School of Medicine
Showing 2,701-2,800 of 12,991 Results
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Vasu Divi, MD
Associate Professor of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery (OHNS)
BioDr. Vasu Divi is a distinguished expert in the field of head and neck cancer treatment, renowned for his dual roles as a cancer surgeon and reconstructive surgeon. With a specialized focus on high-risk and advanced skin cancers, oral cavity cancers, and osteoradionecrosis of the head and neck, Dr. Divi stands at the forefront of medical innovation. As a national authority in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, Dr. Divi spearheads Stanford's clinical trial program dedicated to this condition. His trial portfolio encompasses both neoadjuvant and adjuvant applications of immunotherapy, reflecting his commitment to advancing treatment methodologies. Actively engaged in research, Dr. Divi endeavors to define the optimal treatment approach for this disease, integrating immunotherapy to enhance patient outcomes.
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Anjali Dixit, MD, MPH
Instructor, Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine
BioI am a pediatric anesthesiologist and health services researcher. My research focuses on outcomes in pediatric and adult surgical patients, management of pain and use of opioids in the perioperative period, and prevention and treatment of substance use disorders. My clinical care and research are both grounded in a desire to provide safe, equitable healthcare to all patients, particularly during high-risk or stressful events such as surgery.
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Scott Dixon
Professor of Biology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy lab is interested in the relationship between cell death and metabolism. Using techniques drawn from many disciplines my laboratory is investigating how perturbation of intracellular metabolic networks can result in novel forms of cell death, such as ferroptosis. We are interested in applying this knowledge to find new ways to treat diseases characterized by insufficient (e.g. cancer) or excessive (e.g. neurodegeneration) cell death.
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Abdoul Jalil Djiberou Mahamadou
Postdoctoral Scholar, Biomedical Ethics
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsIdentify ethical, legal, and social considerations arising in the context of AI in the drug discovery process.
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Bao Do
Clinical Professor, Radiology
BioBao Do is an expert in radiology informatics, computer vision, and quantitative musculoskeletal imaging. He has developed and validated deep-learning models for diagnostic interpretation, hardware recognition, and automated reporting across orthopedic and radiographic domains. His recent studies demonstrated high-performance CNNs for detecting perilunate and lunate dislocations on wrist radiographs (AUC = 0.986) 【Pridgen et al., Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 10.1097/PRS.0000000000010928】 and improving clinician accuracy through machine-learning-assisted diagnosis in a multicenter reader study 【Luan et al., Hand (N Y)2025; 10.1177/15589447241308603】. He co-developed AI systems for automated classification of hip hardware achieving radiologist-level accuracy (AUC ≥ 0.99) 【Ma et al., J Imaging Informat Med 2024; 10.1007/s10278-024-01263-y】, scoliosis curvature measurement from 2,150 spine radiographs 【Ha et al., J Digit Imaging 2022; 10.1007/s10278-022-00595-x】, and fully automated leg-length analysis and reporting 【Larson et al., J Digit Imaging2022; 10.1007/s10278-022-00671-2】. Earlier work included Bayesian models for bone tumor diagnosis 【Do et al., J Digit Imaging 2017; 30:709-13】, semantic content-based image retrieval using relevance feedback 【Banerjee et al., J Biomed Inform 2018; 84:123-35】, and NLP-based uncertainty detection in radiology reports 【Callen et al., J Digit Imaging 2020; 33:1209-19】, demonstrating a career-long commitment to explainable, data-driven imaging analytics.
Interests: Musculoskeletal imaging AI, AI for workflow optimization, human-AI interaction in radiology, scalable education
www.stanford.edu/~baodo -
Diana Do, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Do's research focuses on collaborative clinical trials to investigate novel treatments for retinal vascular diseases and ocular inflammation. She performs research to develop state of the art therapies for age-related macular degeneration, diabetic eye disease, retinal vein occlusion, retinal inflammation, and retinal detachment.
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Amy D. Dobberfuhl, MD, MS
Assistant Professor of Urology
On Leave from 05/01/2026 To 05/31/2026Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Dobberfuhl's current clinical practice includes: Pelvic Reconstruction, Neurourology, and Voiding Dysfunction.
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Jasmine Dobbs-Marsh, PsyD
Clinical Associate Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
BioDr. Jasmine Dobbs-Marsh is a licensed psychologist who specializes in the management of trauma, complex trauma, interpersonal anxiety, mood disorders, identity-related concerns, and relationship conflict. She received her doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the PGSP-Stanford Psy.D. Consortium and her BA with Distinction in Psychology and Political Science from Stanford University. She completed her clinical internship at the UCLA Counseling and Psychological Services and her postdoctoral fellowship at Stanford University’s School of Medicine. She provides psychotherapy and clinical supervision from an intersectional lens. Dr. Dobbs-Marsh currently serves patients through the DBT Clinics at Stanford School of Medicine. She directs the DBT Couple & Family Program, which serves the needs of couples and families experiencing high conflict and persistent problems in relationship interactions. She also provides individual DBT, DBT Skills Group, and specialized care through the DBT-Trauma program.
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Dylan Dodd
Associate Professor of Pathology and of Microbiology and Immunology
On Leave from 01/05/2026 To 05/05/2026Current Research and Scholarly InterestsHarnessing the gut microbiome to treat human disease.
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Robert Dodd, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, of Radiology and, by courtesy, of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery (OHNS)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Dodd is involved in clinical trials using endovascular coils that have a fiber coating that help heal aneurysms of the neck and can prevent an aneurysm from reforming. He uses minimally invasive endoscopic techniques to treat brain tumors.
Dodd's research interests are in cerebral blood vessel reactivity and stroke. -
Steven Doerstling
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine
BioSteven Doerstling is a hospitalist at Stanford. He earned his medical degree from Duke University School of Medicine and completed internal medicine residency at Stanford. His interests include medical education, infectious diseases, and mountain biking.
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Leana Doherty, MD
Clinical Associate Professor, Adult Neurology
BioDr. Doherty is a board-certified, fellowship-trained neurologist with Stanford Health Care. She is also a clinical associate professor in the Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences at Stanford University School of Medicine.
Dr. Doherty specializes in Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and other neuroinflammatory, neuromuscular, and general neurologic conditions.
Her research interests include the diagnosis and management of neuromuscular disorders, and quality improvement for inpatient neurologic treatment and management. She has won numerous awards for her research, clinical, and teaching expertise in neurology.
Dr. Doherty has published in several peer-reviewed journals including Neurology, Neuromuscular Disorders, and Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation. She has delivered presentations around the country and lectured before an international audience of neurology residents. Dr. Doherty serves as co-associate editor of Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology (interACTN) and associate editor of New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) Journal Watch Neurology. She is on the editorial board of The Neurohospitalist.
Dr. Doherty is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, Neurohospitalist Society, and Peripheral Nerve Society. -
Milana V. Dolezal, MD, MSci
Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Oncology
BioDr. Dolezal is a board-certified hematologist-oncologist with Stanford Medicine Cancer Center in Emeryville and a clinical associate professor in the Stanford School of Medicine, Division of Oncology.
She strives to work with patients to develop care plans that are comprehensive and personalized achieve the best possible outcomes and quality of life.
Dr. Dolezal also has extensive experience in research and drug development. She previously held positions as a clinical scientist, assistant medical director, and associate medical director in the BioOncology Therapeutics unit of the biotechnology company Genentech.
She has conducted clinical research into fertility preservation in patients with breast cancer, advanced treatments for triple-negative breast cancer, and patients’ adherence to anti-cancer therapy. She has co-authored articles on her research findings that appeared in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, Cancer, and other peer-reviewed publications.
She also co-authored the chapter “Progression from Hormone-Dependent to Hormone-Independent Breast Cancer” in the textbook Hormones, Genes and Cancer published by Oxford University Press.
Dr. Dolezal has made presentations to her peers at meetings of the American Association for Cancer Research, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and European Cancer Organisation. -
Pablo Domizi, Ph.D.
Senior Research Scientist-Basic Life, Pediatrics - Hematology/Oncology
BioI am passionate about translational research and how single cell technologies could open up new avenues for better and more accurate predictive models. Currently, I am focus on integrating single cell RNA and protein expression data to develop models to predict patient at risk for Antigen Loss relapse after CAR T cells immunotherapy.
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Joseph P. Donahue
Clinical Associate Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery
BioDr. Donahue is a Board Certified Orthopaedic Surgeon with Subspecialty Certification in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. He is fellowship trained and specializes in Arthroscopic and Minimally Invasive Reconstructive Surgery of the Shoulder and Knee, and Sports Medicine.
Dr. Donahue received his undergraduate degree from Stanford University and his Doctor of Medicine from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. He completed his residency in Orthopedic Surgery at St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center (NYC), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (NYC), and the Alfred I. duPont Institute (DE), and went on to a fellowship in Orthopedic Sports Medicine at the Stanford/SOAR Sports Medicine Fellowship Program.
Dr. Donahue’s interests include arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder and knee. He specializes in anterior cruciate ligament injuries, shoulder instability, and rotator cuff tears. He has done research on both shoulder instability and rotator cuff tears and has developed new techniques and medical devices for rotator cuff and all soft tissue repairs. He has started and actively serves on the medical advisory board for several surgical device companies and continues to design new surgical devices for arthroscopic procedures. He has authored several device patents and journal articles.
Dr. Donahue has been a member of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons and a Diplomat of the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery. He is also member of the Arthroscopy Association of North America, the American Orthopedic Society of Sports Medicine, the California Orthopedic Association, The International Knee Society, the California Medical Association, and the Santa Clara Medical Society.
Dr. Donahue has served as the Program Director of the SOAR Orthopedic Sports Medicine Fellowship Program. He has served as the Director of Santa Clara University’s Sports Medicine Program and the Head Team Physician for all of Santa Clara University’s athletic teams, a team physician for the San Francisco 49ers, the San Francisco Giants, the Stanford Athletic Department, and many other area collegiate and high school teams. -
Julia Donahue
Senior Project Manager, Med/Stanford Center for Clinical Research
BioJulia Donahue is a Clinical Research Manager with the Stanford Center for Clinical Research (SCCR) at Stanford University. Julia has been working with SCCR since 2021. Her professional interests include Project Management, Digital Health, Study-Startup, Hospital-Based Research, and Decentralized Clinical Trials. She has extensive clinical trial experience in multiple fields, including but not limited to cardiology, dermatology, endocrinology, infectious diseases, psychiatry, and rheumatology.
Julia graduated with honors from McGill University in 2016, where her primary research interests were in neurodevelopmental disorders and autobiographical memory. -
Krista Donaldson
Casual - Non-Exempt, School of Medicine - MDRP'S - Biodesign Program
Current Role at StanfordDirector of Innovation to Impact, Byers Center for Biodesign
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Sarah S. Donaldson, MD
Catharine and Howard Avery Professor in the School of Medicine, Emerita
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsCombined Modality Treatment of Cancer
Late Effects of Treatment
Genetic Effects of Cancer
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Hodgkins Disease
Pediatric Radiation Oncolgy
Pediatric Oncolgy
Breast Cancer
Conformal Radiotherapy/IMRT
Radiotherapy for Benign Diseases -
Chunyang Dong
Postdoctoral Scholar, Psychiatry
BioChunyang Dong completed his Ph.D. studies from University of California, Davis with Dr. Lin Tian, where he specialized in protein engineering to develop genetically encoded biosensors to enable real-time imaging of neuromodulator dynamics. As part of his postdoctoral pursuits with Dr. Sergiu Pasca at Stanford University, he hopes to combine disciplines between biosensors and modeling human neurological disease using brain region-specific organoids. Despite this shift, his unwavering goal is to deepen the understanding of brain development, disease processes, and translate research to potential treatments for neurological disorders.
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Fei Dong
Associate Professor of Pathology
BioDr. Dong is the Director of Molecular Pathology at Stanford Health Care. The Molecular Pathology laboratory offers a broad menu of clinical diagnostic tests ranging from PCR to next generation sequencing. Dr. Dong's academic interests include the clinical implementation of laboratory developed tests, the development of novel informatics algorithms, and characterization of disease by molecular methods. Before arriving at Stanford, Dr. Dong was on faculty at Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School for nine years, where he established a track record in education and mentorship and was the recipient of both the Anatomic Pathology and Clinical Pathology resident teaching awards. Dr. Dong has served on committees for the Association for Molecular Pathology, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, and the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology. He serves on the editorial boards of multiple scientific journals and is an Associate Editor for the Journal of Molecular Diagnostics.
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Tobias Xiao Dong
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine
BioTobias Dong, MD, PhD, is a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Division of Hospital Medicine and Stanford School of Medicine. He obtained his MD/PhD from the University of California, Irvine, with his PhD thesis in Immunology. He then completed his Internal Medicine residency at the University of Southern California, before joining the Oncology Hospitalist program at Stanford in its inaugural year. His past research work has been in imaging calcium signaling dynamics in T cell function, in particular that of regulatory T cells, as well as the creation of a transgenic mouse model with a genetically encoded calcium indicator. His current interests include inpatient oncology care, cancer mortality, and medical education.
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Joseph Donnelly, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery
BioDr. Donnelly is a board-certified orthopaedic surgeon with subspecialty board certification in orthopaedic sports medicine. He is the medical director of Sports Medicine and the vice chief of Orthopaedics for Stanford Health Care Tri-Valley. He is also a clinical assistant professor at Stanford University School of Medicine.
As a clinician, Dr. Donnelly delivers comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies for sports-related orthopaedic trauma. He specializes in the arthroscopic treatment of disorders of the shoulder and knee. He provides particular expertise in minimally invasive and tissue-sparing surgery such as all-inside ACL reconstruction and arthroscopic fixation of shoulder rotator cuff tears.
He has extensive experience providing game coverage and athletic trainer support for teams including the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball as well as high school and college teams. He also has made numerous presentations to educate the community regarding prevention, evaluation, and treatment of injuries in athletes. -
Igor D. Bandeira
Postdoctoral Scholar, Psychiatry
BioIgor D. Bandeira, M.D., Ph.D., is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. With extensive experience in interventional psychiatry, Dr. Bandeira has led multiple clinical trials focused on noninvasive brain stimulation and rapid-acting antidepressants for psychiatric disorders in children, adolescents, and adults. He received the prestigious Professor Alfredo Thomé de Britto Award in recognition of his exceptional research achievements during his physician-scientist training at the Federal University of Bahia in Salvador, Brazil.
As part of his medical training, Dr. Bandeira also studied at the University of Sydney (Australia) on a Science Without Borders Scholarship, where he enhanced his clinical and research skills at the university’s Brain and Mind Centre. Upon returning to Brazil, he gained valuable clinical experience as an attending physician with the Brazilian Ministry of Health and worked on the frontlines during the COVID-19 pandemic.
At Stanford, working with Dr. Nolan R. Williams, Dr. Bandeira led the Wellcome LEAP trial on accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation (Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy) to treat anhedonic depression. Alongside Dr. Alan F. Schatzberg, he is co-leading a trial supported by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, evaluating the efficacy and safety of buprenorphine in sustaining the antisuicidal effects of ketamine. His work centers on developing personalized therapeutics for treatment-resistant depression, bipolar depression, and suicidal behavior.
Looking ahead, Dr. Bandeira plans to apply for psychiatry residency programs in the United States to advance his career in academic psychiatry and clinical research. -
Les Dorfman, MD
Professor of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsClinical electrophysiology of the peripheral and central nervous systems, including nerve conduction velocity; electromyography (EMG); and visual, auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials. Multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis and treatment. Neurological education.
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Lyn Dos Santos
Clinical Professor, Pediatrics
BioDr. Lyn Dos Santos is Clinical Professor in the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine. She did her Pediatrics Internship and Residency at Rush Presbyterian Medical Center in Chicago, IL and a Fellowship in Pediatric Emergency Medicine at the Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit MI. Following her clinical training, she practiced Pediatric Emergency Pediatrics for about 10 years in the Midwest and moved onto Pediatric Hospital medicine at Stanford in 2002. She is currently the Medical Director of the Pediatric Hospitalist Program at John Muir Medical Center; her special clinical interests are in Safety and Quality and surgical co-management.
She also has a special interest in leadership and building resilient, cohesive teams and has become a champion for Physician Wellness in Hospital Medicine. -
Rajiv Doshi, MD
Adjunct Professor, Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine
Adjunct Professor and Director, India Biodesign Program, Medicine - Cardiovascular MedicineCurrent Research and Scholarly InterestsDr. Rajiv Doshi serves as an Adjunct Professor of Medicine and as the Director of the India Program at the Byers Center for Biodesign. Dr. Doshi is also the co-Director of the India-based Founders Forum, an executive education training program for India’s leading health technology entrepreneurs. He has also advised the Government of India and various Indian state governments in the development of policies that support Indian health technology innovation.
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Chrysoula Dosiou
Clinical Professor, Medicine - Endocrinology, Gerontology, & Metabolism
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsI am highly interested in the interactions between the endocrine and immune systems in women. Current clinical research interests lie in the field of autoimmune thyroid disease, especially thyroid autoimmunity in pregnancy.
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Anthony G. Doufas, M.D., Ph.D.
Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine (MSD)
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy research focuses on the relationship between sleep abnormalities and pain behavior and opioid pharmacology in the postoperative, as well as chronic pain setting. More specifically, I am interested in delineating the effect of the different components of sleep-diosordered breathing, like nocturnal recurrent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation on pain behavior in the acute and/or chronic care setting.
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N. Lance Downing
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine
BioI am board-certified internal medicine and clinical informatics. I am a primary care physician and teaching hospitalist. I have published work in the New England Journal of Medicine, Health Affairs, Annals of Internal Medicine, and the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. My primary focus throughout my career has been to deliver personalized and compassionate care that incorporates the latest advancements in medical science. I aim to help all of my patients maximize their healthspan and age with the best quality of life possible.
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Jaclyn Doyle, MS, RN, FNP-BC
Affiliate, Medicine - Med/Cardiovascular Medicine
BioJaclyn holds a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing in Baltimore, MD, and a Bachelor of Science in Public Health Education from the University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse. She earned her Master of Science degree from the University of Maryland School of Nursing where she completed her training as a Nurse Practitioner (NP). She is a nationally board-certified Nurse Practitioner with close to twenty (20) years of combined critical care and cardiovascular nursing experience. Jaclyn specializes in cardiovascular medicine with a current focus on interventional cardiology and structural heart disease.
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Ron Dror
Cheriton Family Professor and Professor, by courtesy, of Structural Biology and of Molecular & Cellular Physiology
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsMy lab’s research focuses on computational biology, with an emphasis on 3D molecular structure. We combine two approaches: (1) Bottom-up: given the basic physics governing atomic interactions, use simulations to predict molecular behavior; (2) Top-down: given experimental data, use machine learning to predict molecular structures and properties. We collaborate closely with experimentalists and apply our methods to the discovery of safer, more effective drugs.
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David Drover
Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine (MSD), Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsField of clinical pharmacology. This involves analysis of what the body does to a drug (pharmacokinetics) and how exactly a specific drug affects the body (pharmacodynamics). His research starts at the level of new drug development with detailed analysis of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a medication.
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Shaul Druckmann
Associate Professor of Neurobiology, of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and, by courtesy, of Electrical Engineering
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsOur research goal is to understand how dynamics in neuronal circuits relate and constrain the representation of information and computations upon it. We adopt three synergistic strategies: First, we analyze neural circuit population recordings to better understand the relation between neural dynamics and behavior, Second, we theoretically explore the types of dynamics that could be associated with particular network computations. Third, we analyze the structural properties of neural circuits.
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Maurice L. Druzin
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Maternal Fetal Medicine and Obstetrics), Emeritus
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsAntepartum and intrapartum fetal monitoring Prenatal diagnosis Medical complications of pregnancy, particularly: SLE, hypertension, diabetes, malignancy A.
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Tianwei Du
Clinical Assistant Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
BioDr. Du's clinical interests focus on providing evidence-based treatment to individuals with emotion dysregulation, interpersonal difficulties, and/or complex trauma. She is also passionate about addressing diversity factors in clinical work. Dr. Du provides services in the Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Adult Program, Stanford Mental Health for Asians Research and Treatment (SMHART) Clinic, and the Anxiety and Depression Adult Psychological Treatment (ADAPT) Clinic. Dr. Du is a bilingual clinician speaking English and Mandarin.
Dr. Du's research focuses on exploring the roles of interpersonal processes and personality in psychopathology, and she has published widely on this topic. Dr. Du also participated in a variety of clinical trials to help develop and improve evidence-based interventions for individuals with complex clinical presentations and populations with limited access to mental health care. -
Justin Du Bois
Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry and Professor, by courtesy, of Chemical and Systems Biology
BioResearch and Scholarship
Research in the Du Bois laboratory spans reaction methods development, natural product synthesis, and chemical biology, and draws on expertise in molecular design, molecular recognition, and physical organic chemistry. An outstanding goal of our program has been to develop C–H bond functionalization processes as general methods for organic chemistry, and to demonstrate how such tools can impact the logic of chemical synthesis. A second area of interest focuses on the role of ion channels in electrical conduction and the specific involvement of channel subtypes in the sensation of pain. This work is enabled in part through the advent of small molecule modulators of channel function.
The Du Bois group has described new tactics for the selective conversion of saturated C–H to C–N and C–O bonds. These methods have general utility in synthesis, making possible the single-step incorporation of nitrogen and oxygen functional groups and thus simplifying the process of assembling complex molecules. To date, lab members have employed these versatile oxidation technologies to prepare natural products that include manzacidin A and C, agelastatin, tetrodotoxin, and saxitoxin. Detailed mechanistic studies of metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization reactions are performed in parallel with process development and chemical synthesis. These efforts ultimately give way to advances in catalyst design. A long-standing goal of this program is to identify robust catalyst systems that afford absolute control of reaction selectivity.
In a second program area, the Du Bois group is exploring voltage-gated ion channel structure and function using the tools of chemistry in combination with those of molecular biology, electrophysiology, microscopy and mass spectrometry. Much of this work has focused on studies of eukaryotic Na and Cl ion channels. The Du Bois lab is interested in understanding the biochemical mechanisms that underlie channel subtype regulation and how such processes may be altered following nerve injury. Small molecule toxins serve as lead compounds for the design of isoform-selective channel modulators, affinity reagents, and fluorescence imaging probes. Access to toxins and modified forms thereof (including saxitoxin, gonyautoxin, batrachotoxin, and veratridine) through de novo synthesis drives studies to elucidate toxin-receptor interactions and to develop new pharmacologic tools to study ion channel function in primary cells and murine pain models.
