without exclusively recommending abstinence; this approach is evidence-based and critical to saving lives.

  • Anoop Rao

    Anoop Rao

    Clinical Associate Professor, Pediatrics - Neonatology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsWearable senors, unobtrusive vital sign monitoring, natural language processing/text mining

  • Lindsey Rasmussen

    Lindsey Rasmussen

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics - Critical Care
    Clinical Associate Professor (By courtesy), Adult Neurology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy research interests reside in the field of Neurocritical Care Medicine and stem from my experience developing and directing Stanford's comprehensive Pediatric Neurocritical Care program. I am interested in neuro-prognostication and neuro-monitoring in the pediatric intensive care setting. These interests are integrated clinically to focus on optimal care for pediatric patients with neurologic injury, through specialized nursing and physician care, protocols, and physiologic considerations.

  • Caroline E. Rassbach

    Caroline E. Rassbach

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics
    Clinical Professor, Emergency Medicine
    Clinical Professor, Emergency Medicine

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMedical education including learner assessment, program development and mentoring and coaching in medicine.

  • Sushma Reddy

    Sushma Reddy

    Associate Professor of Pediatrics (Cardiology)

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy laboratory's expertise in cardiovascular phenotyping has led to the development of mouse models of congenital heart disease that recapitulate abnormal loading conditions on the heart. We have used these models to advance our understanding of the mechanisms of right heart failure in children and adults with congenital heart disease with the long term goal of identifying noninvasive diagnostic tools to better assess right ventricular health and to develop right ventricle specific therapeutics.

  • David Rehkopf

    David Rehkopf

    Professor of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Medicine (Primary Care and Population Health) and, by courtesy, of Pediatrics, of Health Policy and of Sociology

    BioI am a social epidemiologist and serve as a Professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health and in the Department of Medicine in the Division of Primary Care and Population Health. I joined the faculty at Stanford School of Medicine in 2011.

    I am Director of the Stanford Center for Population Health Sciences. In this position, I am committed to making high-value data resources available to researchers across disciplines in order to better enable them to answer their most pressing clinical and population health questions.

    My own research is focused on understanding the health implications of the myriad decisions that are made by corporations and governments every day - decisions that profoundly shape the social and economic worlds in which we live and work. While these changes are often invisible to us on a daily basis, these seemingly minor actions and decisions form structural nudges that can create better or worse health at a population level. My work demonstrates the health implications of corporate and governmental decisions that can give the public and policy makers evidence to support new strategies for promoting health and well-being. In all of his work, I have a focus on the implications of these exposures for health inequalities.

    Since often policy and programmatic changes can take decades to influence health, my work also includes more basic research in understanding biological signals that may act as early warning signs of systemic disease, in particular accelerated aging. I examine how social and economic policy changes influence a range of early markers of disease and aging, with a particular recent focus on DNA methylation. I am supported by several grants from the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities to develop new more sensitive ways to understand the health implications of social and economic policy changes.

  • David A. Relman

    David A. Relman

    Thomas C. and Joan M. Merigan Professor and Professor of Microbiology and Immunology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy investigative program focuses on human-microbe interactions and human microbial ecology, and primarily concerns the ecology of human indigenous microbial communities; a secondary interest concerns the classification of humans with systemic infectious diseases, based on features of genome-wide gene transcript abundance patterns and pther aspects of the host response.

  • William Rhine

    William Rhine

    Professor of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Emeritus

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsNeonatology, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, nitric oxide therapy, mechanisms of bilirubin toxicity and brain injury, non-invasive biotechnologies to study cellular and organ metabolism.

  • Tawna L. Roberts, OD, PhD

    Tawna L. Roberts, OD, PhD

    Associate Professor of Ophthalmology (Pediatric) and, by courtesy, of Pediatrics

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsOur research efforts are funded by grants from the National Eye Institute, Department of Defense, and various foundations to study vision development in infants and young children as well as binocular vision disorders in adolescents and adults with concussions. Our focus is to identify underlying mechanisms that will inform clinical treatment approaches and ultimately leading to the prevention of strabismus, amblyopia, and binocular vision disorders.

  • Terry Robinson

    Terry Robinson

    Associate Professor of Pediatrics (Pulmonary) at the Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, Emeritus

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy research interests focus on detection of early and progressive Cystic fibrosis (CF) structural lung disease by utilizing chest CT imaging and CT post-processing methodology. Current research efforts involve utilization of low dose infant & children CT imaging protocols and quantitative airway and air trapping algorithms to evaluate early and progressive CF disease.

  • Thomas Robinson

    Thomas Robinson

    The Irving Schulman, M.D. Professor of Child Health, Professor of Medicine (Stanford Prevention Research Center) and, by courtesy, of Epidemiology and Population Health

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Robinson originated the solution-oriented research paradigm and directs the Stanford Solutions Science Lab. He is known for his pioneering obesity prevention and treatment research, including the concept of stealth interventions. His research applies social cognitive models of behavior change to behavioral, social, environmental and policy interventions for children and families in real world settings, making the results relevant for informing clinical and public health practice and policy.

  • Eunice Rodriguez

    Eunice Rodriguez

    Professor (Teaching) of Pediatrics (General Pediatrics)

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsCurrent program of teaching and research integrates: 1) health disparities and social epidemiology, within the broader area of public health, and 2) program evaluation, as a synthesis of theory and methods applied to the evaluation of health and social programs.

  • Maria Grazia Roncarolo

    Maria Grazia Roncarolo

    George D. Smith Professor of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Emerita

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsResearch Interests
    Immunetolerance: Mechanisms underlying T-cell tolerance, induction of T-cell anergy and regulatory T cells; Immunomodulation: mAbs, proteins and low molecular weight compounds which can modulate T-cell activation; Primary immunodeficiencies: Characterization of molecular and immunological defects; Gene therapy: Gene transduction of hematopoietic cells for gene therapy in primary immunodeficiencies and metabolic diseases; Hematopoiesis: Mechanisms underlying growth and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells; Transplantation: Immune reconstitution and T-cell tolerance after allogenic stem cell transplantation; Cytokines/Cytokine receptors: Role in regulation of immune and inflammatory responses

    Clinical Interests
    Primary Immunodeficiencies
    Monogenic Autoimmune Disorders
    Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplantation
    Gene Therapy Clinical Trials
    Cell Therapy Clinical Trials
    Clinical Trials in Autoimmune Diseases and Organ Transplantation
    Clinical Trials in Hemoglobinopathies

  • Lisa Goldman Rosas

    Lisa Goldman Rosas

    Associate Professor (Research) of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Medicine (Primary Care and Population Health) and, by courtesy, of Pediatrics

    BioLisa Goldman Rosas, PhD MPH is an Associate Professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health and the Department of Medicine, Division of Primary Care and Population Health at Stanford School of Medicine. An epidemiologist by training, Dr. Goldman Rosas’ research focuses on addressing disparities in diet-related chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, depression, and cancer especially for those who face food insecurity. This research features rigorous quantitative and qualitative methodologies, participatory qualitative approaches, and shared leadership with patient and community partners. She is passionate about integrating patients, caregivers, community organizations, and other key stakeholders in the research process in order to affect the greatest improvements in health and well-being. As a reflection of this passion, Dr. Goldman Rosas serves as the Faculty Director for the School of Medicine Office of Community Engagement, Co-Director of Community-Engaged Research for the Office of Cancer Health Equity, and Director of the Outreach, Recruitment and Engagement Core for the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. In these roles, she supports other faculty and patient and community partners to develop sustainable and meaningful partnerships to support transformative research. In addition to research, she teaches at the undergraduate and graduate levels and has a special focus on increasing capacity in community engagement methods.

  • Michael J Rosen, MD, MSCI

    Michael J Rosen, MD, MSCI

    Stanford University Endowed Professor for Pediatric IBD and Celiac Disease

    BioDr. Rosen is a pediatric gastroenterologist and physician scientist who has been devoted to advancing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research and care for 25 years. He is the inaugural Stanford University Endowed Professor for Pediatric IBD and Celiac Disease. He is also Director of the Stanford Medicine Children’s Health Center for IBD and Celiac Disease, which has achieved nationally leading clinical outcomes under his direction. Dr. Rosen’s research expertise crosses mucosal immunology and epithelial biology and clinical and translational investigation. His NIH-funded laboratory has demonstrated the protective role for type 2 cytokines in chronic intestinal inflammation and advanced intestinal organoids as a model to study IBD. His clinical research has demonstrated how proactive therapeutic drug monitoring can be incorporated into clinical practice to optimize ant-TNF therapy treatment response. Dr. Rosen led the multicenter ARCH Study, which demonstrated the importance of intensified anti-TNF drug dosing in pediatric acute severe ulcerative colitis. Presently, he is co-principal investigator for the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation’s Cohort for Pediatric Translational and Clinical Research in IBD (CAPTURE IBD) which will advance precision medicine for children with IBD.

    After graduating from Duke University, Dr. Rosen attended Harvard Medical School, followed by pediatrics residency at Boston Children’s Hospital and Boston Medical Center. He pursued his pediatric gastroenterology fellowship at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, where he received a Master of Science in Clinical Investigation. He started his faculty career at Vanderbilt and then moved to Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. There he rose to Medical Director of the Schubert Martin IBD Center and Associate Director for Faculty Development in the Gastroenterology division before moving to Stanford in 2021. Dr. Rosen serves on the editorial board for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the National Scientific Advisory Committee for the Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. Outside of work, Dr. Rosen enjoys spending time with his wife and two children at their activities, watching movies, downhill skiing, and getting outside.

  • David Rosenthal

    David Rosenthal

    Professor of Pediatrics (Pediatric Cardiology)

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsResearch interests include the study of Heart Failure, Cardiomyopathy and ventricular dysfunction in children, from a clinical perspective. Investigations include clinical trials of medications, cardiac resynchronization, and mechanical circulatory support.

  • Stephen J. Roth

    Stephen J. Roth

    Professor of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Emeritus

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsRandomized Therapeutic Trials in Pediatric Heart Disease, NIH/U01 GrantNo. HL68285 2001-2006.
    Heparin and the Reduction of Thrombosis (HART) Study. Pediatric Health Research Fund Award, Stanford Univ Sch of Medicine, 2005-2006.
    A Pilot Trial fo B-type Natriuretic Peptide for Promotion of Urine Output in Diuretic-Resistant Infants Following Cardiovascular Surgery.Pediatric Health Research Fund Award, Stanford Univ Sch of Medicine, 2005-2006.

  • Christopher John Russell

    Christopher John Russell

    Associate Professor of Pediatrics (Hospital Medicine)

    BioDr. Russell is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine and a board-certified academic pediatric hospitalist at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital. His clinical responsibilities include caring for children hospitalized for a variety of illnesses. His research focuses on developing evidence-based care for hospitalized children with medical complexity, including acute respiratory infections (such as pneumonia and bacterial tracheitis). His research efforts have been recognized through receipt of the University of Southern California’s Clinical and Translational Science Institute’s KL2 Mentored Research Career Development Award (2014-16), the Academic Pediatric Association’s Young Investigator Award (2015-16), the NIH Loan Repayment Program (2017-2021) and a large grant from the Gerber Foundation (2020-2022). In August 2021, he received a five-year R01 award from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to study bacterial respiratory infections in children with tracheostomy. Outside of his clinical and research responsibilities, Dr. Russell focuses on research mentorship of medical students, pediatric residents, and pediatric hospital medicine fellows as well as improving representation of underrepresented minorities in medicine throughout the continuum of physician training. Dr. Russell completed a term as the chair of the Academic Pediatric Association’s Membership, Diversity, and Inclusion Committee (2022-2025) and is on the Executive Committee for the Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings research network. Dr. Russell is active in the AAP and currently serves as an Associate Editor for the journal Hospital Pediatrics.

  • Katherine Jane Ryan

    Katherine Jane Ryan

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Pediatrics - Hematology & Oncology
    Clinical Assistant Professor (By courtesy), Adult Neurology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Katherine “Katie” Ryan is a pediatric neuro-oncologist whose research focuses on developing and translating cellular immunotherapies for children with malignant brain tumors. She leads the first-in-human trial of GPC2-directed CAR T cells for CNS Embryonal Tumors. As a member of Stanford Children’s world-renowned pediatric brain tumor team, she diagnoses and treats children with CNS tumors while advancing innovative trial design, intracerebroventricular delivery, and correlative science.

  • Raya Saab

    Raya Saab

    Lindhard Family Professor of Pediatric Cancer Biology

    BioI am a pediatric oncologist, and I primarily treat children who are diagnosed with soft tissue sarcomas including rhabdomyosarcoma, and children diagnosed with the eye tumor retinoblastoma, as well as children with other solid tumors.
    I have two very different areas of primary research interest, both of which I pursue with passion. One focuses on global oncology, including clinical and research resource capacity building towards effective treatment and improving outcomes of children with cancer worldwide. I work with collaborators across the globe towards a common goal of improving access to diagnostic and clinical care, training of multidisciplinary teams, and building clinical resources and research capacity to develop context-informed approaches to improving cancer care and achieving better outcomes for children diagnosed with cancer irrespective of where they happen to live.
    My parallel research interest, which is the focus of my laboratory, is understanding oncogenic signaling in pediatric soft tissue sarcomas, in an effort to clarify the driving biology and determinants of metastatic disease, to uncover novel targets for more effective treatment. We use preclinical in vitro and in vivo models, including murine and human cell lines, and mouse models of cancer. We have recently uncovered a paracrine role for rhabdomyosarcoma-secreted exosomes in impacting biology of stromal cells. Rhabdomyosarcoma-derived exosomes carry specific miRNA cargo that imparts an invasive and migratory phenotype on normal recipient fibroblasts, and proteomic analysis revealed specific and unique pathways relevant to the two different molecular rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes that are driven by distinct oncogenic pathways. We identified that the driver oncogene in fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma, PAX3-FOXO1, modulates exosome cargo to promote invasion, migration, and angiogenic properties, and identified specific microRNA and protein cargo acting as effectors of PAX3-FOXO1 exosome-mediated signaling, including modulation of oxidative stress response and cell survival signaling. Our ongoing work is focused on interrogating specific paracrine signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of metastatic disease progression in rhabdomyosarcoma, for potential therapeutic targeting.

  • Rebecca Saenz

    Rebecca Saenz

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Pediatrics - Immunology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsAllergy, Immunology, Bioengineering and Biodesign

  • Julien Sage

    Julien Sage

    Elaine and John Chambers Professor of Pediatric Cancer and Professor of Genetics

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsWe investigate the mechanisms by which normal cells become tumor cells, and we combine genetics, genomics, and proteomics approaches to investigate the differences between the proliferative response in response to injury and the hyperproliferative phenotype of cancer cells and to identify novel therapeutic targets in cancer cells.

  • Debbie C. Sakaguchi Sakai

    Debbie C. Sakaguchi Sakai

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMedical education, shared decision making, resuscitation.

  • Kathleen M. Sakamoto

    Kathleen M. Sakamoto

    Shelagh Galligan Professor in the School of Medicine

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy research focuses on the molecular pathways that regulate normal and aberrant blood cell development, including acute leukemia and bone marrow failure syndromes. We are also studying novel drugs for treatment of cancer.

  • Christy Sandborg

    Christy Sandborg

    Professor of Pediatrics (Rheumatology), Emerita

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsThe major emphasis of my work in the past 2 decades has been focused on the future of academic pediatrics and pediatric rheumatology through providing training, research opportunities and environments to nurture and challenge future pediatric rheumatologists and subspecialists. In parallel in the last decade, my scope has included to workforce and physician wellbring, patient and family centered care--and more recently, diversity, equity and inclusion, and health equity.

  • Kelly Corbett Sanders

    Kelly Corbett Sanders

    Clinical Instructor, Pediatrics - General Pediatrics

    BioDr. Kelly Sanders is a Stanford pediatrician and the Technical Lead of the Pandemic Response Initiative at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Institute for Global Health Sciences. She completed a Master of Science and Doctor of Medicine at the University of San Francisco, California, and pediatrics residency training at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford University. Before pursuing a career as a physician, Dr. Sanders worked with the UCSF Global Health Group’s Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI) on operational research projects with partner countries, as well as on developing communications and advocacy priorities with MEI and global partners. Previously, she worked with the UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences, supporting the creation of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health and the UC Global Health Institute. In addition to her work at UCSF, Dr. Sanders practices clinically as a pediatrician at Stanford University, Palo Alto Medical Foundation and Santa Clara Valley Medical Center.

  • Lee M. Sanders, MD, MPH

    Lee M. Sanders, MD, MPH

    Professor of Pediatrics (General Pediatrics), of Health Policy and, by courtesy, of Epidemiology and Population Health
    On Partial Leave from 01/05/2026 To 03/27/2026

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsI conduct interdisciplinary research to understand literacy as potentially modifiable lens for addressing maternal and child health disparities from birth through early adulthood. Applying mixed methods approaches (health-services, epidemiology, ethnography), I have been principal investigator on extramurally-funded research projects (NIH, PCORI, FDA) that aim to examine "natural experiments" in policy and/or to design, implement and test novel system-level interventions.

  • Meera N. Sankar

    Meera N. Sankar

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics - Neonatology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsPDA in preterm
    Transcutaneous bilirubin use in the NICU
    Digital health tools

  • Chethan Sarabu

    Chethan Sarabu

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Pediatrics - General Pediatrics
    Affiliate, Pediatrics - General Pediatrics

    BioChethan Sarabu, MD trained in landscape architecture, pediatrics, and clinical informatics builds anastomoses across these fields to design healthier environments and systems. He is a clinical assistant professor of Pediatrics at Stanford Medicine, Director of Clinical Informatics at Sharecare. Across these roles, he works on designing and implementing a wide array of innovations ranging from patient portals, EHR transformation, virtual clinical trials, and A.I. driven digital biomarkers, to health information policy initiatives all through a lens of health equity and patient privacy.

    He takes care of patients in a community based academic general pediatrics practice at the Gardner Packard Clinic, a Federally Qualified Health Center, where he has also assisted with EHR implementation and transition. He cares deeply on involving children in their own care and strongly focused on protecting the privacy and confidentiality of adolescents in an increasingly digital healthcare system. He helped to form and co-chair the national workgroup, Shift which has been working to promote equitable interoperability.

    Drawing on his background in landscape architecture, Chethan implements and researches nature based health solutions in collaboration with the Stanford Natural Capital Project. Finally, further exploring the role of environment and human health, he is shaping the emergent field of climate health informatics.

  • Clea Sarnquist, DrPH, MPH

    Clea Sarnquist, DrPH, MPH

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics - Infectious Diseases
    Clinical Professor (By courtesy), Epidemiology and Population Health

    BioDr. Sarnquist focuses on applied teaching and research on the development, implementation and evaluation of interventions to decrease gender-based violence, improve mental health, and prevent HIV infection, especially among adolescents and children. She is particularly interested in rights-based approaches that tackle the complex interplay of factors that lead to poor health for many children and families. All of her work is applied, with direct links health practice and policy, and usually performed in conjunction with non-governmental organization and government partners. She works both globally and in the U.S., with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa. She is also a medical educator, directing the scholarly concentrations program of the pediatric residency at Stanford, co-directing the global health concentration for residents, and teaching graduate and undergraduate courses in global health with a focus on children and women’s health.

  • Andrew Saunders

    Andrew Saunders

    Clinical Associate Professor, Pediatrics

    BioDr. Saunders (he/him) is a Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, and the medical director of the Pediatric Hospitalist Program at SHC Tri-Valley. His academic interests include diversity, equity, and inclusion in medicine; LGBTQIA+ health; ethics in technology; global health; medical education; public health; and physician wellness.

  • Nazish Sayed MD, PhD

    Nazish Sayed MD, PhD

    Associate Professor (Research) of Surgery (Vascular Surgery)

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsThe Sayed Laboratory is focused on the development of novel technologies that drive innovation in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug testing in vascular biology. The lab conducts translational research in vascular biology and aims to understand the role of the vasculature in the development of cardiac diseases, including those due to inherited genetic variants or environmental insults such as type 2 diabetes or hypertension. The lab employs the human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to generate patient-specific vascular cells (endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells) as an alternative to animal models providing a human tissue surrogate for research that is scalable and sustainable. By employing this unique platform, the lab also investigates the role of chemotherapeutic agents (anti-cancer drugs) on the vasculature. Dr. Sayed’s lab has also established an endothelial regeneration program, where they leverage the innate immune system to regenerate endothelial cells from human fibroblasts.

    Work from the lab has led to seminal discoveries in the areas of 1) Nitric oxide (NO) biology, (2) vascular biology, (3) stem cell biology, (4) cardiovascular disease modeling (5) cardio-oncology.

  • Michael Scahill

    Michael Scahill

    Clinical Assistant Professor, Pediatrics - Neonatology

    BioOn a trip to Mozambique while in med school here at Stanford, Dr Scahill saw the power of market interventions to transform healthcare. This led to his current focus on technology, data & AI. A veteran data scientist, his research trawls the oceans of data each patient generates for patterns to predict dangerous outcomes before they happen in Stanford's top level NICU, where he also still serves as a frontline clinician. Outside Stanford, he is the digital lead at Valley Children's hospital and advises health technology startups in Silicon Valley and beyond.

  • David Scheinker

    David Scheinker

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics - Endocrinology
    Clinical Professor, Medicine

    BioDavid Scheinker is the Executive Director of Systems Design and Collaborative Research at the Stanford Lucile Packard Children's Hospital. He is the Founder and Director of SURF Stanford Medicine, a group that brings together students and faculty from the university with physicians, nurses, and administrators from the hospitals. SURF has implemented and published dozens of projects demonstrating improvements to the quality and efficiency of care. His areas of focus include clinical care delivery, technical improvements to hospital operations, sensor-based and algorithm-enabled telemedicine, and the socioeconomic factors that shape healthcare cost and quality.

    Before coming to Stanford, he was a Joint Research Fellow at The MIT Sloan School of Management and Massachusetts General Hospital. He received a PhD in theoretical math from The University of California San Diego under Jim Agler. He advises Carta Healthcare, a healthcare analytics company started by former students.

  • Alan Schroeder

    Alan Schroeder

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics

    BioDr. Schroeder is the associate chief for research in the division of pediatric hospital medicine at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, and a clinical professor in the division of hospital medicine and the division of critical care. His research interests focus on identifying areas where we can “safely do less” in healthcare, striving to ensure that children get the healthcare that they need while avoiding excessive tests and treatments that only cause harm. Dr. Schroeder is currently involved in multiple projects involving common conditions and interventions in pediatrics. He serves as the Stanford PI for PEDSNet and is an Associate Editor for the journal Hospital Pediatrics. At Stanford he co-leads the residency clinical research scholarly concentration and the faculty Clinical Research Peer Scholarship Community. Dr. Schroeder provides clinical care for children in the PICU and the pediatric ward.

  • Christopher Thomas Scott, PhD, MLA

    Christopher Thomas Scott, PhD, MLA

    Sr Research Scholar, Pediatrics - Center for Biomedical Ethics

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy research focuses on the political, legal, ethical and economic impacts of stem cell research. Topics include: embryonic and adult stem cell research and clinical trials, stem cell banking, human-animal chimeras; cell and gamete donation; international perspectives of bioethics; global economic impacts; national and state regulatory policy, stem cell entrepreneurship, intellectual property and offshore stem cell transplants.

  • Jennifer Andrene Sequoia

    Jennifer Andrene Sequoia

    Instructor, Pediatrics - Neonatology

    BioJennifer Sequoia, MD, PhD is an Instructor in Neonatology at Stanford University. She completed her Neonatology Fellowship and Pediatrics Residency (Research Track) at Stanford. Prior to coming to Stanford she received her undergraduate and master's degrees from University of California, San Diego and her MD and PhD degrees from The University of Chicago. As faculty at Stanford, she is developing a research program to understand how endogenous cannabinoids impact preeclampsia and other perinatal diseases. She is broadly interested in how lipids mediate inflammatory programs and is working to develop new molecular tools to study lipids in their native environments.

  • Ami J. Shah

    Ami J. Shah

    Clinical Professor, Pediatrics - Stem Cell Transplantation

    BioDr. Shah joined Stanford University in 2015 as a Clinical Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine. Dr. Shah completed medical school at the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill. She completed her training in Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/ Oncology at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles. Her areas of clinical expertise have been in stem cell transplantation for malignant and non-malignant disorders. She has been actively involved with the care and treatment of children with primary immune deficiencies and is the site PI for the Primary Immune Deficiencies Consortium (PIDTC). She has experience in numerous gene therapy trials for primary immune deficiencies, hemoglobinopathies and other genetic diseases. She has a specific interest in the long term outcomes following HSCT, in specific the neurocognitive function post HSCT. She has been an active participant in American Society of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (ASTCT), Children's Oncology Group (COG) and American Society of Hematology (ASH).

    She has been actively involved with mentorship and graduate medical education, and currently serves as the Program Director for the Pediatric Hematology/ Oncology Fellowship and the Pediatric Stem Cell Fellowship. She also serves on the Pediatric Mentoring Group.

  • Manish I. Shah, MD, MS

    Manish I. Shah, MD, MS

    Professor of Emergency Medicine (Pediatrics) and, by courtesy, of Pediatrics (Hospital Medicine)

    BioI have dedicated my career to improving pediatric prehospital care on local, statewide, national, and international levels through research, education, and advocacy. My primary research interest focuses on integration of pediatric evidence into emergency medical services (EMS) systems. I serve on the Executive Committee of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) as the nodal Principal Investigator (PI) for the Charlotte, Houston, and Milwaukee Prehospital (CHaMP) research node. In addition, I am the PI for the Pediatric Dose Optimization for Seizures in EMS (PediDOSE) clinical trial and co-investigator for the Pediatric Prehospital Airway Resuscitation Trial (Pedi-PART). As an educational researcher, I have obtained several grants to produce an online EMS educational resource for physicians, create the Pediatric Simulation Training of Emergency Prehospital Providers (PediSTEPPs) program, and study the implementation of an EMS training curriculum for the Botswana Ministry of Health. As an EMS advocate, I led the Prehospital and State Partnership domains for the national EMS for Children (EMSC) Innovation and Improvement Center (EIIC), served as an appointed member of the National Emergency Medical Services Advisory Council (NEMSAC), chaired the EMS subcommittee for the American Academy of Pediatrics Section of Emergency Medicine, and directed the EMSC State Partnership in Texas. I have published policy on pediatric readiness in EMS systems and co-chaired the workgroup that created the first-ever national assessment of pediatric readiness of EMS systems for the National Prehospital Pediatric Readiness Project (PPRP).

  • Mona D. Shah, MD, MBA

    Mona D. Shah, MD, MBA

    Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor, Pediatrics - Hematology & Oncology

    BioDr. Mona Shah is a pediatric hematologist-oncologist, who earned her MD degree at the University of Maryland in 2001. She completed both her categorical pediatrics and global health residencies in 2004, followed by a pediatric hematology-oncology fellowship in 2007. She earned her MS in Clinical Investigation as part of the Clinical Scientist Training Program (CSTP) at Baylor College of Medicine in 2011, and more recently, completed an Executive MBA at Rice University Jones School of Business in 2018.

    Dr. Shah was an Associate Professor at Baylor College of Medicine (2007 - 2020) in both Pediatrics and Medicine, local site PI on a number of pediatric hemostasis/thrombosis clinical trials, and spent 10 years as an Associate Medical Director of Clinical Operations, Quality, and Safety at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX.

    Dr. Shah joined Genentech (a Member of the Roche Group)’s Rare Blood Disorders Franchise (Product Development - Oncology-Hematology) in February 2020, quickly advancing to Lead Medical Director, where she served as Medical Monitor for 2 Phase III Clinical Trials (crovalimab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, aHUS). She was also engaged with the Renal Franchise (I2O) in developing crovalimab in Lupus Nephritis (Phase I & II Clinical Trials in development), and with Human Factors/Pediatric Formulations Working Group on autoinjector devices and oral formulations.

    After completing a rotation in Early Development Safety (EDS), she was promoted to Senior Medical Safety Director in Late Stage Product Development, and was appointed Safety Strategy Lead for giredestrant in early and metastatic breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer global clinical trials. She has experience in innovative study designs (adaptive/multi-drug), with FDA/EMA pediatric investigational plans, and health authority interactions. In June 2023, she was appointed Pediatric Safety Lead, in collaboration with the iPODD Team, supporting safety for pediatric indications and devices, and serves as the Co-Chair of the Pediatric Safety Expert Group.

    Dr. Shah has kept and completed a bucket list since she was 7 years old (keeps growing): Running wild bouldering/rock climbing as a child in the Shenandoah/Blue Ridge Mountains, swimming with dolphins/piranhas in the Amazon, climbing inside a volcano caldera in Iceland, snorkeling the Great Barrier Reef ... have passport/will travel!

    Since July 2022, she has joined Stanford University School of Medicine, as an Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor in the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, where she enjoys teaching MSII students, and at the bedside in the Lucille Packard Bass Center Hematology Clinic. Dr. Shah enjoys free time in her new home base near San Francisco, where she hosts her visiting parents, friends, and extended family.

  • Sejal Shah

    Sejal Shah

    Clinical Associate Professor, Pediatrics - Endocrinology

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy primary research interest is evaluating whether vitamin D supplementation can positively affect consequences of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese adolescents. Other research interests include evaluating the efficacy and biochemical profiles of various types of estrogen replacement in adolescent females.

  • Paul Sharek MD, MPH

    Paul Sharek MD, MPH

    Professor of Pediatrics (Hospital Medicine) at the Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, Emeritus

    Current Research and Scholarly InterestsResearch interests centered on hospital based quality of care improvement, and in particular pediatric patient safety. Areas of recent interest include developing practical tools to more accurately identify adverse medical events and to establish national rates of these adverse events. Additional areas of interest focus on developing the processes and systems to decrease the frequency of adverse drug events and adverse medical events at Children's hospitals in North America